On the emergence of gauge structures and generalized spin when quantizing on a coset space

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On the Gauge Aspects of Gravity

a rXiv:g r-qc/96213v18Feb1996On the Gauge Aspects of Gravity †Frank Gronwald and Friedrich W.Hehl Institute for Theoretical Physics,University of Cologne D-50923K¨o ln,Germany E-mail:fg@thp.uni-koeln.de,hehl@thp.uni-koeln.de ABSTRACT We give a short outline,in Sec.2,of the historical development of the gauge idea as applied to internal (U (1),SU (2),...)and external (R 4,SO (1,3),...)symmetries and stress the fundamental importance of the corresponding con-served currents.In Sec.3,experimental results with neutron interferometers in the gravitational ﬁeld of the earth,as interpreted by means of the equivalence principle,can be predicted by means of the Dirac equation in an accelerated and rotating reference ing the Dirac equation in such a non-inertial frame,we describe how in a gauge-theoretical approach (see Table 1)the Einstein-Cartan theory,residing in a Riemann-Cartan spacetime encompassing torsion and curvature,arises as the simplest gravitational theory.This is set in con-trast to the Einsteinian approach yielding general relativity in a Riemannian spacetime.In Secs.4and 5we consider the conserved energy-momentum cur-rent of matter and gauge the associated translation subgroup.The Einsteinian teleparallelism theory which emerges is shown to be equivalent,for spinless mat-ter and for electromagnetism,to general relativity.Having successfully gauged the translations,it is straightforward to gauge the four-dimensional aﬃne group R 4⊃×GL (4,R )or its Poincar´e subgroup R 4⊃×SO (1,3).We brieﬂy report on these results in Sec.6(metric-aﬃne geometry)and in Sec.7(metric-aﬃne ﬁeld equations (111,112,113)).Finally,in Sec.8,we collect some models,cur-rently under discussion,which bring life into the metric-aﬃne gauge framework developed.Contents1.Introduction2.Remarks on the history of the gauge idea2.1.General relativity and Weyl’s U(1)-gauge theory2.2.Yang-Mills and the structure of a gauge theory2.3.Gravity and the Utiyama-Sciama-Kibble approach2.4.E.Cartan’s analysis of general relativity and its consequences3.Einstein’s and the gauge approach to gravity3.1.Neutron matter waves in the gravitationalﬁeld3.2.Accelerated and rotating reference frame3.3.Dirac matter waves in a non-inertial frame of reference3.4.‘Deriving’a theory of gravity:Einstein’s method as opposed to thegauge procedure4.Conserved momentum current,the heuristics of the translation gauge4.1.Motivation4.2.Active and passive translations4.3.Heuristic scheme of translational gauging5.Theory of the translation gauge:From Einsteinian teleparallelism to GR5.1.Translation gauge potentialgrangian5.3.Transition to GR6.Gauging of the aﬃne group R4⊃×GL(4,R)7.Field equations of metric-aﬃne gauge theory(MAG)8.Model building:Einstein-Cartan theory and beyond8.1.Einstein-Cartan theory EC8.2.Poincar´e gauge theory PG,the quadratic version8.3.Coupling to a scalarﬁeld8.4.Metric-aﬃne gauge theory MAG9.Acknowledgments10.ReferencesFrom a letter of A.Einstein to F.Klein of1917March4(translation)70:“...Newton’s theory...represents the gravitationalﬁeld in a seeminglycomplete way by means of the potentialΦ.This description proves to bewanting;the functions gµνtake its place.But I do not doubt that the daywill come when that description,too,will have to yield to another one,for reasons which at present we do not yet surmise.I believe that thisprocess of deepening the theory has no limits...”1.Introduction•What can we learn if we look at gravity and,more speciﬁcally,at general relativity theory(GR)from the point of view of classical gaugeﬁeld theory?This is the question underlying our present considerations.The answer•leads to a better understanding of the interrelationship between the metric and aﬃne properties of spacetime and of the group structure related to gravity.Furthermore,it •suggests certain classicalﬁeld-theoretical generalizations of Einstein’s theory,such as Einstein–Cartan theory,Einsteinian teleparallelism theory,Poincar´e gauge theory, Metric-Aﬃne Gravity,that is,it leads to a deepening of the insight won by GR.We recently published a fairly technical review article on our results29.These lectures can be regarded as a down-to-earth introduction into that subject.We refrain from citing too many articles since we gave an overview a of the existing literature in ref.(29).2.Remarks on the history of the gauge idea2.1.General relativity and Weyl’s U(1)-gauge theorySoon after Einstein in1915/16had proposed his gravitational theory,namely general relativity(GR),Weyl extended it in1918in order to include–besides grav-itation–electromagnetism in a uniﬁed way.Weyl’s theoretical concept was that of recalibration or gauge invariance of length.In Weyl’s opinion,the integrability of length in GR is a remnant of an era dominated by action-at-a-distance theories which should be abandoned.In other words,if in GR we displace a meter stick from one point of spacetime to another one,it keeps its length,i.e.,it can be used as a standardof length throughout spacetime;an analogous argument is valid for a clock.In con-trast,Weyl’s uniﬁed theory of gravitation and electromagnetism of1918is set up in such a way that the uniﬁed Lagrangian is invariant under recalibration or re-gauging.For that purpose,Weyl extended the geometry of spacetime from the(pseudo-) Riemannian geometry with its Levi-Civita connectionΓ{}αβto a Weyl space with an additional(Weyl)covectorﬁeld Q=Qαϑα,whereϑαdenotes theﬁeld of coframes of the underlying four-dimensional diﬀerentiable manifold.The Weyl connection one-form reads1ΓWαβ=Γ{}αβ+ψ,D ψA)mat L (DJ=0A theorem local gauge symmetry coupling A Noether’s J <dJ=0of Lagrangian(d ψ),L mat ψgauge potentialsymmetry rigid ConservedJA(connection)current Fig.1.The structure of a gauge theory `a la Yang-Mills is depicted in this diagram,which is adapted from Mills 53.Let us quote some of his statements on gauge theories:‘The gauge principle,which might also be described as a principle of local symmetry ,is a statement about the invariance properties of physical laws.It requires that every continuous symmetry be a local symmetry ...’‘The idea at the core of gauge theory...is the local symmetry principle:Every continuous symmetry of nature is a local symmetry.’The history of gauge theory has been traced back to its beginnings by O’Raifeartaigh 69,who also gave a compact review of its formalism 68.the electromagnetic potential is an appendage to the Dirac ﬁeld and not related to length recalibration as Weyl originally thought.2.2.Yang-Mills and the structure of a gauge theoryYang and Mills,in 1954,generalized the Abelian U (1)-gauge invariance to non-Abelian SU (2)-gauge invariance,taking the (approximately)conserved isotopic spin current as their starting point,and,in 1956,Utiyama set up a formalism for the gauging of any semi-simple Lie group,including the Lorentz group SO (1,3).The latter group he considered as essential in GR.We will come back to this topic below.In any case,the gauge principle historically originated from GR as a concept for removing as many action-at-a-distance concept as possible –as long as the group under consideration is linked to a conserved current.This existence of a conserved current of some matter ﬁeld Ψis absolutely vital for the setting-up of a gauge theory.In Fig.1we sketched the structure underlying a gauge theory:A rigid symmetry ofa Lagrangian induces,via Noether’s theorem,a conserved current J ,dJ =0.It can happen,however,as it did in the electromagnetic and the SU (2)-case,that a conserved current is discovered ﬁrst and then the symmetry deduced by a kind of a reciprocal Noether theorem (which is not strictly valid).Generalizing from the gauge approach to the Dirac-Maxwell theory,we continue with the following gauge procedure:Extending the rigid symmetry to a soft symmetry amounts to turn the constant group parameters εof the symmetry transformation on the ﬁelds Ψto functions of spacetime,ε→ε(x ).This aﬀects the transformation behavior of the matter La-grangian which usually contains derivatives d Ψof the ﬁeld Ψ:The soft symmetry transformations on d Ψgenerate terms containing derivatives dε(x )of the spacetime-dependent group parameters which spoil the former rigid invariance.In order to coun-terbalance these terms,one is forced to introduce a compensating ﬁeld A =A i a τa dx i (a =Lie-algebra index,τa =generators of the symmetry group)–nowadays called gauge potential –into the theory.The one-form A turns out to have the mathematical mean-ing of a Lie-algebra valued connection .It acts on the components of the ﬁelds Ψwith respect to some reference frame,indicating that it can be properly represented as the connection of a frame bundle which is associated to the symmetry group.Thereby it is possible to replace in the matter Lagrangian the exterior derivative of the matter ﬁeld by a gauge-covariant exterior derivative,d −→A D :=d +A ,L mat (Ψ,d Ψ)−→L mat (Ψ,A D Ψ).(4)This is called minimal coupling of the matter ﬁeld to the new gauge interaction.The connection A is made to a true dynamical variable by adding a corresponding kinematic term V to the minimally coupled matter Lagrangian.This supplementary term has to be gauge invariant such that the gauge invariance of the action is kept.Gauge invariance of V is obtained by constructing it from the ﬁeld strength F =A DA ,V =V (F ).Hence the gauge Lagrangian V ,as in Maxwell’s theory,is assumed to depend only on F =dA ,not,however,on its derivatives dF,d ∗d F,...Therefore the ﬁeld equation will be of second order in the gauge potential A .In order to make it quasilinear,that is,linear in the second derivatives of A ,the gauge Lagrangian must depend on F no more than quadratically.Accordingly,with the general ansatz V =F ∧H ,where the ﬁeld momentum or “excitation”H is implicitly deﬁned by H =−∂V /∂F ,the H has to be linear in F under those circumstances.By construction,the gauge potential in the Lagrangians couples to the conserved current one started with –and the original conservation law,in case of a non-Abelian symmetry,gets modiﬁed and is only gauge covariantly conserved,dJ =0−→A DJ =0,J =∂L mat /∂A.(5)The physical reason for this modiﬁcation is that the gauge potential itself contributes a piece to the current,that is,the gauge ﬁeld (in the non-Abelian case)is charged.For instance,the Yang-Mills gauge potential B a carries isotopic spin,since the SU(2)-group is non-Abelian,whereas the electromagnetic potential,being U(1)-valued and Abelian,is electrically uncharged.2.3.Gravity and the Utiyama-Sciama-Kibble approachLet us come back to Utiyama(1956).He gauged the Lorentz group SO(1,3), inter ing some ad hoc assumptions,like the postulate of the symmetry of the connection,he was able to recover GR.This procedure is not completely satisfactory, as is also obvious from the fact that the conserved current,linked to the Lorentz group,is the angular momentum current.And this current alone cannot represent the source of gravity.Accordingly,it was soon pointed out by Sciama and Kibble (1961)that it is really the Poincar´e group R4⊃×SO(1,3),the semi-direct product of the translation and the Lorentz group,which underlies gravity.They found a slight generalization of GR,the so-called Einstein-Cartan theory(EC),which relates–in a Einsteinian manner–the mass-energy of matter to the curvature and–in a novel way –the material spin to the torsion of spacetime.In contrast to the Weyl connection (1),the spacetime in EC is still metric compatible,erned by a Riemann-Cartan b (RC)geometry.Torsion is admitted according to1ΓRCαβ=Γ{}αβ−b The terminology is not quite uniform.Borzeskowski and Treder9,in their critical evaluation of diﬀerent gravitational variational principles,call such a geometry a Weyl-Cartan gemetry.secondary importance in some sense that some particularΓﬁeld can be deduced from a Riemannian metric...”In this vein,we introduce a linear connectionΓαβ=Γiαβdx i,(7) with values in the Lie-algebra of the linear group GL(4,R).These64components Γiαβ(x)of the‘displacement’ﬁeld enable us,as pointed out in the quotation by Einstein,to get rid of the rigid spacetime structure of special relativity(SR).In order to be able to recover SR in some limit,the primary structure of a con-nection of spacetime has to be enriched by the secondary structure of a metricg=gαβϑα⊗ϑβ,(8) with its10componentﬁelds gαβ(x).At least at the present stage of our knowledge, this additional postulate of the existence of a metric seems to lead to the only prac-ticable way to set up a theory of gravity.In some future time one may be able to ‘deduce’the metric from the connection and some extremal property of the action function–and some people have tried to develop such type of models,but without success so far.2.4.E.Cartan’s analysis of general relativity and its consequencesBesides the gauge theoretical line of development which,with respect to gravity, culminated in the Sciame-Kibble approach,there was a second line dominated by E.Cartan’s(1923)geometrical analysis of GR.The concept of a linear connection as an independent and primary structure of spacetime,see(7),developed gradually around1920from the work of Hessenberg,Levi-Civita,Weyl,Schouten,Eddington, and others.In its full generality it can be found in Cartan’s work.In particular, he introduced the notion of a so-called torsion–in holonomic coordinates this is the antisymmetric and therefore tensorial part of the components of the connection–and discussed Weyl’s uniﬁedﬁeld theory from a geometrical point of view.For this purpose,let us tentatively callgαβ,ϑα,Γαβ (9)the potentials in a gauge approach to gravity andQαβ,Tα,Rαβ (10)the correspondingﬁeld ter,in Sec.6,inter alia,we will see why this choice of language is appropriate.Here we deﬁnednonmetricity Qαβ:=−ΓD gαβ,(11) torsion Tα:=ΓDϑα=dϑα+Γβα∧ϑβ,(12)curvature Rαβ:=′′ΓDΓαβ′′=dΓαβ−Γαγ∧Γγβ.(13)Then symbolically we haveQαβ,Tα,Rαβ ∼ΓD gαβ,ϑα,Γαβ .(14)By means of theﬁeld strengths it is straightforward of how to classify the space-time manifolds of the diﬀerent theories discussed so far:GR(1915):Qαβ=0,Tα=0,Rαβ=0.(15)Weyl(1918):Qγγ=0,Tα=0,Rαβ=0.(16)EC(1923/61):Qαβ=0,Tα=0,Rαβ=0.(17) Note that Weyl’s theory of1918requires only a nonvanishing trace of the nonmetric-ity,the Weyl covector Q:=Qγγ/4.For later use we amend this table with the Einsteinian teleparallelism(GR||),which was discussed between Einstein and Car-tan in considerable detail(see Debever12)and with metric-aﬃne gravity29(MAG), which presupposes the existence of a connection and a(symmetric)metric that are completely independent from each other(as long as theﬁeld equations are not solved): GR||(1928):Qαβ=0,Tα=0,Rαβ=0.(18)MAG(1976):Qαβ=0,Tα=0,Rαβ=0.(19) Both theories,GR||and MAG,were originally devised as uniﬁedﬁeld theories with no sources on the right hand sides of theirﬁeld equations.Today,however,we understand them10,29as gauge type theories with well-deﬁned sources.Cartan gave a beautiful geometrical interpretation of the notions of torsion and curvature.Consider a vector at some point of a manifold,that is equipped with a connection,and displace it around an inﬁnitesimal(closed)loop by means of the connection such that the(ﬂat)tangent space,where the vector‘lives’in,rolls without gliding around the loop.At the end of the journey29the loop,mapped into the tangent space,has a small closure failure,i.e.a translational misﬁt.Moreover,in the case of vanishing nonmetricity Qαβ=0,the vector underwent a small rotation or–if no metric exists–a small linear transformation.The torsion of the underlying manifold is a measure for the emerging translation and the curvature for the rotation(or linear transformation):translation−→torsion Tα(20) rotation(lin.transf.)−→curvature Rαβ.(21) Hence,if your friend tells you that he discovered that torsion is closely related to electromagnetism or to some other nongravitationalﬁeld–and there are many such ‘friends’around,as we can tell you as referees–then you say:‘No,torsion is related to translations,as had been already found by Cartan in1923.’And translations–weFig.2.The neutron interferometer of the COW-experiment11,18:A neutron beam is split into two beams which travel in diﬀerent gravitational potentials.Eventually the two beams are reunited and their relative phase shift is measured.hope that we don’t tell you a secret–are,via Noether’s theorem,related to energy-momentum c,i.e.to the source of gravity,and to nothing else.We will come back to this discussion in Sec.4.For the rest of these lectures,unless stated otherwise,we will choose the frame eα,and hence also the coframeϑβ,to be orthonormal,that is,g(eα,eβ)∗=oαβ:=diag(−+++).(22) Then,in a Riemann-Cartan space,we have the convenient antisymmetriesΓRCαβ∗=−ΓRCβαand R RCαβ∗=−R RCβα.(23) 3.Einstein’s and the gauge approach to gravity3.1.Neutron matter waves in the gravitationalﬁeldTwenty years ago a new epoch began in gravity:C olella-O verhauser-W erner measured by interferometric methods a phase shift of the wave function of a neutron caused by the gravitationalﬁeld of the earth,see Fig.2.The eﬀect could be predicted by studying the Schr¨o dinger equation of the neutron wave function in an external Newtonian potential–and this had been veriﬁed by experiment.In this sense noth-ing really earth-shaking happened.However,for theﬁrst time a gravitational eﬀect had been measured the numerical value of which depends on the Planck constant¯h. Quantum mechanics was indispensable in deriving this phase shiftm2gθgrav=gpath 1path 2zx~ 2 cm~ 6 cmA Fig.3.COW experiment schematically.the neutron beam itself is bent into a parabolic path with 4×10−7cm loss in altitude.This yields,however,no signiﬁcant inﬂuence on the phase.In the COW experiment,the single-crystal interferometer is at rest with respect to the laboratory,whereas the neutrons are subject to the gravitational potential.In order to compare this with the eﬀect of acceleration relative to the laboratory frame,B onse and W roblewski 8let the interferometer oscillate horizontally by driving it via a pair of standard loudspeaker magnets.Thus these experiments of BW and COW test the eﬀect of local acceleration and local gravity on matter waves and prove its equivalence up to an accuracy of about 4%.3.2.Accelerated and rotating reference frameIn order to be able to describe the interferometer in an accelerated frame,we ﬁrst have to construct a non-inertial frame of reference.If we consider only mass points ,then a non-inertial frame in the Minkowski space of SR is represented by a curvilinear coordinate system,as recognized by Einstein 13.Einstein even uses the names ‘curvilinear co-ordinate system’and ‘non-inertial system’interchangeably.According to the standard gauge model of electro-weak and strong interactions,a neutron is not a fundamental particle,but consists of one up and two down quarks which are kept together via the virtual exchange of gluons,the vector bosons of quantum chromodynamics,in a permanent ‘conﬁnement phase’.For studying the properties of the neutron in a non-inertial frame and in low-energy gravity,we may disregard its extension of about 0.7fm ,its form factors,etc.In fact,for our purpose,it is suﬃcient to treat it as a Dirac particle which carries spin 1/2but is structureless otherwise .Table 1.Einstein’s approach to GR as compared to the gauge approach:Used are a mass point m or a Dirac matter ﬁeld Ψ(referred to a local frame),respectively.IF means inertial frame,NIF non-inertial frame.The table refers to special relativity up to the second boldface horizontal line.Below,gravity will be switched on.Note that for the Dirac spinor already the force-free motion in an inertial frame does depend on the mass parameter m .gauge approach (→COW)elementary object in SRDirac spinor Ψ(x )Cartesian coord.system x ids 2∗=o ij dx i dx jforce-freemotion in IF (iγi ∂i −m )Ψ∗=0arbitrary curvilinear coord.system x i′force-free motion in NIF iγαe i α(∂i +Γi )−m Ψ=0Γi :=1non-inertial objects ϑα,Γαβ=−Γβα16+24˜R(∂{},{})=020global IF e i α,Γi αβ ∗=(δαi ,0)switch on gravity T =0,R =0Riemann −Cartang ij |P ∗=o ij , i jk |P ∗=0ﬁeld equations 2tr (˜Ric )∼mass GR2tr (Ric )∼massT or +2tr (T or )∼spinECA Dirac particle has to be described by means of a four-component Dirac spinor. And this spinor is a half-integer representation of the(covering group SL(2,C)of the)Lorentz group SO(1,3).Therefore at any one point of spacetime we need an orthonormal reference frame in order to be able to describe the spinor.Thus,as soon as matterﬁelds are to be represented in spacetime,the notion of a reference system has to be generalized from Einstein’s curvilinear coordinate frame∂i to an arbitrary, in general anholonomic,orthonormal frame eα,with eα·eβ=oαβ.It is possible,of course,to introduce in the Riemannian spacetime of GR arbi-trary orthonormal frames,too.However,in the heuristic process of setting up the fundamental structure of GR,Einstein and his followers(for a recent example,see the excellent text of d’Inverno36,Secs.9and10)restricted themselves to the discussion of mass points and holonomic(natural)frames.Matter waves and arbitrary frames are taboo in this discussion.In Table1,in the middle column,we displayed the Ein-steinian method.Conventionally,after the Riemannian spacetime has been found and the dust settled,then electrons and neutron and what not,and their corresponding wave equations,are allowed to enter the scene.But before,they are ignored.This goes so far that the well-documented experiments of COW(1975)and BL(1983)–in contrast to the folkloric Galileo experiments from the leaning tower–seemingly are not even mentioned in d’Inverno36(1992).Prugoveˇc ki79,one of the lecturers here in Erice at our school,in his discussion of the classical equivalence principle,recognizes the decisive importance of orthonormal frames(see his page52).However,in the end,within his‘quantum general relativity’framework,the good old Levi-Civita connection is singled out again(see his page 125).This is perhaps not surprising,since he considers only zero spin states in this context.We hope that you are convinced by now that we should introduce arbitrary or-thonormal frames in SR in order to represent non-inertial reference systems for mat-ter waves–and that this is important for the setting up of a gravitational gauge theory2,42.The introduction of accelerated observers and thus of non-inertial frames is somewhat standard,even if during the Erice school one of the lecturers argued that those frames are inadmissible.Take the text of Misner,Thorne,and Wheeler57.In their Sec.6,you willﬁnd an appropriate discussion.Together with Ni30and in our Honnef lectures27we tailored it for our needs.Suppose in SR a non-inertial observer locally measures,by means of the instru-ments available to him,a three-acceleration a and a three-angular velocityω.If the laboratory coordinates of the observer are denoted by x x as the correspond-ing three-radius vector,then the non-inertial frame can be written in the succinct form30,27eˆ0=1x/c2 ∂c×B∂A.(25)Here ‘naked’capital Latin letters,A,...=ˆ1,ˆ2,ˆ3,denote spatial anholonomic com-ponents.For completeness we also display the coframe,that is,the one-form basis,which one ﬁnds by inverting the frame (25):ϑˆ0= 1+a ·c 2 dx 0,ϑA =dx c ×A dx A +N 0.(26)In the (3+1)-decomposition of spacetime,N and Ni βαdx0ˆ0A =−Γc 2,Γ0BA =ǫABCωC i α,with e α=e i ,into an anholonomic one,then we ﬁnd the totallyanholonomic connection coeﬃcients as follows:Γˆ0ˆ0A =−Γˆ0A ˆ0=a A x /c 2 ,Γˆ0AB =−Γˆ0BA =ǫABC ωC x /c 2 .(28)These connection coeﬃcients (28)will enter the Dirac equation referred to a non-inertial frame.In order to assure ourselves that we didn’t make mistakes in computing the ‘non-inertial’connection (27,28)by hand,we used for checking its correctness the EXCALC package on exterior diﬀerential forms of the computer algebra system REDUCE,see Puntigam et al.80and the literature given there.3.3.Dirac matter waves in a non-inertial frame of referenceThe phase shift (24)can be derived from the Schr¨o dinger equation with a Hamilton operator for a point particle in an external Newton potential.For setting up a grav-itational theory,however,one better starts more generally in the special relativistic domain.Thus we have to begin with the Dirac equation in an external gravitational ﬁeld or,if we expect the equivalence principle to be valid,with the Dirac equation in an accelerated and rotating,that is,in a non-inertial frame of reference.Take the Minkowski spacetime of SR.Specify Cartesian coordinates.Then the ﬁeld equation for a massive fermion of spin1/2is represented by the Dirac equationi¯hγi∂iψ∗=mcψ,(29) where the Dirac matricesγi fulﬁll the relationγiγj+γjγi=2o ij.(30) For the conventions and the representation of theγ’s,we essentially follow Bjorken-Drell7.Now we straightforwardly transform this equation from an inertial to an accel-erated and rotating frame.By analogy with the equation of motion in an arbitrary frame as well as from gauge theory,we can infer the result of this transformation:In the non-inertial frame,the partial derivative in the Dirac equation is simply replaced by the covariant derivativei∂i⇒Dα:=∂α+i previously;we drop the bar for convenience).The anholonomic Dirac matrices are deﬁned byγα:=e iαγi⇒γαγβ+γβγα=2oαβ.(32) The six matricesσβγare the inﬁnitesimal generators of the Lorentz group and fulﬁll the commutation relation[γα,σβγ]=2i(oαβγγ−oαγγβ).(33) For Dirac spinors,the Lorentz generators can be represented byσβγ:=(i/2)(γβγγ−γγγβ),(34) furthermore,α:=γˆ0γwithγ={γΞ}.(35) Then,the Dirac equation,formulated in the orthonormal frame of the accelerated and rotating observer,readsi¯hγαDαψ=mcψ.(36) Although there appears now a‘minimal coupling’to the connection,which is caused by the change of frame,there is no new physical concept involved in this equation. Only for the measuring devices in the non-inertial frame we have to assume hypotheses similar to the clock hypothesis.This proviso can always be met by a suitable con-struction and selection of the devices.Since we are still in SR,torsion and curvatureof spacetime both remain zero.Thus(36)is just a reformulation of the‘Cartesian’Dirac equation(29).The rewriting in terms of the covariant derivative provides us with a rather ele-gant way of explicitly calculating the Dirac equation in the non-inertial frame of an accelerated,rotating observer:Using the anholonomic connection components of(28) as well asα=−i{σˆ0Ξ},weﬁnd for the covariant derivative:Dˆ0=12c2a·α−ii∂2¯hσ=x×p+1∂t=Hψwith H=βmc2+O+E.(39)After substituting the covariant derivatives,the operators O and E,which are odd and even with respect toβ,read,respectively30:O:=cα·p+12m p2−β2m p·a·x4mc2σ·a×p+O(1Table2.Inertial eﬀects for a massive fermion of spin1/2in non-relativistic approximation.Redshift(Bonse-Wroblewski→COW)Sagnac type eﬀect(Heer-Werner et al.)Spin-rotation eﬀect(Mashhoon)Redshift eﬀect of kinetic energyNew inertial spin-orbit couplingd These considerations can be generalized to a Riemannian spacetime,see Huang34and the literature quoted there.。

