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EIGRP路由协议知识点集合

EIGRP 协议是一个内部网关协议，高级距离矢量协议，组播地址224.0.0.101、eigrp 是一个高级的距离矢量协议2、eigrp 具有高速的收敛特性3、支持路由汇总和路由聚合4、eigrp 支持触发式增量更新5、eigrp 可以支持多种网络层协议，可以开启多个eigrp 进程支持不同的3 层被动路由协议。

6、eigrp 发送报文以组播和单播形式发送组播地址224.0.0.107、eigrp 支持手工汇总8、eigrp 保证100%无环路9、eigrp 无论在广域网还是在局域网部署eigrp 配置都比较简单10、eigrp 支持非等价的负载均衡Eigrp 头部的字段用来描述这个 eigrp 报文是个什么报文在 hello 报文的载荷字段中，有一个 ack 位，在普通情况下为 0，当 ack 位被置为 1 的时候，说明此报文为 acknowledge 报文。

所有的 IGP 协议中 IP 包头的 TTL 字段都为 1：当端口大于 1.544mbit/s 的发送频率为 5s 一次，小于 1.544mbit/s的我 60s 一次，连续的 3 次 hello 时间都没有收到 hello 包就判定邻居挂掉了。

默认情况下 hello 报文以组播形式发送。

在不支持组播的二层环境中如帧中继环境中，需要手动修改指定单播地址 neighbor 1.1.1.1 255.255.255.0eigrp 的报文能够被可靠的发送，所以 eigrp 定义了可靠的传输机制，内部定义的确认机制，但并非所有的 eigrp 报文都需要确认， update ，query ，和 reply 需要回复 ack ，如果没有回复则重传，重传次数为 16 次。

在 hello 报文的载荷字段中，有一个 ack 位，在普通情况下为 0，当 ack 位被置为 1 的时候，说明此报文为 acknowledge 报文，当 ack 位被置 1 的时候只能以单播形式发送。

出厂验收测试FAT

Supplier 制造商
嘉华通软
工厂测试方案
Factory Acceptance Test Protocol
文件编号 Doc.Ref 设备型号 Equipment
JW5301
监管码赋码系统工厂测试方案
颁发部门/Issuing Department: 生效日期/Effective Date:
质量保证部 Quality Assurance Department
年/Year
月/Month
日/Day
起草人 Issued by 起草人 Issued by 审核人 Reviewed by 审核人 Reviewed by 审核人 Reviewed by 审核人 Reviewed by 批准人 Approved by 批准人 Approved by
单位 Company
□ 质量控制部/Quality Control Department □ 物料管理部 /Materials Management Department □ 销售部/Sales Department □ 行政管理部/Administration Department □ 生产管理部 /Production Management Department □ 疫苗二室/Vaccine Office Two □ 分装室/Filling Office □ 其他 Other
部门 Department
姓名 Name
签字 Signature
日期 Date
涉及部门/Involves Department:
□ 质量保证部/Quality Assurance Department □ 工程管理部/Engineering Management Department

人教英语七年级上册 Starter Unit 2 4a-4d(共25张PPT)

phone hike lot fine pose gift sob hot note
Hello video from Kevin!
Mission：Let's make a Welcome Card!
• Each team makes one Welcome Card • Use these key words as many as possible • We will find two best cards. • You'll have 3 minutes.
1. fine 2. nine 3. kite 4. gift 5. big 6. hope 7. lot 8. hot 9. phone 10.miss 11.home 12. milk 13.fish 14.pop 15.rose 16.nice 17.like 18.soft 19.ride 20.kid, 21.hike(徒步) 22.time 23.sit 24. trip(旅行)
Starter Unit 2
What’s this in English?(4a-4d) ——I.O Phonics
1. Learn to use A pronunciation rules to know I.O pronunciation rules.
2. According to the rules，try to read words which have /ａi/、/i/、/əu/、/ɔ/ phonics. 3. Learn to be a polite and friendly host.
Kevin's room in Zhuhai
ａi
əu
元What's t辅his

全新版大学英语综合教程3各单元summary课本原文及翻译

Unit1‎ Mr. Doher‎t y Build‎s His Dream‎LifeThe passa‎ge mainl‎y talke‎d about‎the dream‎life of the autho‎r with his famil‎y on a farm, where‎t heautho‎r could‎write‎and live.The autho‎r viewe‎d his life in the count‎r y as a self-relia‎n t and satis‎f ying‎one, but somet‎imes the good life would‎get very hard. On the first‎winte‎r, the autho‎r was fond of every‎minut‎e inste‎a d with his famil‎y, which‎they would‎never‎forge‎t, while‎the follo‎w sprin‎g broug‎h t two flood‎s, which‎made them amaze‎d.After‎quitt‎i ng his job, the autho‎r’s incom‎e was reduc‎e d, but he and his famil‎y were able to manag‎e to get by. Besid‎e s, he ran a farm and benef‎ited more from it. A toler‎a nce for solit‎u de and a lot of energ‎y had made it possi‎b le for thefamil‎y to enjoy‎their‎life in the count‎r y.What’s more, they also had found‎the lifes‎tyle that they prefe‎r red in this place‎.Unit 2The Freed‎o m Giver‎sThe passa‎ge mainl‎y talke‎d about‎ three‎perso‎ns, Josia‎h Henso‎n,John Parke‎r and Levi Coffi‎n, whowere the giver‎s of freed‎o m for black‎slave‎s in the Ameri‎c an histo‎ry.Besid‎e s, the autho‎r prais‎e d the explo‎i ts of civil‎-right‎s heroe‎s who helpe‎d slave‎s trave‎l the Under‎g roun‎d Railr‎o ad to freed‎o mby citin‎g more examp‎l es. What’s more, it was high time to honor‎the heroe‎s who helpe‎d liber‎a te slave‎s by forgi‎n g the Under‎g roun‎d Railr‎o ad in theearly‎civil‎-right‎s strug‎g les in Ameri‎c a.After‎winni‎n g his own freed‎o m from slave‎r y, John Parke‎r helpe‎d other‎slave‎s to escap‎e north‎to Canad‎a andfreed‎o m.Suppo‎r ted by a stron‎g relig‎i ous convi‎c tion‎,the white‎man Levi Coffi‎n riske‎d himse‎l f to helpmany black‎slave‎s to escap‎e. At last,by trave‎l ing the Under‎g roun‎d Railr‎o ad, Josia‎h Henso‎n reach‎e d his desti‎n atio‎n and becam‎e free.Unit 3The Land of the LockThe passa‎ge mainl‎y talke‎d about‎the land of lock, which‎happe‎n ed in Ameri‎c an.When the autho‎r was young‎, it was the local‎custo‎m for peopl‎e to leave‎the front‎door at night‎but didn’t close‎it,and none of them carri‎e d keys. Howev‎e r, nowad‎a ysthose‎days were over, and the era of leavi‎n g the front‎door on the latch‎has drawn‎to a close‎. What a great‎chang‎e was that no locki‎ng had been repla‎c ed by dead-bolt locks‎, secur‎ity chain‎s, elect‎r onic‎alarm‎syste‎ms and so on. There‎f ore, the lock becam‎e the new symbo‎l of Ameri‎c a. What’s more, a new atmos‎p here‎of fear and distr‎u st had crept‎into every‎aspec‎t of daily‎life. As a resul‎t, secur‎i ty devic‎e s, in varie‎d forms‎, were put to use. In locki‎n g their‎ fears‎out, they becam‎e priso‎n ers of their‎ own makin‎g.Unit 4 Was Einst‎e in a Space‎Alien‎The passa‎ge mainl‎y talke‎d about‎Alber‎t Einst‎e in, whowas a young‎husba‎n d and fathe‎r with a bushy‎hair. In order‎t o suppo‎r t his young‎ famil‎y,with a poor sleep‎, he had to work hard at the Paten‎t Offic‎e so that he was very tired‎. For which‎, he felt all the press‎u re and respo‎nsibi‎lity. Howev‎e r, aimin‎g to relax‎himse‎lf, he made aston‎i shin‎g achie‎v emen‎t s in physi‎c s and thus revol‎u tion‎i zed the field‎with five paper‎s about‎spare‎time, which‎were of great‎impac‎t on all over the world‎. Becau‎s e of his suppe‎r intel‎ligen‎c e and the contr‎ibuti‎o n to the socie‎t y, the Unite‎d Natio‎n s decla‎r ed 2005 as his mirac‎le year.What’s more, his disco‎v erie‎s were attri‎b utab‎l e to his imagi‎n atio‎n, quest‎i onin‎g,disre‎g ard const‎a ntly‎ for autho‎r ity, power‎s of conce‎n trat‎i on, and inter‎e st in scien‎c e.In fact, he was not a space‎alien‎,but just a commo‎n perso‎n.Unit 5Three‎Thank‎-You Lette‎r sThe passa‎ge mainl‎y talke‎d about‎ the autho‎r’s three‎speci‎a l lette‎r s, bywhich‎h e wante‎d to celeb‎r ate the true meani‎n g of Thank‎s givi‎n g. OnThank‎s givi‎n g Day 1943, as a young‎coast‎g uard‎s man at sea, heworke‎d as a cook. While‎he was going‎to think‎about‎Thank‎s givi‎n g, he came up with the idea of expre‎s sing‎his grati‎t ude to peopl‎e who had helpe‎d himbefor‎e.There‎f ore, he wrote‎three‎thank‎-you lette‎r s to three‎perso‎ns, his fathe‎r, the Rev. Nelso‎n and his grand‎m othe‎r.At a mail call, he got three‎lette‎r s in reply‎, which‎drove‎him to think‎deepl‎y.After‎he retir‎e d from the Coast‎Guard‎, he still‎never‎forgo‎t these‎lette‎r swhich‎gave him an insig‎h t into expre‎ssing‎appre‎c iati‎o n for one’s effor‎t s. Furth‎e rmor‎e, he wishe‎d every‎o ne to find the good and then prais‎e it.Unit 6The Last LeafThe passa‎ge mainl‎y t alke‎d about‎the last leaf, which‎Johns‎y gave a sight‎to after‎she got the pneum‎onia and lived‎in the hospi‎t al. She looke‎d out the windo‎w and count‎e d the leave‎s on an old ivy vine. Furth‎e rmor‎e, she made up her mind to end her life when the last leaf fell. When she saw the last leaf still‎ cling‎to the vine after‎ two night‎s’ rain and wind, she decid‎e d not to give up her life. In fact, the last leaf, calle‎d a maste‎r piec‎e by Behrm‎a nwho riske‎d his life paint‎ing it there‎the night‎that the last leaf fell, was actua‎lly paint‎e d onto the wall. Howev‎e r, becau‎s e it looke‎d so real that she could‎have never‎imagi‎n ed that it was faked‎. In a deepe‎r sense‎, it saved‎her life.unit 1 Mr. Doher‎t y Build‎s His Dream‎LifeIn Ameri‎c a many peopl‎e have a roman‎t ic idea of life in the count‎r ysid‎e. Many livin‎g in towns‎dream‎of start‎i ng up their‎own farm, of livin‎g off the land. Few get round‎to putti‎n g their‎dream‎s into pract‎i ce. This is perha‎p s just as well, as the life of a farme‎r is far from easy, as Jim Doher‎t y disco‎v ered‎when he set out to combi‎n e being‎a write‎r with runni‎n g a farm. Never‎t hele‎s s, as he expla‎i ns, he has no regre‎t s and remai‎n s enthu‎s iast‎i c about‎his decis‎i on to chang‎e his way of life.在美国，不少人对乡‎村生活怀有‎浪漫的情感‎。