物理科技词汇表

物理科技词汇表Aa.c. generator 交流發電機aberration 光行差，像差absolute index of refraction 絕對折射率absolute refractive index 絕對折射率absolute temperature scale 絕對溫標absolute zero 絕對零度absorber 吸收體absorbing power 吸收能力，吸收本領absorptance 吸收比absorption 吸收absorption coefficient 吸收係數absorption line 吸收譜線　absorption spectrum 吸收光譜，吸收譜accelerate 加速acceleration 加速度acceleration due to gravity 重力加速度acceleration-time graph 加速度—時間關係線圖accelerator 加速器acceptor 接受體acceptor doping 受體摻雜acceptor impurity 受體雜質accommodation 調節，視覺調節accumulator 蓄電池accuracy 準確度acetate strip 醋酸酯條片achromatic 消色差的achromatic aberration 消色差achromatic condenser 消色差聚光透鏡achromatic light 消色差光，白光acoustic blur 聲響模糊acoustic board 吸音板，吸聲板acoustic navigation 聲響導航acoustic pressure 聲壓acoustics 聲學act on 施於action 作用量，作用，作用力action of point 尖端作用activation 激活，活化activation energy 激活能，活化能active nucleus 活性核，放射性核activity 放射強度，放射性adapter 接合器adder 加法器adhesion 附著力，附著，黏附adhesive force 附著力adiabatic 絕熱的adiabatic expansion 絕熱膨脹adiabatic process 絕熱過程aerial 天線　aerial induction 天線調諧電感aerial network 天線網路aerodynamic force 氣動力，空氣動力aerodynamics 氣體動力學，空氣動力學aerofoil 機翼agent 劑air blower 吹風器air column 空氣柱，氣柱air cushion 氣墊air damping 空氣阻尼air film 氣膜air track 氣墊導航air wedge 氣楔alignment 對準，校整alpha decay α衰變alpha particle α粒子alpha particle scattering analogue α粒子放射模擬alternating current 交流電alternating voltage 交變電壓，交流電壓alternator 交流發電機altimeter 高度計，測高儀americium ammeter 安培計amorphous 非結晶的，無定形的ampere 安培，安ampere-hour 安培小時，安時amplification 放大，放大率amplifier 放大器amplify 放大amplitude 振幅amplitude modulation 調幅，振幅調劑amyl acetate 醋酸戊酯anaemia 貧血analogue 模擬analogue experiment 模擬實驗analogue signal 模擬訊號，非數字訊號analogue-to-digital conversion 模擬轉換analyser 檢偏振器AND gate 「與」門anemometer 風速計aneroid barometer 無液氣壓計，空盒氣壓計angle of contact 接觸角angle of deviation 偏向角angle of diffraction 衍射角，繞射角angle of dip 傾角angle of elevation 仰角angle of emergence 出射角angle of incidence 入射角angle of inclination 傾角angle of minimum deviation 最小偏向角angle of projection 投射角angle of reflection 反射角angle of refraction 折射角angle of twist 扭轉角angstrom 埃angular acceleration 角加速度angular aperture 孔徑張角angular displacement 角位移angular frequency 角頻率angular impulse 角衝量angular magnification 角度放大，角放大率angular momentum 角動量，動量矩angular motion 角向運動，角運動angular seed 角速率angular velocity 角速度angular width 角寬度annealing 退火，韌化anode 陽極，正極anomalous expansion 反常膨脹antenna 天線　anticlockwise moment 逆時針力矩antifreeze 防凍劑antinodal line 腹線　antinode 波腹antiparticle 反粒子antiphase 反相，逆相aperture 孔徑，口徑，孔apparent depth 視深apparent expansion 表觀膨脹，視膨脹apparent frequency 表觀頻率，視頻率apparent loss in weight 表觀失重apparent weight 表觀重量Appleton layer 阿普頓層，F電離層aqueous layer 水層Archimedes' principle 阿基米德原理area 面積argon 氬armature 電樞artificial disintegration 人工蛻變artificial radioactivity 人工放射astable 非穩態的astable circuit 非穩態電路astable multivibrator 非態多諧振盪器astigmatism 像散，散光astronomical telescope 天文望遠鏡at infinity 在無窮遠處at rest 靜止atmosphere 大氣，大氣層，大氣壓atmospheric pressure 大氣壓強atom 原子atomic bomb 原子彈atomic bond 原子鍵atomic density 原子密度atomic diameter 原子直徑atomic energy 原子能atomic mass 原子質量atomic mass unit 原子質量單位atomic model 原子模型atomic nucleus 原子核atomic number 原子序數atomic radius 原子半徑atomic separation 原子間距atomic spacing 原子間距atomic structure 原子結構atomic theory 原子論atomizer 噴霧器attenuation 衰減attraction 吸引attractive force 吸力audible frequency range 聽頻範圍audible signal 可聽訊號audio frequency 聲頻autofocus 自動聚焦，自動對焦avalanche 電子雪崩average acceleration 平均加速度average power 平均功率average speed 平均速率average velocity 平均速度Avogadro constant 阿佛加德羅常數，阿佛加德羅常量Avogadro number 阿佛加德羅數Avogadro's law 阿佛加德羅定律axial 軸向的，沿軸的axial field 軸向場axial search coil 軸向探察線圖axis 軸axis of rotation 轉軸Bback e.m.f. 反電動勢background radiation 本底輻射Bainbridge mass spectrometer 班布里奇質譜儀balance 天平，秤，平衡balance arm 秤桿，平衡臂balance point 平衡點balance bridge 平衡電橋balanced force 平衡力ball bearing 球軸承，滾珠軸承ballistic galvanometer 衝擊電流計，衝擊檢流計ballistic pendulum 衝擊擺Balmer series 巴耳末系，巴耳末光譜band spectrum 帶狀光譜，帶狀譜bandwidth 帶寬bar code 條形碼bar magnet 磁棒bare wire 裸線　barium 鋇barometer 氣壓計barrier 障礙物barrier layer 阻檔層，耗盡層barrier potential difference 阻檔層電勢差，阻檔層電位差Barton's pendulums 巴爾通擺base 基極base current 基極電流battery 電池組battery charger 電池充電器battery holder 電池座beaker 燒杯beam splitter 分束器，射束分離器beat 拍beat frequency 拍頻becquerel 貝克勒耳，貝克bel 貝爾，貝bell jar 鐘形罩bench mat 實驗檯墊Bernoulli's theorem 伯努利定律beryllium 鈹beta decay β衰變beta particle β粒子biasing circuit 偏壓電路biasing voltage 偏壓biconcave lens 雙凹透鏡biconvex lens 雙凸透鏡bicycle dynamo 自行車發電機，腳踏車發電機bifilar pendulum 雙線擺bifocal lens 雙焦距透鏡big bang model 大爆炸模型bimetallic strip 雙層金屬片，雙金屬片binary adder 二進加法器binary system 二進制binding 結合binding energy 結合能binoculars 雙筒望遠鏡Biot-Savart law 畢奧—薩伐爾定律bipolar 雙極的birefraction 雙折射bistable 雙穩態的，雙穩器bistable circuit 雙穩電路bistable multivibrator 雙穩態多諧振盪器bit 二進位制，位black body radiation 黑體輻射block and tackle 滑輪組block diagram 方框圖blocking capacitor 隔直流電器容blooming 敷霜，表面加膜Bohr atom 玻爾原子Bohr radius 玻爾半徑Bohr theory 玻爾理論boil 沸騰，煮沸boiler 鍋爐boiling point 沸點bolometer 輻射熱計Boltzmann constant 玻耳茲曼常數，玻耳茲曼常量bombardment 轟擊bond energy 鍵能bonding 鍵合Bourdon gauge 布爾登氣壓計bow wave 弓形波，舷波Boyle's law 波義耳定律Brackett series 布喇開系，布喇開光譜Bragg angle 布喇格角Bragg diffraction 布喇格衍射，布喇格繞射Bragg plane 布喇格平面Bragg's law 布喇格定律brake 制動器breakdown potential 擊穿電勢，擊穿電位breaking point 斷點breaking strength 抗斷強度breaking stress 致斷應力breeder reactor 增殖反應堆bremsstrahlung 軔致輻射Brewster's law 布魯斯特定律bridge circuit 橋式電路bridge rectifier 橋式整流器bright fringe 亮紋brightness 亮度brittle 脆的，易碎的bromine 溴Brownian movement 布朗運動brush 電刷bubble chamber 氣泡室bubble raft model 泡筏模型buffer 緩衝器buffer circuit 緩衝電路bulk modulus 體積彈性模量Bunsen burner 本生燈buoyancy 浮力burette 滴定管burette stand 滴定管架burglar alarm 防盜警報器，防盜警鐘buzzer 蜂鳴器by-pass 旁路byte 二進位組，字節Ccable 電纜cadmium sulphide 硫化鎘caesium 銫calcite 方解石calibrate 校準，標上刻度calipers 測徑器，卡鉗calorie 卡路里，卡calorimeter 量熱器camera 照相機cancer cell 癌細胞candela 坎德拉cantilever 懸臂capacitance 電容capacitance substitution box 換值電容箱capacitive circuit 電容電路capacitive component 電容性分量capacitive coupling 電容耦合capacitive discharge 電容性放電capacitive reactance 容抗capacitor 電容器capacitor-input filter 電容輸入濾波器capacity 容量，載量capillarity 毛細現象，毛細作用capillary depression 毛細下降capillary rise 毛細上升capillary tube 毛細管capsule 囊capture 俘獲carbon 碳carbon granule 碳顆粒carbon paper disc 圓形碳紙carbon-14 dating 碳14年代測定法carburettor 化油器，汽化器carrier wave 載波carry 進位castor oil 蓖麻油cataract 白內障cathode 陰極，負極cathode ray 陰極射線　cathode ray deflection tube 陰極射線偏轉管cathode-ray oscilloscope 陰極射線示波器，示波器cathode-ray tube 陰極射線管cavity resonator 空腔共振器celestial telescope 天體望遠鏡cell 電池，細胞Celsius temperature scale 攝氏溫標centimetre 厘米centralized low voltage power supply unit 中央控制低壓電源箱centre of curvature 曲率中心centre of gravity 重心centre of mass 質心centre of oscillation 振盪中心centre-tapped transformer 中心抽頭變壓器centrifugal force 離心力centrifuge 離心機centripetal acceleration 向心加速度centripetal force 向心力Chadwick 查德威克chain reaction 連鎖反應change of state 物態變化change-over switch 換向開關characteristic 特性，特徵characteristic curve 特性曲線　characteristic line 特徵線，特徵譜　characteristic spectrum 特徵光譜，特徵譜charge 電荷，充電，起電charge carrier 載荷子charge conservation 電荷守恆charge density 電荷密度charge distribution 電荷分佈charge to mass ratio 荷質比charged particle 帶電粒子charging by contact 接觸起電charging by friction 摩擦生電charging by induction 感應起電charging by sharing 授受起電charging time constant 充電時間常數，充電時間常量Charles's law 查理定律choke 扼流，抗流，扼流圈，抗流圈choke circuit 扼流電路，抗流電路chromatic aberration 色差chromatic dispersion 色散cinefilm soundtrack 電影膠片聲跡circle of least confusion 最少模糊圈，明晰圈circuit 電路circuit board 電路板circuit breaker 斷路器circuit symbol 電路符號circular coil 環形線圈circular motion 圓周運動circular orbit 圓周軌道circular pulse 圓形脈衝circular wave 圓形波circular wavefront 圓形波陣面，圓形波前clamp 夾鉗，夾緊clap-echo method 「拍掌—回聲」法cleave 裂開clinical thermometer 體溫計clip 夾子clockwise moment 順時針力矩closed circuit 閉合電路closed pipe 閉管closed tube 閉管closed-loop control system 閉環控制系統closed-loop gain 閉環增益closed-loop voltage gain 閉環電壓增益closely packed 密堆積的cloud chamber 雲室cloud chamber track 雲室徑跡coaxial 共軸，同軸coaxial cable 同軸電纜，同軸　cobalt 鈷code 編碼coder 編碼器coefficient of dynamic friction 動摩擦係數coefficient of friction 摩擦係數coefficient of restitution 恢復係數coefficient of static friction 靜摩擦係數coefficient of viscosity 黏滯係數coherent 相干的cohesion 內聚力，內聚cohesive force 內聚力coil 線圈collector 集電極，集極collector current 集電極電流，集極電流collimator 準直管，準直儀collision 碰撞colour 顏色colour code 色碼，色標combinational logic 組合邏輯common emitter 共發射極common-mode voltage 共模電壓commutator 換向器compass 指南針，羅盤complete circuit 完整電路component 元件，分量，組分component of force 分力compound microscope 複式顯微鏡compound pendulum 複擺compressed gas 壓縮氣體compressibility 可壓縮性，壓縮係數，壓縮率compressible fluid 可壓縮性流體compression 密部，壓縮compression spring balance 壓縮彈簧天平concave 凹concave lens 凹透鏡concave mirror 凹鏡，凹面鏡concentric capacitor 同心電容器condensation 凝結，凝聚condensation nucleus 凝結核，凝聚核condensation point 凝點，凝結點condenser 聚光器，電容器，冷凝器conductance 電導conductivity 傳導性，傳導率conductor 導體conical pendulum 錐擺conjugate foci 共軛焦點conservation of angular momentum 角動量守恆conversation of charge 電荷守恆conservation of energy 能量守恆conservation of mechanical energy 機械能守恆conservation of momentum 動量守恆conservative force 守恆力，保守力conserved 守恆constant acceleration 恆加速度constant angular acceleration 恆角加速度constant angular velocity 恆角速度constant force 恆力constant motion 恆速運動constant pressure 定壓constant speed 恆速率constant temperature 定溫constant velocity 恆速度constant volume 定容constant volume gas thermometer 定容氣體溫度計constantan 康銅constriction 頸縮constructive interference 相長干涉contact angle 接觸角contact area 接觸面積contact force 接觸力continuity equation 連續性方程continuous spectrum 連續光譜，連續譜continuous wave 連續波contract 收縮control experiment 對照實驗，比對實驗control grid 控制柵極control rod 控制棒control system 控制系統convection 對流converge 會聚converging lens 會聚透鏡converging mirror 會聚鏡convex 凸convex lens 凸透鏡convex mirror 凸鏡，凸面鏡coolant 冷卻劑cooling by evaporation 蒸發致冷cooling correction 冷卻修正cooling curve 冷卻曲線　cooling effect 冷卻效應cooling system 冷卻系統，散熱系統coplanar forces 共面力core 心，核心Coriolis force 科里奧利力corkscrew rule 螺旋法則cornea 角膜corona discharge 電暈放電corpuscular theory of light 光的微粒學說correction 矯正，修正cosmic radiation 宇宙輻射coulomb 庫倫Coulomb's law 庫倫定律count rate 計數率counter 計數器counter weight 平衡錘，配重couple 力偶coupled oscillation 耦合振盪coupling 耦合covalent bond 共價鍵crane magnet 起重磁鐵creep 蠕變crest 波峰critical angle 臨界角critical damping 臨界阻尼critical mass 臨界質量critical point 臨界點critical temperature 臨界溫度critical velocity 臨界速度crocodile clip 鱷魚夾cross hairs 十字絲，叉絲cross-sectional area 截面積Crova's disc 克羅瓦盤crystal 晶體crystal diffraction 晶體衍射，晶體繞射crystal lattice 晶體點陣，晶體格子，晶格crystal planes 晶面crystalline 結晶的crystallization 結晶crystallography 晶體學cubical expansivity 體積膨脹係數，體積膨脹率curie 居里current 電流current amplification 電流放大current amplification factor 電流放大因素current amplifier 電流放大器current balance 電流天平current density 電流密度current gain 電流增益current intensity 電流強度current pulse 電流脈衝current sensitivity 電流靈敏度current stabilizer 穩流器current transfer characteristic 電流轉移特性current-carrying conductor 載電流導體current-voltage characteristic curve 電流—電壓特性曲線　curved mirror 曲面鏡cyclotron 迴旋加速器cylindrical concave lens 柱面凹透鏡cylindrical concave mirror 柱面凹鏡cylindrical convex lens 柱面凸透鏡cylindrical convex mirror 柱面凸鏡cylindrical lens 柱面透鏡cylindrical mirror 柱面鏡Dd.c. generator 直流發電機d.c. motor 直流電動機Dalton's law of partial pressures 道爾頓分壓定律damped harmonic motion 阻尼諧動damped harmonic oscillation 阻尼諧振damped oscillation 阻尼振盪damping 阻尼damping force 阻尼力dark fringe 暗紋data 數據dating 年代測定daughter nucleus 子核daughter nuclide 子核素de Broglie relation 德布羅意關係式de Broglie wave 德布羅意波dead time 失效時間decade capacitance box 十進電容箱decade resistance box 十進電阻箱decay 衰變decay analogue 衰變模擬decay constant 衰變常數，衰變常量decay curve 衰變曲線　decay law 衰變定律decay product 衰變產物decelerate 減速deceleration 減速度decibel 分貝decode 譯碼，解碼decoder 譯碼器，解碼器deflection 偏轉deflection plate 偏轉板deflection system 偏轉系統deflection tube 偏轉管deformation 形變degradation of energy 能量退降，能量遞降degree 度degree Celsius 攝氏度degree of freedom 自由度demagnetization 去磁，退磁demonstration diode 演示用二極管demonstration meter 演示用電錶density 密度depletion layer 耗盡層，阻擋層depth of field 景深derived quantity 導出量derived unit 導出單位destructive interference 相消干涉detection 探測detector 探測器detector of radiation 輻射探測器deuterium 氘，重氫deuteron 氘核，重氫核deviation 偏向，偏差device 裝置，設計，器件diamagnetism 抗磁性diaphragm 光闌，膜片diatomic molecule 雙原子分子dielectric 電介質，介電的dielectric constant 介電常數，介電常量，電容率dielectric polarization 電介質極化dielectric strength 電介質強度differential equation 微分方程differential input voltage 差動輸入電壓diffracted ray 衍射線，繞射線　diffraction 衍射，繞射diffraction grating 衍射光柵，繞射光柵diffuse reflection 漫反射diffusion 擴散，漫射diffusion cloud chamber 擴散雲室digital 數字的digital display 數字顯示digital signal 數字訊號digital-to-analogue conversion 數模轉換dimension 量綱，因次，維，大小dimensional analysis 量綱分析，因次分析diminished 縮小diode 二極管diode probe 二極管微波探測器dioptre 屈光度，焦度dipole 偶極子direct current 直流電direction 方向，方位direction of propagation 傳播方向directly heated cathode 直熱式陰極discharge 放電disintegration 蛻變dislocation 位錯dispersion 色散dispersive power 色散能力，色散本領，色散率displacement 位移，排量displacement can 排水罐displacement-time graph 位移—時間關係線圖dissipative force 耗散力distance 距離distance-time graph 距離—時間關係線圖distortion 失真，扭曲，畸變disturbance 干擾diverge 發散diverging lens 發散透鏡diverging mirror 發散鏡division of amplitude 振幅分割division of wavefront 波陣面分割，波前分割domain 疇，域domestic circuit 家居電路donor 給予體doped semiconductor 摻雜半導體doping 摻雜Doppler broadening 多普勒譜線增寬Doppler effect 多普勒效應Doppler shift 多普勒頻移dosage 劑量dose 劑量dose rate 劑量率double pulley 雙滑輪double refraction 雙折射double slit 雙縫double-pole-double-throw switch 雙刀雙擲開關doublet 雙重線　drag force 阻力，曳力drift velocity 漂移速度driver circuit 驅動電路driver frequency 驅動頻率driving cell 驅動電池driving force 驅動力driving mirror 行車後視鏡dry battery 乾電池組dry cell 乾電池dual trace oscilloscope 雙跡示波器ductile 延性的Dulong-Petit law 杜隆—珀替定律dynamic equilibrium 動態平衡dynamic friction 動摩擦dynamic resistance 動態電阻dynamics 動力學dynamo 發電機Eearth 接地，地線　earthquake waves 地震波ebonite 硬橡膠，硬質膠ebonite rod 硬橡膠棒，硬質膠棒echo 回聲，回波eddy current 渦電流，渦流eddy current damping 渦流阻尼eddy current loss 渦流損耗effective mass 有效質量efficiency 效率effort 施力Einstein's mass-energy relation 愛因斯坦質能關係式elastic collision 彈性碰撞elastic constant 彈性常數，彈性常量elastic deformation 彈性形變elastic hysteresis 彈性滯後elastic limit 彈性極限elastic strain energy 彈性應變能elasticity 彈性electric bell 電鈴electric charge 電荷electric current 電流electric field 電場electric field intensity 電場強度electric field pattern 電場圖形electric fire 電暖爐electric line of force 電力線　electric motor 電動機electric potential 電勢，電位electric power 電功率electric shock 電震electrical appliance 電器electrical conductivity 導電率electrical energy 電能electrical oscillation 電振盪electrical potential energy 電勢能，電位能electrical resonance 電共振electricity 電，電學electrode 電極electrolysis 電解electrolyte 電解質electrolytic 電解質的，電解的electrolytic capacitor 電解質電容器electromagnet 電磁鐵，電磁體electromagnetic coil 電磁感應圈electromagnetic contact 電磁觸點electromagnetic force 電磁力electromagnetic induction 電磁感應electromagnetic moment 電磁矩electromagnetic oscillation 電磁振盪electromagnetic radiation 電磁輻射electromagnetic spectrum 電磁波譜electromagnetic wave 電磁波electromagnetism 電磁學electrometer 靜電計electromotive force 電動勢electron 電子electron beam 電子束electron cloud 電子雲electron diffraction 電子衍射，電子繞射electron drift 電子漂移electron energy level 電子能級electron gun 電子槍electron transition 電子躍遷electron tube 電子管electron-volt 電子伏特，電子伏electronics 電子學electrophorus 起電盤electroscope 驗電器electrostatic bond 靜電鍵electrostatic field apparatus 靜電場儀器electrostatic precipitation 靜電沉澱法electrostatics 靜電學element 元素，元件elliptic orbit 橢圓軌道elongation 伸長度emergent ray 出射線　emission 發射emission line 發射譜線　emission spectrum 發射光譜，發射譜emissivity 發射率，比輻射率emit 發射emitter 發射極，射極emitter current 發射極電流，射極電流enamelled wire 漆包線　encode 編碼encoder 編碼器end-correction 端部修正，管口校正量end-on collision 同向碰撞，尾追碰撞energetic particle 高能粒子energy 能量，能energy band 能帶energy conversion 能量轉換energy conversion efficiency 能量轉換效率energy input 能量輸入energy level 能級energy output 能量輸出energy transfer 能量轉移enriched uranium 濃縮鈾equation of continuity 連續性方程equation of state 物態方程equation of uniformly accelerated motion 勻加速運動方程equatorial orbit 赤道軌道equilibrium 平衡equilibrium condition 平衡條件equilibrium spacing 平衡間距equipartition of energy 能量均分equipotential 等勢的，等位的equipotential line 等勢線，等位線　equipotential surface 等勢面，等位面equivalent capacitance 等效電容equivalent inductance 等效電感equivalent resistance 等效電阻erect 正立escape velocity 逃逸速度ether 以太，醚evacuation 抽成真空evaporation 蒸發excess pressure 超壓，逾電壓excitation 激發excitation energy 激發能excitation potential 激發電勢，激發電位excitation voltage 激發電壓excited 受激excited energy level 受激能級excited state 受激態expansion 膨脹expansivity 膨脹係數，膨脹率exponential change 指數式改變exponential decay 指數式衰變exposure 曝光量，照射extension 伸長external force 外力external work 外功extra high tension 超高電壓extra-nuclear structure 核外結構extraordinary ray 非常光線　extrapolation 外推，外推法extrinsic semiconductor 含雜質半導體eyepiece 接目鏡，目鏡Ff-number f數，光圈數f-stop f制光圈far point 遠點farad 法拉Faraday constant 法拉第常數，法拉第常量Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction 法拉第電磁感應定律fast breeder reactor 快中子增殖反應堆feedback 反饋feedback amplifier 反饋放大器feedback resistance 反饋電阻ferromagnetic substance 鐵磁性物質ferromagnetism 鐵磁性fictitious force 假力，偽力fidelity 保真性，保真度field coil 場線圈field effect transistor 場效應晶體管field intensity 場強field lines 場力線　field magnet 場磁鐵，場磁體field of view 視場，視野field strength 場強figure of merit 優值，靈敏值filament 燈絲，絲極filter capacitor 濾波電容器filter circuit 濾波電路filter pump 濾泵final state 終態，末態final velocity 末速度fine-adjustment 微調，細調fire alarm 火警警報器，火警鐘first law of thermodynamics 熱力學第一定律first order spectrum 第一級光譜，第一級譜fission 裂變fission reactor 裂變反應堆fixed point 定點fixed pulley 定滑輪fixed resistor 定值電阻器flat coil 扁平線圈flat solenoid 扁平螺線管flat-bottomed flask 平底燒瓶Fleming's left hand rule 弗林明左手定則Fleming's right hand rule 弗林明右手定則floating body 浮體fluid 流體fluid dynamics 流體動力學fluorescence 螢光fluorescent screen 螢光屏，螢光幕flux 通量flux density 通量密度fly-back 回掃flywheel 飛輪focal length 焦距focal plane 焦平面focus 焦點，聚焦，對焦focus control 聚焦控制follower circuit 跟隨電路foot pump 腳踏泵force 力force constant 力常數，力常量force polygon 力多邊形force resolution 力的分解force triangle 力三角形force-extension curve 施力—伸長關係曲線　forced oscillation 受迫振盪former 框forward biased 正向偏壓forward current 正向電流fossil fuel 化石燃料Foucault's rotating mirror method 傅科旋轉鏡法frame of reference 參考座標系，參考系Franck-Hertz experiment 弗蘭克—赫茲實驗Fraunhofer diffraction 夫琅和費衍射，夫琅和費繞射Fraunhofer lines 夫琅和費譜線　free electron 自由電子free fall 自由下墜，自由下落free falling body 自由落體free oscillation 自由振盪free path 自由程free space 自由空間freeze 凝固freezing point 凝固點freon 氟利昂，二氯二氟甲烷frequency 頻率frequency modulation 調頻，頻率調制frequency response 頻率響應Fresnel diffraction 菲涅耳衍射，菲涅耳繞射Fresnel's biprism 菲涅耳雙稜鏡friction 摩擦，摩擦力friction compensated 補償摩擦作用frictionless motion 無摩擦運動fringe 條紋fringe pattern 條紋圖形fuel rod 燃料棒fulcrum 支點full adder 全加法器full-scale deflection 滿標偏轉full-wave rectification 全波整流full-wave rectifier 全波整流器fundamental frequency 基頻fundamental mode of vibration 基諧振動模式fundamental note 基音fundamental quantity 基本量fundamental unit 基本單位fuse 保險絲fuse rating 保險絲額定值fusion 熔解，聚變fusion point 熔點fusion reactor 聚變反應堆GG - clamp G-形鉗gain 增益gain control 增益控制galaxy 星系Galilean telescope 伽利略望遠鏡Galileo's thought experiment 伽利略假想實驗galvanometer 電流計，檢流計gamma radiation 伽瑪輻射gamma ray 伽瑪射線　gap 隙gas 氣，氣體gas pressure 氣體強壓，氣壓gaseous phase 氣相gaseous state 氣態gauge 規，計Gauss theorem 高斯定理Geiger counter 蓋革計數器Geiger-Marsden scattering experiment 蓋革—馬斯登散射實驗Geiger-Muller counter 蓋革—彌勒計數器Geiger-Muller tube 蓋革—彌勒管general gas equation 普適氣體方程general gas law 普適氣體定律generator 發電機genetic effect 遺傳效應geometrical optics 幾何光學germanium 鍺ghost effect 疊影效應glancing angle 掠射角glass fibre 玻璃纖維glycerine 甘油gold foil 金箔fold leaf electroscope 金箔驗電器gradient 斜率，梯度graduated cylinder 量筒Graham's law of diffusion 格拉哈姆散定律grain 粒，晶粒gramophone record 唱片，唱碟graph 圖，線圖，圖表graphical method 圖解法grating 光柵grating spectrometer 光柵光譜儀，光柵分光計gravitational acceleration 重力加速度gravitational attraction 引力，重力gravitational constant 引力常數，引力常量gravitational field 引力場，重力場gravitational force 引力，重力gravitational mass 引力質量gravitational potential 引力勢，重力勢gravitational potential difference 引力勢差，重力勢差gravitational potential energy 引力勢能，重力勢能gravity 重力grazing incidence 掠入射，切入射greenhouse effect 溫室效應grid 柵極grid control 柵極控制grid system 電力網groove 紋道，針槽，開槽ground 接地ground state 基態guinea and feather experiment 「硬幣與羽毛」實驗Hhair spring 游絲half adder 半加法器half-life 半衰期half-silvered mirror 半鍍銀鏡half-wave rectification 半波整流half-wave rectifier 半波整流器Hall effect 霍耳效應Hall probe 霍耳探測器Hall voltage 霍耳電壓hand stroboscope 手動式頻閃觀測器harmonic 諧音harmonic motion 諧運動harmonic oscillation 諧振盪head-on collision 對正碰撞，正碰heat 熱，熱量，加熱，熱學heat absorbent 吸熱劑heat absorber 吸熱器heat absorption 吸熱，熱吸收heat capacity 熱容量heat conduction 熱傳導heat exchange 熱交換heat flow 熱流heat gain 熱增益，得熱heat insulation 熱絕緣，隔熱heat loss 熱損耗，失熱heat proof 耐熱的，隔熱的heat pump 熱泵heat radiation 熱輻射heat reservoir 熱庫，儲熱器heat sink 熱壑heat transfer 熱傳遞，熱轉移heater 發熱器，加熱器heating effect 熱效應heating element 發熱元件Helmholtz coils 亥姆霍茲線圈henry 亨利，亨hertz 赫茲，赫high dispersion prism 高色散稜鏡high tension 高電壓hole 空穴，空子hollow plastic lens 空心塑料透鏡hollow plastic prism 空心塑料稜鏡hologram 全息圖holography 全息術，全息學Hooke's law 虎克定律horizontal 水平horizontal component 水平分量horizontal deflection 水平偏轉horseshoe magnet 蹄形磁鐵hot cathode 熱陰極hour 小時Huygens' principle 惠更斯原理hydraulic press 水壓機hydroelectric power 水力發電hydrogen bomb 氫彈hygrometer 濕度計hyperbolic orbit 雙曲線軌道hypodermic needle 皮下注射針頭hypodermic syringe 皮下注射針筒hypothesis 假說，假設hysteresis 滯後現象Iideal gas 理想氣體ideal gas equation 理想氣體方程ideal gas temperature scale 理想氣體溫標ideal machine 理想機械illuminate 照明，照亮image 像image distance 像距immerse 浸沒immersion heater 浸沒式電熱器impact 碰撞impedance 阻抗impulse 衝量impurity 雜質in focus 焦點對準in parallel 並聯in phase 同相in series 串聯incident ray 入射線　incident wavefront 入射波陣面，入射波前inclined plane 斜面incoherent 不相干的incompressible fluid 非壓縮性流體indicator 指示器indirectly heated cathode 旁熱式陰極induced charge 感生電荷induced current 感生電流induced e.m.f. 感生電動勢induced voltage 感生電壓　inducing charge 施感電荷inducing current 施感電流inductance 電感inductance capacitance coupled circuit 感容耦合電路inductance coil 電感線圈induction 感應induction heating 感應生熱inductive circuit 電感電路inductive component 電感性分量inductive reactance 感抗inductor 電感器，感應器inelastic collision 非彈性碰撞inert gas 惰性氣體inertia 慣性，慣量inertia balance 慣性秤inertial frame 慣性座標系，慣性系inertial mass 慣性質量infra-red detector 紅外線探測器infra-red radiation 紅外輻射infra-red ray 紅外線　initial state 初態initial velocity 初速度input 輸入input bias current 輸入偏壓電流input characteristic 輸入特性input current 輸入電流input offset current 輸入補償電流input power 輸入功率input resistance 輸入電阻input voltage 輸入電壓input-output voltage characteristic 輸入—輸出電壓特性instantaneous acceleration 瞬時加速度instantaneous angular velocity 瞬時角速度instantaneous current 瞬時電流instantaneous power 瞬時功率instantaneous speed 瞬時速率instantaneous velocity 瞬時速度instantaneous voltage 瞬時電壓insulation 絕緣insulator 絕緣體integrated circuit 集成電路intensity 強度intensity control 強度控制intensity of current 電流強度interaction 相互作用interatomic force 原子間力interatomic potential 原子間勢，原子間位interatomic separation 原子間距intercept 截距，截段interconversion 互換interference 干涉interference pattern 干涉圖形internal energy 內能internal force 內力internal resistance 內電阻internal work 內功international system of units 國際單位制，公制，十進制interval 間隔intrinsic semiconductor 純半導體，本徵半導體inverse-square law 平方反比定律inverted 倒立的inverter 反相器，倒換器inverting input 反相輸入ion 離子ion-pair 離子偶，離子對ionic bond 離子鍵ionic structure 離子結構ionization 電離作用ionization chamber 電離室ionization current 電離電流ionization energy 電離能ionization potential 電離電勢，電離電位ionization voltage 電離電壓ionize 電離ionized atom 離子ionized layer 電離層ionizing power 致電離能力，致電離本領ionizing radiation 致電離輻射ionosphere 電離層iris 虹膜，可變光闌iron core 鐵心iron filings 鐵粉irreversible process 不可逆過程isobar 等壓線，同質異序素isobaric expansion 等壓膨脹isobaric process 等壓過程isochronous oscillation 等時振盪isotherm 等溫線　isothermal process 等溫過程isotope 同位素isovolumetric process 等容過程JJaegers method 耶格法jet propulsion 噴氣推進jockey 滑動觸頭joule 焦耳joulemeter 焦耳計junction 連接，接頭junction diode 面結型二極管junction transistor 面結型晶體管KKaleidoscope 萬花筒Kelvin 開爾文，開Kelvin temperature scale 開氏溫標Kepler's law 開普勒定律key 電鍵kilogram 千克kilowatt 千瓦特，千瓦kilowatt-hour 千瓦小時，千瓦時kilowatt-hour meter 電錶，千瓦時計kinematics 運動學kinetic energy 動能kinetic friction 動摩擦kinetic theory 分子運動論kinetic theory model 分子運動模型kinetic theory of gases 氣體分子運動論Kirchhoff's law 基爾霍夫定律kit 套件knife-edge 刃形支承，刀刃，刀邊kryton 氪Kundt's tube 孔脫管Llagging 保溫套laminar flow 層流laminated 分層的，疊片的laser 激光，激光器laser beam 激光束laser material 激光材料latch 閂鎖latent heat 潛熱lateral 橫向，側向，旁向lateral inversion 橫向倒置lateral magnification 橫向放大，橫向放大率lateral search coil 橫向探察線圈lattice 點陣，晶格lattice spacing 點陣間隔，點陣間距law 定律law of conservation of momentum 動量守恒定律law of reflection 反射定律law of refraction 折射定律lead 導線，鉛lead-acid accumulator 鉛酸蓄電池leakage current 漏泄電流least distance of distinct vision 最小明視距離Leclanche cell 勒克朗謝電池length 長度lens 透鏡，晶體，晶狀體lens formula 透鏡公式lens holder 透鏡座lens marker's formula 透鏡製造者公式Lenz's law 楞次定律leukaemia 白血病lever 槓桿light 光，光學light beam 光束，光柱light dependent resistor 光敏電阻器light emitting diode 發光二極管light guide 光導light pipe 光導管light ray 光線　light sensitive resistor 光敏電阻器light source 光源lightning 閃電lightning conductor 避雷針limiting angle 極限角。

小学上册第15次英语第六单元暑期作业

小学上册英语第六单元暑期作业英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.She has a ___ (bright/dim) flashlight.2.I have a collection of ______ (硬币) from around the world. They are very ______ (特别).3.The __________ is a large desert in Australia. (吉利亚沙漠)4.My sister loves to care for her ______ (小鸟).5. A goat can climb steep ________________ (悬崖).6.My aunt is a great ____ (chef) and makes amazing food.7.What is the process of a caterpillar becoming a butterfly called?A. MetamorphosisB. EvolutionC. AdaptationD. MigrationA8.The ____ makes a croaking sound and is often found near water.9.The chemical formula for potassium iodide is __________.10.The _____ (老虎) has beautiful stripes on its fur.11.What is the opposite of happy?A. SadB. AngryC. ExcitedD. TiredA12.Which holiday is celebrated on December 25th?A. ThanksgivingB. HalloweenC. ChristmasD. Easter13.What is the name of the famous clock tower in London?A. Elizabeth TowerB. Big BenC. Tower BridgeD. London BridgeB14.The ________ is very useful.15.We go _____ (hiking) in the mountains.16.My brother is my silly _______ who always knows how to make me laugh.17.My favorite character from a book is ______.18.My ________ (堂姐) loves to read books.19.What is the boiling point of water?A. 100 degrees CelsiusB. 50 degrees CelsiusC. 0 degrees CelsiusD. 25 degrees CelsiusA20. A shark is a powerful ________________ (捕食者).21.Which animal is known as a symbol of peace?A. DoveB. EagleC. HawkD. Owl22. A goat's horns can be sharp and ______ (危险).23.What is the capital of Portugal?A. LisbonB. MadridC. RomeD. ParisA24.The ________ hops around and explores.25.Electrons are found in the ________ of an atom.26.The _______ (小袋熊) likes to dig in the ground.27.Which of these is NOT a primary color?A. RedB. BlueC. GreenD. Yellow28.An atom is the smallest unit of ______.29.Which animal is known for having a long neck?A. LionB. GiraffeC. RhinoD. Hippo30.The ______ (猴子) is very playful and curious.31. Depression led to widespread ________ (失业). The Grea32.My cousin is a talented ____ (dancer).33.What do we call a person who studies geology?A. GeologistB. ArchaeologistC. BiologistD. Chemist34. A _______ (小水獺) plays in the river.35.It’s nice to have a __________ breeze on a hot day. (凉爽的)36.I need to clean my ________.37.The __________ (历史的多样性体现) enhance dialogue.38.The ______ (组织) in plants helps with nutrient transport.39. A mole is a unit that measures the amount of ______.40. A saturated solution can be made by adding more ______.41. A ______ (花园) can be a great hobby.42.I see a tall __ in the park. (tree)43.The ancient city of __________ (亚特兰蒂斯) is a legendary lost civilization.44.The cookies are ___. (baking)45.What is the capital city of Sweden?A. StockholmB. OsloC. CopenhagenD. HelsinkiA46.What is the process of making a plant grow faster using special methods?A. PlantingB. IrrigationC. FertilizationD. HarvestingC47.My neighbor is a ______. He grows vegetables in his garden.48.How many rings does Saturn have?A. 1B. 3C. 7D. 949.The primary component of natural gas is ______.50.The chemical formula for calcium carbonate is ______.51. A ____(food security) ensures access to sufficient food.52.The ________ (海洋探险) unveils new species.53.What is the capital city of Papua New Guinea?A. Port MoresbyB. LaeC. Mount HagenD. Madang54.The ____ is often found in trees, singing sweetly.55.What is the color of an emerald?A. RedB. BlueC. GreenD. YellowC56.What do you call a person who writes books?A. NovelistB. EditorC. PublisherD. Librarian57.I like to ________ in the summer.58.The _____ (car/bike) is red.59.What do we call the force that keeps planets in orbit around the sun?A. MagnetismB. GravityC. FrictionD. Energy60.The bat uses its _______ (回声定位) to navigate.61.The _____ (cup/plate) is on the table.62.The dog is ___ its tail. (wagging)63.My brother loves to read ____.64.We _______ (喜欢) to watch movies together.65.What is 2 + 3?A. 4B. 5C. 6D. 7B 566.I want to be an ________ (艺术家).67.The _______ can enhance the beauty of any space.68.What do you call the art of folding paper into shapes?A. PaintingB. OrigamiC. SculptingD. DrawingB69.The center of the sun is extremely ______.70.I want to learn how to play the ________ (小号). It sounds very ________ (美妙).71.What is 60 + 40?A. 90B. 100C. 110D. 120B72.We enjoy ______ in the winter. (skiing)73.I like to color pictures of _____.74.What is the name of the famous volcano in Italy?A. Mount St. HelensB. VesuviusC. FujiD. Kilimanjaro75.How many days are in a week?A. FiveB. SixC. SevenD. Eight76.I love to _______ with my dog.77.The process of making ice cream involves ______.78.The ________ (生态保护区) serves as a refuge.79.ssippi River flows through ________ (密西西比河流经________). The Napo80. A ______ is a geological formation consisting of large rocks.81.I want to ___ (eat/drink) some water.82. A ________ (蛇) slithers on the ground and can be quite sneaky.83.I like to build ______ with blocks.84.What is the common name for a feline pet?A. DogB. CatC. RabbitD. Guinea PigB85.What is the name of the famous British author who wrote "1984"?A. J.K. RowlingB. George OrwellC. J.R.R. TolkienD. Agatha Christie86.The man is very ________.87.What is the name of the famous music festival held in the USA?A. CoachellaB. GlastonburyC. LollapaloozaD. BonnarooA88.What is 50 20?A. 30B. 25C. 20D. 15A89. A _______ can measure the temperature of water in a container.90.The _______ can help you feel connected to nature.91. A ____(community needs assessment) identifies gaps in services.92.What is the name of the famous English playwright?A. Charles DickensB. J.K. RowlingC. William ShakespeareD. Mark TwainC93.I enjoy ______ (与朋友一起) participating in competitions.94.What is the term for a baby chicken?A. DucklingB. ChickC. GoslingD. CalfB Chick95.The _____ (海洋) is home to many creatures.96.What is the capital of Vietnam?A. HanoiB. Ho Chi Minh CityC. Da NangD. Hue97.What is the name of the famous superhero who wears a mask and fights crime?A. BatmanB. Spider-ManC. Iron ManD. The FlashA98.What do you call the person who teaches you at school?A. DoctorB. TeacherC. ChefD. ArtistB99.The __________ (季节) changes affect plant life.100.What type of animal is a frog?A. MammalB. ReptileC. AmphibianD. FishC。

2013英语职称考试押题卷阅读翻译2(理工A)_天一

Fermi Problem在七月的一个星期一的早上，在新墨西哥沙漠世界上第一颗原子弹爆炸了。

40秒后，振动波到达了意大利裔美国物理学家Enrico Fermi和他的团队的营地。

经过计算后，Fermi向他的团队宣布，这次爆炸的威力相当于1万吨炸药。

团队的人都很激动，但对这一结果都不惊奇。

Fermi的才智在科学界是众所周知的，1938年他就获得了诺贝尔奖。

4年后，他第一个发现了核链锁反应，把我们带入了核时代。

自从Fermi于1954年去世后，没有那个科学家既是一位精通的实验主义者又是一位领先的理论家。

与所有大师一样，Fermi有自己独特的风格。

他喜欢用最直接的方式找到问题的答案，并非常善于将复杂问题分成若干容易解决的小问题。

这是一个技巧，我们可以应用在日常生活中。

为了让他的学生学习这个技巧方法，Fermi会给他们提出一种类型的问题，就是现在被称为的Fermi问题。

Fermi问题就是那种你一听上去好像不可能会得到答案，但你又能利用很少的知识得到答案的问题。

如果当你把问题分成一些小问题，不用借助任何专业人员或书籍，每个小问题都能得到回答时，那你离正确答案会越来越近。

假设你想在不查阅资料的情况下确定出地球的周长。

每个人都知道纽约与洛杉矶相距大约三千英里，而且时差为三个小时。

三小时是一天的八分之一，而地球自转一周用一天时间。

那么，地球周长是三千英里乘以八，也就是两万四千英里，这与真实的答案24902.45英里有一定的误差，但误差小于百分之四。

总之，Fermi处理日常问题方法的价值在于鼓励人们独立的发现和发明。

无论这个发现是否与计算原子弹威力那样重要，还是确定纽约和洛杉矶的相距距离那么小的发现，查阅答案或是让其他人发现答案，都会剥夺你拥有创造力时的快乐和骄傲，并且还会使你失去实验所带给你的自信。

因此，像Fermi问题那样解决个人困境的思维一旦成为习惯，就会使你的生活丰富多彩。

Touring the Antarctic Brings Danger1. 乘轮船去南极旅游呈上升趋势，今年春天和夏天，三万五千多名游客会去南极旅游。

GRE 近义词分组

rigorous, strict, harsh, stringent, severe, rigid vast, enormous, immense, massive, huge, sizable, bulky, mammoth, tremendous, colossal, gigantic flourish, blossom, boom, thrive, prosper abundant, plentiful, affluent ，copious, profuse, ample, sporadic, patchy, spotty, erratic, occasional, infrequent, intermittent, irregular, uneven emerge, crop up, appear, arise, loom, spring up, in proximity to, adjacent, adjoining, immediate, close to, in the vicinity of vital, essential, rudimentary, indispensable, fundamental, necessary, critical, crucial, underlying, integral, mandatory, compulsory extant, existent, existing, surviving intact, sound, undamaged, unimpaired, uninjured versatile, flexible, adaptable devise, create, make up, contrive, invent hence, consequently, therefore, thus, accordingly, as a result property, estate, asset replenish, furnish, provide, renew, refill vigorous, brisk, robust, active, sturdy, tough astute, sharp, shrewd collaborate, cooperate domestic, home, household fluctuation, variation, transformation, alternation, variance, conversion inevitable, unavoidable, inescapable toxic, poisonous, toxicant extend, range, reach, stretch, spread consequence, outcome, ramification, result, effect immoral, corrupt, improper appreciable, discernible, considerable, significant, important, remarkable, notable, outstanding, prominent, noticeable, substantial, noteworthy, distinguished, eminentarid, sterile, dry barren, configuration, arrangement, structure, conformation advent, emergence, appearance, arrival manifest, obvious, evident, apparent, pronounced, clear, unambiguous, lucid, unquestionable, plain, distinct match, equal preeminent, foremost, prized, outstanding, supreme assertion, declaration, strong statement, ancient, primeval , primitive, archaic, prehistoric, antique simultaneously, concurrently, at the same time barrier, block, hindrance, constraint, impediment, obstacle, restriction, limitation

汽车专业英文[1]

汽车生产专业英文(基础篇)目录壹、常用专业单字篇一、人员组织 2二、设备与维护 4三、物流相关8四、质量相关9五、工作方法17六、零件部品23七、管理30八、安全卫生33九、其它34贰、现场短句篇40参、旅游英语篇一、机上53二、入境检查54三、机场服务55四、旅馆56五、用餐57六、购物58壹、常用专业单字篇一、人员组织1 assembly section 装配课2 body section 车身课3 door less 装门班4 finial line 后装线5 maintenance section 维护课6 painting section 涂装课7 press section 冲压课8 trim line 舣装线9 affiliated company 关系企业10 American Society of Mechanical Engineering美国机械工程学会(ASME)11 American Standard Association(ASA) 美国标准协会12 assembly line 组立线13 China Motor Corporation(CMC) 中华汽车14 cooperating company 协力厂15 Environmental Production Administration环保署(EPA)16 high line (H/L) 高架线17 improvement group 改善班18 metal repair 钣修19 Mitsubishi Motor Corporation(MMC) 三菱汽车20 mixing room 调漆间21 Office 办公室22 painted, body, storage (PBS) 车身涂装完成品存放区23 painting line 涂装线24 plant / factory 工厂25 production engineering dept. 技术部26 production main line 生产主线27 production sub line 生产副线28 site / shop / line / side 现场29 small repair line 小修线30 spray booth 喷漆室31 vendor / sub-contractor 协力厂32 welding line 熔组线33 work center (CNT) 站别34 workshop / workplace 工作场所35 Machine A Painting 上涂自动机第二站简称36 advisor(ADV) 指导者(技师)37 Employees 员工/ 从业员38 foreman / supervisor 组长39 general manager 经理40 Inspector 检查员41 operator worker 作业员42 section manager 课长43 sub contractor / supplier 供货商44 sub foreman 副组长45 Supervisor 监督者/ 组长46 Worker 工作者47 human resource account (HRA) 人力资源会计48 human resource development (HRD) 人力资源发展49 human resource information system (HRIS) 人力资源信息系统50 human resource management (HRM) 人力资源管理51 human resource planning (HRP) 人力资源规划52 staffing rules 人力编制53 on-the-job training (OJT) 工作岗位训练55 practical training 实习56 Proficiency 熟练度57 Teach 教导58 Technique 技术59 Training 教育训练60 training evaluation 训练评鉴61 Versatility 多能化二、设备与维护62 3rd line system 涂料循环系统第三线系统63 4 wheel-drive steering(4WS) 四轮转向机构64 air conditioner(A/C) 空调65 ampere current value 电流值66 assembly line control system (ALCS) 装配线控制系统67 auto pallet change (APC) 自动梭台交换(装置)68 auto tool change (ATC) 自动刀具交换(装置)69 back pressure regulator 背压阀70 base 底座71 central processing unit(CPU) 中央处理方式72 chip conveyor 切屑运送带73 code machine 打刻机74 conveyor (C/V) 输送带75 automatic feeder 自动投料机76 diamond 钻石刀片77 die model (D/M) 石膏模78 dresser 研磨机79 drill 钻头80 drop lifter 升降机81 dummy gun 半自动枪82 electronic controlled unit (ECU) 电子控制装置83 equipment 设备84 fan 风扇85 filter 过滤器86 free roller 无动力滚轮输送带87 front pressure regulator 调压阀88 grease painting machine 补胶机89 gun mount regulator 喷枪前流量调整器90 hanger 行架91 heat exchanger 热交换器92 hoist 吊车93 jig 夹治具94 labor saving jig 省力治具95 lamp 日光灯96 lathe 车床97 machine 机器98 Machining Center (M/C) 切削中心机(综合加工机)99 mash welder 熔接点焊枪100 nut runner (N.R.) 螺帽装配机101 oven 烤炉102 over head conveyor 顶部输送带103 over head conveyor (O.H.C) 高架运输机104 panel 控制盘105 power roller 滚轮输送带106 reverse jig 翻转治具107 Robot 机械手108 shuttle conveyor 梭动机109 spot welding control timer (Timer) 点焊熔机控制器110 time controller (Timer) 调整器111 torch 枪咀112 track 轨道113 transformer 变压器114 transport machine 搬送机115 traverse 移载台车116 trolley 滑轮117 turn-table (TT) 旋转台车118 ultra filtration 超过滤器119 weld transformer (Trans) 焊接变压器120 work traverse 作业台车121 jig and tools 治具/ 工具122 model 模具123 air circuit air回路124 air pressure 空压125 body assembly jig / weld jig 溶组治具126 common jig 共享治具127 cooling jig 冷却治具128 timer 定时器129 electrode 电极130 electrode tip 电极头131 file 锉刀132 hammer & screw driver 榔头及螺丝起子133 independent switch 独立开关134 inspection jig 检具135 jig for single model 单机种治具136 leveler 水平器137 limit switch 极限开关138 magazine 储刀仓139 material handling 手持治具140 measuring apparatus 测量器具141 miller 铣刀142 milling machine 磨床143 oxygen cylinder 氧气瓶144 photo sensor 光电管145 position equipment 定位装置146 position pin 定位pin147 pulley 滑轮148 scale 卷尺149 special tool 专用工具/ 特殊工具150 taper 锥度151 tool 刀具152 transit 精纬仪153 weld jig 熔组治具154 welding gun 点焊枪155 working table 工作台156 alternating current 交流电157 arise source 发生源158 seriouse breakdown explain 重大故障说明159 billboard 广告牌160 brake down failure 故障161 breakdown biographic 故障履历162 breakdown countermeasure 故障对策163 transient stop running 短暂停机164 contract check 合同点检165 demonstrate machine 示范机台166 difficult place 困难个所167 dirt 污垢168 branch 分科会169 economize energy 节约能源170 on job training branch 教育训练支柱(分科会) 171 Effect conform 效果确认172 electric current 电流值173 electric equipment box 电器箱174 electric part 电器组件175 electrical system 电气系统176 eliminate old for new 汰旧换新177 emergence change 紧急应变178 retain consultant 聘请顾问179 equipment disorder 设备故障180 initial phase control system for new products andequipment branch开发管理支柱(分科会) 181 failure mode & effects analysis (F.M.E.A) 故障模式效应分析182 final check 终业点检183 frequency 频率184 function plant rate 性能稼动律185 grounding (earth) 短路186 autonomous maintenance branch 自主保全支柱(分科会)187 administration and support unit efficiency improvement branch 间接部门效率化支柱(分科会)188 individual improvement branch 个别改善支柱(分科会) 189 initial stage clean 初期清扫190 life-cycle of usage 使用寿命191 line-off time 停线时间192 maintenance system 维护体系193 maintenance 维护保养194 planning maintenance 计划保全195 mean time between failure (MTBF) 平均故障间隔时间196 mean time to repair (MTTR) 平均故障休复时间197 middle check 中间点检198 one point lesson (OPL) 单一重要点学习法199 out of work 失效200 planned maitenance branch 计划保全支柱(分科会) 201 potential drop 电压低下202 power 动力203 Prevention Maintenance (PM) 预防保养204 quality maintenance branch 品质保全支柱(分科会) 205 regular maintenance 定期保养206 residual problem 残留问题207 responsibility unit 责任单位208 restore time 复原时间209 routine maintenance 日常保养210 rush to repair 抢修211 Industrial safety, health and environment安全卫生支柱(分科会) management branch212 short breakdown 故障缩短213 similar equipment 类似设备214 stage achievement publish 阶段成果发表215 start chart 状况图216 start check 始业点检217 subject select 主题选定218 tentative standard 暂定基准219 test run 试车220 time plant rate 时间稼动律221 Total Productivity Maintenance (TPM) 全员参与生产保养222 trouble / breakdown 故障223 utilization of waste 废物利用224 valid use 有效利用225 voltage 电压226 warm up into practice 暖机实施227 wire diameter 线径三、物流相关228 area 面积229 first in first out 先进先出230 sandpaper 砂纸231 color parts list (CPL) 颜色零件清册232 inventories check / inventory 盘点233 inventory control 存货控制234 packing & forwarding charge (P/F) 捆包及作业费235 packing list (P/L) 装箱单236 part NO. 件号237 production, parts, list(PPL) 生产零件清册238 replenishing / refilling / supply 补给239 semi-finished / half-finished 半完成品240 stock 存货241 synchronized 序列242 synchronized delivery 序列纳入243 table lifter 升降机244 unpack 拆包装245 work in process (WIP) 在制品246 material plate / plate 料架247 Pallet 料架248 raw material 原料249 warehouse 仓库四、质量相关250 Abnormal 异常251 acceptable quality level 允收水平252 Acceptance 合格253 acceptance inspection 检收254 Accuracy 精度255 accuracy control 精度管理256 air tight 气密257 albino 白化258 appearance of film 外观质量259 available scrap 可再利用之废料260 base coat COB上涂之底色涂装261 black out 黑涂262 bleeding 异色263 bottoming marker 成型到底记号264 burr 毛边265 buttocks line B.L266 capillary 毛细管原理267 carbonized depth 渗碳深度268 cause & effect diagram 因果图269 cause & effect relationship 因果关系270 chamfering 倒角271 check list 检查一览表272 check sheet 检查表273 checking / inspection 检查274 diffluence 分流275 clearance / gap 间隙276 clearance over standard 间隙过大277 clearance under standard 间隙过小278 clouding 失光（光泽不良）279 color matching 色差280 color primer 有色中涂281 complete knock down CKD282 compound zone 化合物层283 concave 凹284 condition / situation 状态285 condition of quality 质量状况286 conduct electricity is bad / poor 导电不良287 confirmation 确认288 confirmation by actual parts fitting 现合289 conforming article 良品290 connect failure 接触不良291 consumer goods 消耗品292 continually follow up 持续追踪293 convex 凸294 core hardness 心部硬度295 countermeasure draft 对策拟定296 olesome 油点（凹陷）297 creak 裂298 criterion 判定基准299 criticize 指摘(挑问题点) 300 cylinder block broken (出怪手) 汽缸体破裂301 damping 避震,减震302 defect 缺点303 defective parts 不良品304 defective rate 不良率305 deformation 变形306 degradation 品质低下307 dent & hump 凹凸308 destructive inspection 破坏检查309 deviation / parallax 偏310 die change over 型交换311 die construction (structure) 构造312 die maintenance & repair 型改修313 diffusion zone 扩散层314 dimensions 尺寸315 dirties / spits 粒物316 dispersion 变异317 distortion 变形318 durability 耐久性319 effective carbonized depth 有效渗碳深度320 endurance test 耐久test321 errors / mistake 误差/ 错误322 examine / investigate 调查323 external appearance 外观324 fatigue limit 疲劳限度325 fats 脂肪326 final inspection 最终检查327 finished good 完成品328 finishing 最终整修329 flush lap 重迭搭合330 foreign particle 异物331 full annealing 完全退火332 galling 模具成型拉伤333 gauge 检具334 go And not go standard (MASTER) 限度样板335 go or not go standard 限度样本336 grain size 结晶粒度337 grasp force not enough 挟持力不够338 grease 油脂339 grinding crack 研磨电裂340 groove 开口槽341 hardness 硬度342 heat affected area 热影响区343 heat deformation 热变形344 heat radiation 辐射热345 heat strain 受热的凹凸346 heavy metals 重金属347 height gauge 高度规348 high quality 高质量349 hole 孔350 horizontal 水平351 importance(critical) parts 重要部品352 inching 寸动353 income quality checker (I.Q.C) 进料检验员354 incoming part bad 来件不良355 incomplete welded spot 打点脱焊356 indentation 凹357 inferior quality 品质不良358 infixed position 未定位359 initial sample inspection report (ISIR) 初期样件检查报告360 in-process quality 工程内质量361 inspect 检验362 inspection item 检查项目363 insulation 吸音,隔音墙364 interference 干涉365 intermittent (INT) 间歇366 irregular shape hole 异形孔367 joggle 板件上为搭接而制作的小段差368 joint structure 结合构造369 knock down KD370 leak cryogen 漏冷煤371 leakage / leaking 漏水,泄漏372 let tolerance percent defective (LTPD) 拒收水平373 license 许可,执照374 liquids 液相线375 lower center line (LCL) 管制下限376 magnetic field 磁场377 magnetic tape (M/T) 磁带378 make glue up bad 补胶不良379 manual repair 手修改380 marking PIN 划线PIN381 mechanical strength 强度382 melting point 熔点383 metal finishing 最终整修384 micro structure 显微镜组织(金相) 385 necking 颈缩386 nitriding depth 氮化深度387 noise 异音,杂音388 nominal diameter 公称直径389 none volatile 不挥发份（固形份）390 normalizing 正常化391 notching 切口392 nugget size 溶接径393 off-tool sample 手制作样品394 oil leakage 油污395 operation accuracy study 作业精度调查396 orange peel (O.P) 橘子皮397 out-going inspection 出荷检查398 over quality 过剩品质399 overcharge 过度充电400 overflow 溢流401 peeling 脱落402 phase diagram 状态图403 pinhole 针孔404 place 处所,位置405 porosity 多孔性406 pre-heating 预热407 prevent 防止408 prevention of recurrence 再发防止409 preventive strategy 预防对策410 problem 问题点411 product profile list (PPL) 装置示样表412 qualified rate 合格率413 quality agreement 品质协议414 quality assurance 质量保证415 quality audit 品质稽核416 quality control 质量控制417 quality improvement 品质向上418 quality awareness 质量意识(观念) 419 quality standard 质量标准420 standard sample 样件421 quality survey 质量调查422 quality target 质量目标423 quenching crack 淬裂424 Q-Ultra Violet (QUV) 抗紫外线(试验) 425 receiving inspection 受入检查426 recurrence 再发427 reducing flame 还原火焰428 reference plant 基准面429 reference point 基准点430 rejection 不合格431 reliability 可靠性/ 依赖性432 repair 修理433 shaping 整形434 rigidity / stiffness 钢性435 rough surface 表面粗糙436 rubber 橡胶,胶垫437 running / sapping 垂流438 rust 锈439 safety parts 保安零件440 sagging 垂漆441 Salt Spray Test(S.S.T) 盐水喷雾验442 sample 样本,样件443 sanding 研磨444 scrap harm 刮伤445 screw driver check 起子试验446 screw too tight 螺太紧447 scriber 基准线448 sealent painting 补胶449 second injury 二次伤害450 sheet thickness 钣厚451 sheet-to-sheet fitness 板金搭合452 shifty 滑头453 shrinkage 收缩454 sintering 烧结455 source of occurrence 发生源456 spatter (arc weld) 火花457 specification 规格/ 仕样458 square hole 方形孔459 stability 稳定性460 strength is not enough 强度不足461 stress distortion 变形462 strip a screw 滑牙463 structural Change 组织变化464 Supplier Quality Assurance(S.Q.A) 厂商质量保证465 surface hardness 表面硬度466 surface roughness 表面粗糙度467 surface tension 表面张力468 temperature (TEMP) 温度469 temporary 暂时,临时470 tensile strength 抗拉强度471 terminal dislocation 端子脱出472 Test Chamber Temperature(T.C.T) 实验室温度473 test piece 试验片474 thermal change 热变化475 three-dimensional 三次元476 throwing power ED穿透力477 tip 电极头478 tip diameter tip径479 tip dressing tip研磨480 tip replacing tip更换481 to harden 硬化482 to take care+B531 注意483 toe-in 前束484 torque 扭力485 torque adjustment 扭力调整486 torque not enough 扭力不足487 torque weighting 扭力过磅488 total carbonized depth 全渗碳深度489 total(100%) inspection 全数检查490 transformation 变态491 trial make 试作492 trim steel 剪边刃493 triple lapping 3枚构造494 twisting (TW) 扭曲495 uncertainty 不确定度496 unusual voice 异音497 up-keeping of quality 质量维持498 upper center line (UCL) 管理上限499 venire caliper 游标卡尺500 vertical / perpendicular 垂直501 view 视图502 visual inspection 目视检查503 volatile organic compounds 挥发性有机化合物504 warping 翘曲不平505 water leaks 漏水506 wear out / abrasion 磨耗507 wedge check 起子试验508 weld time 通电时间509 weld conditions 溶接条件510 weld quality 熔接品质511 welding force 加压力512 wetting 湿的513 width 宽度514 wrinkle 皱515 yellowing 变黄性516 zero point two 0.2五、工作方法517 2-time spotting 二次溶接518 50% duty cycle 50%使用率519 action Plan(AP) 行动计划520 adjusting value clearance 捉鸟(台语) 引擎汽门调节521 air blast quenching 冲风淬火522 annealing 退火523 arc weld 电弧焊熔接524 assembly 组装525 assembly operation sheet 工程表/ AOS 526 assembly operation sheet (AOS) 组立工程表527 bending (BD) 弯曲528 blanking (B/L) 下料529 brazing 铜焊530 bright annealing 光辉退火531 bright quenching 光辉淬火532 bright tempering 光辉回火533 burring (BURR) 扩孔534 carbon restoration 复碳535 nitrocarburizing 渗碳氮化536 carbonizing 渗碳537 case annealing 装箱退火538 case hardening 表面硬化539 casting 铸造540 change letter(CL) 图面设变符号541 change tool 换工具542 chromium-plated 镀铬543 co2 arc weld co2焊接544 CO2 weld CO2熔接545 compressed air 压缩空气546 computer aided design (CAD) 计算机辅助设计547 computer aided manufacturing (CAM) 计算机辅助制造548 computer integrated manufacturing (CIM) 计算机整合制造549 computer numerical control (CNC) 计算机数值控制550 construction 施工551 continued 持续552 continuous operation 连续作业553 continuous production 连续生产554 conveyor speed 输送带速度555 CPK=T(1-K)/6S 工程能力指数556 cutting (CUT) 剪557 cycle time (C/T) 循还时间558 decarbonizing 脱碳559 degrease 脱脂560 de-greasing 除油561 degree of work difficulty 作业难易度562 design of experiment (D.O.E) 实验设计563 development 开发564 die casting 压铸565 diffusion annealing 扩散退火566 double trigger 二次溶接567 down time 停止时间568 draw 引伸,抽569 drawing (DR) 引伸,抽570 drill 钻孔571 dry sanding 干研572 electrophoresis deposition 电着涂装573 electric resistance 电阻574 electro deposition，ED 电着575 electrode force 电极576 electrode positive 阳性电极577 electrolytic hardening 电解淬火578 electroplating 电镀579 electrostatic coating 静电涂装580 engineering 工程581 engineering change plan (ECP) 设计变更计划582 engineering order (EO) 工程命令583 engineering parts list (EPL) 工程零件清册584 eutectic alloy 共晶合金585 evaporative emission control (EEC) 油气污染控制586 extrusion 挤出587 feasibility study (F/S) 可行性研究588 feed 进给589 feedback 回馈590 filing operation 锉刀作业591 fine boring (F/B) 精搪592 flame hardening 火焰淬火593 flange (FL) 弯边594 floating 浮色；颜色分离595 forging 锻造596 forming (FO) 成形597 full dip 全浸式598 fusion weld 融合焊接599 gas carbonizing 气体渗碳600 gas nitriding 气体氮化601 gas shielded positive 气体保护熔接602 global positioning system 全球定位系统603 grease painting 油脂涂布604 grinding(dressing) 研磨605 half dip 半浸式606 hand welding 手溶接607 handling precautions 注意事项608 hand-made 手工制作609 heat 热610 heat refining 调质611 heat treatment 热处理612 large amount production 多量生产613 holding time 保持时间614 horizontal expand 水平展开615 how to do / method 工法616 induction hardening 高周波淬火617 in-process inspection 工程间检查618 install 组立619 installation 安装620 jig fabrication / build up 治具制作621 job description (JD) 工作说明书622 lapping (L/P) 抛光623 production line / assembly line 生产线624 liquid carbonizing 液体渗碳625 liquid nitriding 液体氮化626 local assembly 现地组装627 local fabrication 现地制作628 small amount production 少量生产629 low temperature annealing 低温退火630 machining 机械加工631 machining time(M/T) 机械时间632 magnetic detecting 磁性探伤633 man, machine, material, method 4 M634 man, machine, material, method(4M) 人,机,料,法635 man-hour 工数(时) 636 man-hour analysis (M-H分析) 人机组合分析637 manual data input (MDI) 手动数据输入638 manual welding 手溶接639 manufacture process 制程641 tingling 麻淬火642 ephedroid 麻回火643 melt 溶解644 ladling 金属组织645 Metallurgy 冶金学646 method 方式、方法647 method 作法648 MIG weld MIG熔接649 mixed line 混线650 neck station 瓶颈站651 next process 次(下)工程652 nitriding 氮化653 sulfurizing 渗硫淡化654 numerical control processing N C加工655 oil quenching 油淬火656 operation 操作作业657 operation process 作业手顺658 oxidation 氧化659 painting 涂装660 passing time 经过时间661 path 路径662 penetration 溶入663 pickling 酸洗664 plant time 稼动时间665 plating 电镀666 polarity 极性667 pre-assembly 预装668 preceding process 前工程669 preliminary treatment 前处理670 press 冲压671 press quenching 加压淬火672 press tempering 加压回火673 pre-treatment 前处理674 procedure 手顺675 procedure / process 手顺/ 顺序676 process 工程677 process assignment 工程分配678 production 生产679 production order (PO) 生产命令680 punch 冲孔681 quench 淬火682 quenching 淬火683 resistance weld 电阻焊684 rust prevention 防锈685 sand blast 喷沙686 seasoning 季化687 sequence 顺序688 sequence control 连续控制689 series spot welding 单面点焊690 shaving (SV) 削691 shearing 剪断692 sheet metal forming 钣金加工693 shipping 船运694 shot blast 珠击695 solid carbonizing 固体渗碳696 solid solution 固体溶解697 solution treatment 固溶化处理698 spot welding spot溶接699 squeeze 初期加压700 squeeze time 加压时间701 standard of operation process 作业标准(SOP) 702 standard operation 标准作业703 standardization 标准化704 station change 作业变动705 stress Relieving 应力消除退火706 subsequent process / next process 下一个程序707 sulfurizing 渗硫708 surface treatment 表面处理709 take jig 取治具710 take parts 取料711 tempering 回火712 ratability 可控713 actual time 实作工时714 standard time 标准工时715 treatment 深冷处理716 trimming (Tr) 剪边717 tufftriding 软氮化718 under coating 车底涂层719 union 组合720 unloading 取出721 wait 等待722 walk 步行723 weld assembly 熔接组立724 welding 熔接725 wet on wet 湿膜直接覆盖喷涂726 who, when where, what, why, how 5-W-1-H727 working hours 工时728 working procedure 作业顺序729 working process 工作程序730 work-in-process inventory 作业编成731 workshop diagnosis 现场诊断732 workshop investigation 现场审查733 zinc-plated 镀锌734 surface coat 中涂735 top coat 上涂736 touch up 修补737 touch up repair 小修738 two tone two 2-Tone色之第二趟喷涂739 under coating 防音漆底涂六、零件部品740 Body 车身741 car type / model 车型742 common parts 共通零件743 complete build up car (CBU) 完成车744 variety / kind / type 种类745 alloy wire 合金焊线746 anti-corrosion 防锈油747 waucobian 沃斯田铁748 heat up 变韧铁749 body in white 白车身750 brazing material 铜焊材751 Cable 电缆752 Carbide 碳化物753 carbon dioxide 二氧化碳754 carbon dioxide gas CO2瓦斯755 carbon monoxide (CO) 一氧化碳756 carbon steel tube for machine structural purpose构造用钢管(STKM A , B, C)757 case hardening steel 表面硬化钢758 Sastruga 雪明碳铁759 clear coat 金油760 cold rolled (CR) 冷轧(板)761 cold rolled carbon steel plate sheet一般用冷轧板(1号料) (commercial) (SPCC)762 cold rolled carbon steel plate sheet深抽用冷轧板(3号料) (deep draw) (SPCD)763 cold rolled carbon steel plate sheet引伸用冷轧板(2号料) (extra) (SPCE)764 compression stress 压应力765 cooling water 冷却水766 copper alloy 铜合金767 pure water 纯水768 dies steel 模型钢769 electrolytic zinc-coated steel sheet(commercial) (SECC)一般用镀锌板770 electrolytic zinc-coated steel sheet(deep draw) (SECD)深抽用镀锌板771 electrolytic zinc-coated steel sheet(extra) (SECE)引伸用镀锌板772 external panel (outer skin) 外钣773 ferrite 肥粒铁774 glue 胶775 high carbon steel 高碳钢776 high solid 高固形份涂料777 high speed steel (HSS) 高速钢778 hole for car specification 种别孔779 hot rolled (HR) 热轧780 hot-dip aluminum coated steel(SGCC,SACD,SACE)热浸铝锌板781 hot-dip zinc coated steel(SGCC,CGCD,CGCE)热浸镀锌板782 hot-dip zinc-coated steel (SGACC,SGACD,SGACE) 热浸镀锌板(锌铁合金镀层)783 hot-rolled mild steel plates sheets(commercial) (SPHC)一般用热轧板784 hot-rolled mild steel plates sheets(deep draw) (SPHD)深抽用热轧板785 hot-rolled mild steel plates sheets(extra) (SPHE)引伸用热轧板786 hot-rolled steel plates for automobilestructure use(SAPH )汽车用热轧板787 hydrogen embritelement 氢脆性788 industrial wastewater 工业废水789 industrial water 工业用水790 inert gas 惰性元素791 in-house produced parts 内制品792 in-house production 所内制作793 interior panel 内钣794 large-sized parts 大物部品795 liquefied petroleum gas 液态石油气796 local parts 自制品797 low carbon steel 低碳钢798 low solid 低固形份涂料799 byssaceous 麻田散铁800 material 材料801 mechanic part 机械组件802 medium carbon steel 中碳钢803 metallic paint 银粉漆804 mold release agent 离型剂805 natural gas 天然气806 nugget 硬块807 oxides of nitrogen (Nox) 氮氧化物808 parts 零件809 polycladin 波来铁810 plain concrete (P.C.) 混凝土811 primer 中涂漆812 resins 树脂813 semi-knocked down (SDK) 进口件814 sheet metal parts 钣金零件815 solder 焊接剂816 solid paint 素色漆817 chika 糙斑铁818 stainless steel (SUS) 不绣钢819 structural Steel 构造用钢820 sub material 副料821 tensile stress 张应力822 terminal 端子823 thin steel sheet 薄钣824 tool steel 工具钢825 transformation point 变态点826 thiethylperazine 吐粒散铁827 water Bone 水性涂料828 Wire 焊线829 wire material 焊线材830 zinc-coated steel sheet 镀锌钢板831 4 speed automatic transmission(4AT) 4速自排832 4 wheel drive(4WD) 四轮传动833 5 speed manual transmission(5MT) 5速手排834 after top dead center(ATDC) 上死点后点火表示835 air fuel ratio(A/F) 空气/燃料比836 air-bag 空气囊837 anti-lock brake system(ABS) 防止死锁剎车系统838 assembly (ASSY) 总成(经组立后成品)839 automatic transmission (A/T) 自动变速840 automatic transmission fluid (ATF) 自动变速器用油841 Axis 轴842 ball joint 和尚头(俗称) 球接头843 bar stabilizer 平衡杆844 battery cable 电线瓶845 Bearing 轴承846 before top dead center (BTDC) 上死点前点火表示847 bezel headlamp 头灯边框848 bezel meter 仪表框849 blend proportional valve (BPV) (复)混合比例阀850 blister (起泡) 气泡851 bolt spring water 螺栓及弹性垫圈852 booster 倍力器853 brake assy pedal support 黑马(俗称) 踏板托架854 bracket (BKT) 托架855 bumper side FR 保险杆侧前部856 bush (波司) 波司857 bushing rubber 橡皮衬套858 cable band 电线束带859 cam shaft (CA/S) 凸轮轴860 camber 外倾角861 camshaft bearing (CA/S bearing) 凸轮轴轴承862 candle (CD) 烛光863 cap reservoir 座舱及行李箱总成864 carburetor (CARB) 化油器865 carpet of cab floor 座舱地毯866 carpet of cargo floor 货舱地毯867 carpet of wheel house 轮壳地毯868 carry over (C/O) 沿用件869 catalytic converter 触媒转换器870 charcoal canister (C.Cani) 活性碳罐871 choke 阻风872 cigar lighter 点烟器873 clamp 夹子874 clip 夹扣(塑料)875 clutch 离合器876 column cover 方向机柱盖877 column shift (C/S) 柱排878 completely knocked down (CKD) 进口件879 compressor (COMP) 压缩机880 condenser 散热器(冷凝器) 881 connecting rod (C/R) 连杆882 connecting rod bearing(CON/ROD Bearing) 连杆轴承883 console box 置物箱884 coolant 冷却液885 counter shaft (C/S) 副轴886 cover pillar 中柱饰盖887 crank shaft (CR/S) 曲柄轴888 cross member (C/M) 横梁889 curling (CR) 卷边890 cushion 承垫891 cylinder (CYL) 汽缸892 cylinder block (C/B) 汽缸体893 cylinder head (C/H) 汽缸头894 defog cable (D/F cable) 除雾线895 double over-head camshaft (DOHC) 双凸轮轴896 duct defroster 除雾风口897 duet / side vent 边通风管898 evaporator (EVA) 蒸发器899 extension housing (EX/H) 延伸壳900 fiber-glass reinforced plastic(FRP) 玻璃纤维901 floor shift (F/S) 地排902 flywheel (F/W) 飞轮903 front axle 前桥(大陆名称) 前轴904 front panel (Fr Pnl) 前面板905 front pillar (Fr Plr) 前柱906 fusible link (F/L) 易熔性丝线907 glass / wind shield 前档玻离908 grip assist 把手909 grommet (G/M) 橡胶套910 handle assy / regulator 调整把手方向机总成调整器911 headrestraint 头枕912 headlining 顶蓬913 heater assembly 加热器总成914 high tension cable (H/T Cable) 高压线915 hinge 绞炼916 holder 支撑臂917 hook 吊钩918 horse power (HP) 马力单位919 air intake house 进气软管920 housing 外壳921 Ignition(IG) 点火922 injection pump (I/P) 喷射帮浦923 insulator eng.Supt. 引擎脚支架924 k nuckle转向臂925 label 贴纸926 lifter 升降机927 liquid crystal display (LCD) 液晶显示928 load sensing proportional value (LSPV) 负载感知比例阀929 locator 支撑架(定位器)930 main drive shaft (M/D) 主驱动轴931 manual transmission (M/T) 手排932 mirror assembly / under 照地镜933 mirror assembly. / back 后视镜934 mud guard 檔泥板935 multi-point injection (MPI) 多点喷射936 name plate 名牌937 nozzle 喷嘴938 nut 螺帽939 oil pump assemly (O/P) 油帮总成940 ornament 饰品941 outer peel (OVV) 外部通气阀942 overdrive(OD) 超比檔943 p+B814ull Handle Door 门把手944 packing 垫片945 waterproof pad 防水垫946 instrument panel 仪表板947 pin 插销948 piston pin (P/PIN) 活塞949 piston ring 活栓环950 plug 塞子951 power/window switch (P/W SW) 电动窗开关952 radiator assembly (RAD) 水箱953 rear axle (R/A) 后轴954 rear body 车斗(台语) 后车台955 rear panel (Rr PNL) 后板956 rear pillar (Re PLR) 后柱957 reservoir a+B866ssy 剎车油壶958 water return horse 回水管959 connecting rod 活塞连杆960 rolling 行驶偏摆961 screw 螺丝,螺旋962 shim 填隙片963 shock absorber(S/ABS) 避震器964 side member (S/M) 侧梁965 single over-head camshaft (SOHC) 单凸轮轴966 steering pad 方向盘护盖967 sunvisor 遮阳板968 switch (SW) 开关969 tail gate (T/G) 尾门970 transfer (T/F) 转换器971 transmission (T/M) 变速箱972 transmission case (TM/C) 变速箱壳973 trim protector 护条974 tube (T) 管975 turbo charger (T/C) 滑轮增压器976 exhaust valve (Valve EX.) 排气门977 Inlet valve(Valve In.) 进气门978 washer 垫圈979 water temperture switch (W/T SW) 水温开关980 water pump assembly (W/P) 水帮总成981 water strip 防水衬条982 wheel cover 轮圈盖983 steering wheel assembly 方向盘984 white body 未涂装之Body七、管理985 activity of customer satisfaction 顾客满意活动986 arrangement / disposition 配置987 audit 评价(稽核)988 automation 自动化989 balancer 平衡资缘计划(平衡块) 990 budget 预算991 budget management 预算管理992 business resource planning (BRP) 企业资源计划993 capacity requirements planning (CRP) 产能需求计划994 careless mistake 不小心错误995 concrete method / practical method 俱体作法996 control 控制/ 管理997 control chart 管理图998 control limit 管理限制999 controllable 可控制的1000 cost & insurance & freight (CIF) 报价包含成本及保险运费1001 cost And freight (C&F) 报价包含成本及运费1002 cost down (C/D) 降低成本1003 curve 曲线1004 daily 每日1005 daily management 日常管理1006 damage 损坏1007 day shift 白天班1008 decimal point 小数点1009 delay 落后1010 delivery order (D/O) 小提单。