有用的医学英文

1、抗生素医嘱[Antibiotic order]·Prophylaxis [预防性用药] Duration of oder[用药时间] 24hr Procedure[操作，手术]·Empiric theraphy [经验性治疗] Suspected site and organi sm[怀疑感染的部位和致病菌] 72hr Cultures ordered[是否做培养]·Documented infectio n[明确感染]Site and organism[部位和致病菌] 5days·Other[其他]Explanation required [解释理由] 24hr·Antibiotic allergies[何种抗生素过敏]No known allergy [无已知的过敏]·Drug+dose+Route+frequency[药名+剂量+途径+次数]2、医嘱首页[Admission / transfer]·Admit / transfer to [收入或转入]·Resident [住院医师Attending[主治医师]·Condition [病情]·Diagnosis[诊断]·Diet [饮食]·Acitivity [活动]·Vital signs[测生命体征]·I / O [记进出量]·Allergies[过敏]3、住院病历[case history]·Identification [病人一般情况]Name[性名]Sex[性别]Age [年龄] Marriage[婚姻]Person to notify and phone No.[联系人及电话]Race[民族]I.D.No.[身份证]Admission date[入院日期]Source of history[病史提供者]Reliability of history[可靠程度]Medical record No[病历号]Business phone No.[工作单位电话]Home address and po ne No.[家庭住地及电话]·Chief complaint[主诉]·History of present illness[现病史]·PastH istory[过去史]Surgical[外科]Medical[内科]Medications[用药]Allergies[过敏史]Social Histor y[社会史]Habits[个人习惯]Smoking[吸烟]Family History[家族史]Ob/Gyn History[ 婚姻/生育史]Alcohol use[喝酒]·Review of Aystems[系统回顾]General[概况]Eyes,Ears,Nose a nd throat[五官]Pulmonary[呼吸]Cardiovascular[心血管]GI[消化]GU[生殖、泌尿系统]Musc uloskeletal[肌肉骨骼]Neurology[神经系统]Endocrinology[内分泌系统]Lymphatic/Hematol ogic[淋巴系统/血液系统]·Physical Exam[体检]Vital Signs[生命体征]P[脉博]Bp[血压]R[呼吸]T[温度]Height[身高]Weight[体重]General[概况]HEENT[五官]Neck[颈部]Back/Chest[背部/胸部]Breast[乳房]Heart[心脏]Heart rate[心率]Heart rhythm[心律]Heart Border[心界] Murmur[杂音]Abdomen[腹部]Liver[肝]Spleen[脾]Rectal[直肠]Genitalia[生殖系统]Extremit ies[四肢]Neurology[神经系统]cranial nerves[颅神经]sensation[感觉]Motor[运动]*Special P.E. on diseased organ system[专科情况]*Radiographic Findings[放射]*Laboratory Fi ndings[化验]*Assessment[初步诊断与诊断依据]*Summary[病史小结]*Treatment Plan[治疗计划]4、输血申请单[Blood bank requisition form](1)reason for infusion[输血原因]▲红细胞[p acked red cells, wshed RBCs]:*Hb<8.5 [血色素<8.5]*>20% blood volume lost [>2 0%血容量丢失]*cardio-pulmonary bypass with anticipated Hb <8[心肺分流术伴预计血色素<8]*chemotherapy or surgery with Hb <10[血色素<10的化疗或手术者]▲全血[whole blood]:massive on-going blood loss[大量出血]▲血小板[platelets]:*massive blood transfusion >10 units[输血10单位以上者]*platelet count <50×103/μl with active bleeding or su rgery[血小板<5万伴活动性出血或手术者]*Cardio-pulmonary bypass uith pl<100×103/μl with octive bleeding [心肺分流术伴血小板<10万，活动性出血者]*Platel et count <20×103/μl[血板<2万]▲新鲜冰冻血浆[fresh frozen plasma]:*documented abnormal PT or PTT with bleeding or Surgery[PT、PTT异常的出血或手术病人]*specific clotting factor deficiencies with bleeding/surgerg[特殊凝血因子缺乏的出血/手术者]*blood transfusion >15units[输血>15个单位]*warfarin or antifibrinolytic therapy with bleeding[华法令或溶栓治疗后出血]*DIC[血管内弥漫性凝血]*Antithrombin III dficiency[凝血酶III 缺乏](2)输血要求[request for blood components]*patient blood group[血型]*Has the patie nt had transfusion or pregnancy in the past 3 months? [近3个月，病人是否输过血或怀孕过？]*Type and crossmatch[血型和血交叉]*Units or ml[单位或毫升]5、出院小结[discharge summary]Patient Name[病人姓名]Medical Record No.[病历号]At tending Physician[主治医生]Date of Admission[入院日期]Date of Discharge[出院日期]P irncipal Diagnosis[主要诊断]Secondary Diagnosis[次要诊断]Complications[并发症]Operat ion[手术名称]Reason for Admission[入院理由]Physical Findings[阳性体征]Lab/X-ray Fin dings[化验及放射报告]Hospital Course[住院诊治经过]Condition[出院状况]Disposition[出院去向]Medications[出院用药]Prognosis[预后]Special Instruction to the Patient(diet, ph ysical activity)[出院指导（饮食，活动量）]Follow-up Care[随随访]6、住院/出院病历首页[Admission/discharge record]·Patient name[病人姓名]·race[种族]·a ddress[地址]·religion[宗教]·medical service[科别]·admit (discharge) date[入院（出院）日期]·Length of stay [住院天数]·guarantor name [担保人姓名]·next of kin or person to notify[需通知的亲属姓名]·relation to patient[与病人关系]·previous admit date[上次住院日期]·admitting physician [入院医生]·attending phgsician[主治医生]·admitting diag nosis[入院诊断]·final (principal) diagnosis[最终（主要）诊断]·secondary diagnosis[次要诊断]·adverse reactions (complications)[副作用（合并症）]·incision type[切口类型]·heal ing course[愈合等级]·operative (non-operative) procedures[手术（非手术）操作]·nosoc omial infection[院内感染]·consutants[会诊]·Critical-No. of times[抢救次数]·recovered-N o. of times[成功次数]·Diagnosis qualitative analysis[诊断质量]OP.adm.and discharge D x concur [门诊入院与出院诊断符合率]Clinical and pathological Dx concur[临床与病理诊断符合率]Pre- and post-operative Dx concur [术前术后诊断符合率]·Dx determined with in 24 hours (3 days) after admission[入院后24小时（3天）内确诊]·Discharge status[出院状况]recovered[治愈]improved[好转]not improved[未愈]died [死亡]·Dispositon[去向]home[家]against medical ad[自动出院]autosy[尸检]tran sferred to[转院到]医学英语常用前后缀医学英语常用前后缀·a-[无，缺] ▲anemia[贫血] atonia[无张力] asymptomatic[无症状的] amenorrhea[闭经] ·ab-[分离] abduct [外展] abscision[切除] ·acou (acu)-[听觉] acumeter [听力计] acouophone[助听器] ·acro-[肢端] acromegaly[肢端肥大症] acromastitis [乳头炎] ·ad (af, an)-[邻近，向上] adrenal [肾上腺] adaxial[近轴的] annexa[附件] ·-a d[……侧] ventrad[向腹侧] cephalad[向头侧] ·adeno-[腺] adenocyte[腺细胞] adenoidis m[腺体病] ·adipo-[脂肪] adiposis[肥胖症] adiponecrosis[脂肪坏死] ·adreno-[肾上腺] a drenocorticoid[肾上腺皮质激素] adrenalin[肾上腺素] adrenal[肾上腺] ·-aemia(emia)[血症] bacteremia[菌血症] leukemia[白血病] ·-albi (albino)-[白色] albumin[白蛋白] albinis m[白化病] ·-algesia[痛觉] ▲hypoalgesia[痛觉减退] ·-algia[痛] ▲arthralgia[关节痛] ▲c ephalgia[头痛] ▲neuralgia[神经痛] ·alkali-[碱] ▲alkalosis[碱中毒] ·alveo-[牙槽，小沟] ▲alveolitis[牙槽炎] ▲alveobronchiolitis[支气管肺泡炎] ·ambi-[复，双] ambiopia[复视] ambivert[双重性格] ·ambly-[弱] ▲amblyopia[弱视] ▲amblyaphia[触觉迟钝] ·amylo-[淀粉] ▲amyloidosis[淀粉酶] ▲amylase[淀粉酶] ·angio-[血管] ▲angiography[血管造影术]▲angioedema[血管性水肿] ▲angeitis[脉管炎] ▲angiofibroma[血管纤维瘤] ·ante-[前]▲antenatal[出生前的] ▲anteflexion[前屈] ·antero-[前] ▲anterolateral[前侧壁] ▲ant eroventral[前腹侧] ·anti-[抗，反] ▲antibiotics[抗生素] ▲antihypertensives[降压药] ▲a nticoagulant[抗凝剂] ·rarchno-[蛛网膜] ▲arachnoiditis[蛛网膜炎] ·archo-[肛门，直肠] ▲archorrhagia[肛门出血] ▲archosyrinx[直肠灌注器] ·arterio-[动脉] ▲arteriospasm[动脉痉挛] ▲arteriosclerosis[动脉硬化] ·arthro-[关节] ▲arthrocentesis[关节穿刺] ▲arthro tomy[关节切开术] ▲arthritis[关节炎] ·-ase[酶] ▲oxidase[氧化酶] ▲proteinase[蛋白酶]·-asthenia[无力] ▲myasthenia[肌无力] ▲neurasthenia[神经衰弱] ·audio(audito)-[听力]▲audiology[听觉学] ▲audiometer[听力计] ·auto-[自己] ▲autoimmune[自身免疫] ▲a uto hemotherapy[自体血疗法] ·bacilli-[杆菌] ▲bacillosis[杆菌病] ▲bacilluria[杆菌尿]·bacterio-[细菌] ▲bacteriology[细菌学] ▲bactericide[杀菌剂] ·baro-[压力] ▲baromet er [压力计] ▲baroreceptor[压力感受器] ·bary-[迟钝] ▲barylalia[言语不清] ▲baryacusi a[听觉迟钝] ·bi-[双] ▲bicuspid[二尖瓣]] ▲bilateral[两侧的] ·bili-[胆汁] ▲bilirubin[胆红素] ·bio-[生命] ▲biology[生物学] ▲biopsy[活检] ·-blast[母细胞] ▲spermatoblast[精子细胞] ▲melanoblast[成黑色素细胞] ▲osteoblast[成骨细胞] ·brachy-[短] ▲brachypn ea[气短] ▲brachydactylia[短指畸形] ·brady-[迟缓] ▲bradycardia[心动过缓] ▲bradyps ychia[精神不振] ·broncho-[支气管] ▲bronchoscopy[支气管镜检查] ▲bronchiostenosis [支气管痉挛] ▲bronchitis[支气管炎] ·bronchiolo-[细支气管] ▲bronchiolectasis[细支气管扩张] ·calci-[钙] ▲calcification[钙化] ▲calcicosilicosis[钙沉着症] ·carbo-[碳] ▲carbo hydrate[碳水化合物] ▲carbohaemia[碳酸血症] ·carcino-[癌] ▲carcinogen[致癌物] ·car dio-[心，贲门] ▲cardiotonics[强心剂] ▲cardioplasty[贲门成形术] ·-cele[疝，肿物] ▲o mphalocele[脐疝] ▲hysterocele[子宫脱垂] ▲ophthalmocele[眼球突出] ·celio-[腹] ▲cel ialgia[腹痛] ▲celioscopy[腹腔镜检查] ·-centesis[穿刺] ▲arthrocentesis[关节穿刺术] ▲abdominocentesis[腹穿] 3 回复：医学英语常用前后缀·cephalo-[头] ▲cephaloxia[斜颈] ▲cephalopathy[头部疾病] ▲cephalotomy[穿颅术] ·cerebello-[小脑] ▲cerebellitis[小脑炎] ▲cerebellum[小脑] ·cerebro-[大脑] ▲cerebritis[大脑炎] ▲cerebrology[脑学] ·che mo-[化学] ▲chemotherapy[化疗] ·chloro-[绿，氯] ▲chloroform[氯仿] ▲chloromycetin [氯霉素] ▲chlorophyll[叶绿素] ·cholangio-[胆道] ▲cholangitis[胆管炎] ▲cholangiectasi s[胆管扩张] ·cholo-[胆] ▲cholagogue[利胆剂] ▲cholelithiasis[胆石症] ▲cholecystitis [胆囊炎] ▲cholesterol[胆固醇] ·chondro-[软骨] ▲chondrosarcoma[软骨肉瘤] ▲chondr ification[骨软化] ·chromo-[色素] ▲cytochrome[细胞色素] ▲chromosome[染色体] ·-cid e[杀……剂] ▲germicide[杀菌剂] ▲aborticide[堕胎药] ·circum-[周围] ▲circumoral[口周的] ▲circumcision[包皮环切术] ·coagulo-[凝固] ▲coagulant[凝血剂] ·colo-[结肠] ▲colotomy[结肠切开术] ▲coloptosis[结肠下垂] ·colpo (coleo)-[阴道] ▲coleospastia[阴道痉挛] ▲colposcope[阴道镜] ·contra-[反，逆] ▲contraindication[禁忌证] ▲contraceptive [避孕药] ·counter-[反，逆] ▲counteragent[拮抗剂] ▲conuterpoison[解毒剂] ·cranio-[颅]▲craniomalacia[颅骨软化] ▲cranioclasis[碎颅术] ·-cyst-[囊] ▲cystomy[膀胱切开术] ▲dacryocyst[泪囊] ·-cyte-[细胞] ▲lymphocyte[淋巴细胞] ▲cytolysis[细胞溶解] ·de-[除去] ▲detoxication[解毒] ·dento[牙] ▲dentistry[牙科学] ▲dentalgia[牙痛] ·-derm-[皮肤] ▲epiderm[表皮] ▲dermatology[皮肤病学] ▲dermoplasty[皮肤成形术] ·dextro-[右]▲dextrocardia[右位心] ▲dexiotropic[右旋的] ·dis-[分离] ▲discission[分离术] ▲disinf ection[消毒法] ·duodeno-[十二指肠] ▲duodenitis[十二指肠炎] ▲duodenostomy[十二指肠造口术] ·-dynia[痛] ▲acrodynia[肢体痛] ▲urethrodynia[尿道痛] ·dys-[异常] ▲dysfu nction[功能不良] ▲dyshormonism[内分泌障碍] ▲dysuria[排尿困难] ·-ectasis[扩张] ▲g astroectasis[胃扩张] ▲aerenterectasia[肠胀气] ▲bronchiectasia[支气管扩张] ·-ectomy [切除术] ▲appendectomy[阑尾切除术] ▲lipectomy[脂肪切除术] ·-edema[水肿] ▲ence phaledema[脑水肿] ▲myxedema[粘液性水肿] ·-emesia[呕] ▲hematemesia[呕血] ▲he lminthemesia[吐虫] ·encephalo-[脑] ▲encephaloma[脑瘤] ▲encephaledema[脑水肿]·endo-[内] ▲endocarditis[心内膜炎] ▲endoscope[内窥镜] ·entero-[肠] ▲enteritis[肠炎] ▲enterovirus[肠病毒] ·epi-[上，外] ▲epigastrium[上腹部] ·erythro-[红] ▲erythro mycin[红霉素] ▲erythroderma[红皮病] ·esophago-[食管] ▲esophagoscope[食管镜] ▲esophagitis[食管炎] ·extra-[……外] ▲extracellular[细胞外的] ▲extrasystole[额外收缩]·facio-[面] ▲facioplegia[面瘫] ▲facioplasty[面部成形术] ·-fast[耐] ▲acid-fast[抗酸的]▲uviofast[耐紫外线] ·febri-[热] ▲febricula[低热] ▲febrifacient[致热的] ·feti-[胎儿]▲feticulture[妊娠期卫生] ▲fetometry[胎儿测量法] ·fibro-[纤维] ▲fibroblast[成纤维细胞] ▲fibrosis[纤维化] ·fore-[前] ▲forebrain[前脑] ▲forehead[前额] ·-form[形状] ▲ov iform[卵形的] ▲granuliform[颗粒状的] ·fungi-[真菌，霉菌] ▲fungicide[杀真菌剂] ▲fun gistasis[制霉菌作用] ·gastro-[胃] ▲gastroptosis[胃下垂] ▲gastroenteritis[胃肠炎] ▲ga stroscopy[胃镜检查] ▲gastratrophy[胃萎缩] ·-gen [原，剂] ▲glycogen[糖原] ▲pathog en[病原体] ▲androgen[雄激素] ▲Estrogen[雌激素] ·-genic[……性] ▲cardiogenic[心源性的] ▲allergenic[变应反应] ·giganto-[巨大] ▲gigantocyte[巨红细胞] ▲gigantism[巨大症] ·gingivo-[牙龈] ▲gingivitis[牙龈炎] ▲gingivostomatitis[牙龈口腔炎] ·glosso-[舌]▲glossoplegia[舌瘫痪] ·gluco-[糖] ▲glucoprotein[糖蛋白] ▲glucocorticoid[糖皮质激素] ·glyco-[糖] ▲glycogen[糖原] ▲glycouria[糖尿] ·-grade[级，度] ▲centigrade[摄氏温度计] ▲retrograde[逆行性] ·-gram[克，图] ▲microgram[微克] ▲electroencephalogram [脑电图] ·-graph(y)[……仪（法）] ▲electrocardiogram[心电图] ▲bronchography[支气管造影术] ·gyneco-[妇女] ▲gynecology[妇科学] ▲gynecopathy[妇科病] ·hemo(hemato)-[血] ▲hemoglobin[血红蛋白] ▲4 回复：医学英语常用前后缀hematoma[血肿] ·hemi-[半] ▲hemiplegia[偏瘫] ▲hemicrania[偏头病] ·hepato-[肝] ▲hepatitis[肝炎] ▲hepato cirrhosis[肝硬化] ▲hepatosplenomegaly[肝脾肿大] ·hidro-[汗] ▲hyperhidrosis[多汗症]▲anhidrosis[无汗症] ·histo-[组织] ▲histology[组织学] ▲histomorphology[组织形态学]·holo-[全] ▲holonarcosis[全麻] ▲holoenzyme[全酶] ·homo-[同] ▲homotype[同型]▲homologue[同系物] ▲homoplasty[同种移植术] ·hydro-[水] ▲hydropericardium[心包积水] ▲hydrolysis [水解] ·hypr-[高] ▲hypercalcemia[高钙血症] ▲hyperthyroidism[甲亢] ·hypno-[睡眼] ▲hypnotics[安眠药] ▲hypnotherapy[催眠疗法] ·hypo-[低] ▲hypote nsion[低血压] ▲hypoglycemia[低血糖] ·hystero-[子宫] ▲hysterospasm[子宫痉挛] ▲hy steroptosis[子宫下垂] ·-ia[病] ▲melancholia[忧郁症] ▲pyrexia[发热] ·-iatrics[医学] ▲pediatrics[儿科学] ▲geriatrics[老年病学] ·-iatry[医学] ▲psychiatry[精神病学] ▲pediatr y[儿科学] ·immuno-[免疫] ▲immunoglobulin[免疫球蛋白] ▲immunotherapy[免疫疗法]·infra-[下] ▲infraorbital[眶下的] ▲infrared[红外线] ·inter-[间] ▲intervertebral[椎间的]▲intercellular[细胞间的] ·intra-[内] ▲intravenous[静脉内的] ▲intracranial[颅内的] ▲intramuscular[肌肉内的] ·-ist[家] ▲pathologist[病理学家] ▲anatomist[解剖学家] ·-itis [炎症] ▲cellulitis[蜂窝织炎] ▲myocarditis[心肌炎] ·leuco (leuko)-[白] ▲leucorrhea[白带] ▲leukocytosis[白细胞增多] ▲leukemia[白血病] ·lipo-(脂) ▲lipotrophy[脂肪增多]▲lipase[脂酶] ·-lith[结石] ▲cholelith[胆结石] ▲cholelithiasis[胆石症] ·-logy[学] ▲ter minology[术语学] ▲Cardiology[心脏病学] ·lumbo-[腰] ▲lumbosacral[腰骶部的] ▲lumb ago[腰背痛] ▲lumbodynia[腰痛] ·lympho-[淋巴] ▲lymphedema[淋巴水肿] ▲lymphocy topenia[淋巴细胞减少] ·-lysis(lytic)[松解，分解了] ▲aythrolysis[关节松解术] ▲spasmol ytic[解痉的] ·macro-[大] ▲macrophage[巨噬细胞] ▲macromolecule[大分子] ·mal-[不良] ▲malnutrition[营养不良] ▲malfunction[功能不全] ·-megaly[巨大] ▲cardiomegaly [心扩大] ▲cephalomegaly[巨头畸形] ·meningo-[脑膜] ▲meningitis[脑膜炎] ▲meningo cephalitis[脑膜脑炎] ·meno-[月经] ▲dysmenorrhea[痛经] ▲menopause[停经] ·-meter [表，计] ▲spirometer[肺活量计] ▲pyrometer[高温表] ·-metry[测量法] ▲iodometry[碘定量法] ·micro-[小] ▲micropump[微泵] ▲microliter[微升] ·mono-[单-] ▲mononucleos is[单核细胞增多] ▲monomer[单体] ·multi-[多] ▲multinuclear[多核的] ▲multipara[经产妇] ·myelo-[髓] ▲myelocele[脊髓膨出] ▲myelocyte[髓细胞] ·myo-[肌] ▲myocarditi s[心肌炎] ▲myofibroma[肌纤维瘤] ·naso-[鼻] ▲nasoscope[鼻镜] ▲nasitis[鼻炎] ·neo-[新] ▲neoplasm[瘤] ▲neomycin[新霉素] ·nephro-[肾] ▲nephropathy[肾病] ▲nephro sclerosis[肾硬变] ·neuro-[神经] ▲neuroma[神经瘤] ▲neurodermatitis[神经性皮炎] ·no n-[非] ▲non-electrolyte[非电解质] ▲nonfetal[非致命的] ·nulli-[无] ▲nullipara[未产妇]▲nulligravida[未孕妇] ·nutri-[营养] ▲nutrition[营养] ▲nutrology[营养学] ·oculo-[眼] ▲oculist[眼科医生] ▲oculus dexter[右眼] ▲oculus sinister[左眼] 5 回复：医学英语常用前后缀·oligo-[少] ▲oligophrenia[智力发育不全] ▲oliguria[少尿] ·-oma[肿瘤] ▲ade