网络课堂优点和缺点和改进措施英语作文

网络课堂优点和缺点和改进措施英语作文Advantages, Disadvantages and Improvement Measures of Online ClassesIntroductionThe emergence of online classes has revolutionized the traditional method of education, providing students with greater flexibility and convenience in their learning. However, there are both advantages and disadvantages to this form of education, along with some drawbacks that need to be addressed to ensure the effectiveness of online learning. In this essay, we will discuss the advantages and disadvantages of online classes, as well as propose some improvement measures to enhance the overall quality of online education.Advantages of Online Classes1. Flexibility: Online classes allow students to create their own study schedule and learn at their own pace, providing greater flexibility and convenience compared to traditional classroom settings.2. Accessibility: Online classes eliminate geographical barriers, allowing students from different parts of the world toaccess high-quality education without having to travel to a physical campus.3. Cost-effective: Online classes are often more affordable than traditional courses, as they eliminate the need for commuting, textbooks, and other expenses associated withon-campus education.4. Personalized learning: Online classes can be tailored to meet the individual needs and learning styles of students, providing a more personalized learning experience.Disadvantages of Online Classes1. Lack of social interaction: Online classes lack theface-to-face interaction that is often a critical component of the learning experience, leading to feelings of isolation and disconnection among students.2. Technology issues: Online classes are dependent on technology, and technical issues such as internet connectivity problems or software glitches can disrupt the learning process.3. Limited feedback: In online classes, students may receive less feedback from instructors compared to traditional classroom settings, which can hinder their understanding and progress.4. Self-discipline: Online classes require a high level ofself-discipline and motivation from students, as they must manage their own time effectively and stay on track with their coursework.Improvement Measures for Online Classes1. Integrate more interactive elements: To enhance student engagement and participation, online classes should include interactive elements such as live webinars, discussion forums, and group projects.2. Provide adequate support: Institutions offering online classes should ensure that students have access to academic advisors, tutors, and technical support to address any issues they may encounter during their study.3. Incorporate regular assessments: To monitor student progress and provide timely feedback, online classes should include regular assessments and assignments that allow instructors to gauge the understanding and performance of students.4. Promote communication: To address the lack of social interaction in online classes, instructors should encouragecommunication among students through group discussions, online forums, and virtual study groups.ConclusionWhile online classes offer numerous benefits, such as flexibility, accessibility, and cost-effectiveness, there are also challenges that need to be addressed to ensure the effectiveness of online learning. By implementing improvement measures such as integrating interactive elements, providing adequate support, incorporating regular assessments, and promoting communication, institutions can enhance the overall quality of online education and provide students with a rewarding learning experience.。

物理中英文词汇翻译

物理词汇Aa.c. generator 交流发电机aberration 光行差，像差absolute index of refraction 绝对折射率absolute refractive index 绝对折射率absolute temperature scale 绝对温标absolute zero 绝对零度absorber 吸收体absorbing power 吸收能力，吸收本领absorptance 吸收比absorption 吸收absorption coefficient 吸收系数absorption line 吸收谱线absorption spectrum 吸收光谱，吸收谱accelerate 加速acceleration 加速度acceleration due to gravity 重力加速度acceleration-time graph 加速度—时间关系线图accelerator 加速器acceptor 接受体acceptor doping 受体掺杂acceptor impurity 受体杂质accommodation 调节，视觉调节accumulator 蓄电池accuracy 准确度acetate strip 醋酸酯条片achromatic 消色差的achromatic aberration 消色差achromatic condenser 消色差聚光透镜achromatic light 消色差光，白光acoustic blur 声响模糊acoustic board 吸音板，吸声板acoustic navigation 声响导航acoustic pressure 声压acoustics 声学act on 施于action 作用量，作用，作用力action of point 尖端作用activation 激活，活化activation energy 激活能，活化能active nucleus 活性核，放射性核activity 放射强度，放射性adapter 接合器adder 加法器adhesion 附着力，附着，黏附adhesive force 附着力adiabatic 绝热的adiabatic expansion 绝热膨胀adiabatic process 绝热过程aerial 天线aerial induction 天线调谐电感aerial network 天线网络aerodynamic force 气动力，空气动力aerodynamics 气体动力学，空气动力学aerofoil 机翼agent 剂air blower 吹风器air column 空气柱，气柱air cushion 气垫air damping 空气阻尼air film 气膜air track 气垫导航air wedge 气楔alignment 对准，校整alpha decay α衰变alpha particle α粒子alpha particle scattering analogue α粒子放射模拟alternating current 交流电alternating voltage 交变电压，交流电压alternator 交流发电机altimeter 高度计，测高仪americiumammeter 安培计amorphous 非结晶的，无定形的ampere 安培，安ampere-hour 安培小时，安时amplification 放大，放大率amplifier 放大器amplify 放大amplitude 振幅amplitude modulation 调幅，振幅调剂amyl acetate 醋酸戊酯anaemia 贫血analogue 模拟analogue experiment 模拟实验analogue signal 仿真讯号，非数字讯号analogue-to-digital conversion 模拟转换analyser 检偏振器AND gate 「与」门anemometer 风速计aneroid barometer 无液气压计，空盒气压计angle of contact 接触角angle of deviation 偏向角angle of diffraction 衍射角，绕射角angle of dip 倾角angle of elevation 仰角angle of emergence 出射角angle of incidence 入射角angle of inclination 倾角angle of minimum deviation 最小偏向角angle of projection 投射角angle of reflection 反射角angle of refraction 折射角angle of twist 扭转角angstrom 埃angular acceleration 角加速度angular aperture 孔径张角angular displacement 角位移angular frequency 角频率angular impulse 角冲量angular magnification 角度放大，角放大率angular momentum 角动量，动量矩angular motion 角向运动，角运动angular seed 角速率angular velocity 角速度angular width 角宽度annealing 退火，韧化anode 阳极，正极anomalous expansion 反常膨胀antenna 天线anticlockwise moment 逆时针力矩antifreeze 防冻剂antinodal line 腹线antinode 波腹antiparticle 反粒子antiphase 反相，逆相aperture 孔径，口径，孔apparent depth 视深apparent expansion 表观膨胀，视膨胀apparent frequency 表观频率，视频率apparent loss in weight 表观失重apparent weight 表观重量Appleton layer 阿普顿层，F电离层aqueous layer 水层Archimedes´ principle 阿基米得原理area 面积argon 氩armature 电枢artificial disintegration 人工蜕变artificial radioactivity 人工放射astable 非稳态的astable circuit 非稳态电路astable multivibrator 非态多谐振荡器astigmatism 像散，散光astronomical telescope 天文望远镜at infinity 在无穷远处at rest 静止atmosphere 大气，大气层，大气压atmospheric pressure 大气压强atom 原子atomic bomb 原子弹atomic bond 原子键atomic density 原子密度atomic diameter 原子直径atomic energy 原子能atomic mass 原子质量atomic mass unit 原子质量单位atomic model 原子模型atomic nucleus 原子核atomic number 原子序数atomic radius 原子半径atomic separation 原子间距atomic spacing 原子间距atomic structure 原子结构atomic theory 原子论atomizer 喷雾器attenuation 衰减attraction 吸引attractive force 吸力audible frequency range 听频范围audible signal 可听讯号audio frequency 声频autofocus 自动聚焦，自动对焦avalanche 电子雪崩average acceleration 平均加速度average power 平均功率average speed 平均速率average velocity 平均速度Avogadro constant 阿佛加德罗常数，阿佛加德罗常量Avogadro number 阿佛加德罗数Avogadro´s law 阿佛加德罗定律axial 轴向的，沿轴的axial field 轴向场axial search coil 轴向探察线图axis 轴axis of rotation 转轴Bback e.m.f. 反电动势background radiation 本底辐射Bainbridge mass spectrometer 班布里奇质谱仪balance 天平，秤，平衡balance arm 秤杆，平衡臂balance point 平衡点balance bridge 平衡电桥balanced force 平衡力ball bearing 球轴承，滚珠轴承ballistic galvanometer 冲击电流计，冲击检流计ballistic pendulum 冲击摆Balmer series 巴耳末系，巴耳末光谱band spectrum 带状光谱，带状谱bandwidth 带宽bar code 条形码bar magnet 磁棒bare wire 裸线barium 钡barometer 气压计barrier 障碍物barrier layer 阻档层，耗尽层barrier potential difference 阻档层电势差，阻档层电位差Barton´s pendulums 巴尔通摆base 基极base current 基极电流battery 电池组battery charger 电池充电器battery holder 电池座beaker 烧杯beam splitter 分束器，射束分离器beat 拍beat frequency 拍频becquerel 贝克勒耳，贝克bel 贝尔，贝bell jar 钟形罩bench mat 实验台垫Bernoulli´s theorem 伯努利定律beryllium 铍beta decay β衰变beta particle β粒子biasing circuit 偏压电路biasing voltage 偏压biconcave lens 双凹透镜biconvex lens 双凸透镜bicycle dynamo 自行车发电机，脚踏车发电机bifilar pendulum 双线摆bifocal lens 双焦距透镜big bang model 大爆炸模型bimetallic strip 双层金属片，双金属片binary adder 二进加法器binary system 二进制binding 结合binding energy 结合能binoculars 双筒望远镜Biot-Savart law 毕奥—萨伐尔定律bipolar 双极的birefraction 双折射bistable 双稳态的，双稳器bistable circuit 双稳电路bistable multivibrator 双稳态多谐振荡器bit 二进制制，位black body radiation 黑体辐射block and tackle 滑轮组block diagram 方框图blocking capacitor 隔直流电器容blooming 敷霜，表面加膜Bohr atom 玻尔原子Bohr radius 玻尔半径Bohr theory 玻尔理论boil 沸腾，煮沸boiler 锅炉boiling point 沸点bolometer 辐射热计Boltzmann constant 玻耳兹曼常数，玻耳兹曼常量bombardment 轰击bond energy 键能bonding 键合Bourdon gauge 布尔登气压计bow wave 弓形波，舷波Boyle´s law 博伊尔定律Brackett series 布喇开系，布喇开光谱Bragg angle 布喇格角Bragg diffraction 布喇格衍射，布喇格绕射Bragg plane 布喇格平面Bragg´s law 布喇格定律brake 制动器breakdown potential 击穿电势，击穿电位breaking point 断点breaking strength 抗断强度breaking stress 致断应力breeder reactor 增殖反应堆bremsstrahlung 轫致辐射Brewster´s law 布鲁斯特定律bridge circuit 桥式电路bridge rectifier 桥式整流器bright fringe 亮纹brightness 亮度brittle 脆的，易碎的bromine 溴Brownian movement 布朗运动brush 电刷bubble chamber 气泡室bubble raft model 泡筏模型buffer 缓冲器buffer circuit 缓冲电路bulk modulus 体积弹性模量Bunsen burner 本生灯buoyancy 浮力burette 滴定管burette stand 滴定管架burglar alarm 防盗警报器，防盗警钟buzzer 蜂鸣器by-pass 旁路byte 二进制组，字节Ccable 电缆cadmium sulphide 硫化镉caesium 铯calcite 方解石calibrate 校准，标上刻度calipers 测径器，卡钳calorie 卡路里，卡calorimeter 量热器camera 照相机cancer cell 癌细胞candela 坎德拉cantilever 悬臂capacitance 电容capacitance substitution box 换值电容箱capacitive circuit 电容电路capacitive component 电容性分量capacitive coupling 电容耦合capacitive discharge 电容性放电capacitive reactance 容抗capacitor 电容器capacitor-input filter 电容输入滤波器capacity 容量，载量capillarity 毛细现象，毛细作用capillary depression 毛细下降capillary rise 毛细上升capillary tube 毛细管capsule 囊capture 俘获carbon 碳carbon granule 碳颗粒carbon paper disc 圆形碳纸carbon-14 dating 碳14年代测定法carburettor 化油器，汽化器carrier wave 载波carry 进位castor oil 蓖麻油cataract 白内障cathode 阴极，负极cathode ray 阴极射线cathode ray deflection tube 阴极射线偏转管cathode-ray oscilloscope 阴极射线示波器，示波器cathode-ray tube 阴极射线管cavity resonator 空腔共振器celestial telescope 天体望远镜cell 电池，细胞Celsius temperature scale 摄氏温标centimetre 厘米centralized low voltage power supply unit 中央控制低压电源箱centre of curvature 曲率中心centre of gravity 重心centre of mass 质心centre of oscillation 振荡中心centre-tapped transformer 中心抽头变压器centrifugal force 离心力centrifuge 离心机centripetal acceleration 向心加速度centripetal force 向心力Chadwick 查德威克chain reaction 连锁反应change of state 物态变化change-over switch 换向开关characteristic 特性，特征characteristic curve 特性曲线characteristic line 特征线，特征谱characteristic spectrum 特征光谱，特征谱charge 电荷，充电，起电charge carrier 载荷子charge conservation 电荷守恒charge density 电荷密度charge distribution 电荷分布charge to mass ratio 荷质比charged particle 带电粒子charging by contact 接触起电charging by friction 摩擦生电charging by induction 感应起电charging by sharing 授受起电charging time constant 充电时间常数，充电时间常量Charles´s law 查理定律choke 扼流，抗流，扼流圈，抗流圈choke circuit 扼流电路，抗流电路chromatic aberration 色差chromatic dispersion 色散cinefilm soundtrack 电影胶片声迹circle of least confusion 最少模糊圈，明晰圈circuit 电路circuit board 电路板circuit breaker 断路器circuit symbol 电路符号circular coil 环形线圈circular motion 圆周运动circular orbit 圆周轨道circular pulse 圆形脉冲circular wave 圆形波circular wavefront 圆形波阵面，圆形波前clamp 夹钳，夹紧clap-echo method 「拍掌—回声」法cleave 裂开clinical thermometer 体温计clip 夹子clockwise moment 顺时针力矩closed circuit 闭合电路closed pipe 闭管closed tube 闭管closed-loop control system 死循环控制系统closed-loop gain 死循环增益closed-loop voltage gain 死循环电压增益closely packed 密堆积的cloud chamber 云室cloud chamber track 云室径迹coaxial 共轴，同轴coaxial cable 同轴电缆，同轴cobalt 钴code 编码coder 编码器coefficient of dynamic friction 动摩擦系数coefficient of friction 摩擦系数coefficient of restitution 恢复系数coefficient of static friction 静摩擦系数coefficient of viscosity 黏滞系数coherent 相干的cohesion 内聚力，内聚cohesive force 内聚力coil 线圈collector 集电极，集极collector current 集电极电流，集极电流collimator 准直管，准直仪collision 碰撞colour 颜色colour code 色码，色标combinational logic 组合逻辑common emitter 共发射极common-mode voltage 共模电压commutator 换向器compass 指南针，罗盘complete circuit 完整电路component 组件，分量，组分component of force 分力compound microscope 复式显微镜compound pendulum 复摆compressed gas 压缩气体compressibility 可压缩性，压缩系数，压缩率compressible fluid 可压缩性流体compression 密部，压缩compression spring balance 压缩弹簧天平concave 凹concave lens 凹透镜concave mirror 凹镜，凹面镜concentric capacitor 同心电容器condensation 凝结，凝聚condensation nucleus 凝结核，凝聚核condensation point 凝点，凝结点condenser 聚光器，电容器，冷凝器conductance 电导conductivity 传导性，传导率conductor 导体conical pendulum 锥摆conjugate foci 共轭焦点conservation of angular momentum 角动量守恒conversation of charge 电荷守恒conservation of energy 能量守恒conservation of mechanical energy 机械能守恒conservation of momentum 动量守恒conservative force 守恒力，保守力conserved 守恒constant acceleration 恒加速度constant angular acceleration 恒角加速度constant angular velocity 恒角速度constant force 恒力constant motion 恒速运动constant pressure 定压constant speed 恒速率constant temperature 定温constant velocity 恒速度constant volume 定容constant volume gas thermometer 定容气体温度计constantan 康铜constriction 颈缩constructive interference 相长干涉contact angle 接触角contact area 接触面积contact force 接触力continuity equation 连续性方程continuous spectrum 连续光谱，连续谱continuous wave 连续波contract 收缩control experiment 对照实验，比对实验control grid 控制栅极control rod 控制棒control system 控制系统convection 对流converge 会聚converging lens 会聚透镜converging mirror 会聚镜convex 凸convex lens 凸透镜convex mirror 凸镜，凸面镜coolant 冷却剂cooling by evaporation 蒸发致冷cooling correction 冷却修正cooling curve 冷却曲线cooling effect 冷却效应cooling system 冷却系统，散热系统coplanar forces 共面力core 心，核心Coriolis force 科里奥利力corkscrew rule 螺旋法则cornea 角膜corona discharge 电晕放电corpuscular theory of light 光的微粒学说correction 矫正，修正cosmic radiation 宇宙辐射coulomb 库伦Coulomb´s law 库伦定律count rate 计数率counter 计数器counter weight 平衡锤，配重couple 力偶coupled oscillation 耦合振荡coupling 耦合covalent bond 共价键crane magnet 起重磁铁creep 蠕变crest 波峰critical angle 临界角critical damping 临界阻尼critical mass 临界质量critical point 临界点critical temperature 临界温度critical velocity 临界速度crocodile clip 鳄鱼夹cross hairs 十字丝，叉丝cross-sectional area 截面积Crova´s disc 克罗瓦盘crystal 晶体crystal diffraction 晶体衍射，晶体绕射crystal lattice 晶体点阵，晶体格子，晶格crystal planes 晶面crystalline 结晶的crystallization 结晶crystallography 晶体学cubical expansivity 体积膨胀系数，体积膨胀率curie 居里current 电流current amplification 电流放大current amplification factor 电流放大因素current amplifier 电流放大器current balance 电流天平current density 电流密度current gain 电流增益current intensity 电流强度current pulse 电流脉冲current sensitivity 电流灵敏度current stabilizer 稳流器current transfer characteristic 电流转移特性current-carrying conductor 载电流导体current-voltage characteristic curve 电流—电压特性曲线 curved mirror 曲面镜cyclotron 回旋加速器cylindrical concave lens 柱面凹透镜cylindrical concave mirror 柱面凹镜cylindrical convex lens 柱面凸透镜cylindrical convex mirror 柱面凸镜cylindrical lens 柱面透镜cylindrical mirror 柱面镜Dd.c. generator 直流发电机d.c. motor 直流电动机Dalton´s law of partial pressures 道尔顿分压定律damped harmonic motion 阻尼谐动damped harmonic oscillation 阻尼谐振damped oscillation 阻尼振荡damping 阻尼damping force 阻尼力dark fringe 暗纹data 数据dating 年代测定daughter nucleus 子核daughter nuclide 子核素de Broglie relation 德布罗意关系式de Broglie wave 德布罗意波dead time 失效时间decade capacitance box 十进电容箱decade resistance box 十进电阻箱decay 衰变decay analogue 衰变模拟decay constant 衰变常数，衰变常量decay curve 衰变曲线decay law 衰变定律decay product 衰变产物decelerate 减速deceleration 减速度decibel 分贝decode 译码，解碼decoder 译码器，译码器deflection 偏转deflection plate 偏转板deflection system 偏转系统deflection tube 偏转管deformation 形变degradation of energy 能量退降，能量递降degree 度degree Celsius 摄氏度degree of freedom 自由度demagnetization 去磁，退磁demonstration diode 演示用二极管demonstration meter 演示用电表density 密度depletion layer 耗尽层，阻挡层depth of field 景深derived quantity 导出量derived unit 导出单位destructive interference 相消干涉detection 探测detector 探测器detector of radiation 辐射探测器deuterium 氘，重氢deuteron 氘核，重氢核deviation 偏向，偏差device 装置，设计，器件diamagnetism 抗磁性diaphragm 光阑，膜片diatomic molecule 双原子分子dielectric 电介质，介电的dielectric constant 介电常数，介电常量，电容率dielectric polarization 电介质极化dielectric strength 电介质强度differential equation 微分方程differential input voltage 差动输入电压diffracted ray 衍射线，绕射线diffraction 衍射，绕射diffraction grating 衍射光栅，绕射光栅diffuse reflection 漫反射diffusion 扩散，漫射diffusion cloud chamber 扩散云室digital 数字的digital display 数字显示digital signal 数字讯号digital-to-analogue conversion 数模转换dimension 量纲，因次，维，大小dimensional analysis 量纲分析，因次分析diminished 缩小diode 二极管diode probe 二极管微波探测器dioptre 屈光度，焦度dipole 偶极子direct current 直流电direction 方向，方位direction of propagation 传播方向directly heated cathode 直热式阴极discharge 放电disintegration 蜕变dislocation 位错dispersion 色散dispersive power 色散能力，色散本领，色散率displacement 位移，排量displacement can 排水罐displacement-time graph 位移—时间关系线图dissipative force 耗散力distance 距离distance-time graph 距离—时间关系线图distortion 失真，扭曲，畸变disturbance 干扰diverge 发散diverging lens 发散透镜diverging mirror 发散镜division of amplitude 振幅分割division of wavefront 波阵面分割，波前分割domain 畴，域domestic circuit 家居电路donor 给予体doped semiconductor 掺杂半导体doping 掺杂Doppler broadening 多普勒谱线增宽Doppler effect 多普勒效应Doppler shift 多普勒频移dosage 剂量dose 剂量dose rate 剂量率double pulley 双滑轮double refraction 双折射double slit 双缝double-pole-double-throw switch 双刀双掷开关doublet 双重线drag force 阻力，曳力drift velocity 漂移速度driver circuit 驱动电路driver frequency 驱动频率driving cell 驱动电池driving force 驱动力driving mirror 行车后视镜dry battery 干电池组dry cell 干电池dual trace oscilloscope 双迹示波器ductile 延性的Dulong-Petit law 杜隆—珀替定律dynamic equilibrium 动态平衡dynamic friction 动摩擦dynamic resistance 动态电阻dynamics 动力学dynamo 发电机Eearth 接地，地线earthquake waves 地震波ebonite 硬橡胶，硬质胶ebonite rod 硬橡胶棒，硬质胶棒echo 回声，回波eddy current 涡电流，涡流eddy current damping 涡流阻尼eddy current loss 涡流损耗effective mass 有效质量efficiency 效率effort 施力Einstein´s mass-energy relation 爱因斯坦质能关系式elastic collision 弹性碰撞elastic constant 弹性常数，弹性常量elastic deformation 弹性形变elastic hysteresis 弹性滞后elastic limit 弹性极限elastic strain energy 弹性应变能elasticity 弹性electric bell 电铃electric charge 电荷electric current 电流electric field 电场electric field intensity 电场强度electric field pattern 电场图形electric fire 电暖炉electric line of force 电力线electric motor 电动机electric potential 电势，电位electric power 电功率electric shock 电震electrical appliance 电器electrical conductivity 导电率electrical energy 电能electrical oscillation 电振荡electrical potential energy 电势能，电位能electrical resonance 电共振electricity 电，电学electrode 电极electrolysis 电解electrolyte 电解质electrolytic 电解质的，电解的electrolytic capacitor 电解质电容器electromagnet 电磁铁，电磁体electromagnetic coil 电磁感应圈electromagnetic contact 电磁触点electromagnetic force 电磁力electromagnetic induction 电磁感应electromagnetic moment 电磁矩electromagnetic oscillation 电磁振荡electromagnetic radiation 电磁辐射electromagnetic spectrum 电磁波谱electromagnetic wave 电磁波electromagnetism 电磁学electrometer 静电计electromotive force 电动势electron 电子electron beam 电子束electron cloud 电子云electron diffraction 电子衍射，电子绕射electron drift 电子漂移electron energy level 电子能级electron gun 电子枪electron transition 电子跃迁electron tube 电子管electron-volt 电子伏特，电子伏electronics 电子学electrophorus 起电盘electroscope 验电器electrostatic bond 静电键electrostatic field apparatus 静电场仪器electrostatic precipitation 静电沉淀法electrostatics 静电学element 元素，组件elliptic orbit 椭圆轨道elongation 伸长度emergent ray 出射线emission 发射emission line 发射谱线emission spectrum 发射光谱，发射谱emissivity 发射率，比辐射率emit 发射emitter 发射极，射极emitter current 发射极电流，射极电流enamelled wire 漆包线encode 编码encoder 编码器end-correction 端部修正，管口校正量end-on collision 同向碰撞，尾追碰撞energetic particle 高能粒子energy 能量，能energy band 能带energy conversion 能量转换energy conversion efficiency 能量转换效率energy input 能量输入energy level 能级energy output 能量输出energy transfer 能量转移enriched uranium 浓缩铀equation of continuity 连续性方程equation of state 物态方程equation of uniformly accelerated motion 匀加速运动方程equatorial orbit 赤道轨道equilibrium 平衡equilibrium condition 平衡条件equilibrium spacing 平衡间距equipartition of energy 能量均分equipotential 等势的，等位的equipotential line 等势线，等位线 equipotential surface 等势面，等位面equivalent capacitance 等效电容equivalent inductance 等效电感equivalent resistance 等效电阻erect 正立escape velocity 逃逸速度ether 以太，醚evacuation 抽成真空evaporation 蒸发excess pressure 超压，逾电压excitation 激发excitation energy 激发能excitation potential 激发电势，激发电位excitation voltage 激发电压excited 受激excited energy level 受激能级excited state 受激态expansion 膨胀expansivity 膨胀系数，膨胀率exponential change 指数式改变exponential decay 指数式衰变exposure 曝光量，照射extension 伸长external force 外力external work 外功extra high tension 超高电压extra-nuclear structure 核外结构extraordinary ray 非常光线 extrapolation 外推，外推法extrinsic semiconductor 含杂质半导体eyepiece 接目镜，目镜Ff-number f数，光圈数f-stop f制光圈far point 远点farad 法拉Faraday constant 法拉第常数，法拉第常量Faraday´s law of electromagnetic induction 法拉第电磁感应定律fast breeder reactor 快中子增殖反应堆feedback 反馈feedback amplifier 反馈放大器feedback resistance 反馈电阻ferromagnetic substance 铁磁性物质ferromagnetism 铁磁性fictitious force 假力，伪力fidelity 保真性，保真度field coil 场线圈field effect transistor 场效应晶体管field intensity 场强field lines 场力线field magnet 场磁铁，场磁体field of view 视场，视野field strength 场强figure of merit 优值，灵敏值filament 灯丝，丝极filter capacitor 滤波电容器filter circuit 滤波电路filter pump 滤泵final state 终态，末态final velocity 末速度fine-adjustment 微调，细调fire alarm 火警警报器，火警钟first law of thermodynamics 热力学第一定律first order spectrum 第一级光谱，第一级谱fission 裂变fission reactor 裂变反应堆fixed point 定点fixed pulley 定滑轮fixed resistor 定值电阻器flat coil 扁平线圈flat solenoid 扁平螺线管flat-bottomed flask 平底烧瓶Fleming´s left hand rule 弗林明左手定则Fleming´s right hand rule 弗林明右手定则floating body 浮体fluid 流体fluid dynamics 流体动力学fluorescence 荧光fluorescent screen 荧光屏，荧光幕flux 通量flux density 通量密度fly-back 回扫flywheel 飞轮focal length 焦距focal plane 焦平面focus 焦点，聚焦，对焦focus control 聚焦控制follower circuit 跟随电路foot pump 脚踏泵force 力force constant 力常数，力常量force polygon 力多边形force resolution 力的分解force triangle 力三角形force-extension curve 施力—伸长关系曲线 forced oscillation 受迫振荡former 框forward biased 正向偏压forward current 正向电流fossil fuel 化石燃料Foucault´s rotating mirror method 傅科旋转镜法frame of reference 参考坐标系，参考系Franck-Hertz experiment 弗兰克—赫兹实验Fraunhofer diffraction 夫琅和费衍射，夫琅和费绕射Fraunhofer lines 夫琅和费谱线free electron 自由电子free fall 自由下坠，自由下落free falling body 自由落体free oscillation 自由振荡free path 自由程free space 自由空间freeze 凝固freezing point 凝固点freon 氟利昂，二氯二氟甲烷frequency 频率frequency modulation 调频，频率调制frequency response 频率响应Fresnel diffraction 菲涅耳衍射，菲涅耳绕射Fresnel´s biprism 菲涅耳双棱镜friction 摩擦，摩擦力friction compensated 补偿摩擦作用frictionless motion 无摩擦运动fringe 条纹fringe pattern 条纹图形fuel rod 燃料棒fulcrum 支点full adder 全加法器full-scale deflection 满标偏转full-wave rectification 全波整流full-wave rectifier 全波整流器fundamental frequency 基频fundamental mode of vibration 基谐振动模式fundamental note 基音fundamental quantity 基本量fundamental unit 基本单位fuse 保险丝fuse rating 保险丝额定值fusion 熔解，聚变fusion point 熔点fusion reactor 聚变反应堆GG - clamp G-形钳gain 增益gain control 增益控制galaxy 星系Galilean telescope 伽利略望远镜Galileo´s thought experiment 伽利略假想实验galvanometer 电流计，检流计gamma radiation 伽玛辐射gamma ray 伽玛射线gap 隙gas 气，气体gas pressure 气体强压，气压gaseous phase 气相gaseous state 气态gauge 规，计Gauss theorem 高斯定理Geiger counter 盖革计数器Geiger-Marsden scattering experiment 盖革—马斯登散射实验Geiger-Muller counter 盖革—弥勒计数器Geiger-Muller tube 盖革—弥勒管general gas equation 普适气体方程general gas law 普适气体定律generator 发电机genetic effect 遗传效应geometrical optics 几何光学germanium 锗ghost effect 迭影效应glancing angle 掠射角glass fibre 玻璃纤维glycerine 甘油gold foil 金箔fold leaf electroscope 金箔验电器gradient 斜率，梯度graduated cylinder 量筒Graham´s law of diffusion 格拉哈姆散定律grain 粒，晶粒gramophone record 唱片，唱碟graph 图，线图，图表graphical method 图解法grating 光栅grating spectrometer 光栅光谱仪，光栅分光计gravitational acceleration 重力加速度gravitational attraction 引力，重力gravitational constant 引力常数，引力常量gravitational field 引力场，重力场gravitational force 引力，重力gravitational mass 引力质量gravitational potential 引力势，重力势gravitational potential difference 引力势差，重力势差gravitational potential energy 引力势能，重力势能gravity 重力grazing incidence 掠入射，切入射greenhouse effect 温室效应grid 栅极grid control 栅极控制grid system 电力网groove 纹道，针槽，开槽ground 接地ground state 基态guinea and feather experiment 「硬币与羽毛」实验Hhair spring 游丝half adder 半加法器half-life 半衰期half-silvered mirror 半镀银镜half-wave rectification 半波整流half-wave rectifier 半波整流器Hall effect 霍耳效应Hall probe 霍耳探测器Hall voltage 霍耳电压hand stroboscope 手动式频闪观测器harmonic 谐音harmonic motion 谐运动harmonic oscillation 谐振荡head-on collision 对正碰撞，正碰heat 热，热量，加热，热学heat absorbent 吸热剂heat absorber 吸热器heat absorption 吸热，热吸收heat capacity 热容量heat conduction 热传导heat exchange 热交换heat flow 热流heat gain 热增益，得热heat insulation 热绝缘，隔热heat loss 热损耗，失热heat proof 耐热的，隔热的heat pump 热泵heat radiation 热辐射heat reservoir 热库，储热器heat sink 热壑heat transfer 热传递，热转移heater 发热器，加热器heating effect 热效应heating element 发热组件Helmholtz coils 亥姆霍兹线圈henry 亨利，亨hertz 赫兹，赫high dispersion prism 高色散棱镜high tension 高电压hole 空穴，空子hollow plastic lens 空心塑料透镜hollow plastic prism 空心塑料棱镜hologram 全息图holography 全息术，全息学Hooke´s law 虎克定律horizontal 水平horizontal component 水平分量horizontal deflection 水平偏转horseshoe magnet 蹄形磁铁hot cathode 热阴极hour 小时Huygens´ principle 惠更斯原理hydraulic press 水压机hydroelectric power 水力发电hydrogen bomb 氢弹hygrometer 湿度计hyperbolic orbit 双曲线轨道hypodermic needle 皮下注射针头hypodermic syringe 皮下注射针筒hypothesis 假说，假设hysteresis 滞后现象Iideal gas 理想气体ideal gas equation 理想气体方程ideal gas temperature scale 理想气体温标ideal machine 理想机械illuminate 照明，照亮image 像image distance 像距immerse 浸没immersion heater 浸没式电热器impact 碰撞impedance 阻抗impulse 冲量impurity 杂质in focus 焦点对准in parallel 并联in phase 同相in series 串联incident ray 入射线incident wavefront 入射波阵面，入射波前inclined plane 斜面incoherent 不相干的incompressible fluid 非压缩性流体indicator 指示器indirectly heated cathode 旁热式阴极induced charge 感生电荷induced current 感生电流induced e.m.f. 感生电动势induced voltage 感生电压inducing charge 施感电荷inducing current 施感电流inductance 电感inductance capacitance coupled circuit 感容耦合电路inductance coil 电感线圈induction 感应induction heating 感应生热inductive circuit 电感电路inductive component 电感性分量inductive reactance 感抗inductor 电感器，感应器inelastic collision 非弹性碰撞inert gas 惰性气体inertia 惯性，惯量inertia balance 惯性秤inertial frame 惯性坐标系，惯性系inertial mass 惯性质量infra-red detector 红外线探测器infra-red radiation 红外辐射infra-red ray 红外线initial state 初态initial velocity 初速度input 输入input bias current 输入偏压电流input characteristic 输入特性input current 输入电流input offset current 输入补偿电流input power 输入功率input resistance 输入电阻input voltage 输入电压input-output voltage characteristic 输入—输出电压特性instantaneous acceleration 瞬时加速度instantaneous angular velocity 瞬时角速度instantaneous current 瞬时电流instantaneous power 瞬时功率instantaneous speed 瞬时速率instantaneous velocity 瞬时速度instantaneous voltage 瞬时电压insulation 绝缘insulator 绝缘体integrated circuit 集成电路intensity 强度intensity control 强度控制intensity of current 电流强度interaction 相互作用interatomic force 原子间力interatomic potential 原子间势，原子间位interatomic separation 原子间距intercept 截距，截段interconversion 互换interference 干涉interference pattern 干涉图形internal energy 内能internal force 内力internal resistance 内电阻internal work 内功international system of units 国际单位制，公制，十进制interval 间隔intrinsic semiconductor 纯半导体，本征半导体inverse-square law 平方反比定律inverted 倒立的inverter 反相器，倒换器inverting input 反相输入ion 离子ion-pair 离子偶，离子对ionic bond 离子键ionic structure 离子结构ionization 电离作用ionization chamber 电离室ionization current 电离电流ionization energy 电离能ionization potential 电离电势，电离电位ionization voltage 电离电压ionize 电离ionized atom 离子ionized layer 电离层ionizing power 致电离能力，致电离本领ionizing radiation 致电离辐射ionosphere 电离层iris 虹膜，可变光阑iron core 铁心iron filings 铁粉irreversible process 不可逆过程isobar 等压线，同质异序素isobaric expansion 等压膨胀isobaric process 等压过程isochronous oscillation 等时振荡isotherm 等温线isothermal process 等温过程isotope 同位素isovolumetric process 等容过程JJaegers method 耶格法jet propulsion 喷气推进jockey 滑动触头joule 焦耳joulemeter 焦耳计junction 连接，接头junction diode 面结型二极管junction transistor 面结型晶体管KKaleidoscope 万花筒Kelvin 开尔文，开Kelvin temperature scale 开氏温标Kepler´s law 开普勒定律key 电键kilogram 千克kilowatt 千瓦特，千瓦kilowatt-hour 千瓦小时，千瓦时kilowatt-hour meter 电表，千瓦时计kinematics 运动学kinetic energy 动能kinetic friction 动摩擦kinetic theory 分子运动论kinetic theory model 分子运动模型kinetic theory of gases 气体分子运动论Kirchhoff´s law 基尔霍夫定律kit 套件knife-edge 刃形支承，刀刃，刀边kryton 氪Kundt´s tube 孔脱管Llagging 保温套laminar flow 层流laminated 分层的，迭片的laser 激光，激光器laser beam 激光束laser material 激光材料latch 闩锁latent heat 潜热lateral 横向，侧向，旁向lateral inversion 横向倒置lateral magnification 横向放大，横向放大率lateral search coil 横向探察线圈lattice 点阵，晶格lattice spacing 点阵间隔，点阵间距law 定律law of conservation of momentum 动量守恒定律law of reflection 反射定律law of refraction 折射定律lead 导线，铅lead-acid accumulator 铅酸蓄电池leakage current 漏泄电流least distance of distinct vision 最小明视距离Leclanche cell 勒克朗谢电池length 长度lens 透镜，晶体，晶状体lens formula 透镜公式。

英译汉。高英

Lesson 11)The one I am thinking of particularly is entered by Gothicarched gateway of aged brick and stone .You pass from the heat and glare of a big, open square into a cool, dark cavern which extends as far as the eye can see, losing itself in the shadowy distance.此时此刻我要说的集市的入口是一座古老的砖石结构的哥特式拱门，年代非常久远。

当你穿过一个烈日暴晒的大型露天广场，然后走进一个凉爽、幽暗的洞穴。

这洞穴一直一直向前延伸，一眼望不到尽头，最终消失在远处的阴影里。

2)It is a point of honor with the customers not to let the shopkeeper guess what it is she really likes and want until the last moment. 对于顾客来说，至关重要的一点是，不到最后一刻是不能让店主猜到她心里究竟中意哪样东西、想买哪样东西的.3)The seller ,on the other hand ,makes a point of protesting that the price he is charging is depriving him of all profit, and that he is sacrificing this because of his personal regard for the customer. 而在店主那一方来说，则是竭尽全力的让顾客相信，他开出的价钱使他根本无利可图，而他之所以愿意这样做完全是出于本人对顾客的敬重。