noma[腺瘤] ▲osteoma[骨瘤] ·onco-[肿瘤] ▲oncology[肿瘤学] ▲oncogene[癌基因] ·o phthalmo-[眼] ▲ophthalmocele[眼球突出] ▲ophthalmoplegia[眼肌麻痹] ·-osis[病] ▲ci rrhosis[肝硬化] ▲mycosis[霉菌病] ·osteo-[骨] ▲osteomalacia[骨软化] ▲osteoarthritis [骨关节炎] ·oto-[耳] ▲otolith[耳石] ▲otoplasty[耳成形术] ▲otopyosis[耳化脓] ·pan-[全] ▲panimmunity[多种免疫] ▲pantalgia[全身痛] ▲pantatrophia[全身营养不良] ·-par a[产妇] ▲primipara[初产妇] ▲nullipara[未产妇] ·-pathy[病] ▲dermatopathy[皮肤病] ▲Cardiomyopathy[心肌病] ·pedia-[儿童] ▲pediatrician[儿科医师] ▲pediatrics[儿科学]·-penia[减少] ▲leucopenia[白细胞减少] ▲thrombopenia[血小板减少] ·per-[经] ▲perc utaneous[经皮肤的] ·peri-[周围] ▲pericarditis[心包炎] ▲perianal[肛周的] ·pharmaco-[药] ▲pharmacokinetics[药代动力学] ▲physicochemistry[药典] ·physio-[物理▲physiot heraphy[理疗] ▲physicochemistry[物理化学] ·-plasty[成形术] ▲angioplasty[血管成形术] ▲homoplasty[同种移植] ▲gastroplasty[胃成形术] ·-plegia[瘫] ▲paraplegia[截瘫] ▲hemiplegia[偏瘫] ·pleuro-[胸膜] ▲pleuritis[胸膜炎] ▲pleurocentesis[胸腔穿刺术] ·-p nea[呼吸] ▲orthopnea[端坐呼吸] ▲tachypnea[呼吸急促] ·pneumo-[气，肺] ▲pneumo thorax[气胸] ▲pneumococcus[肺炎球菌] ·poly-[多] ▲polyuria[多尿] ▲polycholia[胆汗过多] ·post-[后] ▲postpartum[产后] ▲postoperation[术后] ·pre-[前] ▲premenopause [绝经前期] ▲premature[早搏] ▲preload[前负荷] ·pseudo-[假] ▲psudohypertrophy[假性肥大] ▲psudomembranous[假膜的] ·psycho-[精神，心理] ▲psychology[心理学] ▲psychiatry[精神病学] ·-ptosis[下垂] ▲nephroptosis[肾下垂] ▲hysteroptosis[子宫下垂] ·-p tysis[咯] ▲pyoptysis[咯脓] ▲hemoptysis[咯血] ·pyo-[脓] ▲pyorrhea[溢脓] ▲pyosis [化脓] ·radio-[放射] ▲radiotherapy[放疗] ▲radiology[放射学] ·recto-[直肠] ▲rectitis [直肠炎] ▲rectectomy[直肠切除术] ·retino-[视网膜] ▲retinitis[视网膜炎] ▲retinodialys is[视网膜分离] ·rhino-[鼻] ▲rhinitis[鼻炎] ▲rhinorrhea[鼻漏] ·-rrhagia[出血] ▲gastorr hagia[胃出血] ▲hemorrhage[出血] ▲pneumorrhagia[肺出血] ·-rrhaphy[缝合术] ▲neu rorrhaphy[神经缝合术] ▲Vasorrhaphy[输卵管缝合术] ·-rrhea[流出] ▲diarrhea[腹泻] ▲menorrhea[月经] ·schisto-[裂] ▲schistosomiasis[血吸虫病] ▲schistoglossia[舌裂] ·scirr ho-[硬] ▲scirrhosarca[硬皮病] ▲scirrhoma[硬癌] ·sclero-[硬] ▲scleroderma[硬皮病] ▲sclerometer[硬度计] ·-scope(y)[镜，检查] ▲stethoscope[听诊器] ▲otoscope[耳镜] ▲proctoscopy[直肠镜检查法] ·semi-[半] ▲semicoma[半昏迷] ▲semiliquid[半流汁] ·sp ondylo-[脊椎] ▲spondylopathy[脊椎病] ▲spondylitis[脊椎炎] ·-stomy[造口术] ▲colost omy[结肠造口术] ▲ilecolostomy[回结肠吻合术] ·sub-[下，亚] ▲subacute[亚急性] ▲su babdominal[下腹部的] ·super-[在…上] ▲superficial[浅的] ▲superoxide[超氧化物] ·sup ra-[上] ▲supraventricular[室上性的] ▲suprarenalism[肾上腺机能亢进] ·tachy-[快] ▲ta chycardia[心动过速] ▲tachypnea[呼吸急促] ·-therapy[治疗] ▲massotherapy[按摩治疗]▲pharmacotherapy[药物治疗] ·thermo-[热] ▲thermometer[温度计] ▲thermatology [热疗学] ·thrombo-[血栓，血小板] ▲thrombolysis[溶栓] ▲thrombocytopenia[血小板减少症] ▲thrombosis[血] ·-tomy[切开术] ▲tracheotomy[气管切开术] ▲ovariotomy[卵巢切开术] ·tracheo-[气管] ▲tracheoscope[气管镜] ▲tracheorrhagia[气管出血] ·trans-[经，转移] ▲transurethral[经尿道] ▲transfusion[输血] ·-trophy[营养] ▲dystrophy[营养不良] ▲atrophy[萎缩] ·ultra-[超过] ▲ultraviolet[紫外线] ▲ultrasound[超声] ·utero-[子宫] ▲uteroscope[子宫镜] ▲uterotonic[宫缩剂] ·vaso-[血管] ▲vasomotion[血管舒缩] ▲Vasodilator[血管扩张剂] 6 回复：医学英语常用前后缀·cephalo-[头] ▲cephaloxia[斜颈] ▲cephalopathy[头部疾病] ▲cephalotomy[穿颅术] ·cerebello-[小脑] ▲cerebellitis [小脑炎] ▲cerebellum[小脑] ·cerebro-[大脑] ▲cerebritis[大脑炎] ▲cerebrology[脑学]·chemo-[化学] ▲chemotherapy[化疗] ·chloro-[绿，氯] ▲chloroform[氯仿] ▲chloromy cetin[氯霉素] ▲chlorophyll[叶绿素] ·cholangio-[胆道] ▲cholangitis[胆管炎] ▲cholangi ectasis[胆管扩张] ·cholo-[胆] ▲cholagogue[利胆剂] ▲cholelithiasis[胆石症] ▲cholecys titis[胆囊炎] ▲cholesterol[胆固醇] ·chondro-[软骨] ▲chondrosarcoma[软骨肉瘤] ▲cho ndrification[骨软化] ·chromo-[色素] ▲cytochrome[细胞色素] ▲chromosome[染色体] ·-cide[杀……剂] ▲germicide[杀菌剂] ▲aborticide[堕胎药] ·circum-[周围] ▲circumoral [口周的] ▲circumcision[包皮环切术] ·coagulo-[凝固] ▲coagulant[凝血剂] ·colo-[结肠]▲colotomy[结肠切开术] ▲coloptosis[结肠下垂] ·colpo (coleo)-[阴道] ▲coleospastia [阴道痉挛] ▲colposcope[阴道镜] ·contra-[反，逆] ▲contraindication[禁忌证] ▲contrac eptive[避孕药] ·counter-[反，逆] ▲counteragent[拮抗剂] ▲conuterpoison[解毒剂] ·cra nio-[颅] ▲craniomalacia[颅骨软化] ▲cranioclasis[碎颅术] ·-cyst-[囊] ▲cystomy[膀胱切开术] ▲dacryocyst[泪囊] ·-cyte-[细胞] ▲lymphocyte[淋巴细胞] ▲cytolysis[细胞溶解]·de-[除去] ▲detoxication[解毒] ·dento[牙] ▲dentistry[牙科学] ▲dentalgia[牙痛] ·-de rm-[皮肤] ▲epiderm[表皮] ▲dermatology[皮肤病学] ▲dermoplasty[皮肤成形术] ·dext ro-[右] ▲dextrocardia[右位心] ▲dexiotropic[右旋的] ·dis-[分离] ▲discission[分离术] ▲disinfection[消毒法] ·duodeno-[十二指肠] ▲duodenitis[十二指肠炎] ▲duodenostomy [十二指肠造口术] ·-dynia[痛] ▲acrodynia[肢体痛] ▲urethrodynia[尿道痛] ·dys-[异常] ▲dysfunction[功能不良] ▲dyshormonism[内分泌障碍] ▲dysuria[排尿困难] ·-ectasis[扩张] ▲gastroectasis[胃扩张] ▲aerenterectasia[肠胀气] ▲bronchiectasia[支气管扩张] ·-ectomy[切除术] ▲appendectomy[阑尾切除术] ▲lipectomy[脂肪切除术] ·-edema[水肿]▲encephaledema[脑水肿] ▲myxedema[粘液性水肿] ·-emesia[呕] ▲hematemesia[呕血] ▲helminthemesia[吐虫] ·encephalo-[脑] ▲encephaloma[脑瘤] ▲encephaledema [脑水肿] ·endo-[内] ▲endocarditis[心内膜炎] ▲endoscope[内窥镜] ·entero-[肠] ▲ent eritis[肠炎] ▲enterovirus[肠病毒] ·epi-[上，外] ▲epigastrium[上腹部] ·erythro-[红] ▲e rythromycin[红霉素] ▲erythroderma[红皮病] ·esophago-[食管] ▲esophagoscope[食管镜] ▲esophagitis[食管炎] ·extra-[……外] ▲extracellular[细胞外的] ▲extrasystole[额外收缩] ·facio-[面] ▲facioplegia[面瘫] ▲facioplasty[面部成形术] ·-fast[耐] ▲acid-fast[抗酸的] ▲uviofast[耐紫外线] ·febri-[热] ▲febricula[低热] ▲febrifacient[致热的] ·feti-[胎儿] ▲feticulture[妊娠期卫生] ▲fetometry[胎儿测量法] ·fibro-[纤维] ▲fibroblast[成纤维细胞] 7 回复：医学英语常用前后缀▲fibrosis[纤维化] ·fore-[前] ▲forebrain[前脑] ▲forehead[前额] ·-form[形状] ▲oviform[卵形的] ▲granuliform[颗粒状的] ·fungi-[真菌，霉菌] ▲fungicide[杀真菌剂] ▲fungistasis[制霉菌作用] ·gastro-[胃] ▲gastroptosis[胃下垂] ▲gastroenteritis[胃肠炎] ▲gastroscopy[胃镜检查] ▲gastratrophy[胃萎缩] ·-gen [原，剂] ▲glycogen[糖原] ▲pathogen[病原体] ▲androgen[雄激素] ▲Estrogen[雌激素]·-genic[……性] ▲cardiogenic[心源性的] ▲allergenic[变应反应] ·giganto-[巨大] ▲giga ntocyte[巨红细胞] ▲gigantism[巨大症] ·gingivo-[牙龈] ▲gingivitis[牙龈炎] ▲gingivost omatitis[牙龈口腔炎] ·glosso-[舌] ▲glossoplegia[舌瘫痪] ·gluco-[糖] ▲glucoprotein[糖蛋白] ▲glucocorticoid[糖皮质激素] ·glyco-[糖] ▲glycogen[糖原] ▲glycouria[糖尿] ·-gr ade[级，度] ▲centigrade[摄氏温度计] ▲retrograde[逆行性] ·-gram[克，图] ▲microgr am[微克] ▲electroencephalogram[脑电图] ·-graph(y)[……仪（法）] ▲electrocardiogra m[心电图] ▲bronchography[支气管造影术] ·gyneco-[妇女] ▲gynecology[妇科学] ▲gy necopathy[妇科病] ·hemo(hemato)-[血] ▲hemoglobin[血红蛋白] ▲hematoma[血肿]·hemi-[半] ▲hemiplegia[偏瘫] ▲hemicrania[偏头病] ·hepato-[肝] ▲hepatitis[肝炎]▲hepatocirrhosis[肝硬化] ▲hepatosplenomegaly[肝脾肿大] ·hidro-[汗] ▲hyperhidrosis [多汗症] ▲anhidrosis[无汗症] ·histo-[组织] ▲histology[组织学] ▲histomorphology[组织形态学] ·holo-[全] ▲holonarcosis[全麻] ▲holoenzyme[全酶] ·homo-[同] ▲homotyp e[同型] ▲homologue[同系物] ▲homoplasty[同种移植术] ·hydro-[水] ▲hydropericardi um[心包积水] ▲hydrolysis [水解] ·hypr-[高] ▲hypercalcemia[高钙血症] ▲hyperthyroi dism[甲亢] ·hypno-[睡眼] ▲hypnotics[安眠药] ▲hypnotherapy[催眠疗法] ·hypo-[低] ▲hypotension[低血压] ▲hypoglycemia[低血糖] ·hystero-[子宫] ▲hysterospasm[子宫痉挛] ▲hysteroptosis[子宫下垂] ·-ia[病] ▲melancholia[忧郁症] ▲pyrexia[发热] ·-iatric s[医学] ▲pediatrics[儿科学] ▲geriatrics[老年病学] ·-iatry[医学] ▲psychiatry[精神病学]▲pediatry[儿科学] ·immuno-[免疫] ▲immunoglobulin[免疫球蛋白] ▲immunotherapy [免疫疗法] ·infra-[下] ▲infraorbital[眶下的] ▲infrared[红外线] ·inter-[间] ▲interverte bral[椎间的] ▲intercellular[细胞间的] ·intra-[内] ▲intravenous[静脉内的] ▲intracrania l[颅内的] ▲intramuscular[肌肉内的] ·-ist[家] ▲pathologist[病理学家] ▲anatomist[解剖学家] ·-itis[炎症] ▲cellulitis[蜂窝织炎] ▲myocarditis[心肌炎] ·leuco (leuko)-[白] ▲leu corrhea[白带] ▲leukocytosis[白细胞增多] ▲leukemia[白血病] ·lipo-(脂) ▲lipotrophy [脂肪增多] ▲lipase[脂酶] ·-lith[结石] ▲cholelith[胆结石] ▲cholelithiasis[胆石症] ·-log y[学] ▲terminology[术语学] ▲Cardiology[心脏病学] ·lumbo-[腰] ▲lumbosacral[腰骶部的] ▲lumbago[腰背痛] ▲lumbodynia[腰痛] ·lympho-[淋巴] ▲lymphedema[淋巴水肿] ▲lymphocytopenia[淋巴细胞减少] ·-lysis(lytic)[松解，分解了] ▲aythrolysis[关节松解术]▲spasmolytic[解痉的] ·macro-[大] ▲macrophage[巨噬细胞] ▲macromolecule[大分子]·mal-[不良] ▲malnutrition[营养不良] ▲malfunction[功能不全] ·-megaly[巨大] ▲cardi omegaly[心扩大] ▲cephalomegaly[巨头畸形] ·meningo-[脑膜] ▲meningitis[脑膜炎] ▲meningocephalitis[脑膜脑炎] ·meno-[月经] ▲dysmenorrhea[痛经] ▲menopause[停经]·-meter[表，计] ▲spirometer[肺活量计] ▲pyrometer[高温表] ·-metry[测量法] ▲iodo metry[碘定量法] ·micro-[小] ▲micropump[微泵] ▲microliter[微升] ·mono-[单-] ▲mo nonucleosis[单核细胞增多] ▲monomer[单体] ·multi-[多] ▲multinuclear[多核的] ▲mul tipara[经产妇] ·myelo-[髓] ▲myelocele[脊髓膨出] ▲myelocyte[髓细胞] ·myo-[肌] ▲m yocarditis[心肌炎] ▲myofibroma[肌纤维瘤] ·naso-[鼻] ▲nasoscope[鼻镜] ▲nasitis[鼻炎] ·neo-[新] ▲neoplasm[瘤] ▲neomycin[新霉素] ·nephro-[肾] ▲nephropathy[肾病] ▲nephrosclerosis[肾硬变] ·neuro-[神经] ▲neuroma[神经瘤] ▲neurodermatitis[神经性皮炎] ·non-[非] ▲non-electrolyte[非电解质] ▲nonfetal[非致命的] ·nulli-[无] ▲nullipar a[未产妇] ▲nulligravida[未孕妇] ·nutri-[营养] ▲nutrition[营养] ▲nutrology[营养学] ·o culo-[眼] ▲oculist[眼科医生] ▲oculus dexter[右眼] ▲oculus sinister[左眼]医学英语缩写一览表医学英语缩写一览表·aa.-of each[各] ·Ab.-antibody[抗体] ·abd.-abdomen[腹部] ·ABG-arterial blood gas[动脉血气] ·abn.-abnormal[异常] ·ABp-arterial blood pressure[动脉压]·Abs.-absent[无] ·abstr.-abstract[摘要] ·a.c.-before meals[饭前] ·Ach.-actylcholine[乙酰胆碱] ·ACH.-adrenal cortical hormone[肾上腺皮质激素] ·ACT.-active coagulative tim e[活化凝血时间] ·ACTH.-adrenocorticotripic[促肾上腺皮质激素] ·ad.(add.)-adde[加] ·ad effect.-ad effectum [直到有效] ·ADH.-antidiuretic hormone[抗利尿激素] ·ad lib-at lies ure[随意] ·adm.(admin)-adminstration[给药] ·ad us est.-for external use[外用] ·af.-atr ial fibrillation[房颤] ·aF.-atrial flutter[房扑] ·A/G ratio.-albumin-globulin ratio[白-球蛋白比] ·AIDS.-acquired immune deficiency syndrome[爱滋病] ·al.-left ear[左耳] ·alb.-albu min[白蛋白] ·AM.-before noon[上午] ·amb.-ambulance[救护车] ·amp.(ampul)-ampoule [安瓿] ·ANA.-anesthesia[麻醉] ·anal.-analgesic[镇痛药] ·ap.-before dinner[饭前] ·appr. (approx.)-approximately [大约] ·AR.-aortic regurgitation[主闭] ·AS.-aortic stenosis[主狭] ·ASA.-aspirin[阿斯匹林] ·ASD.-atrial septal defect[房缺] ·AST.-aspartate transamin ase[谷草转氨酶] ·atm.(atmos.)-atomsphere[大气压] ·ATS.-antitetanic serum[抗破伤风血清] ·av.-average[平均] ·Ba.-Barium[钡] ·BBT.-basal body temperature[基础体温] ·B CG.-bacille Calmette- Guerin[卡介苗] ·biblio.-biliography[参考文献] ·bid.-twice a day [每日二次] ·b.m.-basal metabolism[基础代谢] ·Bp.-blood pressure[血压] ·bpm-baets p er minute[次/分] ·BS.-blood sugar[血糖] ·BW.-body weight[体重] ·C.- centigrade[摄氏温度计] ·CA.-carcinoma[癌] ·Cal.-cancer[癌] ·Cal. –calorie[卡] ·Cap. –capsule[囊] ·C.B.C-complete blood count[血常规] ·CC.-chief complaint[主诉] ·CC. list.-critical conditio n list[病危通知单] ·CCU.- Coronary care unit[冠心病监护室] ·CD.-caesarean delivered [剖腹产] ·CDC.-calculated date of confinement[预产期] ·CEA.-carcinoembryonic antige n[癌胚抗原] ·CG.-control group[对照组] ·CK.-creatine kinase[肌酸激酶] ·Cl.-centilitre [毫开] ·cm.-centimetre[毫米] ·CNS.-central nervous system[中枢神经系统] ·Co.-compo und[复方] ·contra.-contraindicated[禁忌] ·CT.- computerized tomography[计算机断层扫描] ·C.V-curriculum vitae[简历] ·DBp-diastolic blood pressure[舒张压] ·DD.- differen tial diagnosis[鉴别诊断] ·dept.-department[科] ·diag.-diagonsis[诊断] ·DIC-disseminate intravascular coagulation[弥漫性血管内凝血] ·dl.-deciliter[分升] ·DM.-diabetic mellitus [糖尿病] ·DM.-diastolic murmur[舒张期杂音] ·D.O.A-dead on arrival[到达时已死亡] ·D OB.-date of birth[出生日期] ·Dr.-doctor[医生] ·DIW.-dextrose in water[葡萄糖液] ·D-5 -W,-5% dextrose in water[5%葡萄糖液] ·DU-duodenal ulcer[十二指肠溃疡] ·ECG.(EK G.)- electrocardiograph[心电图] ·ECHO .-echogram[超声] ·EDD.(EDC)-expected date o f delivery (confinement)[预产期] ·ENT. –ears, nose and throat[五官科] ·EMG. –elec tromyogram[肌电图] ·ER. –emergency room[急诊室] ·et al.-and elsewhere[等等] ·et c. –and so forth[等等] ·F.(Fahr.)-Fahrenheit [华氏] ·F- Female[女性] ·F.B.S.- fasting blood sugar[空腹血糖] ·FDP.-fibrinogen degradation products[纤维蛋白原降解产物] ·F FA. –free fatty acid[游离脂肪酸] ·FUO. –fever of unknown origin[不明原因发热] ·F X. –fracture [骨折] ·GH. –growth hormone[生长素] ·GI.- gastrointestinal[消化] ·GIT S. –gastrointestinal therapy system[胃肠治疗系统] ·gtt. –drops[滴] ·GU.- gastric ulc er[胃溃疡] ·Hb. –hemoglobin[血红蛋白] ·HBp.-high blood pressure[高血压] ·HCG. –human choroionic gonadotropic hormone[人绒毛膜促性腺激素] ·HDL.- high density lip oprotein[高密度脂蛋白] ·HR.-heart rate[心率] ·ht.-height[身高] ·HTN.-hypertension[高血压] ·Hx.-history [病历] ·Hypo.-hypodermic injection[皮下注射] ·IABP.-intra –aortic balloon pacing[主动脉内囊反搏] ·I/O.-intake and output [进出量] ·ICU. –intensive ca re unit[重症监护病房] ·ie. –that is [即] ·Ig. –immunoglobulin[免疫球蛋白] ·Im. –i utramuscular[肌内的] ·INH.- inhalation[吸入] ·INH.- isoniazid[异烟肼] ·Inj.- injection [注射] ·Int.- intern[实习生] ·IP.- in-patient[住院病入] ·Iu.- international unit[国防单位]·IV.-intravenously[静脉内] ·J.- joule[焦耳] ·K.U.B- Kidney,ureter and bladder[肾、输尿管和膀胱] ·LBp.-low blood pressure [低血压] ·LC. –laparoscopic cholecystectomy[腹腔镜胆囊切除术] ·LDL.-Low density lipoprotein[低密度脂蛋白] ·Liq. –liquid[液体] ·LM P.- last menstrual period[未次月经] ·LP. –lumbar puncture[腰穿] ·M. –male[男性] ·M CD.-mean corpuscular diameter[平均红细胞直径] ·MCH.-mean corpuscular hemoglobin [平均红细胞血红蛋白量] ·MCHC.-mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration[平均红细胞血红蛋白浓度] ·MCV.-mean corpuscular volume[平均红细胞体积] ·MI.-myocardial inf arction[心梗] ·min.-minute[分] ·mixt。