采矿工程专业英语

accoustic signal 音响信号 accretion 表土 accumulation 蓄积 accumulator 蓄电池 accumulator capacity 蓄电池容量 accumulator lamp 蓄电池灯 accumulator locomotive 蓄电池机车 accuracy 精度 accuracy degree 精确度 acetate 醋酸盐 acetic acid 醋酸 aceton 丙酮 acetonitrile乙腈 acetyl 乙酰 acetylene 乙炔acetylene lamp 电石灯 achromatic 消色差的 aciculite 针状矿石 acid 酸 acid minewater 酸性矿水 acid number 酸值 acid proof 酎酸的 acid resistance 耐酸性 acid resistant 耐酸的 acid resistant steel 耐酸钢 acid resisting steel 耐酸钢 acid rock 酸性岩 acid treatment of a bore hole 钻孔酸处理 acid value 酸值 acidite 酸性岩acidity 酸度 acidness 酸度 acidproof 耐酸的 actinium 锕 actinolite 阳起石 actionradius 酌半径 activate 活化 activated carbon 活性煤 activated charcoal 活性煤 activating agent 活化剂 activation 活性化 activation energy 活化能 activator 活化剂 active 活化的采矿英语专业词汇Aabandoned workings 废巷道 abandonment 废弃 abelite 阿贝立特炸药 abichite 砷铜矿 ability 能力 ability to flow 怜性 ablation 水蚀 ablution 洗净 abnormality 反常abrasion 磨损 abrasion resistance抗磨蚀能力 abrasive 磨料abruption 断层 abscissa 横座标 absite 钍钛铀矿 absolute error 绝对误差 absolute humidity 绝对温度 absorbability 吸收性 absorbent 吸收剂 absorber 吸收器吸收剂 ;减震器 absorbing ability 吸收性absorption 吸收 absorption factor吸收系数 absorption meter 液体溶气计 absorptivity 吸收性absortion constant 吸收常数 abstraction of pillars 回采煤柱 abundance 丰富 abundant 富有的 abutment 拱座 abutment area 支承压力带 abutment pressure 支承压力 accelerated motion 加速运动 accelerating agent 速凝剂acceptance test 验收试验 acceptor charge 被动装药 accessory equipment 补助设备 accessory minerals 副矿物 accidental explosion 意外爆炸 acclivity 上倾 accompanying bed伴生层active dust 活性尘末active working face 生产工祖activity 活度actual mining 回采工作actuate 驱动actuating roll 导辊actuator 执行机构acuity 敏锐度acute 尖的acute angle 锐角adamantine 冷铸钢粒adamantine boring 冷铸钢粒钻进adamantine drill 金刚石钻adamellite 石英二长石adamic earth 红粘土adaptability 适合性adaptation 适应adapter 插座adaptibility 适合性addition 加法;加添additional tension 附加应力additive 添加剂adelpholite 铌铁锰矿adhere 粘着adherence 粘着adhesion force 粘附力adhesive 胶粘剂adhesive power 粘附力adhesiveness 胶粘性adhesivity 胶粘性adiabatic 绝热的adiabatic compression 绝热压缩adit 平硐adit collar 平硐口adit cut mining 平硐开采adit entrance 平硐口adit mine 平硐开采矿山adit mouth 平硐口adjoining rock 围岩adjust 蝶adjustable prop 伸缩式支柱adjuster 装配工adjusting device 蝶装置adjusting screw 蝶螺丝adjustment 蝶adjutage 喷射管admissible 容许的admission 进入;容许admitting pipe 进入管admixture 掺和物adobe 风干砖adobe blasting 裸露装药爆破adobe shot 裸露装药爆破adsorb 吸附adsorbate 吸附物adsorbent 吸附剂adsorption 吸附adsorption film 吸附膜adsorption isotherm 等温吸附式adular 冰长石adularia 冰长石adulterant 掺杂物adustion 可燃性advance 工祖进尺advance bore 超前钻孔advance borehole 超前钻孔advance cut 超前掏槽advance grouting 超前灌浆advance heading 超前平巷advance mining 前进式开采advance of the face 工祖推进advance rate 掘进速度advance workings 超前工祖advanced face 超前工祖advanced gallery 超前平巷advancement 掘进advancing 掘进advancing along the strike 沿走向掘进advancing long wall 前进式长壁开采advancing longwall 前进式长壁开采advancing mining 前进式开采advancing system 前进式开采法advancing to the dip 俯斜掘进advancing to the rise 仰斜掘进advantage 长处adventure 矿山企业adversary grade 逆坡adverse grade 逆坡aegerite 纯钠辉石aegirine 霓石aegirite 霓石aeolation 风蚀aerated concrete 气孔混凝土aerating chamber 空气混合室aeration 通风aerator 充气器aeremia 沉箱病aerial cableway 架空死aerial conveyer 架空运输机aerial dust 浮尘aerial ropeway 架空死aerial tramway 架空死aerocrete 气孔混凝土aeroembolism 沉箱病aerofloat 黑药aerogel 气凝胶aerolite 陨石aerolith 陨石aerometer 气体表aerophore 氧气呼吸器aerosite 深红银矿aerosol 气溶胶aerotriangulation 航空三角测量aeroview 空中俯瞰图aerugo 铜绿aeschynite 易解石afflux 岭after damp 炮烟after gases 炮烟aftercare 土地复田护理aftercooler 后冷却器二次冷却器afterdamp 爆后气体aftereffect 后效afterexpansion 残余膨胀aftergases 爆后气体aftertreatment 后处理agalite 纤滑石agalmatolite 寿山石agate 玛瑙age 期age of mine 矿山寿命ageing 老化agent 剂agglomerant 粘结剂agglomerate 烧结矿agglomeration 聚集agglutinant 烧结剂agglutination 凝集aggregate thickness 总厚度aggregation 聚集aging 老化agitation 搅拌agitator 搅拌器agnotozoic era 元古代agricolite 硅铋石aikinite 针硫铋铅矿air adit 通风平硐air blast 空气冲击air blast goaf stowing machine 风力充填机air blaster 艾欠道克斯压气爆破筒air blowpipe 炮眼吹洗管air bottle 压气瓶air box 木制风管air brake 空气制动器air brattice 风帘air brick 空心砖air bubble 气泡air bump 空气突出air chamber 空气室air change 换气air channel 空气通路air classifier 空气分级机air cleaner 空气滤净器air cleaning 风力选矿air compartment 通风隔间air composition 空气成分air compressor 空气压缩机air conditioning 空气第air connection 通风联络巷air consumption 空气消耗量air contamination 空气污染air cooler 空气冷却器air cooling 空气冷却air crossing 风桥air current 风流air curtain 风帘air cylinder 空气缸air distribution 风量分配air door 风门air door tender 风门工air drift 通风石巷air drill 风钻air drilling 风动钻眼air driven mine car loader 风动矿车装载机air driven pump 风动泵air driven rockerloader 压气式铲斗后卸装载机air drying 风干air duct 空气通路air ejector 喷气器air escape 空气漏出air feed 气力推进air filter 空气过滤器air float table 气浮式风力摇床air flotation 充气浮选air flow 风流air flow resistance 气凌力air gap 风口air gate 风巷air hammer 气锤air heading 通风平巷air heater 空气加热器air hose 压气软管air humidity 空气湿度air inlet 进气口air intake 进气口air jig 风力跳汰机air leg 风动钻架air level 气泡水准仪air lift 空气提液器air line 空气管air lock 气闸air locomotive 压气机车air measurement 通风测量air moisture 空气湿度air motor 风动发动机air movement 空气怜air network 通风网air opening 风巷air operated machine 风动机air partition 风墙air permeability 透气性air pick 风镐air pipe 风管air pocket 气袋airpollution 空气污染air powered locomotive 压气机车air preheater 空气顸热器air pressure 空气压力air proof 不透气的air pulsated jig 气动跳汰机air pump 抽气泵air receiver 蓄气器air resistance 空气阻力air screw fan 轴两扇风机air separation 风选air separator 风力分离器风力分选机air shaft 风井air splitting 风林支air stopping 风墙air strainer 空气滤清器air supply 空气供应air table 风力淘汰盘air tank 空气箱air trammer 风动机车air trunk 通风隔间air tube 风井air valve 气阀air velocity 风临度air vessel 蓄气器airbridge 风桥aircurrent 风流airdox 艾欠道克斯压气爆破筒airdox blaster 艾欠道克斯压气爆破筒airdox cylinder 压气爆破筒airflow measurement 通风测量airing 通气airleg 气腿airlock 风闸airman 风门工airway 风巷airwinch 风动绞车akerite 光辉正长岩;英辉正长岩akins classifier 螺旋分级机alabandine 硫锰矿alabandite 硫锰矿alabaster 雪花石膏alabastrite 雪花石膏alamosite 铅辉石alarm 警报alarm device 警报装置alarm signal 警报信号alaskaite 白岗岩alaskite 白岗岩alaunstein 茂石albertite 沥清煤albite 钠长石albitite 钠长岩albitophyre 钠长斑岩albronze 铝青铜alcali 碱alcohol 醇alertor 警报信号alidade 指方规aliphatic acid 脂族酸alkali 碱alkalimeter 碱量计alkalimetry 碱量滴定法alkaline 碱的alkaline accumulator 碱性蓄电池alkaline earth metal 碱土金属alkalinity 碱度alkyl 烷基all over work 长壁开采all ups 原煤allactite 砷水锰矿allanite 褐帘石allemontite 砷锑矿alligator 自翻式吊桶allomerism 异质同晶allomorphism 同质异晶allophane 水铝英石allophanite 水铝英石allotrope 同素异形体allotropy 同素异形allowable concentration 许容浓度allowable error 容许误差allowable load 容许负载allowable stress 容许应力allowance 公差alloy 合金alloy bit 合金钻头alloyed steel 合金钢alluvial 冲积的alluvial deposit 冲积矿床alluvial gold 砂金alluvial mining 砂矿开采alluvial soil 冲积土alluvial tin 砂锡矿alluviation 冲积alluvion 冲积层alluvium 冲积层almandine 铁铝榴石almandite 铁铝榴石alnico 铝镍钴合金alnoite 黄长煌斑岩aloxite 铝砂alstonite 碳酸钙钡矿altait 碲铅矿alteration 变蚀酌alternate load 交变负载alternate motion 往复运动alternate stress 交变应力alternating 交替的alternating current 交流alternating current generator 交立电机alternating current motor 交羚动机alternating motion 往复运动alternation 交替altimeter 测高计altimetry 高度测量术altitude 高度alum 茂alum earth 矾土alumel 铝镍合金alumina 矾土alumina cement 高铝水泥aluminate 铝酸盐aluminium 铝aluminium bronze 铝青铜aluminum detonator 铝壳雷管alundum 氧化铝alunite 茂石amalgam 汞齐amalgamating barrel 提金桶amalgamation 汞齐化酌amalgamator 提金器汞齐化器amatol 阿马托炸药amazonite 天河石amazonstone 天河石amber 琥珀ambient 周围的ambient temperature 周围温度ambligonite 磷铝石amblygonite 磷铝石ambulance 急救车americium 镅amethyst 紫晶amide 酰安amine 胺amino acid 氨基酸ammon dynamite 硝安炸药ammon explosive 硝铵炸药ammonal 阿梅那尔ammonia 氨ammonia gelatine dynamite 铵胶炸药ammonite 阿芒炸药ammonium 铵ammonium nitrate 硝安ammonium nitrate dynamite 硝安炸药ammonium nitrate explosives 硝安炸药ammonium nitrate prill 颗粒状硝铵amorphous 无定形的amorphous state 无定形状恙amortization 折旧ampelite 黄铁碳质页岩amphibole 角闪石amphibolite 闪岩amphibolization 闪石化酌amplification 放大amplifier 放大器amplify 放大amplitude 振幅ampole 安瓿amygdaloid 杏仁岩amygdaloidal texture 杏仁状结构analcime 方沸石analcite 方沸石analog digital conversion 模拟数字转换analogy 类似analyser 分析器analysis 分析analyst 化验员analytic 分析的analytical 分析的analytical chemistry 分析化学analyze 分析analyzer 分析器anatase 锐钛矿anbauhobel 快速刨煤机anchor 锚anchor bolt 锚杆ancillary work 辅助工作ancylite 碳酸锶铈矿andalusite 红柱石anderseam 下部煤层andesine 中长石andesite 安山岩andradite 钙铁榴石anemobarometer 风速风压计anemograph 自记风速计anemometer 风速表anemometry 风速测定aneroid barometer 无液气压计anfo explosives 铵油炸药anfo loader 铵油炸药装填器angle 角angle bar 角钢angle face 倾斜工祖angle gauge 角规angle of bedding 层理面倾斜角angle of break 崩落角angle of contact 接触角angle of deflection 偏角angle of dip 倾角angle of draw 落角angle of elevation 仰角angle of emergence 出射角angle of friction 摩擦角angle of incidence 入射角angle of inclination 倾角angle of internal friction 内摩擦角angle of pitch 螺距角angle of repose 休止角angle of rest 休止角angle of rolling friction 滚动摩擦角angle of strike 走向角度angle of subsidence 边界角angle shot mortar test 开槽臼炮试验anglesite 硫酸铅矿angular 角的angular acceleration 角加速度angular hole 斜炮眼angular motion 角动angular velocity 角速度anhydride 酐anhydrite 硬石膏anion 阴离子anisotropy 蛤异性ankerite 铁白云石annabergite 镍华annealing 退火annual advance 年掘进annual output 年产量anode 阳极anomaly 异常anorthite 钙长石anorthoclase 歪长石anorthosite 斜长石antarctic pole 南极antecedent magnetic concentration 储备处理磁选anthracene 葸anthracite 无烟煤anthracite culm 无烟煤粉anthracite mine 无烟煤矿anthracography 煤相学anthracology 煤炭学anthracometer 二氧化碳计anthracosis 煤肺病anthrafine 无烟煤细末anthrakometry 二氧化碳测定法anti acid 耐酸的anticlinal 背斜anticline 背斜anticlinorium 复背斜anticlockwise rotation 反时针旋转antidote 解毒药antifoamer 消泡剂antifoaming agent 消泡剂antifreeze 防冻剂antifreezing agent 防冻剂antimonite 辉锑矿antimony 锑antimony glance 辉锑矿antioxidant 抗氧剂antioxidizer 抗氧剂antiseptic 防腐剂apatite 磷灰石aplite 细晶岩apophyllite 鱼眼石apophyse 岩枝apophysis 岩枝apparatus 频apparent resistance 表观阻力apparent specific gravity 表观此重apparent viscosity 视粘度apple coal 软煤applicable 可以应用的application 应用appreciation 评价approach 接近approved cable 防爆电缆approved lamp 安全灯approved shot firing apparatus 安全放炮器耐爆放炮器approximate 近似的approximate value 近似值approximation 近似法apron conveyor 平板运输机apron coveyor 板式输送机apron feeder 板式给矿机apyrous 耐火的aqua regia 王水aquation 水合酌aqueduct 输水桥aqueous 水的aqueous solution 水溶液aquifer 蓄水层aquiferous 含水的aragonite 霰石arc 弧arch 拱arch lining 拱形支架arch pressure 支承压力arch setting 安设拱形支架arch span 拱跨arch theory 成拱论arch timbering 拱形木支架arch truss 拱式桁架arched support 拱形支架architecture 建筑学archy lining 拱形支架arcose sandstone 长石砂岩arcwall face 弧形工祖area 矿区area blasting 多排列爆破area of explosion 爆炸区arenaceous 砂质的arenarious 砂质的arenology 砂岩学arenous 砂质的areometer 比重计arfvedsonite 钠钙闪石argentite 辉银矿argentum 银argillaceous rock 泥质岩argillaceous sandstone 泥质砂岩argillaceous slate 泥板岩argillite 泥质板岩argon 氩argyrodite 硫银锗矿arkose 长石砂岩arm 杠杆;柄arm mixer 叶片式搅拌机armature 加强armature core 电枢铁心armature winding 电枢绕组armored cable 铠装电缆armored concrete 钢筋混凝土armoure 加强armoured concrete 钢筋混凝土armoured conveyerpanzer conveyer 镫装运输机arrangement 布置arrangements 准备arrester 制动器制止器arrester catch 止动器挡车器arrestor 避雷器arsenic 砷arsenite 砷华arsenolite 砷华arsenopyrite 砷黄铁矿arsensilver blende 淡红银矿articulated roof beam 铰接顶梁articulated yielding arch 铰接可缩性拱形支架articulation 铰链接合artificial caving 人工崩落artificial draught 人工通风artificial petroleum 人造石油artificial respiration 人工呼吸artificial vetilation 人工通风asbestos 石棉asbestos wool 石棉绒asbolane 钴土矿asbolite 钴土矿asbstos cement 石棉水泥ascending working 漏口ascension 上升ascensional ventilation 上向通风ash 灰ash coal 高灰煤ash composition 灰分组成ash content 灰分askew 斜的asparagus stone 黄绿磷灰石asphalt 地沥青asphalt base crude oil 沥青基原油asphalt concrete 地沥青混凝土asphaltite 沥青岩asphyxia 窒息asphyxy 窒息aspirail 通风孔aspirating tube 吸气管aspiration 吸气aspirator 抽风机assay 试金assemblage 装配assemble 装配assimilation 同化酌association缔合assort 分类assortment 分类assurance factor 安全系数astillen 脉壁; 隔墙astriction 收缩astringency 收敛性asymmetric 不对称的asymmetrical 不对称的asymmetry 不对称asymptotic 渐近的asynchronous generator 异步发电机asynchronous motor 异步电动机atacamite 氯铜矿atmoizer 喷雾器atmosphere 大气atmospheric 大气的atmospheric conditions 通风条件;大气条件atmospheric corrosion 大气腐蚀atmospheric moisture 空气湿度atmospheric pressure 大气压力atom 原子atomic 原子的atomic number 原子序atomic ore 放射性矿石atomic volume 原子体积atomization 喷雾atomizer 喷雾器attack 循环; 开始attal 充填物料attenuation 衰减atteration 冲积土attle 充填料attraction 引力attractive force 引力attrition 磨耗attrition mill 盘磨机attrition test 磨损试验auger drill 螺旋钻augering 螺旋钻法auget 雷管augite 辉石aureole 接触带auric 金的auriferous 含金的aurum 金austenite 奥氏体austenitic steel 奥氏体钢autmatic measuring device 自动计量器auto alarm 自动报警auto ignition 自燃autocollimation 自动视准autoconverter 自动变流autocrane 汽车起重机autodumper 自卸汽车autofeed 自动给料autofeeder 自动给矿机autogenous cutting 气割autogenous welding 气焊autoloader 汽车式装载机automated mine 自动化煤矿automated mining 自动化采掘automatic block 自动闭塞automatic brake 自动制动器automatic checking 自动检验automatic circuit breaker 自动断路器automatic control 自动控制automatic controller 自动第器自动蝶器automatic coupler 自动车钩automatic door 自动风门automatic dumper 自动翻车机automatic equipment 自动设备automatic feed 自动给料automatic feeder 自动给矿机automatic installation 自动设备automatic loading device 自动装载设备automatic lubrication 自动润滑automatic lubricator 自动润滑器automatic oiling 自动润滑automatic pressure controller 自动倒器自动压力控制器automatic regulator 自动第器自动蝶器automatic release 自动释放automatic resetting 自动复位automatic sampler 自动取样器automatic sorting 自动选分automatic warning device 自动告警装置automatic weighing device 自动秤automation 自动化automatization 自动化automobile 汽车autotransformer 单卷变压器autotruck 载重汽车auxiliary 辅助的auxiliary adit 辅助平峒auxiliary equipment 辅助设备auxiliary fan 辅助扇风机auxiliary level 辅助平巷auxiliary shaft 辅助竖井auxiliary support 辅助支架auxiliary tools 辅助仪表auxiliary ventilation 局部通气auxilliary winch 辅助绞车aventurine 砂金石average 平均average error 平均误差average life 平均寿命average pressure 平均压力average sample 平均试样average trend 平均走向average value 平均值axe 斧axial 轴性的axial blower 轴寥风机axial compression 轴向压缩axial direction 轴向axial fan 轴两扇凤机axial flow compressor 轴两压缩机axial flow fan 轴寥风机axial piston motor 轴向柱塞马达axial piston pump 轴向活塞泵axial pump 轴两泵axle 车轴axle base 轴距axle bearing 轴承axle box 轴颈箱axle box bearing 轴箱轴承axle journal 轴颈azimuth 方位azimuth angle 方位角azimuth compass 方位测量罗盘azote 氮azurite 蓝铜矿Bbabbit 巴氏合金back bolting 顶板锚杆支护back bone 分水岭back brace 背板back break 超欠挖back brushing 挑顶back coming 后退回采back filler 回填机back filling 充填back filling method 充填法back filling shrinkage 充填物收缩back filling system 分段上向充填开采法back lath 顶板背板back leg bracing 柱腿支撑back lye 井下错车道back pulling 回采煤柱back stope 上向梯段回采工祖back stoping 上向梯段回采back stroke 回程back water 回水back weight 平衡锤backacter 反铲backbye deputy 井下维修工backdigger 反铲backdraught 逆通风backfill 充填backfill material 充填料backfill operations 充填工作backhoe 反铲backlash 轮齿隙backman 辅助工backpressure 顶板压力backstoping 上向梯段回采backwall injection 井壁背后灌浆backweight 平衡锤backwork 辅助工作bacteria leaching 细菌沥滤bactericide 杀菌剂bad top 不稳固顶板baddeleyite 斜锆矿baffle plate 反射板bag filter 袋滤器bag powder 装袋炸药bag type accumulator 皮囊式蓄能器bagger 多斗控掘机bagging 装袋baghouse 囊式集尘窒baikalite 贝钙铁辉石bail 吊桶bailer 铲bailing ring 集水圈bailing tank 戽水斗baking coal 粘结煤bal 矿山balance 平衡balance bob 平衡锤balance bunker 平衡仓balance level 水准仪balance pit 平衡重井筒balance plane 自重滑行坡balance rope 平衡钢丝绳balance rope pulley 平衡绳滑轮balance tail rope 平衡尾绳balance valve 平衡阀balance weight 平衡锤balanced hoist 两容漆升机balanced hoisting 平衡提升balanced load 平衡负载balanced winding 平衡提升balancing 平衡balas 浅红晶石balk 煤层薄ball 球ball and socket joint 球节ball bearing 滚珠轴承ball bushing 球轴套ball cage 球护圈ball charge 磨球装量ball crusher 球磨机ball inclinometer 球式测斜仪ball indentation test 布氏硬度试验ball joint roof bar 球铰顶梁ball mill 球磨机ball retainer 球护圈ball up 钻孔堵塞ball valve 球阀ballas 浅红晶石ballast concrete 石碴混凝土ballast pit 采石场ballast rod 冲唤钻杆balling drum 球磨机滚筒ballistic mortar test 弹道臼炮试验ballistic pendulum test 弹道摆试验ballistite 巴里斯泰特炸药ballstone 球石balsam 香液bamboo tamping rod 竹炮棍band 带band brake 带式制动器带闸band conveyor 带式运输机band iron 带铁band ore 带状矿石banging piece 防险器断绳保险器banging pieces 断绳保险器防坠器banjo 钻车bank 阶段bank coal 原煤bank excavation 阶段采掘bank height 台阶高度bank method of attack 阶段开采法bank shaft mouth 坚井口bank work 阶梯开采bankcoal 原煤banker 掘土工banket 含金砾岩层bankhead 斜井井口出车平台banking 堆积bannock 耐火粘土bar 杆bar cutter 杆式截煤机bar grizzly 棒条筛bar mat reinforcement 网状钢筋bar reinforcement 钢筋bar rigged drifter 架式凿岩机bar screen 棒条筛bare 裸露的bare cable 裸电缆bare log 钻孔柱状图bargh 矿山企业baring 复盖岩层; 剥离barings 截煤粉barite 重晶石barium 钡barkevikite 棕闪石barney 单钩提升上山用的平衡重车barney car 单钩提升上山用的平衡重车barometer 气压表barometric 气压的barometric height 气压高度barrage 堰barrel 桶barren 不含矿物的barren layer 废石层barren rock 废石barricade 隔墙barrier 岩粉棚barrier method 柱式开采法barrier pillar 安全煤柱barrier system 柱式开采法barrierless accumulator 非隔离式蓄能器barring 顶板支护barrow 手推车barrow pit 手车运输的露天矿baryte 重晶石baryum 钡basal cleavage 贮理basal level 基淮面basalt 玄武岩base 基础;碱基base charge 基本装药量;炮眼底部装约base line 基线base plate 底板base road 诛base rock 基岩base unit 基本单位bashing 用废矸石充填采空区basic 基性的basic line 基线basic rock 碱性岩basin 煤田;盆地;贮水池basis 基础bass 炭质页岩basset 露头bast 炭质页岩bastard 夹石bastite 绢石bastnaesite 氟碳铈矿bat 泥质页岩batardeau 隔墙bathoclase 水平节理batholite 基岩batholith 基岩bathometer 深海测深仪bathymeter 深海测深仪bating 井筒延伸;卧底batt 泥质页岩batter 坡度batter level 倾斜仪batter pile 斜桩batter post 斜柱battered prop 斜柱battery 电池组;木隔壁; 工专battery capacity 蓄电池容量battery charger 充电机battery lamp 蓄电池灯battery locomotive 蓄电池机车battery powered haulage 蓄电池机车运输battery shuttle car 蓄电池梭车baulk 煤层薄baum jig 空气跳汰机baum jig washer 空气跳汰机baum wash box 空气跳汰机bauxite 铝土矿bawke 吊桶beach combing 海滨开采砂矿beach placer 海滨漂砂矿床beam 梁bearer 矿柱bearing 煤层走向; 轴承bearing alloy 轴承合金bearing block 矿枉煤柱bearing bush 轴承瓦bearing bushing 轴承瓦bearing cap 轴承盖bearing capacity 承重能力bearing housing 轴承壳bearing indicator 方位指示器bearing load 轴承负载bearing metal 轴承合金bearing pointer 方位指示器bearing position 支点bearing power 承重能力bearing pressure 承压力bearing ring 之框bearing set 之框bearing test 承载力试验bearing up pulley 紧绳轮beat 打击beater 木捣锤beater pulverizer 锤碎机beckelite 方钙饰镧矿bed 地层bed plane 层理面bed series 层系bed succession 层序bed thinning 煤层变薄bed top 矿层顶板bedded iron ore 层状铁矿bedded rock 层状岩bedded vein 层状矿脉bedding 层理bedding rock 基岩bedding surface 层理面bedrock 基岩beetle 大锤; 捣固机belemnite 箭石bell man 信号工bell pit 小探井bell rope 信号铃拉绳belly 煤层变厚belonite 针雏晶belowground 地下的belt 胶带belt bucket elevator 带头式提升机belt cleaner 净带器belt conveyor 带式运输机belt discharging plant 胶带输送机卸料装置belt elevator 带式提升机belt extension 胶带接长belt fastener 带扣belt feeder 带式给矿机belt heading 皮带输送机平巷belt hoister 斜井用胶带输送机belt idler pulley 皮带拉紧滚筒belt incline 胶带输送机斜井belt joint 带接belt lacer 带扣belt lacing 胶带接合belt lacing machine 缝带机belt loader 胶带动载机belt pulley 带式运输机滚筒belt punch 皮带穿孔器belt roller 皮带轮belt screen 带筛belt separator 带式分选机belt slip protection 胶带打滑保护belt stower 抛掷式胶带充填机belt stretcher 紧带器belt tension 皮带张力belt tightener 紧带器belt tightening pulley 皮带拉滚筒belt training idler 胶带导辊belt transport 皮带输送belt type dehydrator 带式干燥机belt type magnetic separator 带式磁选机belting 输送机胶带装置bench 阶段bench cut blasting 阶段爆破bench drilling 阶段钻眼bench face 台阶工祖bench floor 台阶底bench height 台阶高度bench hole 梯段的下向垂直炮眼bench mining 阶梯式开采bench preparation 阶段准备bench stoping 阶梯式开采benched quarry 阶段采石场benching 阶梯式开采benching bank 阶段bend 弯管bimetallic strip relay 双金属片继电器 bin 矿仓 bin gate 贮仓闸门 binder 粘结剂 binding agent 粘结剂 bindingcoal 粘结煤 binding energy 结合能 binding force 结合力 bing 堆 bing hole放矿溜口 binning 装仓biogeochemistry 生物地球化学 biotite黑云母 biquartz 双石英 bismuth 铋bismuth glance 辉铋矿 bismuthinite 辉铋矿 bismuthite 泡铋矿 bisulfate 硫酸氢盐 bisulfite 亚硫酸氢盐 bisulphate 硫酸氢盐 bisulphite 亚硫酸氢盐 bit 钎头 bit dresser 钻头修整机 bit dressing 钻头修整 bit edge 钻刃 bit face 钻头刃面 bit grinder 钻头磨锐机 bit head 钻头 bit life 钎头使用期间 bit shank 钎尾 bitter earth 氧化镁 bitum 沥青bituminous coal 沥青煤 bituminous rock 沥青岩 bituminous shale 沥青页岩 black band 菱铁矿 black blastingpowder 黑色火药 black bog 泥炭沼泽 black diamond 黑金刚石 black earth黑土 black iron ore 磁铁矿 black lead 石黑 black lead ore 黑铅矿bender 弯机 bending force 弯力 bending machine 弯机 bending moment 弯曲矩 bending resistance 抗弯强度 bending rolls 辊子卷板机 bending strength 抗弯强度 bendingstress 弯曲应力 bending test 弯曲试验 benefication 选矿 beneficiating method 选矿法 beneficiation 选矿 benitoite 蓝锥矿 bent 弯曲 bent entry 弯曲平巷 bent face 弯工祖 bent pipe 弯管 bentonite 皂土 benzene 苯 benzine汽油 benzol 苯 beresite 黄铁长英岩 berm 段台 berme 段台 berthierite 辉铁锑矿 bertrandite 硅铍石 beryl 绿柱石 beryllium 铍 beryllonite 磷钠铍石 beton 混凝土 bevel 斜面 bevel gear 伞齿轮 bevel gear drive 伞齿轮传动 bevelgearing 伞齿轮咬合 ;锥齿轮传动装置 bevel wheel 伞齿轮 bevelling 锨 bicable tramway 双线死 bickford fuse 比克福特导爆线 biconetype rolling cutter bit 双圆锥齿轮钻头 big hole大径钻孔 billot 杆 bimetal 双金属 bimetalthermometer 双金属温度计black manganese 黑锰矿black powder 黑火药black powder train 黑药导火线blackdamp 室息性空气blacksmith 锻工blade 刀片blade grader 推土机blader 推土机blaize 硬砂岩blanch 铅矿石blanket 表层blanket table 平面洗矿台blast 爆炸blast blower 鼓风机blast firing 放炮blast hole 炮眼blast hole drill 凿岩机blast layout 装药布置blast stower 风力充填机blastability 爆炸性blaster 放炮工blaster cap 雷管blasters' permit 爆破技术员blasthole 炮眼blasthole bit 炮眼钻头blasthole collar 炮眼口blasthole method 深孔爆破开采法blasting 爆破blasting accessories 爆破用七blasting agent 炸药blasting cable 放炮电缆blasting cartridge 药包blasting charge 装炸药blasting compound 炸药blasting cone 爆破漏斗blasting device 爆破用具blasting drift 爆破平巷blasting dust 爆破尘末blasting equipment 爆破用具blasting explosive 炸药blasting fume 炮烟blasting fuse 导火线blasting galvanometer 放炮电路试验器blasting gelatine 煤炸药blasting lead 爆破导线blasting machine 电气发爆器blasting material 爆炸物blasting oil 硝化甘油blasting operation 爆破blasting ratio 爆破比blasting supplies 起爆颇blasting switch 爆破开关blasting technician 放炮工blasting tools 爆破工具bleed of gas 瓦斯喷出bleeder entry 通风平巷bleeder hole 放泄孔bleeder off hole 排放钻孔bleeder pipe 排出管blende 闪锌矿blender 掺合器混合器blending 掺合blending bunker 配合仓blending conveyor 掺合输送机blind 暗的blind coal 无焰炭blind drift 独头巷道blind galley 独头巷道blind lead 无露头矿脉blind outcrop 盲露头blind pit 暗井blind shaft 暗井blister 气泡block 采区;块;滑车组block brake 闸块式制动器block caving method 分段崩落采矿法block line 钻井钢丝绳block mining 分块开采blockage 闭塞blockhole 炮眼blockhole blasting 爆破地面大块岩石blockholing 爆破地面大块岩石blocking 闭塞blondin 采掘场架空死blow 放炮blow of gas 瓦斯喷出blow up 爆炸blowcharging 风力装药blowed fill 风力充填blower 吹风机blower fan 吹风机blowing out 吹洗炮眼blowing over 工祖通风blowing ventilation 吹入通风blowlamp 焊灯blowout 突出blowout preventer 防喷器blowpipe 喷焊器喷割器blowtorch 焊灯blue cap 蓝色焰晕blue printing machine 蓝图机blue spar 天蓝石blue vitriol 胆矾blueprint 蓝图blueprint paper 蓝图纸bluestone 胆矾blunt 钝的blunt drill 钝钻board 板board and pillar 房柱式开法board and pillar method 房柱式开采法board and pillar work 房柱式开法board and wall method 房柱式开采法boarding 安装木板boart 工业用圆粒金刚石bob 铅锥bobbin 绕线管bog land 沼地bogie 小车;转向架boiled oil 熟炼油boiler 锅炉boiling 沸腾boiling process 沸腾法boke 小细脉bolt 螺栓bolt connection 螺栓连接bolt joint 螺栓接合bolting 锚杆支护bolting cost 锚杆支架费bonanza 富矿脉bond 结合bond energy 结合能bonding agent 结合剂bonding energy 结合能bonding strength 结合强度bone 可燃性页岩bone char 骨煤bone coal 骨煤bone picker 拣矸工bonnet 盖bonny 矿襄bonstay 暗井bont 提升装置bonze 末精选的铅矿石boom 悬臂boom crane 伸臂起重机boom hoist 悬臂绞车boom ripper 悬臂挑预机boose 矿石内的脉石booster 传爆药booster fan 辅助扇风机booster primer 传爆药booster pump 增压泵boosting 局部通风bootleg 拒爆炮眼booze 铅矿bop 防喷器boracite 方硼石borax 硼砂bord 巷道bord and pillar method 房柱式开采法bord and pillar work 房柱式开法bord and wall method 房柱式开采法border 边缘border pile 边桩bordering 炮泥borderline 界线bore 孔bore bit 钻头bore borings 钻粉bore hole 炮眼bore meal 钻粉bore mining 溶液采矿bore mud 钻泥bore plug 钻孔岩样borehole 钻孔borehole charge 钻孔装药borehole clinometer 钻孔测斜仪borehole diameter 钻孔直径borehole profile 钻孔断面图borehole pump 深井泵borehole seal 镗孔密封垫borehole shooting 钻井爆破borehole survey 钻孔测量borer 钻工boride 硼化物boring 钻进boring bar 钻杆boring bit 钎头boring for oil 石油钻深boring frame 钻塔boring head 钻头boring machine 钻机boring mud 钻泥boring pump 钻眼用泵boring rig 钻塔boring rod 钻杆boring rope 钻机用的钢丝绳boring tool 钻具boring tower 钻塔boring tube 钻管bornite 斑铜矿boron 硼bort bit 金刚石钻头bortz 工业用圆粒金刚石bortz powder 金刚石粉borway bit 齿状钻头boss hammer 大锤bossing 厚层切底bottle coal 瓦斯煤bottom 底板bottom banksman 井底把钩工bottom belt 底部皮带bottom canch 卧底bottom captain 井下组长bottom cutting 底部截槽bottom discharge bucket 底卸式铲斗bottom discharge skip 底卸式箕斗bottom dump bucket 底卸式铲斗bottom dump skip 底卸式箕斗bottom dumping car 底卸式车bottom gangway 底导坑bottom gate 底导坑bottom heading 底导坑bottom hole 底部炮眼bottom installation 井底车场设备bottom kerf 底槽bottom layer 底层bottom layout 井底车场布置bottom level 井底车场标高bottom loading belt 底带装载式胶带输送机bottom man 井底把钓工bottom plate 底板bottom pressure 底部压力bottom priming 底部点火bottom sediment 罐底杂质bottom slice 底分层bottom stope 下向梯段工祖bottom stoping 下向梯段回采bottom taking 卧底bottom wall 下盘bottomer 井底把钓工bottoming bit 可卸式钻头boulangerite 硫锑铅矿boulder 圆石boulder blaster 大块爆破工boulder blasting 二次爆破boulder crusher 粗碎机boundary 边界boundary breakthrough 边界联络横巷boundary condition 边界条件boundary layer 边界层boundary of property 建矿边界boundary of section 采区边界boundary surface 界面boundary surface active agent 界面活性剂boundary value 监界品位boundary ventilation 对边通风bounge 煤的挤出bournonite 车轮矿bouse 矿石内的脉石boutgate 通地面的人行道bow 弧;拱梁bowl classifier 浮槽分级机box 箱box car 棚车box compass 罗盘box floor 溜口底box timbering 板框支护box type scraper 箱形刮斗boxhole 联络小巷brace 撑木bracing 支撑bracket 托架;井口车场bracket crane 悬臂式起重机bradford breaker 勃莱福型破选机brae 斜井braize 煤尘brake 制动器brake application time 制动时间brake band 制动带brake beam 制动杠杆brake block 闸瓦brake drum 制动鼓brake equipment 制动装置brake shoe 塞块brakesman 跟车工braking 制动braking controller 制动控制器braking device 制动装置braking distance 制动距离braking effort 制动力braking energy 制动能braking fluid 制动液braking force 制动力braking incline 轮子坡braking terminal 制动终点站braking time 制动时间branch 支线branch circuit 分支电路branch conduit 支管branch entry 支巷branch roadway 中间平巷branching 分支brannerite 钛铀矿brash 脆的brasil 黄铁矿brass 黄铜brassil 黄铁矿brattice 风布brattice cloth 风幛布brattice way 上部巷道braunite 褐锰矿bravoite 镍黄铁矿brazil 黄铁矿brazing 铜焊breach 缺口break 崩落break in declivity 倾斜变化break in grade 坡度转折点break thrust 背斜上冲断层breakability 可破碎性breakage 崩落breakage face 回采工祖breakdown 破坏;破损breakdown fluid 爆破用压力水breakdown point 强度极限breakdown test 破坏试验breaker 破碎机;落煤工breakerroll 破碎辊breaking 破碎breaking cone 破碎圆锥breaking current 开闸电流断路电流breaking in 磨合breaking load 断裂负载breaking out of fire 发生火灾breaking point 强度极限breaking strength 抗断强度breaking stress 致断应力breaking test 破坏试验breaking up of boulders 大块二次破碎breaking weight 断裂负载breakoff 联络小巷breakthrough 联络小巷breast 工祖前壁breast and pillar 房柱式采煤法breast and pillar method 房柱式采煤法breast mining 扒矿开采breast stoping 扒矿开采breather 通气孔breathing 呼吸breathing apparatus 呼吸器breathing bag 氧气囊breathing mask 防毒面具breccia 角砾岩breeze 粉煤brettis 风帘brick 砖brick earth 砖土brick lining 砖砌支护bricking 砖砌支护bricklayer 砌砖工brickwork 砌砖bridge 桥bridge conveyor 桥式输送机bridge crane 桥式起重机bridging 桥连brigade 工子brigadesman 矿山救护队队员bright coal 辉煤brightness 亮度briight coal 辉煤brine 盐水brine intake 冻结管brinell apparatus 布氏硬度试验器brinell hardness test 布氏硬度试验brinell hardness tester 布氏硬度试验器bring back 后退式回采bringing back 后退回采briquette 煤球briquette press 压煤砖机briquetting 煤砖制造briquetting machine 团压机briquetting press 压煤砖机brisance 猛度brittle 脆的brittle fracture 脆性断裂brittleness 脆性broaching bit 扩孔钻头broad gauge track 宽轨broadwall 长壁开采brochantite 水胆矾broil 露头broken charge 分段装药bromargyrite 溴银矿bromin 溴bromlite 碳酸钙钡矿bromyrite 溴银矿bronchiectasis 支气管扩张bronchitis 支气管炎bronze 青铜bronzite 古铜辉光brookite 板钛矿brow 巷道口brow bin 临时贮石仓brow box 临时贮石仓brow of station 井底车场的标高brown coal 褐煤brown hematite 褐铁矿broyl 露头brucite 水镁石bryle 露头bubble 气泡bubble cell 泡沫浮选槽bucked ore 富矿石bucker 碎矿机bucket 吊桶bucket capacity 抓斗子容量bucket chain 斗链bucket chain dredger 多斗挖掘船bucket conveyor 斗式运输机bucket dredger 多斗挖掘船bucket elevator 提斗机bucket excavator 多斗挖掘机bucket grab 抓斗bucket hook 吊桶钩bucket loader 斗式装载机bucket pump 链斗提水机bucket teeth 铲斗齿bucket trenching machine 多斗控沟机bucket wheel excavator 斗轮式挖掘机buckling 纵向弯曲buckling load 纵弯曲负载buckling strength 纵向弯曲强度buckling stress 纵向弯曲应力bucksaw 架锯buddle 斜面固定淘汰盘buddle jig 动筛跳汰机buffer 缓冲器。