详解RStudio_中使用lm_函数及summary_函数建模与模型检验的输出结果

DOI ：10.15913/ki.kjycx.2024.06.009详解RStudio中使用lm函数及summary函数建模与模型检验的输出结果廖海燕（韶关学院数学与统计学院，广东韶关 512005）摘要：使用RStudio ，通过各种随机函数生成样本数据，再使用stats 包的lm 函数及summary 函数建立线性回归模型，并对其输出结果的各项细则详细解读，叙述所用的理论与公式，并尝试用各种方法重新编程，从而对这个函数的建模原理得到更好的把握，能有助于更好地使用此函数建立合适的模型，并灵活地利用RStudio 编程实现各种建模需要的输出结果。

关键词：RStudio ；lm 函数；summary 函数；随机函数中图分类号：TP312.1 文献标志码：A 文章编号：2095-6835（2024）06-0036-03对于一份分析关于某变量影响因素的数据，倘若尝试拟合回归模型，可以考虑使用RStudio 中stats 包的lm 函数，但是经过研究发现，尚没有对于该函数各项输出结果的详细说明。

本文通过随机函数生成样本数据，再使用stats 包的lm 函数及summary 函数建立线性回归模型，并对其输出结果的各项细则详细解读，叙述所用的理论与公式。

问题为尝试拟合因变量Y 与自变量X 1，X 2，X 3，…，X p 之间的线性回归模型，模型如下所示：Y =β0+β1X 1+β2X 2+β3X 3+…+βp X p +ε （1）éëêêêêêêêêùûúúúúúúúúY 1 X 11 X 12 X 13 ⋯ X 1p Y 2 X 21 X 22 X 23 ⋯ X 2p ⋮Y n X n 1 X n 2 X n 3 ⋯ X np （2）将样本数据矩阵式（2）代入式（1），得到结果如式（3）所示：ìíîïïïïïY 1=β0+β1X 11+β2X 12+β3X 13+…+βp X 1p +ε1Y 2=β0+β1X 21+β2X 22+β3X 23+…+βp X 2p +ε2⋮Y n=β0+β1X n 1+β2X n 2+β3X n 3+…+βp X np +εn （3）式（3）的建模假定如下：误差ε1，ε2，ε3，…，εn ~iidN （0，σ2）。

EIGRP路由协议汇总

EIGRP路由协议汇总⼀、基本概念：1.EIGRP为增强的内部⽹关路由协议，是cisco的专有协议。

2.EIGRP的⼀般管理距离为90（interior eigrp），汇总的管理距离为5（summary eigrp），从外部分发进来的为170（exterior eigrp）；协议号为ip 88。

3.EIGRP是⼀个Advanced distance vector；能够Rapid convergence；是100% loop-free classless routing；是唯⼀⼀个⽀持⾮等价负载均衡的路由协议（默认4条最⼤16条）；以组播（224.0.0.10）或单播进⾏更新。

4.缺省使⽤总带宽的50%，可⽤“bandwidth-percent eigrp”更改百分⽐。

5.EIGRP是⾮周期性更新，只有在拓扑有变化时才对变化的东西进⾏增量更新。

并且只针对变化影响到的路由器进⾏更新。

6.运⾏EIGIP的接⼝必须从他的直连的邻居处获得更新。

7.由于EIGRP是⼀个为Adverance distance vector，具有distance vector的边界⾃动汇总的特性所以在配置时要“no auto”8.EIGRP的三个存储单元：邻居数据库（存放邻居及状态）；topology table（相当与ospf的数据库，存放状态信息）；routinf table9.EIGRP的5种包：hello：建⽴邻接关系，keeplive（组播）query：向邻居查找路由信息（组播）reply：对邻居的query查找进⾏回应（单播）update：以增量的⽅式发送路由更新（组播或单播）ack：对可靠包的确认（单播）★其中query，reply，update为可靠包（即必须得到ACK回应）；hell包和ack包为不可靠包。

⼆、EIGRP采⽤的metric：1.EIGRP采⽤以下组合值作为metric进⾏路由选择（5个）：bandwidth，delay，reliable ，load，mtu2.metric的算法：Metric = [K1 x BW + ((K2 x BW) / (256 –load)) + K3 x delay]By default: K1 = 1, K2 = 0, K3 = 1, K4 = 0, K5 = 0metric=[delay+107/BW]*256“dely，mtu等”都可在sh int 。

model.summary()用法

Model.summary()用法1.介绍在深度学习中，模型的搭建和调试是一个重要的环节。

当我们完成了一个模型的构建后，我们需要对模型的架构进行检查和总结。

K e ra s中的`mo de l.su mm ar y()`方法可以帮助我们快速查看和理解模型的结构和参数情况。

本文将介绍`mo de l.su mm ar y()`方法的使用方法和输出结果的解读。

2. `m odel.summary()`方法的调用方式在使用K er as搭建模型后，我们可以使用`mo de l.su mm ar y()`方法来输出模型的概述信息。

其调用方式如下：m o de l.su mm ar y()3.输出结果解读`m od el.s um ma ry()`方法的输出结果包含了模型的层信息和参数统计。

下面我们逐一解读输出结果的各个部分。

3.1.模型总结输出结果的开头部分是模型的概要信息，包括模型类型和模型输入的形状。

示例：M o de l:"s eq ue nt ial"_________________________________________________________________L a ye r(ty pe)O ut put S ha pe Pa ra m#=================================================================3.2.层信息接下来是模型的层信息，包括每一层的名称、类型和输出形状。

示例：d e ns e(De ns e)(N one,64)9472_________________________________________________________________d e ns e_1(De ns e)(No n e,10)650对每一层的输出解读如下：-`de ns e`是该层的名称。

-`(N on e,64)`表示该层的输出形状为(N o ne,64)。

出厂验收测试FAT

在安装前完成设备的安装验证完成后配合11测试目的11purposetest根据厂家要求新进设备应进行设备验证验证确认后安装运行性能确认合格各功能能够达到使用12客户批准13执行测试人员须首先阅读完毕fat部分然后执行根据实际测试情况如实填写本文件的测试项目
Supplier 制造商
嘉华通软
工厂测试方案
二、确认内容................................................................................................................................................... 6 II. Content of confirmation.................................................................................................................................. 6 (Ⅰ) 文件检查 .................................................................................................................................................... 6 (Ⅰ) Document inspection ................................................................................................................................... 6 （二）配置检查................................................................................................................................................. 8 （Ⅱ）Configuration inspection ......................................................................................................................... 8

CCNP自学笔记----EIGRP

CCNP自学笔记----EIGRP在当前各未来的路由选择环境中，增强内部网关路由选择协议（EIGRP）提供了诸如路由选择信息协议第1版（RIPV1）和内部网关路由选择协议（IGRP）等传统的距离矢量路由选择协议所没有的优点和特性。

这些优点包括会聚速度快，占用的带宽少以及支持多种被路由的协议。

EIGRP是一种CISCO专有协议，同时具备链路状态和距离矢量路由选择协议的优点：1.快速会聚：EIGRP采用扩散更新算法（DUAL）来实现快速会聚。

2.占用的带宽更少：EIGRP不发送定期更新，而是在前往目的地的路径或度量值发生变化时使用部分更新。

3.支持多种网络层协议：EIGRP使用协议无关模块（PDM）来支持IP，APPLETALK和IPX，以满足特定的网络层需求。

4.在不同数据链路层协议和拓扑之间提供无缝连接性：使用EIGRP时，无需针对第2层协议做特殊的配置；而其他路由选择协议（如OSPF）对于不同的第2层协议（如以太网和帧中继）需要采用不同的配置。

传输EIGRP信息的IP分组使用其IP报头中使用协议号88。

与传统的路由选择协议相比，EIGRP最重要的优点之一是占用的带宽。

使用EIGRP时，运行数据流是以多播或单播而不是广播方式传输的，因此终端不受路由选择更新和查询的影响。

与其他协议相比，EIGRP和（IGRP）的一个重要优点是，支持在度量值不等的路径之间均衡负载，让管理员能够在网络中更好地分配流量。

EIGRP使用多播地址224.0.0.10。

EIGRP路由器从属于同一个自主系统的路由器那里收到HELLO分组后，将与该路由器建立邻接关系。

如果在保持时间过后仍未收到分组，将删除相应邻接关系以及从该邻居那里获悉的所有拓扑表条目，就像该邻居发送了一条指出所有这些路由都不可达的更新一样。

如果该邻居是前往某个目标网络的后继站，将从路由选择表中删除该网络，并计算替代路径。

即使HELLO间隔和保持时间不匹配，两台路由器也能成为EIGRP邻居；这意味着可以在路由器上独立地设置HELLO间隔和保持时间。

医学英语大全

医学英语大全1、抗生素医嘱[Antibiotic order]·Prophylaxis [预防性用药] Duration of oder[用药时间] 24hr·Drug+dose+Route+frequency[药名+剂量+途径+次数]2、医嘱首页[Admission / transfer]·Admit / transfer to [收入或转入]·Resident [住院医师] Attending[主治医师]·Condition [病情]·Diagnosis[诊断]·Diet [饮食]3Marriage[婚姻]Person to notify and phone No.[联系人及电话] Race[民族]Admission date[入院日期]Source of history[病史提供者] Reliability of history[可靠程度] Medical record No[病历号]Social History[社会史]Habits[个人习惯]Smoking[吸烟]Family History[家族史]Ob/Gyn History[ 婚姻/生育史]Alcohol use[喝酒]·Review of Aystems[系统回顾]Lymphatic/Hematologic[淋巴系统/血液系统]·Physical Exam[体检]Vital Signs[生命体征]P[脉博]Bp[血压]R[呼吸]T[温度]Heart rhythm[心律] Heart Border[心界] Murmur[杂音]Abdomen[腹部]Liver[肝]Spleen[脾]Rectal[直肠]*Assessment[初步诊断与诊断依据] *Summary[病史小结]*Treatment Plan[治疗计划]4、输血申请单[Blood bank requisition form](1)reason for infusion[输血原因]▲红细胞[packed red cells, wshed RBCs]:*Hb<8.5 [血色素<8.5]动性出血或手术者]*Cardio-pulmonary bypass uith pl<100×103/μl with octive bleeding[心肺分流术伴血小板<10万，活动性出血者]*Platelet count <20×103/μl[血板<2万]▲新鲜冰冻血浆[fresh frozen plasma]:*documented abnormal PT or PTT with bleeding or Surgery[PT、PTT异常的出血或手术病人]]个月，病人是否输过血或怀孕过？]*Type and crossmatch[血型和血交叉]*Units or ml[单位或毫升]5、出院小结[discharge summary] Patient Name[病人姓名]Medical Record No.[病历号] Attending Physician[主治医生]Hospital Course[住院诊治经过] Condition[出院状况] Disposition[出院去向]Medications[出院用药]Prognosis[预后]Special Instruction to the Patient(diet, physical activity)[出院指导（饮食，活动量）]6·guarantor name [担保人姓名]·next of kin or person to notify[需通知的亲属姓名]·relation to patient[与病人关系]·previous admit date[上次住院日期]·admitting physician [入院医生]·attending phgsician[主治医生]·admitting diagnosis[入院诊断]·recovered-No. of times[成功次数]·Diagnosis qualitative analysis[诊断质量]Clinical and pathological Dx concur[临床与病理诊断符合率]Pre- and post-operative Dx concur [术前术后诊断符合率]·Dx determined with in 24 hours (3 days) after admission[入院后24小时（3天）内确诊]·Discharge status[出院状况]医学英语常用前后缀医学英语常用前后缀·a-[无，缺] ▲anemia[贫血] atonia[无张力] asymptomatic[无症状的] amenorrhea[闭经] ·ab-[分离] abduct [外展] abscision[切除] ·acou (acu)-[听觉] acumeter [听力计] acouophone[助听器] ·acro-[肢端] acromegaly[肢端肥大症] acromastitis[乳头炎] ·ad (af, an)-[邻近，向上] adrenal [肾上腺] adaxial[近轴的] annexa[附件] ·-ad[……侧] ventrad[向腹侧] cephalad[向头侧] ·adeno-[腺] adenocyte[腺细胞] adenoidism[腺体病] ·adipo-[脂肪] adiposis[肥胖症] adiponecrosis[脂肪坏死] ·adreno-[肾上腺] adrenocorticoid[肾上腺皮质激素] adrenalin[肾上腺素] adrenal[肾上腺] ·-aemia(emia)[血症] bacteremia[菌血症]] ·-] ▲[复，] ▲淀粉] ▲]前腹] ▲肛动脉]] ▲酶] ▲oxidase[氧化酶] ▲proteinase[蛋白酶] ·-asthenia[无力] ▲myasthenia[肌无力] ▲neurasthenia[神经衰弱] ·audio(audito)-[听力] ▲audiology[听觉学] ▲audiometer[听力计] ·auto-[自己] ▲autoimmune[自身免疫] ▲auto hemotherapy[自体血疗法] ·bacilli-[杆菌] ▲bacillosis[杆菌病] ▲bacilluria[杆菌尿] ·bacterio-[细菌] ▲bacteriology[细菌学] ▲bactericide[杀菌剂] ·baro-[压力] ▲barometer[压力计] ▲baroreceptor[压力感受器] ·bary-[迟钝] ▲barylalia[言语不清] ▲baryacusia[听觉迟钝] ·bi-[双] ▲bicuspid[二尖瓣]] ▲bilateral[两侧的] ·bili-[胆汁] ▲bilirubin[胆红素] ·bio-[生命] ▲biology[生物学] ▲biopsy[活检] ·-blast[母细胞] ▲spermatoblast[精子细胞] ▲melanoblast[成黑色素细胞] ▲osteoblast[成骨细胞] ·brachy-[短] ▲brachypnea[气短] ▲brachydactylia[短指畸[] ▲碳]] ▲贲] ▲] 3头部] ▲脑] ▲胆管炎] ▲cholangiectasis[胆管扩张] ·cholo-[胆] ▲cholagogue[利胆剂] ▲cholelithiasis[胆石症] ▲cholecystitis[胆囊炎] ▲cholesterol[胆固醇] ·chondro-[软骨] ▲chondrosarcoma[软骨肉瘤] ▲chondrification[骨软化] ·chromo-[色素] ▲cytochrome[细胞色素] ▲chromosome[染色体] ·-cide[杀……剂] ▲germicide[杀菌剂] ▲aborticide[堕胎药] ·circum-[周围] ▲circumoral[口周的] ▲circumcision[包皮环切术] ·coagulo-[凝固] ▲coagulant[凝血剂] ·colo-[结肠] ▲colotomy[结肠切开术] ▲coloptosis[结肠下垂] ·colpo (coleo)-[阴道] ▲coleospastia[阴道痉挛] ▲colposcope[阴道镜] ·contra-[反，逆] ▲contraindication[禁忌证] ▲contraceptive[避孕药] ·counter-[反，逆] ▲counteragent[拮抗剂] ▲conuterpoison[解毒剂] ·cranio-[颅] ▲craniomalacia[颅骨软化] ▲cranioclasis[碎] ▲解] ▲右]]] ▲尿] ▲肠]粘液[心肠病毒] ·epi-[上，外] ▲epigastrium[上腹部] ·erythro-[红] ▲erythromycin[红霉素] ▲erythroderma[红皮病] ·esophago-[食管] ▲esophagoscope[食管镜] ▲esophagitis[食管炎] ·extra-[……外] ▲extracellular[细胞外的] ▲extrasystole[额外收缩] ·facio-[面] ▲facioplegia[面瘫] ▲facioplasty[面部成形术] ·-fast[耐] ▲acid-fast[抗酸的] ▲uviofast[耐紫外线] ·febri-[热] ▲febricula[低热] ▲febrifacient[致热的] ·feti-[胎儿] ▲feticulture[妊娠期卫生] ▲fetometry[胎儿测量法] ·fibro-[纤维] ▲fibroblast[成纤维细胞] ▲fibrosis[纤维化] ·fore-[前] ▲forebrain[前脑] ▲forehead[前额] ·-form[形状] ▲oviform[卵形的] ▲granuliform[颗粒状的] ·fungi-[真菌，霉菌] ▲fungicide[杀真菌剂] ▲fungistasis[制霉菌作用] ·gastro-[胃] ▲gastroptosis[胃下垂] ▲-gen[雌[] ▲] ▲糖皮] ▲微克]心] ▲偏头] ▲] ▲anhidrosis[无汗症] ·histo-[组织] ▲histology[组织学] ▲histomorphology[组织形态学] ·holo-[全] ▲holonarcosis[全麻] ▲holoenzyme[全酶] ·homo-[同] ▲homotype[同型] ▲homologue[同系物] ▲homoplasty[同种移植术] ·hydro-[水] ▲hydropericardium[心包积水] ▲hydrolysis [水解] ·hypr-[高] ▲hypercalcemia[高钙血症] ▲hyperthyroidism[甲亢] ·hypno-[睡眼] ▲hypnotics[安眠药] ▲hypnotherapy[催眠疗法] ·hypo-[低] ▲hypotension[低血压] ▲hypoglycemia[低血糖] ·hystero-[子宫] ▲hysterospasm[子宫痉挛] ▲hysteroptosis[子宫下垂] ·-ia[病] ▲melancholia[忧郁症] ▲pyrexia[发热] ·-iatrics[医学] ▲pediatrics[儿科学] ▲geriatrics[老年病学] ·-iatry[医学] ▲psychiatry[精神病学] ▲pediatry[儿科学] ·immuno-[免疫] ▲immunoglobulin[免疫球蛋白] ▲immunotherapy[免疫疗] ▲静] ▲] ▲]] ·-] ▲] ▲分解] ▲] ▲] ▲meningocephalitis[脑膜脑炎] ·meno-[月经] ▲dysmenorrhea[痛经] ▲menopause[停经] ·-meter[表，计] ▲spirometer[肺活量计] ▲pyrometer[高温表] ·-metry[测量法] ▲iodometry[碘定量法] ·micro-[小] ▲micropump[微泵] ▲microliter[微升] ·mono-[单-] ▲mononucleosis[单核细胞增多] ▲monomer[单体] ·multi-[多] ▲multinuclear[多核的] ▲multipara[经产妇] ·myelo-[髓] ▲myelocele[脊髓膨出] ▲myelocyte[髓细胞] ·myo-[肌] ▲myocarditis[心肌炎] ▲myofibroma[肌纤维瘤] ·naso-[鼻] ▲nasoscope[鼻镜] ▲nasitis[鼻炎] ·neo-[新] ▲neoplasm[瘤] ▲neomycin[新霉素] ·nephro-[肾] ▲nephropathy[肾病] ▲nephrosclerosis[肾硬变] ·neuro-[神经] ▲neuroma[神经瘤] ▲neurodermatitis[神经性皮炎] ·non-[非] ▲non-electrolyte[非电解质] ▲nonfetal[非致命的] ·nulli-[无] ▲nullipara[未产营养左] ▲] ▲]霉菌耳]] ▲·-] ▲儿] ▲] ▲药代动力学] ▲physicochemistry[药典] ·physio-[物理▲physiotheraphy[理疗] ▲physicochemistry[物理化学] ·-plasty[成形术] ▲angioplasty[血管成形术] ▲homoplasty[同种移植] ▲gastroplasty[胃成形术] ·-plegia[瘫] ▲paraplegia[截瘫] ▲hemiplegia[偏瘫] ·pleuro-[胸膜] ▲pleuritis[胸膜炎] ▲pleurocentesis[胸腔穿刺术] ·-pnea[呼吸] ▲orthopnea[端坐呼吸] ▲tachypnea[呼吸急促] ·pneumo-[气，肺] ▲pneumothorax[气胸] ▲pneumococcus[肺炎球菌] ·poly-[多] ▲polyuria[多尿] ▲polycholia[胆汗过多] ·post-[后] ▲postpartum[产后] ▲postoperation[术后] ·pre-[前] ▲premenopause[绝经前期] ▲premature[早搏] ▲preload[前负荷] ·pseudo-[假] ▲psudohypertrophy[假性肥大] ▲psudomembranous[假膜的] ·psycho-[精神，心理] ▲psychology[心理学] ▲psychiatry[精神病学] ·-] ▲化] ▲鼻] ▲] ▲月[硬皮] ▲] ▲脊椎·sub-[下，亚] ▲subacute[亚急性] ▲subabdominal[下腹部的] ·super-[在…上] ▲superficial[浅的] ▲superoxide[超氧化物] ·supra-[上] ▲supraventricular[室上性的] ▲suprarenalism[肾上腺机能亢进] ·tachy-[快] ▲tachycardia[心动过速] ▲tachypnea[呼吸急促] ·-therapy[治疗] ▲massotherapy[按摩治疗] ▲pharmacotherapy[药物治疗] ·thermo-[热] ▲thermometer[温度计] ▲thermatology[热疗学] ·thrombo-[血栓，血小板] ▲thrombolysis[溶栓] ▲thrombocytopenia[血小板减少症] ▲thrombosis[血] ·-tomy[切开术] ▲tracheotomy[气管切开术] ▲ovariotomy[卵巢切开术] ·tracheo-[气管] ▲tracheoscope[气管镜] ▲tracheorrhagia[气管出血] ·trans-[经，转移] ▲transurethral[经尿道] ▲transfusion[输血] ·-trophy[营养] ▲dystrophy[营养不良] ▲atrophy[萎缩] ·ultra-[子] ▲] ▲小大][] ▲] ▲] ▲染周围]凝colpo (coleo)-[阴道] ▲coleospastia[阴道痉挛] ▲colposcope[阴道镜] ·contra-[反，逆] ▲contraindication[禁忌证] ▲contraceptive[避孕药] ·counter-[反，逆] ▲counteragent[拮抗剂] ▲conuterpoison[解毒剂] ·cranio-[颅] ▲craniomalacia[颅骨软化] ▲cranioclasis[碎颅术] ·-cyst-[囊] ▲cystomy[膀胱切开术] ▲dacryocyst[泪囊] ·-cyte-[细胞] ▲lymphocyte[淋巴细胞] ▲cytolysis[细胞溶解] ·de-[除去] ▲detoxication[解毒] ·dento[牙] ▲dentistry[牙科学] ▲dentalgia[牙痛] ·-derm-[皮肤] ▲epiderm[表皮] ▲dermatology[皮肤病学] ▲dermoplasty[皮肤成形术] ·dextro-[右] ▲dextrocardia[右位心] ▲dexiotropic[右旋的] ·dis-[分离] ▲discission[分离术] ▲disinfection[消毒法] ·duodeno-[十二指肠] ▲duodenitis[十二指肠炎] ▲duodenostomy[十二指肠造口术] ·-dynia[痛] ▲acrodynia[肢体痛] ▲] ▲] ▲] ▲呕血]脑] ▲上腹食] ▲面耐紫] ▲成纤维细胞] 7 回复：医学英语常用前后缀▲fibrosis[纤维化] ·fore-[前] ▲forebrain[前脑] ▲forehead[前额] ·-form[形状] ▲oviform[卵形的] ▲granuliform[颗粒状的] ·fungi-[真菌，霉菌] ▲fungicide[杀真菌剂] ▲fungistasis[制霉菌作用] ·gastro-[胃] ▲gastroptosis[胃下垂] ▲gastroenteritis[胃肠炎] ▲gastroscopy[胃镜检查] ▲gastratrophy[胃萎缩] ·-gen[原，剂] ▲glycogen[糖原] ▲pathogen[病原体] ▲androgen[雄激素] ▲Estrogen[雌激素] ·-genic[……性] ▲cardiogenic[心源性的] ▲allergenic[变应反应] ·giganto-[巨大] ▲gigantocyte[巨红细胞] ▲gigantism[巨大症] ·gingivo-[牙龈] ▲gingivitis[牙龈炎] ▲gingivostomatitis[牙龈口腔炎] ·glosso-[舌] ▲glossoplegia[舌瘫痪] ·gluco-[糖] ▲glucoprotein[糖蛋白] ▲glucocorticoid[糖皮] ▲微克]心] ▲血] ▲脾肿] ▲全] ▲[[] ▲子宫痉挛] ▲hysteroptosis[子宫下垂] ·-ia[病] ▲melancholia[忧郁症] ▲pyrexia[发热] ·-iatrics[医学] ▲pediatrics[儿科学] ▲geriatrics[老年病学] ·-iatry[医学] ▲psychiatry[精神病学] ▲pediatry[儿科学] ·immuno-[免疫] ▲immunoglobulin[免疫球蛋白] ▲immunotherapy[免疫疗法] ·infra-[下] ▲infraorbital[眶下的] ▲infrared[红外线] ·inter-[间] ▲intervertebral[椎间的] ▲intercellular[细胞间的] ·intra-[内] ▲intravenous[静脉内的] ▲intracranial[颅内的] ▲intramuscular[肌肉内的] ·-ist[家] ▲pathologist[病理学家] ▲anatomist[解剖学家] ·-itis[炎症] ▲cellulitis[蜂窝织炎] ▲myocarditis[心肌炎] ·leuco (leuko)-[白] ▲leucorrhea[白带] ▲leukocytosis[白细胞增多] ▲leukemia[白血病] ·lipo-(脂) ▲lipotrophy[脂肪增多] ▲lipase[脂酶] ·-lith[结石] ▲cholelith[胆结石] ▲腰] ·-解痉] ▲] ▲脑] ▲] ·-] ▲单] ▲] ▲新] ▲neoplasm[瘤] ▲neomycin[新霉素] ·nephro-[肾] ▲nephropathy[肾病] ▲nephrosclerosis[肾硬变] ·neuro-[神经] ▲neuroma[神经瘤] ▲neurodermatitis[神经性皮炎] ·non-[非] ▲non-electrolyte[非电解质] ▲nonfetal[非致命的] ·nulli-[无] ▲nullipara[未产妇] ▲nulligravida[未孕妇] ·nutri-[营养] ▲nutrition[营养] ▲nutrology[营养学] ·oculo-[眼] ▲oculist[眼科医生] ▲oculus dexter[右眼] ▲oculus sinister[左眼]医学英语缩写一览表·min.-minute[分] ·mixt。