雅思阅读篇

济南新航道学校IELTS READING雅思阅读高分必备习题集注：本习题集仅供济南新航道内部学员使用;严禁翻印;传阅..Contents1.Amateur naturalist 业余自然学家P3municating Styles and Conflict 交流的方式与冲突P63.Health in the Wild 野生动物自愈.p104.The Rainmaker 人工造雨P135.Shoemaker-Levy 9 Collision with Jupiter 舒梅克彗星撞木星P166. A second look at twin studies 双胞胎研究P197.Transit of Venus 金星凌日P228.Placebo Effect—The Power of Nothing安慰剂效应P259.The origins of Laughter 笑的起源P2910.Rainwater Harvesting 雨水收集P3211.Serendipity:The Accidental Scientists科学偶然性P3612.T erminated Dinosaur Era 恐龙时代的终结P40 ADDICTION 电视上瘾P4314.E I nino and Seabirds 厄尔尼诺和水鸟P4615.T he extinct grass in Britain 英国灭绝的某种草P5016.E ducation philosophy教育的哲学P5317.T he secret of Yawn打哈欠的秘密P5718.c onsecutive and simultaneous translation交替传译和同声传译P6019.N umeracy: can animals tell numbers 动物会数数么P6320.G oing nowhere fastP6621.T he seedhunters种子收集者P6922.T he conquest of Malaria in Italy意大利征服疟疾P72READING PASSAGE 1You should spend about 20minutes on Questions 27-40 which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.文章背景：业余自然学家主要讲述的是有一些人;平时喜欢观察自然界的植物生长;养蜂过程;气候变化;等等与大自然相关的变化并且做记录得到一些数据;这种数据叫做“amateur data”. 本文主要介绍业余自然学家以及一些专业自然学家探讨业余自然学家的数据是否能用;以及应该如何使用这些自然学家的数据;其可信度有多少等问题..Amateur NaturalistsFrom the results of an annual Alaskan betting contest to sightings of migratory birds;ecologists are using a wealth of unusual data to predict the impact of climate change.A Tim Sparks slides a small leather-bound notebook out of an envelope. The book’s yellowing pages contain beekeeping notes made between 1941and 1969 by the late Walter Coates of Kilworth; Leicestershire. He adds it to his growing pile of local journals; birdwatchers’ list and gardening diaries. “We’re uncovering about one major new record each month;” he says; “I still get surprised.” Around two centuries before Coates; Robert Marsham; a landowner from Norfolk in the east of England; began recording the life cycles of plants and animals on his estate- when the first wood anemones flowered; the dates on which the oaks burst into leaf and the rooks began nesting. Successive Marshams continued compiling these notes for 211 years.B Today; such records are being put to uses that their authors could not possibly have expected. These data sets; and others like them; are proving invaluable to ecologists interested in the timing of biological events; or phenology. By combining the records with climate data; researchers can reveal how; for example; changes in temperature affect the arrival of spring; allowing ecologists to make improved predictions about the impact of climate change. A small band of researchers is combing through hundreds of years of records taken by thousands of amateur naturalists. And more systematic projects have also started up; producing an overwhelming response. “The amount of interest is almost frightening;” says Sparks; a climate researcher at the Centre for Ecology and Hydrology in Monks Wood; Cambridgeshire.C Sparks first became aware of the army of “closet phenologists”; as he describes them; when a retiring colleague gave him the Marsham records. He now spends much of his time following leads from one historical data set to another. As news of his quest spreads; people tip him off to other historical records; and more amateur phenologists come out of their closets. The British devotion to recording and collecting makes his job easier- one man from Ken t sent him 30 years’ worth of kitchen calendars; on which he has noted the date that his neighbour’s magnolia tree flowered.D Other researchers have unearthed data from equally odd sources. Rafe Sagarin; an ecologist at Stanford University in California; recently studied records of a betting contest in which participants attempt to guess the exact time at which a specially erected wooden tripod will fall through the surface of a thawing river. The competition has taken place annually on the Tenana River in Alaska since 1917; and analysis of the results showed that the thaw now arrives five years earlier than it did when the contest began.E Overall; such records have helped to show that; compared with 20years ago; a raft of natural events now occur earlier across much of the northern hemisphere; from the opening of leaves to the return of birds from migration and the emergence of butterflies from hibernation. The data can also hint at how nature will change in the future. Together with models of climate chan ge; amateurs’ records could help guide conservation. Terry Root; an ecologist at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor; has collected birdwatchers’ counts of wildfowl taken between 1955 and 1996 on seasonal ponds in the American Midwest and combined them with climate data and models of future warming. Her analysis shows that the increased droughts that the models predict could halve the breeding populations at the ponds. “The number of waterfowl in North America will most probably drop significantly with global warming;” she says.F But not all professionals are happy to use amateur data. “A lot of scientists won’t touch them; they say they’re too full of problems;” says Root. Because different observers can have different ideas of what constitutes; for ex ample; an open snowdrop. “The biggest concern with ad hoc observations is how carefully and systematically they were taken;” says Mark Schwartz of the University of Wisconsin; Milwaukee; who studies the interactions between plants and climate.” We need to know pretty precisely what a person’s been observing- if they just say ‘I note when the leaves came out’; it might not be that useful;” Measuring the onset of autumn can be particularly problem-atic because deciding when leaves change colour is a more subjective process than noting when they appear.G Overall; most phenologists are positive about the contribution that amateurs can make. “They get at the raw power of science: careful observation of the natural world;” says Sagarin. But the professionals also acknowledge the need for careful quality control. Root; for example; tries to gauge the quality of an amateur archive by interviewing its collector. “You always have to worry- things as trivial as vacations can affect measurement. I disregard a lot of rec ords because they’re not rigorous enough;” she says. Others suggest that the right statistics can iron out some of the problems with amateur data. Together with colleagues at Wageningen University in the Netherlands; environmental scientist Arnold van Vliet is developing statistical techniques to account for the uncertainty in amateur phenological data. With the enthusiasm of amateur phenologists evident from past records; professional researchers are now trying to create standardized recording schemes for future efforts. They hope that well-designed studies will generate a volume of observations large enough to drown out the idiosyncrasies of individual recorders. The data are cheap to collect; and can provide breadth in space; time and range of species. “It’s very difficult to collect data on a large geographical scale without enlisting an army of observers;” says Root.H Phenology also helps to drive home messages about climate change. “Because the public understand these records; they accept them;” says S parks. It can also illustrate potentially un pleasant consequences; he adds; such as the finding that more rat infestations are reported to local councils in warmer years. And getting people involved is great for public relations. “People are thrilled to think that the data they’ve been collecting as a hobby can be used for something scientific –it empowers them;”says Root.Questions 27-33Reading Passage 3 has eight paragraphs A-HWhich paragraph contains the following informationWrite the correct letter A-H in boxes 27-33 on your answer sheet.27. The definition of phenology28. How Sparks first became aware of amateur records29. How people reacted to their involvement in data collection30. The necessity to encourage amateur data collection31. A description of using amateur records to make predictions32. Records of a competition providing clues for climate change33. A description of a very old record compiled by generations of amateur naturalists Questions 34-36Complete the sentences below with NO MORETHA N TWO WORDS from the passage.Write your answers in boxes 34-36 on your answer sheet34.Walter Coates’s records largely contain the information of.35. Robert Marsham is famous for recording the of animals and plants on hisland.36.According to some phenologists; global warming may cause the number ofwaterfowl in North America to drop significantly due to increased . Questions 37-40Choose the correct letter A; B; C or D.Write your answers in boxes 37-40 on your answer sheet.37. why do a lot of scientists discredit the data collected by amateursA Scientific method was not used in data collection.B Amateur observers are not careful in recording their data.C Amateur data is not reliable.D Amateur data is produced by wrong candidates.38. Mark Schwartz used the example of leaves to illustrate thatA Amateur records can’t be used.B Amateur records are always unsystematic.C The color change of leaves is hard to observe.D Valuable information is often precise.39. How do the scientists suggest amateur data should be usedA Using improved methods.B Be more careful in observation.C Use raw materials.D Applying statistical techniques in data collection.40.What’s the implication of phenology for ordi nary peopleA It empowers the public.B It promotes public relations.C It warns people of animal infestation.D It raises awareness about climate change in the public.READING PASSAGE 2You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40 which are based on Reading Passage 3 on the following page.文章背景：交流的方式与冲突..从古希腊时期开始;一位叫做hippocrate 的人就开始通过分类人的性格来更好的处理人与人的冲突及如何更好的了解自己..本文主要阐述了四种性格类型：sanguine类型的人活泼积极向上..Phlegmatic是冷静而具有分析性的性格;melancholic类型的人体贴而具有同情心..Choleric类型的人大胆而且直接..在workplace; 一个团队需要四种性格的人都有才能保证正常的运转..Communicating Styles and ConflictKnowing your communication style and having a mix of styles on your team can provide a positive force for resolving conflict.Section AAs far back as Hippocrates’ time 460-370 B.C people have tried to understand other people by characterizing them according to personality type or temperament. Hippocrates believed there were four different body fluids that influenced four basic types of temperament. His work was further developed 500 years later by Galen 130-200 A.D. These days there are any number of self-assessment tools that relate to the basic descriptions developed by Galen; although we no longer believe the source to be the types of body fluid that dominate our systems.Section BThe value in self-assessments that help determine personality style; learning styles; communication styles; conflict-handling styles; or other aspects of individuals is that they help depersonalize conflict in interpersonal relationships.The depersonalization occurs when you realize that others aren’t trying to be difficult; but they need different or more information than you do. They’re not intending to be rude; they are so focused on the task they forget about greeting people. They would like to work faster but not at the risk of damaging the relationships needed to get the job done. They understand there is a job to do; but it can only be done right with the appropriate information; which takes time to collect.When used appropriately; understanding communication styles can help resolve conflict on teams. Very rarely are conflicts true personality issues. Usually they are issues of style; information needs; or focus.Section CHippocrates and later Galen determined there were four basic temperaments: sanguine; phlegmatic; melancholic and choleric. These descriptions were developed centuries ago and are still somewhat apt; although you could update the wording. In today’s world; they translate into the four fairly common communication styles described below:Section DThe sanguine person would be the expressive or spirited style of communication. These people speak in pictures. They invest a lot of emotion and energy in their communication an often speak quickly; putting their whole body into it. They are easily sidetracked onto a story that may or may not illustrate the point they are tryingto make. Because of their enthusiasm they are great team motivators. They are concerned about people and relationships. Their high levels of energy can come on strong at times and their focus is usually on the bigger picture; which means they sometimes miss the details or the proper order of things. These people find conflict or differences of opinion invigorating and love to engage in a spirited discussion. They love change and are constantly looking for new and exciting adventures.Section EThe phlegmatic person-cool and persevering-translates into the technical or systematic communication style. This style of communication is focused on facts and technical details. Phlegmatic people have an orderly; methodical way of approaching tasks; and their focus is very much on the task; not on the people; emotions; or concerns that the task may evoke. The focus is also more on the details necessary to accomplish a task. Sometimes the details overwhelm the big picture and focus needs to be brought back to the context of the task. People with this style think the facts should speak for themselves; and they are not as comfortable with conflict. They need time to adapt to change and need to understand both the logic of it and the steps involved.Section FThe melancholic person who is softhearted and oriented toward doing things for others translates into the considerate or sympathetic communication style. A person with this communication style is focused on people and relationships. They are good listeners and do things for other people-sometimes to the detriment of getting things done for themselves. They want to solicit everyone’s opinion and make sure everyone is comfortable with whatever is required to get the job done. At times this focus on others can distract from the task at hand. Because they are so concerned with the needs for others and smoothing over issues; they do not like conflict. They believe that change threatens the status quo and tends to make people feel uneasy; so people with this communication style; like phlegmatic people; need time to consider the changes in order to adapt to them.Section GThe choleric temperament translates into the bold or direct style of communication. People with this style are brief in their communication-the fewer words the better. They are big picture thinkers and love to be involved in many things at once. They are focused on tasks and outcomes and often forget that the people involved in carrying out the tasks have n eeds. They don’t do detail work easily and as a result can often underestimate how much time it takes to achieve the task. Because they are so direct; they often seem forceful and can be very intimidating to others. They usually would welcome someone challenging them; but most other styles are afraid to do so. They also thrive on change; the more the better.Section HA well-functioning team should have all of these communication styles for true effectiveness. All teams need to focus on the task; and they need to take care of relationships in order to achieve those tasks. They need the big picture perspective or the context of their work; and they need the details to be identified and taken care offor success.We all have aspects of each style within us. Some of us can easily move from one style to another and adapt our style to the needs of the situation at hand – whether the focus is on tasks or relationships. For others; a dominant style is very evident; and it is more challenging to see the situation from the perspective of another style.The work environment can influence communication styles either by the type of work that is required or by the predominance of one style reflected in that environment. Some people use one style at work and another at home.The good news about communication styles is that we all have the ability to develop flexibility in our styles. The greater the flexibility we have; the more skilled we usually are at handling possible and actual conflicts. Usually it has to be relevant to us to do so; either because we think it is important or because there are incentives in our environment to encourage it. The key is that we have to want to become flexible with our communication style. As Henry Ford said; “Whether you think you can or yo u can’t; you’re right”Questions 27-34Reading passage 3 has eight sections A-H.Choose the correct heading for each section from the list of headings below. Write the2728 Section B29 Section C30 Section D31 Section E32 Section F33 Section G34 Section HQuestions 35-39Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3In boxes 35-39 on your answer sheet writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this35 It is believed that sanguine people dislike variety.36 Melancholic and phlegmatic people have similar characteristics.37 Managers often select their best employees according to personality types.38It is possible to change one’s personality type.39 Workplace environment can affect which communication style is most effective. Question 40Choose the correct letter A; B; C or DWrite your answers in box 40 on your answer sheet.The writer believes using self-assessment tools canA help to develop one’s personality.B help to understand colleagues’ behavior.C improve one’s relationship with the employer.D directly resolve conflicts.READING PASSAGE 3文章背景：野生动物存在一种先天性的本领那就是生病后其本能可以让其借助某些物质到治病的效果..例如某些鸟类例如Macaws会吃泥土以解食物中存在的毒素..更有趣的是;某位科学家观察到大猩猩总是会吃某种树叶;吃的时候表情痛说明并非好吃;后来该科学家发现大猩猩吃树叶是为了利用其自身不能消化树叶排出肠道的parasite寄生虫.. 这一点表明动物先天是有自我医治的本能的.Health in the WildMany animals seem able to treat their illnesses themselves. Humans may have a thing or two to learn from them.For the past decade Dr Engel; a lecture in environmental sciences at Britain’s Open University; has been collating examples of self-medicating behavior in wild animals. She recently published a book on the subject. In a talk at the Edinburgh science Festival earlier this month; she explained that the idea that animals can treat themselves has been regarded with some skepticism by her colleagues in the past. But a growing number of animal behaviourists now think that wild animals can and do deal with their own medical needs.One example of self-medication was discovered in 1987. Michael Huffman and Mohamedi Seifu; working in the Mahale Mountains National Park in Tanzania; noticed that local chimpanzees suffering from intestinal worms would dose themselves with pith of a plant called Veronia. This plant produces poisonous chemicals called terpenes. Its pith contains a strong enough concentration to kill gut parasites; but not so strong as to kill chimpsnor people; for that matter; locals use the pith for the same purpose.Given that the plant is kno wn locally as “goat-killer”; however; it seems that not all animals are as smart as chimps and humans. Some consume it indiscriminately; and succumb.Since the Veronia-eating chimps were discovered; more evidence has emerged suggesting that animals often eat things for medical rather than nutritional reasons. Many species; for example; consume dirt- a behavior known as geophagy. Historically; the preferred explanation was that soil supplies minerals such as salt. Butgeophagy occurs in areas where the earth is not a useful source of minerals; and also in places where minerals can be more easily obtained from certain plants that are known to be rich in them. Clearly; the animals must be getting something else out of eating earth.The current belief is that soil-and particularly the clay in it-helps to detoxify the defensive posions that some plants produce in an attempt to prevent themselves from being eaten. Evidence for the detoxifying nature of clay came in 1999; from an experiment carried out on macaws by James Gilardi and his colleagues at the University of California; Davis; Macaws eat seeds containing alkaloids; a group of chemicals that has some notoriously toxic members such as strychnine. In the wild; the birds are frequently seen perched on eroding riverbanks eating clay. Dr Gillardi fed one group of macaws a mixture of a harmless alkaloid and clay; and a second group just the alkaloid. Several hours later; the macaws that had eaten the clay had 60% less alkaloid in their blood streams than those that had not; suggesting that the hypothesis is correct.Other observations also support the idea that clays is detoxifying. Towards the tropics the amount toxic compounds in plants increases-and so does the amount of earth eaten by herbivores. Elephants lick clay from mud holes all year around; except in September when they are bingeing on fruit which; because it has evolved to be eaten; is not toxic. And the addition of clay to the diets of domestic cattle increases the amount of nutrients that they can absorb from their food by 10-20%.A third instance of animal self-medications is the use of mechanical scours to get rid of gut parasites. In 1972 Richard Wrangham; a researcher at the Gombe Stream Reserve in Tanzania; noticed that chimpanzees were eating the leaves of a tree called Aspilla. The chimps chose the leaves carefully by testing them in their mouths. Having chosen a leaf; a chimp would fold it into a fan and swallow it. Some of the chimps were noticed wrinkling their noses as they swallowed these leaves; suggesting the experience was unpleasant. Later; undigested leaves were found on the forest floor.Dr Wrangham rightly guessed that the leaves had a medicinal purpose-this was; indeed; one of the earliest interpretations of a behavior pattern as self-medication. However; he guessed wrong about what the mechanism was. Hisand everybody else’s assumption was that Aspilla contained a drug; and his sparked more than two decades of phytochemical research to try to find out what chemical the chimps were after. But by the 1990s; chimps across Africa had been seen swallowing the leaves of 19 different species that seemed to have few suitable chemicals in common. The drug hypothesis was looking more and more dubious.It was Dr Huffman who got to the bottom of the problem. He did so by watching what came out of the chimps; rather than concentrating on what went in. He found that the egested leaves were full of intestinal worms. The factor common to all 19 species of leaves swallowed by the chimps was that they were covered with microscopic hooks. These caught the worms and dragged them form their lodgings.Following that observation; Dr Engel is now particularly excited about how knowledge of the way that animals look after themselves could be used t to improvethe health of live-stock. People might also be able to learn a thing or two-and may; indeed; already have done so. Geophagy. For example; is a common behavior in many parts of the world. The medical stalls in African markets frequently sell tablets made of different sorts of clays; appropriate to different medical conditions. Africans brought to the Americas as slaves continued this tradition; which gave their owners one more excuse to affect to despise them. Yet; as Dr Engel points out; Rwandan mountain gorillas eat a type of clay rather similar to kaolinite-the main ingredient of many patent medicines sold over the counter in the west for digestive complaints. Dirt can sometimes be good for you; and to be “as sick as a parrot” may; after all; be a state to be desired.Questions 1-4Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1In boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet; writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this1.Dr. Engel has been working on animal self-medication research for 10 years.2.Animals often walk a considerable distance to find plants medication.3.Birds; like Macaw; often eat clay because it is part of their natural diet.4.According to Dr. Engel; research into animal self-medication can help to inventnew painkillers.Questions 5-9Complete the notes below using NO MORE THAN ONE WORD OR NUMBER from passage.Complete the summary below using words from the box.Write your answers; A-H; in boxes 10-13 on your answer sheet.Though often doubted; the self-medicating behavior of animals has been supported by an increasing amount of evidence. One piece of evidence particularly deals with10___;a soil-consuming behavior commonly found across animals species; because earth; often clay; can neutralize the 11____content of their diet. Such behavior can also be found among humans in Africa; where people purchase 12__at market stalls as a kind of medication to their illnesses. Another example if this is found in chimps eating leaves of often 13____taste but with no apparent medicinal value until its uniqueYou should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40 which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.文章背景：本文主要讲述了某种人造制雨器..The RainmakerSometimes ideas just pop up out of the blue. Or in Charlie Paton’s case; out of the rain. “ I was in a bus in Morocco travelling through the desert;” he remembers. “It had been raining and the bus was full of hot; wet people. The windows steamed up and I went to sleep with a towel against the glass. When I woke; the thing was soaking wet.I had to wring it out. And it set me thinking. Why was it so wet ”The answer; of course; was condensation. Back home in London; a physicist friend; Philip Davies; explained that the glass; chilled by the rain outside; had cooled the hot humid air inside the bus below its dew point; causing droplets of water to form on the inside of the window. Intrigued; Paton-a lighting engineer by profession-started rigging up his own equipment. “I made my own solar stills. It occurred to me that you might be able to produce water in this way in the desert; simply by cooling the air. I wondered whether you could make enough to irrigate fields and grow crops.”Today; a decade on; his dream has taken shape as giant greenhouse on a desert island off Abu Dhabi in the Persian Gulf ---the first commercially viable Version of his “seawater greenhouse”. Local scientists; working with Paton under a license from his company Light Works; are watering the desert and growing vegetables in what is basically a giant dew-making machine that produces fresh water and cool air from sum and seawater. In awarding Paton first prize in a design competition two years ago; Marco Goldschmied; president of the Royal Institute of British Architects; called it “a truly original idea which has the potential to impact on the lives of millions of people living in coastal water-starved areas around the world.”The design has three main parts see Graphic. The greenhouse faces into the prevailing wind so that hot; dry desert air blows in through the front wall of perforated cardboard; kept wet and cool by a constant tickle of seawater pumped up from the nearby shoreline. The evaporating seawater cools and moistens the air. Last June; for example; when the temperature outside the Abu Dhabi greenhouse was 46°c; it was in the low 30s inside. While the air outside was dry; the humidity in the greenhouse was 90 percent. The cool; moist air allows the plants to grow faster; and because much less water evaporates from the leaves their demand for moisture drops dramatically. Paton’s crops thrived on a single litre of water p er square metre per day; compared to。

体验营销：洞察消费者的消费心理外文文献翻译

文献出处：Adeosun L P K, Ganiyu R A. Experiential Marketing: An Insight into the Mind of the Consumer[J]. Asian Journal of Business and Management Sciences, 2012, 2(7): 21-26.原文Experiential Marketing: An Insight into the Mind of the ConsumerLadipo Patrick Kunle Adeosun，Rahim Ajao Ganiyu ABSTRACTExperiential Marketing is the process of engaging customers with in-depth experiences of the product or a brand. It can also be termed as a live marketing engagement where there is a face to face interaction between the consumer and a product or a brand. Its purpose is to appeal to the emotional senses of the customers and to influence their choice decision. This paper aims at investigating consumer's response to retail experiential marketing. As a descriptive and explanatory study, it establishes a connection between consumer lifestyle and behavior in modern retailing and how it affects customer satisfaction. The paper suggests various characteristics and specifications that a retail outlet should have in order to appear most appealing to the consumer and create an experimental touch in the entire retailing process. Keywords:Shopping experience, customer, experiential marketing, customer satisfaction, emotional attachment.1 INTRODUCTIONIn recent years, there has been increased interest in building and enhancing customer experience among researchers and practitioners. Companies are shifting their attention and efforts from premium prices or superior quality to memorable experiences. Also, the value created by memorable or unique customer experiences and emotions exert significant impact on organizational performance in terms of customer satisfaction, retention and loyalty. Experiential marketing is the new approach which views marketing as an experience and treats consumption like a total experiment, by taking cognizance of the rational and emotional aspects ofconsumption using eclectic methods.We are in the era of …experience economy‟ and the main concern and preoccupation of proactive organization is how to create total experience and unique value system for customers, which necessitate the need to understand the life of customer from perspective of their shopping experience. Experiences is inherent in the mind of everyone, and may result into physical, emotional, and cognitive activities which invariably may generate strong feelings that the customer might take away. Experience tends to come from the interaction of personal minds and events, and thus no two experiences may be the same in any occasion (Schmitt, 1999).Schmitt (2003) distinguishes between five types of experience that marketers can create for customers to include; sensory experience (sense), affective experience (feel), creative cognitive experience (think), physical experience, behaviors and lifestyles (act), and social-identity experience, all relating to a reference group or culture (relate). The author posits that the ultimate goal of experiential marketing is to create holistic experience that seek to integrate all these individual types of experiences into total customer experience.According to Pine and Gilmore (1999), economic development is generating a new and dynamic era of experiences, which challenge the traditional sales approach focusing on product sales and service offering. And in order to enhance consumers' emotional connections to the brand and provide a point of differentiation in a competitive oligopoly, retailers have turned their attention to creating memorable retail experiences, which try to appeal to consumers at both physical as well as psychological levels.The emergence and spread of shopping malls, supermarkets and hypermarkets in both developed and developing countries, heightened competition for consumers‟ spendable or discretionary incomes. There are therefore more choices available for consumers than ever before. In such a situation retailers seeks to develop business strategies that focus on creating and maintaining customers, by offering customers a differentiated shopping experience.The term "Experiential Marketing" refers to actual customer experience with theproduct/service that drive sales and increase brand image and awareness. When done right, it's the most powerful technique to win brand loyalty. Olorunniwo et al., (2006) concluded that customer experience is related to behavioral intentions and connecting the audience with the authentic nature of the brand is one of the prime goal of experiential marketing. This is achieved through participation in personally relevant, credible and memorable encounters.Shopping has been considered a search process where shoppers would like to ensure that they make the right decisions. In addition, they also intend to derive emotional satisfaction (Tauber, 1972). It has been found that a high level of brand awareness may not translate into sales. Proactive organization should consider every visit of the shopper as a distinct encounter and a moment of truth. Unless the interaction is satisfactory, the next visit may not guaranteed. Therefore, if the store does not provide a compelling reason for a repeat patronage, the amount of purchase per visit may likely decline (Zeithaml, 1998).The growing significance of experiential marketing has resulted into diverse and fascinating study on the concept (e.g. Csikzentmihalyi, 1997; Schmitt 1999; Pine and Gilmore 1999; Holbrook, 2000; Arnould et al., 2002; Caru and Cova, 2003 to mention a few). However, the dynamics of consumer behavior have necessitated the need for more papers. With few exceptions, the existing experiential retail literature has focused mainly on the isolated testing of static design elements (i.e. atmospherics, ambient conditions, and services cape architecture) of retail stores (Turley and Milliman, 2000). McCole (2004) in particular recognizes this dearth of academic research in the areas of experiential and event marketing as an indication of the division between academia and business and calls for marketing theory in these areas to be more closely aligned with practice.Similarly, Gupta, (2003) identified a lack of systemic body of knowledge and conceptual framework on which to base scientific inquiry as a key tenet of experiential marketing. The current study seeks to address some of these gaps in the literature. In consequence this paper aims to gauge consumers' responses to experiential marketing in modern retail outlets and analyze the effect of experientialmarketing on consumer behavior.2. CONCEPTUAL BACKGROUNDExperience as defined within the realm of management is a personal occurrence with emotional significance created by an interaction with product or brand related stimuli (Holbrook and Hirschman, 1982). For this to become experiential marketing the result must be “something extremely significant and unforgettable for the consumer immersed in the experience” (Car u and Cova, 2003, p. 273). According to Schmitt (1999) experiential marketing is how to get customers to sense, feel, think, act, and relate with the company and brands. Customer satisfaction is a key outcome of experiential marketing and is defined as the “customer fulfillment response” which is an evaluation as well as an emotion-based response to a service. It is an indication of the customer‟s belief on the probability or possibility of a service leading to a positive feeling. And positive affect is positively and negatively related to satisfaction.Experiential marketing involves the marketing of a product or service through experience and in the process the customer becomes emotionally involved and connected with the object of the experience (Marthurs, 1971). A well designed experience engages the attention and emotion of the consumer, and becomes memorable and allows for a free interpretation, as it is non-partisan (Hoch, 2002). In contrast to traditional marketing which focuses on gaining customer satisfaction, experiential marketing creates emotional attachment for the consumers (McCole, 2004). The sensory or emotional element of a total experience has a greater impact on shaping consumer preferences than the product or service attributes Zaltman (2003). The benefits of a positive experience include the value it provides the consumer (Babin et al., 1994; Holbrook, 1999) and the potential for building customer loyalty.Experiential retail strategies facilitate the creation of emotional attachments, which help customers obtain a higher degree of possessive control over in-store activities (Schmitt, 2003). These strategies allow consumers to become immersed within the holistic experience design, which often creates a flow of experiences. Affective reaction based on an interaction with an object can be described as a person‟s subjective perception or judgment about whether such interaction willchange his or her core affect or his or her emotion toward the object. Cognitive reaction toward interacting with the object involves cognitive reasoning or appraisal, and is a consumer assessment of the purchase implications for his/her well being. Cognitive and affective reactions towards an object can be quite different, for example: one might appraise taking garlic as good and useful for one‟s health, nevertheless, one can at the same time consider it unpleasant due to its smell and taste.Experiential events can turn out to create both consumer and consumption experiences and can by far more effective in attaining communication goals. Caru and Cova (2003) conceptualization of experience, and Csikzentmihalyi (1997) experience typology and 7 …I‟s of Wood and Masterman (2007) may serve as a useful framework for evaluating the effectiveness of an event by developing measures that relates to the level of challenges, newness, surprise, and matching it with the audience‟s prior experience and skill level. However, the usefulness of measuring these attributes of the event depends upon the assumption and belief that an event that is strong in those attributes will effectively create a memorable and potentially behavior changing experience.The strategic experiential marketing framework consists of five strategic experiential models which create different forms of experience for customers. The five bases of the strategic experiential modules are: (1) Sensory experience: the sensory experience of customers towards experiential media includes visual, auditory, olfactory and tactile response results. (2) Emotional experience: the inner emotion and sense of customers raised by experience media. (3) Thinking experience: customers' thoughts on the surprise and enlightenment provoked by experience media. (4) Action experience: is the avenue through which experience media, linked customers so that they can acquire social identity and sense of belonging. (5) Related experience for customers: is actualizes through the experience of media production links, and to social recognition.3 METHODOLOGY AND METHODSThis study, being descriptive and explanatory, utilized secondary sources of information. Secondary information is a good source of data collection anddocumentation that cannot be under-estimated as it provides necessary background and much needed context which makes re-use a more worthwhile and systemic endeavour (Bishop, 2007).4. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONSThe retailing business is constantly changing and experiencing huge trends due to changing consumer tastes, consumption patterns and buying behaviors. As a result of the changing con sumer shopping ecosystem, retailers‟ ability to sell its merchandise, depends largely on the strength of its marketing mix elements and ability to create a rewarding and fulfilling experiences for customers.Traditional marketing strategies focusing on price or quality are no longer a source of differentiation and competitive advantage. Researchers advocate that one of the main routes to successful differentiation and competitive advantage is a much stronger focus on the customer (Peppers and Rogers, 2004). Shopping involves a sequence of '‟see–touch–feel–select'‟ and the degree to which a shopper follows the whole or part of this process varies with brand, product category, and other elements of the marketing mix.Experiential marketing evolved as the dominant marketing tool of the future (McNickel, 2004). Companies have moved away from traditional “features and benefits” marketing, towards creating experiences for their customers (Williams, 2006). Experiential marketing has evolved as a response to a perceived transition from a service economy to one personified by the experiences, for instance, Williams (2006, p.484) argues that “modern economies are seen as making a transition from the marketing of services to the marketing of experiences, all tourism and hospitality offers acts of …theatre‟ that stage these experiences”.From now on leading edge companies, whether they sell to consumers or businesses, will achieve sustainable competitive advantage by staging experiences which include personal relevance, novelty, surprise, learning and engagement (Schmitt, 1999; Poulsson and Kale (2000). Undoubtedly, consumers now desire experiences and, in order to fully capitalize on this, business must deliberately orchestrate and engage in offering memorable experiences that create value andultimately achieve customer loyalty.译文体验营销: 洞察消费者的消费心理帕特里克；拉希姆摘要体验营销是通过提供深入的对产品或品牌体验过程来吸引客户。

新视野大学英语第三版读写教程课后翻译

中国书法(calligraphy)是一门独特的艺术，是世界上独一无二的艺术瑰宝。

中国书法艺术的形成、发展与汉字的产生与演进存在着密不可分的关系。

汉字在漫长的演变发展过程中，一方面起着交流思想、继承文化的重要作用，另一方面他本身又形成了一门独特的艺术。

书法能够通过作品把书法家个人的生活感受、学识、修养、个性等折射出来。

所以，通常有“字如其人”的说法。

中国书法不仅是中华民族的文化瑰宝，而且在世界文化艺术宝库中独放异彩。

Chinese calligraphy is a typical/special/distinct art, which is artistic treasure of the world. There is an intimate connection between the formation and development of Chinese calligraphy and the emergence and the long evolutionary of the Chinese characters. With the long development of the characters, for one thing, it plays an important role in exchanging ideas and inheriting culture, for another, itself has formed a unique art. Calligraphy can be reflected from the daily feelings, knowledge, self-cultivation and personality of the calligrapher, so there is a saying goes, “Handwriting reflects who you are.” Calligraphy not only is the Chinese cultural treasure, but also shines with extraordinary splendor in the culture and art treasury of the world.Unit 2近年来，随着互联网技术的发展，我国的数字化教育资源建设取得了巨大的成就。