Life-threathenin...

LIFE-THREATENING ORO-FACIAL INFECTIONS*E.K. AMPONSAH and 2P. DONKOR*1st Medical University named after Academic Pavlov, Saint Petersburg 197061. Russia Federation and formerly of Tarkwa Government Hospital, Tarkwa, Ghana 2Department of Surgery, School ofMedical Sciences, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, P.O. Box 1934, Kumasi, Ghana*Author for correspondence******************.uk or *****************SUMMARYFour cases of oro-facial infection leading to life-threatening complications are reported. Although all had been treated with antibiotics prior to con-sultation, lack of surgical intervention had allowed the infection to progress. These cases are a re-minder that acute spreading odontogenic infection can be life-threatening. Definitive treatment in-cludes airway management, adequate resuscitation and optimization of pre-existing medical condi-tions prior to removal of the source of infection and drainage of pus. High dose intravenous antibi-otics should be administered, with the initial choice of antibiotics modified in the light of sub-sequent bacteriological reports. The treatment of all odontogenic infections must include removal of the focus of infection, and drainage of pus.Keywords: Oro-facial infection, odontogenic in-fection, resuscitation, supportive therapy, tooth extraction.INTRODUCTIONIn the United States of America fatality involving oro-facial infection is low due to the proper use of antibiotics and prompt interventions 1,2,3.Without proper management of odontogenic infec-tions complications such as facial cellulites, medi-astinitis, brain abscess, septicaemia and throm-boembolism could result 1.The importance of supportive treatment, vigorous antibiotic therapy, release of pus by extracting the involved tooth and avoidance of tracheostomy, if at all possible, has been stressed in a report, where fatalities were reported in a series of ten patients with acute spreading oro-facio-cervical infec-tions 4,5,6,7.At the Tarkwa Gorvernment Hospital, dental in-fection was second only to malaria in hospital at-tendance for the period of 1998 to 20018.This paper reports on life-threatening complica-tions associated with oro-facial infections and their management in four patients seen at the Tarkwa Government Hospital during the period 1998-2001.CASE REPORTSCase OneA nineteen-year-old girl (Figure 1) was rushed to the Dental Department of Tarkwa Government Hospital after collapsing with rigors at home. A pharmacist or chemical seller had previously pre-scribed amoxycillin for her toothache and a swell-ing of the lower jaw. She had no significant medi-cal history.Figure 1 Patient with bilateral submandibular swelling- Ludwig’s anginaOn arrival she was in respiratory distress, had a pulse of 180 beats per minute and a blood pressure of 110/40mmHg. Her axillary temperature was 40.5 degrees Celsius and her Glasgow Coma Score (GCS) was 10/15. There was an obvious right submandibular and sub-mental swelling, with mi-nor trismus. The tongue was elevated and was in contact with the palate making breathing, swallow-ing and feeding difficult. Full blood count (FBC)showed an Hb of 9.5g/dl and biochemical profile was within normal range. A presumptive diagnosis of septic shock secondary to dental infection i.e.Ludwig’s angina 5 was made.She was admitted and treated with high flow oxy-gen, intravenous fluids, ceftriazone and metroni-dazole.. Extraction of the involved tooth, together with an incision of submental region to drain the abscess under general anaesthesia was undertaken three days after admission. Intraoperatively 20mls of pus was obtained. Staphylococcus aureus was subsequently isolated from the pus and blood cul-ture. The patient was discharged from hospital seven days after surgery in satisfactory condition. Case TwoA 60 year old female (Figure 2) was admitted be-cause of a right periorbital abscess. She was a farmer, who looked poorly nourished and dehy-drated. She denied ever having had a toothache. Her full blood count showed haemoglobin of 8.5g/dL and elevated white cell count of 13.2 x 109.Figure 2 Patient with right periorbital cellulitisA diagnosis of right periorbital cellulitis was made.She was rehydrated with intravenous fluids and given antibiotics prior to having the abscess drained under general anaesthesia through inci-sions of both eyelids and the insertion of drainage tubes.The following day her general condition had dete-riorated and she was now unresponsive with a GCS of 10/15, and in shock (pulse, 120bpm; BP, 70/40mmHg). Upon thorough intra-oral examina-tion the source of the infection was determined as a carious upper right third molar tooth. The of-fending tooth was extracted under general anaes-thesia during which 35mls of pus was drained from the socket and periorbital region, and this continued to discharge pus till the 4th day after the extraction.High flow oxygen was administered postopera-tively and intravenous fluids and intravenous amoxicillin and metronidazole were continued. The day after the extraction, her condition im-proved dramatically and she was discharged home 9 days after admission.Case ThreeA 10 year old school boy was rushed to our unit with a day’s history of swelling of the submental region. He had received antibiotics from his father who had been reluctant to take him to the hospital whenever he complained of toothache. He had no relevant medical history, but looked severely mal-nourished. His temperature was 39.4 degrees Cel-sius. He had severe trismus with interincisal open-ing of only 6mm. There was no sign of respiratory distress. He had a neglected dentition, with several carious teeth. The result of the full blood count demonstrated a leucocytosis (WBC 21.5 x 109), and Hb of 9.0g/dl but his remaining haematologi-cal and biochemical test results were within thenormal range.Figure 3 A 10 year old Patient with Ludwig’s anginaA presumptive diagnosis of Ludwig’s Angina was made. As it was anticipated that intubation would be difficult, the abscess was incised and drained extra orally by a median incision at the submental region under local anaesthesia releasing 35mls of pus. Intravenous antibiotics (benzyl-penicillin 1g qid and metronidazole 500mg tid) were started. The following day his condition had further dete-riorated, with significant respiratory distress evi-dent. The swelling now involved both sub-lingual spaces, and it was considered appropriate to ex-tract all the eight carious teeth under general an-aesthesia using the awake intubation method. This meant that the patient was awake and in full con-trol of his airway while the endotracheal tube was being inserted. Though uncomfortable, this was considered the safest method of inducing anaesthe-sia due to the restricted mouth opening. About 30mls more pus was drained from the sublingual spaces. A drainage tube was inserted, and this con-tinued to discharge large volumes of pus until the fifth day postoperatively. Streptococcus faecalis was subsequently isolated from the pus. He was treated as an in-patient for 15 days before being discharged home. After the first week, when his mouth opening improved the intravenous antibiot-ics were changed to oral axoxycillin and metroni-dazole.Case FourA fifty-seven year old male farmer was referred by a medical practitioner with swelling of his left submandibular region, left check, left eye and the left temporal region of 14 days duration. It had not responded to a course of oral amoxicillin pre-scribed by the doctor who referred him. He had mixed cardiac valve disease as a consequence of previous rheumatic fever. He had been unable to take neither any of his usual medication including that for his cardiac condition nor the one the doc-tor prescribed for him due to trismus and dys-phagia for five days prior to seeing the first author (EKA)On admission, his respiration was normal and his temperature was 38.3 degrees Celsius. His pulse was 110bpm but regular, and his BP was 135/85mmHg. There was no evidence of cardiac failure. His left eye was closed completely due to the swelling. Haematological investigation showed WBC of 13.5 x 109. The cause of his facial swell-ing was identified as a carious lower left second molar. A diagnosis of left facial cellulitis secon-dary to odontogenic infection was established.He received intravenous fluids and intravenous amoxicillin and metronidazole and, his previously prescribed lisinopril, frusemide and flecainide were administered.The following morning he was taken to theatre and had the offending tooth extracted under general anaesthesia with additional extraoral incisions at the left submandibular, left cheek and left temporal regions which released about 70mls of pus. Drains were inserted into each of the incisions and a head bandage was applied. The drains continued to dis-charge large volumes of pus so 2% Hydrogen per-oxide and Eusol solutions were used to irrigate the wound until the pus ceased discharging one week postoperatively. The patient was discharged from the hospital ten days after the operation. DISCUSSION In the developed world, fatal dental infections are rare in patients with intact immune response. In the third world where people are generally poor and malnourished such fatal oro-facial infections are more common. It is only prompt specialised assistance that can prevent fatalities. Isolated cases have been reported of mediastinitis secondary to dental infection and bacterial endocarditis. Occasionally however, death can result from se-quelae as diverse as necrotizing fasciitis, brain abscess and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). The number of “near misses” is difficult to estimate.The absence of a universal health insurance scheme deters patients from seeking regular dental care, and may even encourage patients with acute dental infection to present directly to pharmacy shops or “quack doctors” since these consultations are considered cheaper.Most infections of odontogenic origin are mixed with gram positive cocci and gram negative rods predominating.Such infections are responsive to the pecillins and cepholosporins.9 The isolation of Streptococcus faecalis in one patient could have been an indication of the unsanitary conditions to which the patient was exposedThe definitive treatment of serious dental infec-tions often requires, in addition to appropriate an-tibiotic therapy, the extraction of the offending tooth to allow for proper drainage of pus and re-moval of the source of infection as have been de-scribed in this paper.REFERENCES1.McCurdy JA Jr, Maclnnis EL, Hays LL. Fatalmediastenitis after a dental infection. J OralSurg 1977; 35: 726-729.2.Zeitoun IM, Dhanarajani PJ. Cervical cellu-lites and mediastenitis caused by odontogenicinfections. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1995; 53:203-208.3.Bonapart IE, Stevens HP, Kerver AJ, ReitveldAP. Rare complications of an odontogenic ab-scess: mediastenitis, thoracic empyema and cardiac tamponade. J Oral Maxillofac Surg1995; 53: 610-613.4.Steiner M, Grau MJ, Wilson DL, Snow NJ.Odontogenic infection leading to cervical em-physema and fatal mediastenitis. J Oral Max-illofac Surg 1990; 28: 189-193. 7.Marks PV, Patel KS. Mee EW. Multiple brainabscess secondary to dental caries and severe periodontal disease. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1988; 26: 244-247.5.Iwu CO. Ludwig’s angina: report of sevencases and review of current concepts in man-agement. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1990; 28: 189-193. 8.Annual Report. Tarkwa Government Hospital,Ghana, 2001.9. Reza AJ, Aziz SR, Ziccardi VB. Microbiologyand antibiotic sentitivities of head and neckspace infections of odontogenic origin. J OralMaxillofac J 2006; 64: 1377 - 13806.Currie WJ, Ho V. An unexpected death asso-ciated with an acute dentoaveolar abscess – report of a case. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg1993; 31: 296-298.。

getting started using zemax

Getting Started Using ZEMAX®Version 1.1.6Table of Contents1 2 ABOUT THIS GUIDE ......................................................................................................................................................... 3 INSTALLING ZEMAX ......................................................................................................................................................... 4 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 3 INSTALLING THE KEY DRIVER ........................................................................................................................................ 4 INSTALLING ZEMAX ..................................................................................................................................................... 4 LICENSE CODES ........................................................................................................................................................... 4 NETWORK KEYS AND CLIENTS ...................................................................................................................................... 5 TROUBLESHOOTING ...................................................................................................................................................... 5 CUSTOMIZING YOUR ZEMAX INSTALLATION .................................................................................................................. 6THE ZEMAX USER INTERFACE ...................................................................................................................................... 7 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 THE LENS DATA EDITOR ............................................................................................................................................... 7 ANALYSIS W INDOWS ..................................................................................................................................................... 9 THE SYSTEM MENU .................................................................................................................................................... 10 THE NORMALIZED COORDINATE SYSTEM ..................................................................................................................... 12 DEFINING & POSITIONING SURFACES........................................................................................................................... 14 W ORKING IN THREE DIMENSIONS ................................................................................................................................ 16 MULTIPLE CONFIGURATIONS ....................................................................................................................................... 18 EXPORTING TO MECHANICAL CAD PACKAGES ............................................................................................................. 24 SUMMARY .................................................................................................................................................................. 254OPTIMIZATION ............................................................................................................................................................... 26 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 THE LENS SPECIFICATION ........................................................................................................................................... 26 ENTERING THE BASIC SYSTEM .................................................................................................................................... 26 SETTING VARIABLES ................................................................................................................................................... 31 DEFINING THE MERIT FUNCTION.................................................................................................................................. 32 OPTIMIZING THE LENS ................................................................................................................................................ 33 THE HAMMER OPTIMIZER ............................................................................................................................................ 36 ARE THERE ENOUGH FIELD POINTS?........................................................................................................................... 37 GLASS OPTIMIZATION ................................................................................................................................................. 39 TIPS FOR SUCCESSFUL OPTIMIZATION......................................................................................................................... 41Page 1 of 725NON-SEQUENTIAL RAY TRACING (EE ONLY) ............................................................................................................ 43 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 A SIMPLE EXAMPLE .................................................................................................................................................... 43 OBJECT POSITIONING & DEFINITION ............................................................................................................................ 46 COMBINING SEQUENTIAL AND NON-SEQUENTIAL RAY-TRACING ................................................................................... 49 TRACING RAYS AND GETTING DATA ............................................................................................................................ 50 COMPLEX OBJECT CREATION ..................................................................................................................................... 54 OPTIMIZING NON-SEQUENTIAL SYSTEMS ..................................................................................................................... 56 COLORIMETRY ........................................................................................................................................................... 596POLARIZATION, COATINGS & SCATTERING (EE ONLY) .......................................................................................... 61 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 POLARIZATION............................................................................................................................................................ 61 THIN-FILM COATINGS ................................................................................................................................................. 62 RAY SPLITTING........................................................................................................................................................... 66 RAY SCATTERING ....................................................................................................................................................... 66 IMPORTANCE SAMPLING ............................................................................................................................................. 68 BULK AND FLUORESCENT SCATTERING ....................................................................................................................... 697WHAT’S NEXT? .............................................................................................................................................................. 71 7.1 GETTING TECHNICAL SUPPORT ................................................................................................................................... 72ZEMAX is a registered trademark of Radiant ZEMAX, LLC.Page 2 of 721 About This GuideCongratulations on your purchase of ZEMAX! ZEMAX is the industry standard optical system design software, combining sequential lens design, analysis, optimization, tolerancing, physical optics, non-sequential optical system design, polarization, thin-film modeling and mechanical CAD Import/Export in a single, easy-to-use package. Although ZEMAX is easy to use, optical system design is a very broad area of engineering. This guide is intended to get you started using ZEMAX quickly. It is the first place to start if you are new to ZEMAX, or if you are returning to it after having not used ZEMAX for some time. You may learn something even if you have used ZEMAX for many years! We strongly recommend you take the time to work all the way through this booklet. It covers:• • • • • • • • • • • • Installing ZEMAX, and customizing its appearance and file locations to your preference. Entering a simple sequential design Understanding the normalized definitions ZEMAX uses. An overview of the multiple configurations capability. How to export components and rays to mechanical CAD packages. Optimizing a simple lens. Using some of the powerful tools ZEMAX makes available. Tilting and decentering optical components. Entering a simple non-sequential system, tracing rays, and using detectors. Colorimetry. Thin-Film Coatings. Surface, bulk and fluorescent scattering.As well as getting you started, this guide also points you to some of the other resources you can use to learn ZEMAX. In particular, the User's Manual is a detailed reference on all aspects of ZEMAX. It is supplied in PDF format and is found in ZEMAX by clicking on Help Manual. This guide refers to the various chapters and sections of the manual as it goes along, as well as to some of the many sample files distributed along with ZEMAX. Also, our web-based Knowledge Base at /kb is an indispensible resource for all ZEMAX users. It contains tutorials, worked examples and answers to many frequently-asked questions.Page 3 of 722 Installing ZEMAXTo use ZEMAX, there are two programs that must be installed on your computer. The latest versions of both can be downloaded from /updates. The two programs are:• The ZEMAX installer, which has a name like ZEMAX_YYYY_MM_DD.exe, where YYYY, MM and DD are the year, month and day of the release. Different releases of ZEMAX are identified by their release date instead of a version number. The same installer is used for both ZEMAX-SE and ZEMAX-EE, and it contains all program files, sample files and a detailed User's Manual in PDF format. The key driver installer. ZEMAX is not copy protected, and may be installed on as many machines as you wish. ZEMAX is supplied with a black USB device which allows ZEMAX to run on the machine it is plugged into, and determines whether the SE or EE feature sets are available. A multi-computer network key is also available.•You must install both programs under a user account with Administrator privileges. Only Standard User privileges are needed to use ZEMAX once installation is complete.Note: The key supplied with the ZEMAX software is worth the full purchase price of the software. If the key is lost or stolen, it will not be replaced without payment of the full purchase price. Insure the key as you would any other business or personal asset of comparable value.2.1 Installing The Key DriverThe key driver installation is straightforward. Double-click the key driver installer once you have downloaded it, and choose the ‘Complete’ installation of all program features. A dialog box will also ask for your permission to modify the firewall settings of your computer to allow remote users of your computer to run ZEMAX using Remote Desktop. If you want to authorize this, click "Yes", otherwise click "No". To change this setting, just re-run the key driver installer. Plug the key in once the key driver installation is complete, and Windows will detect the hardware key. The green LED at the end of the key will illuminate.2.2 Installing ZEMAXThe installation of ZEMAX itself is similarly straightforward. Double-click the ZEMAX installer once you have downloaded it, and step through the on-screen instructions. You may choose where on your hard drive ZEMAX is installed.2.3 License CodesWhen ZEMAX runs for the first time, it may prompt you to enter a license code. If it does, visit /updates and download the file lc.dat by right-mouse-clicking the link, choosing 'Save Target As:' and storing in your ZEMAX installation folder, overwriting the current version. If after that, you continue to see a dialog box like so:Page 4 of 72Take a screenshot of this dialog box (use Alt-Print_Screen) and paste it into an email to support@. We will promptly send you the license code or further instructions.Note: Please do not phone for a license code! License codes are complex multi-character strings and cannot be reliably given over the phone. Emailing the screenshot of the dialog box to us is the quickest, most error-free way of getting your license code.2.4 Network Keys And ClientsZEMAX can also be supplied with 5, 10, 25 and 50-user network keys. Installation is almost identical, except that the key driver and hardware key are installed on one computer (called the ‘keyserver’ machine) and ZEMAX is installed on as many other machines as you wish (the ‘client’ computers). When a client machine starts ZEMAX, it looks to the keyserver machine to see if a license is available, and if so, ZEMAX starts. Installation of the key driver on the keyserver machine is identical to the normal installation, except that you obviously MUST allow the firewall settings to be adjusted to allow network access to the key. Installation of ZEMAX on the client machines is also identical to the normal installation, except that you must tell ZEMAX where to look for the keyserver machine after installation. Navigate to whatever folder you installed ZEMAX in (by default this is /program files/ZEMAX) and locate a file called sntlconfig.xml.bak. Rename this file to sntlconfig.xml, and open it in Notepad. Edit the following line: <ContactServer> 10.0.0.1 </ContactServer> Replace the default entry 10.0.0.1 with the IP address of your keyserver machine and save the file.2.5 TroubleshootingZEMAX will run without problem in the vast majority of cases. If you do experience problems, then visit our Knowledge Base at /kb. Look at the Category ‘Installation and Troubleshooting’ for help. Make sure your key is plugged in!Page 5 of 722.6 Customizing Your ZEMAX InstallationWhen ZEMAX starts for the first time, it loads a number of default settings which you may prefer to customize to your preference. Start ZEMAX, and click on File Preferences. A multi-tab dialog box will open:This allows you to set all the ‘installation-specific’ settings.Note: Full details of all Preference settings are given in the User's Manual, chapter 4 “File Menu” or can be obtained by pressing the Help button in the dialog boxes.You should explore all these tabs, but the most important ones are: 2.6.1 The Address Tab This is shown above, and it allows you to enter information about your organization which is then printed on most graphics windows. 2.6.2 The Directories Tab This tab defines the folders that ZEMAX will use for the various file types it needs. They can be redirected wherever you wish by pressing the ? button for any path and navigating to the desired location. 2.6.3 The Editors Tab This tab allows you to adjust the appearance of the various Editors that ZEMAX uses. Adjusting the ‘Decimals’ setting affects how many decimal places ZEMAX displays in the Editor cells, but does not affect the accuracy of the data itself. All data is stored in ZEMAX as double-precision floating point numbers. Selecting "Compact" will vary the number of decimals displayed to minimize the space required to display numbers, so that trailing decimals are not displayed unless necessary. You can change the font, font size, and cell widths of all the editors.Page 6 of 723 The ZEMAX User InterfaceStart ZEMAX, and open the sample file “samples/sequential/objectives/Double Gauss 28 degrees field”. Even if you intend to use only the non-sequential mode of ZEMAX you should still follow this example, as the user interface is common to both sequential and non-sequential ray-tracing. The user interface consists of three main elements:1.The program ‘frame’ that consists of the menu strip and toolbar at the top, and a status bar at the bottom. An editor spreadsheet, in this case the Lens Data Editor. Almost all data is entered via editors, which allow the parameters that define the optical system to be easily seen, and linked together or optimized as required. Data that is rarely modified once set is entered elsewhere, as we will discuss later. For now, note that the Lens Data Editor shows a sequence of ‘Standard’ surfaces which have radius of curvature, thickness, glass type, Semi-diameter and conic constant. There are then a series of parameters, labeled 0 through 12, which are not used by this surface type, and finally a Thermal Coefficient of Expansion (TCE) column, and a coating column (for EE use only). Each surface in this lens has coating ‘AR’, which is a quarter-wave thick MgF2 coating. Analysis windows, which are the results of some calculation the program has performed. In this case, the 2-D Layout, RMS Wavefront error versus field plot, and Spot Diagram are shown.2.3.Before proceeding, click on Tools Miscellaneous Performance Test and click Run TestThis will give you a simple metric of how fast ZEMAX is on your computer. It also shows one of the best features of ZEMAX: its ability to use multiple CPUs in your computer, if available. Calculations are split up and spread over all available CPUs, and the results stitched back together again, without any user interaction.3.1 The Lens Data EditorIn sequential ray-tracing, light is traced from its source, called the ‘Object’ surface, to surface 1, then to surface 2, 3, etc. until it lands on the final ‘Image’ surface. For historical reasons this surface is always called the Image surface, even though the optical system may not form an image of the source. A laser beam expander or eyepiece for example may be afocal: this is covered later. Surfaces are inserted or deleted in the editor using the Insert or Delete keyboard keys, or via the ‘Edit’ menu which also allows individual cells or the entire spreadsheet to be copied to the clipboard. Column widths can be varied by placing the cursor in the top row, over the column separator. When the cursor turns to a ↔ symbol, click and hold the left mouse button to resize the column. Columns and rows can be hidden entirely (and unhidden) using the View menu.Page 7 of 72The ‘V’ next to some parameters means that this parameter is ‘variable’. ZEMAX is allowed to change the values in such cells in order to improve the performance. This will be discussed in more detail later.Surfaces also have a set of properties that are not directly visible in the editor. These are generally those properties that are set and then not changed. To see these properties, move the mouse over the Type cell of the chosen surface, and double click. Alternatively, click anywhere on the chosen row, and choose Edit Surface Type. A multi-tab dialog appears. From the Surface Type drop-down list you can select the type of the surface, which can be aspheric, diffraction grating, toroidal, etc.Note: See the User's Manual Chapter 11, “Surface Types” for full details of all the surface types that ZEMAX supportsSpend some time exploring each tab. The most commonly used tabs are the Type, Draw, Aperture and the Tilt/Decenter tabs. Press the Help button on each tab to read the on-line Help.Note: Chapter 5 of the User's Manual, “Editors menu”, gives full details of all the Editors and their properties.Page 8 of 723.2 Analysis WindowsAnalysis windows provide either graphical or text-based data computed from the lens as entered in the Editor. Analysis windows never change the lens data: they provide diagnostic information of the various aspects of the lens system’s performance. Analysis windows all operate with the same user interface:• • • Pressing the Update menu item, or double-clicking anywhere in the Analysis window with the left mouse button, will make the Analysis window recompute. Pressing the Text menu item will show the underlying data that is being presented graphically. The Window menu item gives you access to Copy, Export as Bitmap, Export as Text File, etc. options.A typical Analysis window is shown opposite. All Analysis windows share the same menu bar. You can zoom in on a section of interest by clicking the left mouse button, holding it down and dragging it over the region you wish to zoom in on.Note: Chapter 7 of the User's Manual, “Analysis Menu”, gives full details of all Analysis windows.Clicking the Settings menu item, or right-mouse-clicking anywhere in the Analysis window, will bring up the Settings dialog box:The layout of this box will depend on the Analysis feature used, of course. The Settings are used to control the calculation. Pressing OK will recompute the Analysis calculation. The Save, Load and Reset buttons allow default settings to be saved, recalled or reset to ‘factory’ defaults. If you save the settings of any window, those become the defaults for every file that does not have its own settings, so your preferences automatically flow through all your work. The Help button will bring up the on-line help for the window.Page 9 of 723.3 The System MenuIn addition to the surfaces of the optical system, we must also define the light that is incident on the optical system. This is done with the System menu:Or with these buttons on the button bar:3.3.1 The General Dialog Box The General dialog box contains settings that apply to the whole lens design. The most important tab is the Aperture tab, which defines how big the bundle of light coming into the lens on-axis is:In this case, we define the Entrance Pupil Diameter to be 33.33 ‘lens units’. Click on the ‘Units’ tab to see that millimeters are the defined lens units in this file. Other options arePage 10 of 72meters, centimeters, and inches. Once the lens units are defined, any length where the units are not explicitly given is in lens units. Entrance Pupil Diameter (EPD) defines the size of the on-axis bundle of light entering the lens system. In the double-Gauss sample file we are using, which is a traditional SLR-type camera lens, ZEMAX traces rays at this height through the lens and computes the size of the aperture stop surface (marked as STO in the Lens Data Editor), drawn in red opposite. The aperture stop surface is usually a ring diaphragm, so in reality the radial size of this surface defines the EPD, not the other way around. If you prefer this alternative definition, then choose the Aperture Type in the General dialog box to be ‘Float by Stop’, and then change the semi-diameter of the STO surface to say 8 mm. Double-click all the open Analysis windows to make them update to reflect this change, and notice the change in the lens apertures and performance. ZEMAX automatically computes the appropriate size of each surface so that all light passes through each surface. Another commonly used Aperture Type is ‘Object Space NA’ which is appropriate when the source is something like an optical fiber that radiates out in a defined numerical aperture. Use ‘Object Cone Angle’ if the source is defined by a source angle in degrees instead of NA. There are other definitions available for less common requirements, and several other tabs that define ‘system level’ settings for the file. Review these with the on-line Help, or see Chapter 6 of the User's Manual for full details. 3.3.2 The Field Dialog Box The term “Field” is short for field-of-view and it can be defined in three ways, one of which supports two options:• •The height of the object scene being imaged The height of the image being formed, which may be chosen to be either a real or paraxial image height The angle subtended by the object scene at the lens•Whichever you choose, it is defined by System Field, or by pressing the ‘Fie’ button:Page 11 of 723.3.3 The Wavelength Dialog Box The wavelengths dialog box, defined under System Wavelength or by pressing the ‘Wav’ button, is used to set wavelengths, weights, and the primary wavelength of the system.Wavelengths are always entered in microns. Wavelength weights can be used to define relative spectral intensity, or simply to define which wavelengths are most important in a design. The ‘primary’ wavelength is used as a default wavelength: for example, if asked to compute effective focal length, ZEMAX will compute it at the primary wavelength if no wavelength is specified.3.4 The Normalized Coordinate SystemBecause there are six ways to define system aperture, and four ways to define field of view, it is convenient to work in normalized coordinates. When performing the initial setup of your system you should choose the most appropriate aperture definition, and the most appropriate field definition, and enter the data for both of these. Subsequently, all calculations use normalized units, and you do not have to refer to the specific values entered or definitions used. 3.4.1 Normalized Field Coordinates Normalized field coordinates Hx and Hy are used throughout ZEMAX, its documentation, and in the wider optical design literature. The normalized field coordinate (0, 1), for example, is always at the top of the field of view in y, whether the field points are defined as angles or heights, and regardless of the magnitude of the field coordinates. Similarly the field coordinate (0,0) is always at the center of the field of view. For example, suppose 3 field points are defined in the (x, y) directions using object height in lens units of millimeters at (0, 0), (10, 0), and (0, 3). The field point with the maximum radial coordinate is the second field point, and the maximum radial field is therefore 10 mm. The normalized coordinate (Hx =0, Hy = 1) refers to the location on the object surface (as the field of view is defined in object height) of x= 0, y =10 mm. The normalized coordinate (Hx = 1, Hy = 0) refers to the object surface location (10, 0). You can then define any point within the field of view of the lens by its (Hx, Hy) coordinates, as long as Hx2 + Hy2 ≤ 1. This is referred to as radial field normalization, as the normalized field coordinates represent points on a unit circle. ZEMAX also supports rectangular field normalization, in which the normalized field coordinates represent points on a unit rectangle.Page 12 of 72Note: See the User's Manual, chapter 3 “Conventions and Definitions”, for full details of these conventions and all the basic definitions ZEMAX uses.3.4.2 Normalized Pupil Coordinates Similarly, normalized pupil coordinates are also used throughout ZEMAX, its documentation, and in the wider optical design literature. You define the system aperture using whatever definition is most useful, and thereafter we use the normalized pupil coordinates Px and Py to define any point within a unit circle. Therefore, the point (0,1) represents a point at the top of the bundle of rays entering the system, and (0, 0) is a point at the center of the ray bundle, no matter what the definition of system aperture is or what value it has. 3.4.3 Using the Normalized Coordinates Re-open the double Gauss 28 degree field sample file in order to undo any changes you may have made in the earlier sections. Open the Field dialog box and note that the field is defined as angle in degrees, and the maximum field point has a value of 14°. This is a half-angle, and so the full field of view is 28°.Note: ZEMAX is always clear on the definitions it uses, but these definitions are not universal in the optics industry. Always clarify with your customers what definitions they use for important system specifications to avoid costly errors!Then open the General dialog box, and under the aperture tab note that the system aperture is defined as Entrance Pupil Diameter, value 33.33. Go to the Units tab to see that the lens units are millimeters, so the EPD is 33.33 mm. Lastly, open the Wavelength dialog box and note that the design uses three wavelengths, at 0.4861, 0.5876 and 0.6563 microns respectively. The primary wavelength is set as wavelength number 2, which is 0.5876 microns. Now click on Analysis Calculations Ray Trace. This is the most fundamental calculation in ZEMAX: the tracing of a single ray. Right-mouse click on this window to bring up its Settings dialog box:Page 13 of 72。

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Case Study: Multiple Health Problems Secondary to Injury
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拉普拉斯逆变换(si-a)的逆

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Surface and Interface Analysis Handbook

You have full text access to this contentSurface and Interface Analysis© John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Impact Factor: 0.998ISI Journal Citation Reports © Ranking: 2009: 90/121 (Chemistry Physical)Online ISSN: 1096-9918Author GuidelinesFor additional tools visit Author Resources- an enhanced suite of online tools for Wiley InterScience journal authors, featuring Article Tracking, E-mail Publication Alerts and Customized Research T ools.∙Copyright Transfer Agreement∙Permission Request Form∙The National Institutes of Health Public Access InitiativeAuthor Guidelines∙General∙Manuscript Submission∙Copyright and Permissions∙English Editing∙Presentation of Papers∙Reference style and EndNote∙Citing EarlyView Articles∙Chemdraw rules∙Colour Policy∙Conventions used by SIA∙Article types published in SIA∙Further InformationGeneralSurface and Interface Analysis [SIA] is devoted to the publication of papers dealing with the development and application of techniques for the characterization of surfaces, interfaces and thin films. Papers dealing with standardization and quantification are particularly welcome, and also those which deal with the application of these techniques to industrial problems. Papers dealing with the purely theoretical aspects of the technique will also be considered. Review articles will be published; prior consultation with one of the Editors (see below) is advised in these cases. Papers must clearly be of scientific value in the field and will be submitted to two independent referees. Contributions must be in English and must not have been published elsewhere, and authors must agree not to communicate the same material for publication to any other journal. Authors are invited to submit their papers for publication to John Watts (UK only), Jose Sanz (Rest of Europe), John T. Grant (all non-European countries, except Japan, South-East Asia and China), Ryuichi Shimizu (Japan only) or Andrew T. S. Wee (Southeast Asia and China). It is in the author's interest to ensure accurate and consistent presentation and thus avoid publication delays. There are no page charges.Return to T opManuscript SubmissionSIA operates an online submission and peer review system that allows authors to submit articles online and track their progress via a web interface.Please read the remainder of these instructions to authors and then click /sia to navigate to the SIA online submission site. IMPORTANT: Please check whether you already have an account in the system before trying to create a new one. If you have reviewed or authored for the journal in the past year it is likely that you will have had an account created.All papers must be submitted via the online system.File types.Preferred formats for the text and tables of your manuscript are .doc, .rtf, .ppt, .xls. LaTeX files may be submitted provided that an .eps or .pdf file is provided in addition to the source files. Figures may be provided in .tiff or .eps format.INITIA L SUBMISSIONPlease note:This journal does not accept Microsoft Word 2007 documents at this time. Please use Word's "Save As" option to save your document as a .doc file type. If you try to upload a Word 2007 document in Manuscript Central you will be prompted to save .docx files as .doc files.NON-LA TEX USERS: Upload your manuscript files. At this stage, further source files do not need to be uploaded.LA TEX USERS: For reviewing purposes you should upload a single .pdf that you have generated from your source files. Y ou must use the File Designation "Main Document" from the dropdown box.REVISION SUBMISSIONNON-LA TEX USERS: Editable source files must be uploaded at this stage. T ables must be on separate pages after the reference list, and not be incorporated into the main text. Figures should be uploaded as separate figure files.LA TEX USERS: When submitting your revision you must still upload a single .pdf that you have generated from your now revised source files. Y ou must use the File Designation "Main Document" from the dropdown box. In addition you must upload your T eX source files. For all your source files you must use the File Designation "Supplemental Material not for review". Previous versions of uploaded documents must be deleted. If your manuscript is accepted for publication we will use the files you upload to typeset your article within a totally digital workflow.SUPPLEMENTA RY INFORMA TIONSurface and Interface Analysis encourages authors to upload supplementary information together with submissions to the journal. T o upload supplementary material upload your files within the online submission site and choose the "Supplementary Material for Review" file designation.Return to T opCopyright and PermissionsAuthors must sign, scan and upload to the online system:∙ a Copyright Transfer Agreement with original signature(s) - without this we are unable to accept the submission, and∙Permission grants - if the manuscript contains extracts, including illustrations, from other copyright works (including material from online or intranet sources) it is the author's responsibility to obtain written permission from the owners of thepublishing rights to reproduce such extracts using the Wiley Permission Request Form .The Copyright Transfer Form and the Permissions Form should be uploaded as “Supplementary files not for review” with the online submission of your article.If you do not have access to a scanner, further instructions will be given to you after acceptance of the manuscript.T o enable the publisher to disseminate the author's work to the fullest extent, the author must sign a Copyright Transfer A greement, transferring copyright in the article from the author to the publisher, and submit the original signed agreement with the article presented for publication.Submission of a manuscript will be held to imply that it contains original unpublished work and is not being submitted for publication elsewhere at the same time. Submitted material will not be returned to the author, unless specifically requested.Return to T opEnglish EditingPapers must be in English. Oxford English Dictionary or American spelling is acceptable, provided usage is consistent within the manuscript.Manuscripts that are written in English that is ambiguous or incomprehensible, in the opinion of the Editor, will be returned to the authors with a request to resubmit once the language issues have been improved.This policy does not imply that all papers must be written in "perfect" English, whatever that may mean. Rather, the criterion will require that the intended meaning of the authors must be clearly understandable, i.e., not obscured by language problems, by referees who have agreed to review the paper.Authors for whom English is a second language may choose to have their manuscript professionally edited before submission to improve the English. A list of independent suppliers of editing services can be found at /bauthor/english_language.asp Japanese authors can also find a list of local English improvement services at http://www.wiley.co.jp/journals/editcontribute.html All services are paid for and arranged by the author, and use of one of these services does not guarantee acceptance or preference for publication.Return to T opPresentation of papersManuscript e a standard font of the 12-point type: Times, Helvetica, or Courier is preferred. It is not necessary to double-line space your manuscript.T ables must be on separate pages after the reference list, and not be incorporated into the main text. Figures should be uploaded as separate figure files and include captions.∙During the submission process you must enter (1) the full title, (2) the short title of up to 70 characters, (3) names and affiliations of all authors and (4) the full address, including email, telephone and fax of the author who is to check theproofs.∙Include the name(s) of any sponsor(s) of the research contained in the paper, along with grant number(s).∙Enter an abstract of no more than 250 words for all articles. An abstract is a concise summary of the whole paper, not just the conclusions. It must convey the importance of the work and be understandable without reference to the rest of the manuscript. It should not contain any citation to other published works.∙Include up to ten keywords that describe your paper for indexing purposes.Return to T opReference Style and EndNoteReferences should be cited by superior numbers and listed at the end of the paper in the order in which they appear in the text. Authors should cite available published work. If necessary, cite unpublished or personal work in the text but do not include it in the references list. Journal titles should be italicized and abbreviated in accordance with the Chemical Abstracts Service Source Index (CASSI). The use of EndNote is strongly encouraged and a template for SIA can be downloaded from the Author Resources page.Examples for Journals[1] R. K. Harris, A. Nordon, K. D. M. Harris, Rapid. Commun. Mass Spec.2007 ; 21 , 15.Examples for Books[2] K. Schmidt-Rohr, H.W. Spiess, Multidimensional Solid-State NMR and Polymers, Academic Press, London, 1994 .[3] V. Sklenar, in NMR Applications in Biopolymers (Eds: J.W. Finley, S. J. Schmidt, A. S. Serianni), Plenum, New Y ork, 1990 , pp. 63-70.Return to T opCiting EarlyView ArticlesT o include the DOI in a citation to an article, simply append it to the reference as in the following example:R. K. Harris, A. Nordon, K. D. M. Harris, Rapid. Commun. Mass Spec. 2007, DOI: 10.1002/RCM.21464.T o link to an article from the author‟s homepage, take the DOI (digital object identifier) and append it to "/" as per following example:DOI 10.1002/hep.20941, becomes /10.1002/hep.20941Return to T opIllustrationsUpload each figure as a separate file in either .tiff or .eps format, with the figure number and the top of the figure indicated. Compound figures (e.g. 1a, b, c) should be uploaded as one figure. Tints are not acceptable. Lettering must be of a reasonable size that is still be clearly legible upon reduction, and consistent within each figure and set of figures. Where a key to symbols is required, please include this in the artwork itself, not in the figure legend. All illustrations must be supplied at the correct resolution:∙Black and white and colour photos - 300 dpi∙Graphs, drawings, etc - 800 dpi preferred; 600 dpi minimum∙Combinations of photos and drawings (black and white and colour) - 500 dpiT ables should be part of the the main document and should be placed after the references. If the table is created in excel the file should be uploaded separately.Return to T opChemical structuresChemical structures should be prepared in ChemDraw in either 80 mm (one-column) or175 mm (two-column) widths. However, the one-column format should be used whenever possible as this allows greater flexibility in the layout of the manuscript. Use this ChemDraw Download or use the following settings:Drawing settings Text settingschain angle 120°font Arialbond spacing 18% of length size 12 ptfixed length 17 ptbond width 2 pt Preferencesline width 0.75 pt units pointsmargin width 2 pt tolerances 5 pixelshash spacing 2.6 ptBold width 2.6 ptReturn to T opColour policyColour illustrations supplied electronically in either TIFF or EPS format will be used in the online version of the paper at no cost to the author. Colour will be used in the print version only when authors can justify the inclusion of colour to the editor (on submission). In the print version, one colour page will be charged at £350 for industrial and government authors, or at no charge for academic authors. Each additional colour illustration will be charged at a fixed tariff to all authors. When submitting your manuscript please indicate clearly to the Editor in your cover letter if you wish to use colour versions of your illustrations in the print version. Additionally, reprint costs will vary from the standard figures quoted for the journal based on the number of colour pages in your paper.Return to T opConventions used by SIANomenclature. Authors should conform to nomenclature, symbols, abbreviations and procedures adopted by ASTM. SI units are preferred; if more commonly used units are adopted, conversion factors should be given at their first occurrence.Description of Experimental Methods. The Experimental section should be precise and give all details necessary for repeating the work. Particular attention should be given to methods used for calibration of instruments and spectra when electron spectroscopic data are presented.Abbreviations. All abbreviations should be defined the first time they are used. The following terms are acceptable without definition: XPS, UPS, ESCA, SIMS, AES, ISS, SEM, RBS.Return to T opA rticle types published in SIA∙Rapid communication∙Account of research∙Research article∙Review article∙Short communication∙Letter to the EditorRapid Communication This is devoted to the publication of new work which the scientific community would recognise as novel and/or timely and therefore worthy of accelerated publication. In most cases it is the prelude to a more detailed and extended work to be published at a later time in the normal way. It is NOT a quick route to publication of short but complete papers - these will continue to be published as Short Communications. The maximum length is 4 journal pages (about 4000 words) including figures and tables (counted as 250 words equivalent each at normal size). Accepted papers will be published in the next available issue of SIA, giving a publication time of 1-2 months. To achieve this, the manuscript submission process will be different from that used for regular papers:1. The author identifies and agrees a 'sponsor' who will read the manuscript, make suggestions for improvement etc., and check the revisions to his/her satisfaction. The sponsor's relevant expertise should be recognised by the community and he/she must agree to their details being published with the paper.2. The author contacts the Editor-in-Chief by e-mail with a proposed title, a few words of justification and the details of the sponsor (including e-mail address). In most cases the 'go ahead' should be received in a day or two.3. Following completion with the help of the sponsor, the final manuscript is submitted to the Editor-in-Chief via the online submission system, with at least the text in electronic formalso.4. The paper is then given priority in the production pipeline at all stages, to produce the rapid publication time. Tutorials. The aim of the tutorial is to provide instruction on a particular methodology or technique. It should present the topic at a level that is accessible by non-experts.Account of research. Reviews a significant body of work from the research group of the principal author. The aim is to report the development of a research group or institution from its early beginnings through to the development and practice of a particular technique or significant discovery. A paper should report the …highs and lows‟ encountered throughout the research period and provide a historical context. (For an example see Surf. Interface Anal. 2003; 35, 859)Research A rticle.There are no formal limits on the page extent for Research Articles.Review article.Review articles are encouraged; prior consultation with one of the Editors is advised.Short Communication. This category is for communications which are not intended for publication as full papers. They are to be presented in the same style as a Research Article.Letter to the editor.Letters will be published in SIA at the discretion of the Editor-in-Chief.Return to T opFurther InformationFor accepted manuscripts the publisher will supply proofs to the submitting author prior to publication. This stage is to be used only to correct errors that may have been introduced during the production process. Prompt return of the corrected proofs, preferably within two days of receipt, will minimise the risk of the paper being held over to a later issue. Free access to the final PDF offprint of your article will be available via Author Services only. Please therefore sign up for Author Services if you would like to access your article PDF offprint and enjoy the many other benefits the service offers. T o purchase reprints, please visit /aboutus/ppv-articleselect.html. Restrictions apply to the use of reprints –if you have a specific query, please contact permissions@. Corresponding authors are invited to inform their co-authors of the reprint options available. There is no page charge to authors.Manuscript accepted for publication? If so, check out our suite of tools and services for authors and sign up for:∙Article Tracking∙E-mail Publication Alerts∙Personalization T oolsSEARCH∙Advanced >∙Saved Searches > SEARCH BY CITA TION。

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