航海英语改革版海上搜索

Ê®Æß º£ÉÏËÑ¾È14.1 º£ÉÏËÑË÷[4601]______ the survivors known more of how to cope with cold water in the sinking of MV Titanic in 1912 countless lives ______.A. Have£¯could have been savedB. Have£¯could have savedC. Had£¯could has savedD. Had£¯could have been savedKEY: D[4602]A marker pole£¬with a horseshoe buoy and a sea anchor attached£¬should be used to ______.A. mark the position of a lost mooringB. determine your vessel's sideslip underwayC. determine your speed through the waterD. indicate location of a man overboardKEY: D[4603]A rescuer can most easily determine whether or not an adult victim has a pulse by checking the pulse at the ______.A. carotid artery in the neckB. femoral artery in the groinC. brachial artery in the armD. radial artery in the wristKEY: A[4604]A seaman has a small£¬gaping laceration of the arm that is not bleeding excessively. What can be done as an alternative to suturing to close the wound?A. Wrap a tight bandage around the wound.B. Apply a compression bandage.C. Use temporary stitches of sail twine.D. Apply butterfly strips£¬then a sterile dressing.KEY: D[4605]A seaman is reported missing in the morning and was last seen after coming off the mid-watch. Which type of turn would you use to return to the trackline steamed during the night?A. WilliamsonB. RacetrackC. 180turnD. AndersonKEY: A[4606]A ship must have on board a first-aid kit that is approved by the ______.A. Minerals Management ServiceB. Occupational Safety and Health AdministrationC. Mine Safety and Health AdministrationD. American Bureau of ShippingKEY: C[4607]A shipmate chokes suddenly£¬cannot speak£¬and starts to turn blue. You should ______.A. perform the Heimlich maneuverB. make the victim lie down with the feet elevated to get blood to the brainC. immediately administer CPRD. do nothing until the victim becomes unconsciousKEY: A[4608]A shipmate suffers a heart attack and stops breathing. You must ______.A. administer oxygenB. immediately check his pulse and start CPRC. make the victim comfortable in a bunkD. immediately give a stimulant£¬by force if necesssaryKEY: B[4609]A snag or other underwater obstruction may form a ______.A. V-shaped ripple with the point of the V pointing upstreamB. V-shaped ripple with the point of the V pointing downstreamC. small patch of smooth water on a windy dayD. smoothing out of the vessel's wakeKEY: A[4610]A survival craft being used to pick up a person who has fallen overboard from a vessel should approach the person ______.A. at a high rate of speedB. under oarsC. against the windD. with the windKEY: C[4611]A tourniquet should be used to control bleeding ONLY ______.A. with puncture woundsB. when all other means have failedC. when the victim is unconsciousD. to prevent bleeding from minor woundsKEY: B[4612]A tug is approaching a broken down steamer in moderately heavy weather preparing to take it in tow. In most cases the ______.A. steamer will drift stern downwindB. tug will drift faster than the steamerC. tug should approach stern toD. tug should approach from downwindKEY: D[4613]After you activate your emergency position indicating radiobeacon£¬you should ______.A. turn it off for five minutes every half-hourB. turn it off and on at five-minute intervalsC. turn it off during daylight hoursD. leave it on continuouslyKEY: D[4614]All casualties such as personnel injuries or illness£¬oil spills£¬accidental fire£¬collision£¬stranding£¬and unusually severe weather damage£¬whether at sea£¬in port£¬or in shipyard£¬must be promptly ______to the company.A. spokenB. saidC. toldD. communicatedKEY: D[4615]AN APPOINTMENT BETWEEN VESSELS NORMALLY MADE ON RADIO TO MEET IN A CERTAIN AREA OR POSITION defines ______.A. Bona fideB. Rendez-vousC. Prima facieD. Action in personamKEY: B[4616]An emergency sea anchor may be constructed by using ______.A. a boat bucketB. an air tank filled with waterC. an oar and canvas weighted downD. All of the aboveKEY: D[4617]An immersion suit must be equipped with a(n) ______.A. air bottle for breathingB. whistle and lightC. whistle£¬light£¬and reflective tapeD. whistle£¬light£¬and sea dye markerKEY: C[4618]If you see anybody fall overboard£¬act as follows except __________.A. tell an officer/crew the person's position in the water£¬or telephone the bridge immediatelyB. throw lifebuoys overboardC. call out "Man overboard" and keep your eyes on the person in the waterD. try to find medicine for the person to use when he is rescuedKEY: D[4619]If£¬for any reason£¬it is necessary to abandon ship while far out at sea£¬it is important that the crew members should ______.A. separate from each other as this will increase the chances of being rescuedB. get away from the area because sharks will be attracted to the vesselC. immediately head for the nearest landD. remain together in the area because rescuers will start searching at the vessel's last known positionKEY: D[4620]Immediately after abandoning a vessel£¬lookouts should be posted aboard liferafts to look for ______.A. survivors in the waterB. food and waterC. landD. bad weatherKEY: A[4621]In a racetrack turn£¬to recover a man overboard£¬the vessel is steadied for the SECOND time after a turn of how many degrees from the original heading?A. 60B. 135C. 180D. 360KEY: D[4622]In relation to the turning circle of a ship£¬the term advance means the distance ______.A. gained at right angles to the original courseB. gained in the direction of the original courseC. moved sidewise from the original course when the rudder is first put overD. around the circumference of the turning circleKEY: A[4623]Information on search and rescue procedures will be found in the ______.A. World Port IndexB. International Code of SignalsC. Sailing DirectionsD. Merchant Ship Search and Rescue Manual (MERSAR)KEY: D[4624]MOVING OF AN ANCHOR OVER THE SEA BOTTOM INVOLUNTARILY BECAUSE IT IS NO LONGER PREVENTING THE MOVEMENT OF THE VESSEL defines ______.A. Dredging (of anchor)B. Dragging (of anchor)C. Weighing anchorD. Walking out anchorKEY: B[4625]One of your crew members falls overboard from the starboard side. You should IMMEDIATELY ______.A. apply left rudderB. throw the crew member a life preserverC. begin backing your enginesD. position your vessel to windward and begin recoveryKEY: B[4626]The best method to secure a towline to bitts is to ______.A. take a round turn on the bitt farthest from the pull and use figure-eightsB. take a round turn on the bitt closest to the pull and use figure-eightsC. use figure-eights and take a round turn at the top of the bittsD. use only figure-eightsKEY: B[4627]The distance a vessel moves at right angles to the original course£¬when a turn of 180has been completed£¬is called the ______.A. advanceB. pivoting pointC. tactical diameterD. kickKEY: C[4628]The distance a vessel moves parallel to the original course from the point where the rudder is put over to any point on the turning circle is called the ______.A. advanceB. drift angleC. pivoting pointD. transferKEY: A[4629]The distance gained in the direction of the original course when you are making a turn is known as ______.A. advanceB. driftC. tactical diameterD. transferKEY: A[4630]The major cause of anchor buoy pendant wire failures is ______.A. corrosionB. rough weatherC. defective socketsD. mishandlingKEY: B[4631]The most likely location for a liquid cargo fire to occur on a tanker would be ______.A. in the midships houseB. at the main deck manifoldC. at the vent headerD. in the pumproomKEY: D[4632]The only type of helicopter that may be refueled with the engine running and the blades turning is ______.A. a helicopter carrying cargo onlyB. a turbine-equipped helicopterC. a SikorskyD. a helicopter carrying injured personnel in an emergency situationKEY: B[4633]The patrolman£¬while on duty on a passenger vessel£¬must have in his possession a(n) ______.A. nightstickB. flashlightC. passenger list showing assigned berthsD. A-I fire extinguisherKEY: B[4634]The signal for fire alarm on a ship must be indicated ______.A. at each alarm bellB. at each alarm actuatorC. near all exitsD. on the station billKEY: D[4635]The survival craft is manufactured with fire retardant ______.A. foamB. marine plywoodC. steelD. fiberglassKEY: D[4636]Upon receipt of a distress message£¬a merchant vessel is bound to proceed to the scene of the distress. Under which of the following cases would this NOT be true?A. The vessel would arrive at the distress scene more than 36 hours after the receipt of the initial distress message.B. There are vessels closer to the distress scene that are proceeding to assist.C. The Master of the vessel in distress has requisitioned another vessel£¬and that vessel has accepted the requisition.D. You are on a tanker and the distress involves a major fire on board the other vessel.KEY: C[4637]What is one of the FIRST actions you should take after abandoning and clearing away from a vessel?A. Identify the person in charge.B. Gather up useful floating objects.C. Prepare for arrival of rescue units.D. Arrange watches and duties.KEY: A[4638]What should you do if you have transmitted a distress call a number of times on channel 16 and have received no reply?A. Repeat the message using any other channel on which you might attract attention.B. Key the microphone several times before transmitting again.C. Turn up the volume on the receiver before transmitting again.D. Report the problem to the head electrician.KEY: A[4639]When evacuating a seaman by helicopter lift£¬the vessel should be ______.A. stopped with the wind dead aheadB. stopped with the wind on the beamC. underway with the wind 30on the bowD. underway on a course to provide no apparent windKEY: C[4640]When evacuating a seaman by helicopter lift£¬which course should the ship take?A. Downwind so that the apparent wind is close to nil.B. A course that will keep a free flow of air£¬clear of smoke£¬over the hoist area.C. A course that will have the hoist area in the lee of the superstructure.D. With the wind dead ahead because the helicopter is more maneuverable when going into the wind.KEY: B[4641]When evacuating a seaman by helicopter lift£¬which statement is TRUE?A. The vessel should be stopped with the wind dead ahead during the hoisting operation.B. Flags should be flown to provide a visual reference as to the direction of the apparent wind.C. The drop line should be grounded first then secured as close to the hoist point as possible.D. The hoist area should be located as far aft as possible so the pilot will have a visual reference while approaching.KEY: B[4642]When joining a vessel£¬do not forget personal documents and your spectacles£¬and ______ if necessary.A. drugB. remedyC. medicineD. healerKEY: C[4643]When jumping into water upon which there is an oil-fire£¬you should ______.A. break the water surface with your hands when diving head-firstB. use your hands to hold your knees to your chestC. cover your eyes with one hand while pinching your nose shut and covering your mouth with the otherD. enter the water at the bow or stern on the windward side of the vesselKEY: D[4644]When retrieving the survival craft£¬the winch operator should stop the winch and check ______.A. that all personnel are seated in the craftB. that the cable has not jumped any grooves on the drumC. which way the wind is blowingD. the hydraulic fluid level before liftingKEY: B[4645]Which condition is necessary for a substance to burn?A. The temperature of the substance must be equal to or above its fire point.B. The air must contain oxygen in sufficient quantity.C. The mixture of vapors with air must be within the explosive range.D. All of the aboveKEY: D[4646]Which is the proper method of determining whether a portable CO2 fire extinguisher needs recharging?A. Check the tag to see when the extinguisher was last charged.B. Release a small amount of CO2; if the CO2 discharges£¬the extinguisher is acceptable.C. Weigh the extinguisher and compare the weight against that stamped on the valve.D. Recharge the extinguisher at least once each year.KEY: C[4647]Which of the following is not a maritime perils£¿ ______.A. Stranding or grounding£®B. Striking upon rocks or shoalsC. Collision between shipsD. FireKEY: D[4648]Which of the following statements regarding low expansion foam and its application is INCORRECT£¿ ______.A. Foam should not be used on electrical firesB. One kilo of low expansion foam solution produces much more foam£®C. Foam is only efficient when it covers the top of burning combustibles£®D. A stream of foam should be deflected off the deck in order to best agitate the fireKEY: D[4649]Which procedure should be followed when individuals are rescued in cold climates and suffer from hypothermia?A. Give them brandy.B. Keep them in motion.C. Immerse them in a warm bath (105F£¬40C).D. Cover them with an electric blanket set for maximum temperature.KEY: C[4650]Which statement about firefighting foam is TRUE?A. Foam conducts electricity.B. To be most effective£¬foam should be directed at the base of the fire.C. Foam is most effective on burning liquids which are flowing.D. Foam can ONLY be used to extinguish class A fires.KEY: A14.2 º£ÉÏ¾ÈÖú[4651]As a vessel sinks to a depth of 15 feet£¬the hydrostatic trip releases the liferaft container from its cradle by ______.A. breaking the weak linkB. releasing the tie-down strapC. pulling the operating cordD. releasing the CO2 canisterKEY: B[4652]An inflatable liferaft should be manually released from its cradle by ______.A. cutting the straps that enclose the containerB. removing the rubber sealing strip from the containerC. loosening the turnbuckle on the securing strapD. pushing the button on the hydrostatic releaseKEY: D[4653]An inflatable liferaft is hand-launched by ______.A. pulling a cordB. cutting the wire restraining bandsC. removing the rubber packing stripD. throwing the entire container overboardKEY: D[4654]An inflatable liferaft can be launched by ______.A. the float-free method ONLYB. breaking the weak link on the painterC. throwing the entire container overboard and then pulling on the operating cord to inflate the raftD. removing the securing strapsKEY: C[4655]Progressive flooding may be indicated by ______.A. ballast control alarmsB. excessive draftC. excessive list or trimD. a continual worsening of list or trimKEY: D[4656]You are proceeding to a distress site and expect large numbers of people in the water. Which statement is TRUE?A. You should stop to windward of the survivors in the water and only use the ship's boats to recover the survivors.B. If the survivors are in inflatable rafts you should approach from windward to create a lee for the survivors.C. An inflatable liferaft secured alongside can be an effective boarding station for transfer of survivors from the boats.D. Survivors in the water should never be permitted alongside due to the possibility of injury from the vessel.KEY: C[4657]A breeches buoy is being rigged from the shore to a stranded vessel. The initial shot line passed to the vessel is normally made fast to a ______.A. hawser which is used to pass a tail-block and whip to the vesselB. hawser with breeches buoy and harness attachedC. hawser which should be made fast to the vessel below the intended location of the tail-blockD. tail-block and whip which may be used to pass a hawser to the vesselKEY: D[4658]A cable used by helicopters for lifting or lowering persons in a pick-up operation is a ______.A. HoistB. RopeC. CableD. LineKEY: A[4659]A capsized small sail vessel is best righted when what part of the vessel is downwind?A. SternB. BowC. CenterboardD. MastKEY: D[4660]A floating ship with an initial negative metacentric height ______.A. will capsizeB. will incline furtherC. may lie at an angle of lollD. may be initially levelKEY: C[4661]A helicopter making a round trip from a helideck with refueling capabilities to an unmanned platform will take 45 minutes each way. The helicopter should be carrying enough fuel to last ______.A. 45 minutesB. 1 hour and 15 minutesC. 1 hour and 30 minutesD. 2 hoursKEY: D[4662]A mechanical davit is designed to automatically ______.A. position the boat at the embarkation stationB. lift the boat off the inboard chocksC. energize the winch for the fallsD. set the brake on the winchKEY: B[4663]A minor heat burn of the eye should be treated by ______.A. gently flooding with waterB. warming the eye with moist warm packsC. laying the person flat on his backD. mineral oil drops directly on the eyeKEY: A[4664]A negative metacentric height ______.A. will always cause a vessel to capsizeB. should always be immediately correctedC. always results from off-center weightsD. All of the above are correctKEY: B[4665]A person has fallen overboard and is being picked up with a lifeboat. If the person appears in danger of drowning£¬the lifeboat should make ______.A. an approach from leewardB. an approach from windwardC. the most direct approachD. an approach across the windKEY: C[4666]A person has suffered a laceration of the arm. Severe bleeding has been controlled by using a sterile dressing and direct pressure. What should you do next?A. Apply a tourniquet to prevent the bleeding from restarting.B. Apply a pressure bandage over the dressing.C. Remove any small foreign matter and apply antiseptic.D. Administer fluids to assist the body in replacing the lost blood.KEY: B[4667]A person may operate an air compressor in which of the following areas on board a tank barge?A. PumproomB. Generator roomC. A space adjacent to a cargo tankD. A space two meters from a cargo valveKEY: B[4668]A person who gets battery acid in an eye should IMMEDIATELY wash the eye with ______.A. boric acid solutionB. waterC. baking soda solutionD. ammoniaKEY: B[4669]A person with diabetes has received a minor leg injured. The symptoms of the onset of a diabetic coma include ______.A. reduced appetite and thirstB. sneezing and coughingC. only a low grade feverD. slurred speech and loss of coordinationKEY: D[4670]A racetrack turn would be better than a Williamson turn in recovering a man overboard if ______.A. the man has been missing for a period of timeB. the sea water is very cold and the man is visibleC. there is thick fogD. the wind was from astern on the original courseKEY: B[4671]A rescuer can most easily determine whether or not an adult victim has a pulse by checking the pulse at the ______.A. carotid artery in the neckB. femoral artery in the groinC. brachial artery in the armD. radial artery in the wristKEY: A[4672]A right-handed propeller will cause the survival craft to ______.A. walk the stern to starboard in reverseB. walk the stern to port in reverseC. run faster than a left-handed propellerD. right itself if capsizedKEY: B[4673]A shipmate chokes suddenly£¬cannot speak£¬and starts to turn blue. You should ______.A. perform the Heimlich maneuverB. make the victim lie down with the feet elevated to get blood to the brainC. immediately administer CPRD. do nothing until the victim becomes unconsciousKEY: A[4674]A towline should be fastened to ______.A. the chocks at the bow of a towed vesselB. the most forward£¬centermost point of a towed vessel such asa sturdy bow railC. the mast of a towed sailboatD. a secure fitting near the bow of the towed vesselKEY: D[4675]Aboard a survival craft£¬ether can be used to ______.A. start the engine in cold weatherB. aid in helping personnel breatheC. prime the sprinkler systemD. prime the air supplyKEY: A[4676]AN ILLNESS PREFERABLY OF AN INFECTIOUS NATURE SEIZING MORE THAN TWO PERSONS ON BOARD AT THE SAME TIME defines ______.A. Disease of CrewB. Crew illnessC. Group illnessD. Mass diseaseKEY: D[4677]An obstruction on a helideck is any object that might present a hazard to the______.A. rotor blades and landing gearB. unloading of passengersC. loading of cargoD. pilot's visibilityKEY: A[4678]Any vessel in need of carrying out deck washing must be ______ by the department concerned beforehand£®A. requestedB. allowedC. approvedD. inquiredKEY: C[4679]For a ship not on an international voyage£¬an approved substitute for an impulse projected rocket-type line throwing appliance is a ______.A. spring loaded line throwerB. hand thrown buoyant lineC. shoulder-type line throwing gunD. heaving lineKEY: C[4680]If the coxswain of your lifeboat gives the command HOLD WATER you should ______.A. complete the stroke£¬raise your oar slightly£¬swinging the oar slightly forward£¬and place it in the boatB. lift the oar in a vertical positionC. complete the stroke and hold the oar out of the waterD. dip the blade of your oar into the water vertically and hold it perpendicular to the keel lineKEY: D[4681]If you have to jump in the water when abandoning a vessel£¬your legs should be ______.A. spread apart as far as possibleB. held as tightly against your chest as possibleC. in a kneeling positionD. extended straight down and crossed at the anklesKEY: D[4682]If you must land on a beach with an oar-propelled lifeboat through a heavy surf£¬the recommended method is to ______.A. keep the bow directly in toward the beach£¬and tow the sea anchor off the sternB. ride in on the back of a large breakerC. keep the bow into the seas with the sea anchor out over the bow£¬and row to meet the breaking wavesD. head directly into the beach by staying between the crests of the waves KEY: C[4683]In an open lifeboat£¬the lifeboat compass is usually ______.A. placed in a fixed bracket when being usedB. clamped to any position convenient for the coxswain to see itC. permanently mounted on the lifeboat's centerlineD. mounted in the center of the boat to eliminate deviationKEY: A[4684]In heavy seas the helmsman should steer the motor lifeboat ______.A. into the seasB. broadside to the seasC. in the same direction as the seasD. in a series of figure-eightsKEY: A[4685]In heavy seas you decide to heave to. The lifeboat should be ______.A. brought to a position with the stern into the seasB. allowed to take its own headC. brought to lay in the troughD. brought bow into the seasKEY: D[4686]In which situation could a vessel most easily capsize?A. Running into head seasB. Running in the troughC. Running with following seasD. Anchored with your bow into the seasKEY: B[4687]Inflatable liferafts are less maneuverable than lifeboats due to their ______.A. shapeB. shallow draftC. large sail areaD. All of the aboveKEY: D[4688]Large volumes of carbon dioxide are safe and effective for fighting fires in enclosed spaces£¬such as in a pumproom£¬provided that the ______.A. persons in the space wear gas masksB. persons in the space wear damp cloths over their mouths and nostrilsC. ventilation system is secured and all persons leave the spaceD. ventilation system is kept operatingKEY: C[4689]Multiple fire pumps may be used for other purposes provided that one pump is ______.A. on line to the fire mainB. kept available for use on the fire main at all timesC. capable of being connected to the fire mainD. rated at or above 125 psiKEY: B[4690]Oil fires are best extinguished by ______.A. cutting off the supply of oxygenB. removing the fuelC. cooling below the ignition temperatureD. spraying with waterKEY: A[4691]On a rigid liferaft which is equipped with all of the required equipment you may NOT find a ______.A. boathookB. fishing kitC. lifeline or grab railD. sea painterKEY: B[4692]On a ship£¬a fire pump may be used for other purposes if ______.A. the other services are run off a reducing station with a pressure gageB. a separate fire pump is available for use on the fire mainC. all other services are operated by a manifold near the pumpD. All of the aboveKEY: B[4693]On a vessel£¬if someone fell overboard and you did not know over which side the person fell£¬you should ______.A. immediately reverse the enginesB. stop the propellers from turning and throw a ring buoy over the sideC. increase speed to full to get the vessel away from the personD. first put the rudder hard over in either directionKEY: B[4694]Releasing oil from the sea anchor of a lifeboat may ______.A. keep the propeller from being fouledB. increase propeller speedC. help calm the waves in the vicinity of the craftD. increase the holding power of the sea anchorKEY: C[4695]Seasickness is caused by rolling or rocking motions which affect fluids in the ______.A. stomachB. lower intestinesC. inner earD. bladderKEY: C[4696]Separation cloths may be used to ______.A. absorb moisture from hygroscopic cargoesB. fill gaps between layers of cargoC. wrap cargo that leaks from packagingD. keep bagged cargo leakage from contacting the deckKEY: D[4697]Severe exposure to chlorine gas can be fatal. Chlorine gas is primarily a ______.A. respiratory irritantB. skin burning agentC. blood poisoning agentD. nerve paralyzing irritantKEY: A[4698]Steering a motor lifeboat broadside to the sea could cause it to ______.A. capsizeB. run smootherC. run fasterD. sinkKEY: A[4699]Steering a survival craft broadside to the sea could cause it to ______.A. capsizeB. run smootherC. run fasterD. sinkKEY: A[4700]Survival practice in the mooring system is to slack off the tensions on the leeward side and ______.A. deballast the unit to transit draftB. adjust as evenly as practical the windward tensionsC. release the anchors on the windward sideD. tighten the anchor buoys on the leeward side anchorsKEY: BÊ®°Ë º£ÉÏÏû·À18.1 È¼ÉÕÓë±¬Õ¨[4701]The emergency signal for fires is sounded on the ship's whistle and general alarm as ______ £®A. a continuous ringing for 10 secondsB. one short ring followed by one long ringC. two long rings of at least 20 secondsD. a continuous ringing until the fire is extinguishedKEY: A[4702]A carbon dioxide fire extinguisher should be recharged ______.A. at least annuallyB. whenever it is below its required weightC. only if the extinguisher has been usedD. before every safety inspectionKEY: B[4703]A carburetor is required to have a safety device called a(n) ______.A. pressure releaseB. backfire flame arrestorC. automatic shut off。

审查的英语作文

审查的英语作文Examination is a crucial aspect of the educational system, serving as a means to assess the knowledge and skills acquired by students throughout their academic journey. It is a process that has been widely debated and scrutinized, with proponents and critics alike offering their perspectives on its merits and drawbacks. In this essay, we will delve into the various facets of examination, exploring its purpose, its impact on students, and the ongoing discussions surrounding its effectiveness.At its core, examination is designed to evaluate the level of understanding and mastery of a subject matter by students. It provides a standardized framework to measure the progress and learning outcomes of individuals, allowing educators to gauge the effectiveness of their teaching methods and the students' comprehension of the material. Examinations can take various forms, ranging from written tests and oral presentations to practical demonstrations and project-based assessments.One of the primary purposes of examination is to ensure academicrigor and maintain educational standards. By subjecting students to a consistent set of evaluations, educational institutions can ensure that students are meeting the required benchmarks and acquiring the necessary knowledge and skills to progress in their academic pursuits. This not only benefits the students themselves but also serves the broader societal interests by producing well-informed and capable individuals who can contribute to the workforce and society at large.However, the role of examination in the educational system has been the subject of much debate. Critics argue that the overemphasis on examinations can lead to a narrow focus on test-taking skills rather than the development of critical thinking, problem-solving, and creativity – essential skills for success in the modern world. They contend that the high-stakes nature of examinations can create undue stress and anxiety among students, potentially undermining their overall well-being and learning experiences.Moreover, concerns have been raised about the fairness and accuracy of examination processes. Some argue that examinations may not accurately reflect the true abilities and potential of students, as they can be influenced by factors such as test-taking strategies, socioeconomic backgrounds, and individual learning styles. This raises questions about the validity and reliability of examination results, and whether they truly serve as a reliable measure of astudent's knowledge and capabilities.In response to these criticisms, educational institutions and policymakers have been exploring alternative assessment methods that aim to provide a more holistic and personalized evaluation of student learning. These approaches often incorporate a greater emphasis on continuous assessment, project-based learning, and the integration of technology-enabled tools to capture a more comprehensive understanding of a student's progress and development.One such approach is the implementation of formative assessments, which focus on providing ongoing feedback and opportunities for students to demonstrate their learning throughout the educational process, rather than relying solely on summative examinations at the end of a unit or course. This allows educators to identify areas of strength and weakness in real-time, enabling them to tailor their teaching strategies and provide targeted support to students as needed.Another emerging trend is the incorporation of alternative assessment methods, such as portfolios, presentations, and performance-based tasks, which allow students to showcase their skills and knowledge in more authentic and meaningful ways. These assessments often require students to apply their learning to real-world scenarios, fostering the development of critical thinking, problem-solving, and collaboration skills – competencies that are highly valued in the modern workforce.Furthermore, the integration of technology in the assessment process has opened up new possibilities for more personalized and adaptive evaluations. Digital platforms and tools can provide students with customized feedback, adaptive testing based on their performance, and opportunities for self-reflection and self-assessment – all of which can enhance the learning experience and empower students to take a more active role in their own academic development.While these alternative assessment approaches hold promise, it is important to acknowledge that the traditional examination system still plays a crucial role in the educational landscape. Examinations continue to serve as a reliable and standardized method of evaluating student learning, particularly in high-stakes situations such as college admissions, professional certifications, and national assessments. The challenge lies in striking a balance between the benefits of traditional examinations and the need for more diverse and personalized assessment methods.In conclusion, the examination process is a complex and multifaceted aspect of the educational system, with both proponents and criticsoffering valid perspectives. While examinations serve important purposes in maintaining academic rigor and evaluating student learning, the ongoing discussions and the emergence of alternative assessment approaches highlight the need for a more comprehensive and balanced approach to assessment. By embracing a diverse range of assessment methods, educational institutions can strive to create a learning environment that fosters the holistic development of students, preparing them for the challenges and opportunities of the 21st century.。

地震高中英语阅读理解

地震高中英语阅读理解Earthquakes: Unraveling the Mysteries of the Earth's Dynamic ForcesEarthquakes, the sudden and often violent shaking of the Earth's surface, have captivated the human imagination for centuries. These powerful natural phenomena have the ability to reshape the landscape, topple structures, and claim countless lives, leaving an indelible mark on the collective consciousness of humanity. As we delve into the intricate workings of earthquakes, we uncover a complex tapestry of scientific understanding that not only illuminates the forces that shape our planet but also highlights the ongoing efforts to mitigate the devastating impact of these events.At the heart of earthquake science lies the theory of plate tectonics, which revolutionized our understanding of the Earth's dynamic interior. This theory posits that the Earth's surface is composed of a series of massive plates, constantly in motion, driven by the convection of the planet's molten interior. The boundaries between these plates are the primary loci of seismic activity, as the relentless forces of compression, tension, and shear create immense stresses that are ultimately released in the form of earthquakes.When tectonic plates collide, one plate is typically forced beneath the other, a process known as subduction. This subduction zone is a hotbed of seismic activity, as the descending plate generates intense friction and pressure, triggering a series of earthquakes. The Pacific Ring of Fire, a region encircling the Pacific Ocean, is a prime example of this, with a high concentration of active volcanoes and frequent earthquake occurrences.Earthquakes, however, are not limited to plate boundaries; they can also occur within the interior of tectonic plates, often along pre-existing fault lines. These intraplate earthquakes can be equally devastating, as evidenced by the 2011 Tohoku earthquake in Japan, which triggered a devastating tsunami and caused widespread destruction.The magnitude of an earthquake, a measure of the energy released during the event, is a crucial factor in determining its potential for destruction. The Richter scale, developed in the 1930s by American seismologist Charles Richter, provides a logarithmic scale for measuring earthquake magnitude, with each unit increase representing a tenfold increase in the amount of energy released. The most powerful earthquakes, often referred to as "megaquakes," can reach magnitudes exceeding 9.0 on the Richter scale, releasing staggering amounts of energy and causing catastrophic damage.While the raw power of earthquakes is awe-inspiring, the true tragedy lies in the human cost of these events. Densely populated urban centers, often built atop vulnerable geological structures, bear the brunt of the destruction, with buildings collapsing, infrastructure crumbling, and lives lost. The 2010 Haiti earthquake, for instance, claimed over 300,000 lives and left countless more injured or displaced, highlighting the devastating impact of these natural disasters on vulnerable communities.In the face of such immense challenges, the scientific community has dedicated itself to understanding the complex mechanisms that drive earthquakes, with the ultimate goal of improving our ability to predict and mitigate their consequences. Advancements in seismic monitoring technology, the development of early warning systems, and the implementation of stringent building codes have all played a crucial role in reducing the loss of life and property during earthquakes.Yet, the unpredictable nature of these events remains a formidable challenge. Earthquake prediction, long the Holy Grail of seismology, has proven to be an elusive goal, as the complex interplay of factors that trigger seismic events continues to defy our best efforts at forecasting. Nonetheless, scientists remain undaunted, leveraging the power of data analysis, computational modeling, and interdisciplinary collaboration to unravel the mysteries of the Earth'sdynamic forces.Beyond the scientific realm, the impact of earthquakes has also shaped the cultural and societal landscape of affected regions. The resilience and adaptability of communities in the face of such adversity have inspired awe and admiration, as people come together to rebuild and recover in the aftermath of these events. The lessons learned from past earthquakes have informed urban planning, emergency response protocols, and disaster management strategies, ensuring that we are better prepared to face the challenges that lie ahead.As we continue to grapple with the realities of a changing climate and the increasing frequency and intensity of natural disasters, the study of earthquakes assumes an even greater importance. By understanding the complex interplay of tectonic forces, we can develop more effective strategies for mitigating the impact of these events, protecting vulnerable populations, and ensuring the long-term resilience of our communities.In the end, the story of earthquakes is one of both humility and resilience. It reminds us of the raw power of nature and the fragility of our human constructs, but it also inspires us to push the boundaries of scientific understanding, to innovate, and to work together in the face of adversity. As we continue to unravel themysteries of the Earth's dynamic forces, we are reminded of our place in the grand tapestry of our planet, and the vital importance of our collective efforts to safeguard our future.。

高二英语Archaeology1

列哪项是错误的。A.壶腹周围癌的黄疸较胰头癌黄疸出现早B.壶腹周围癌较胰头癌易引起消化道出血C.壶腹周围癌切除率较胰头癌高，预后也较好D.两者手术方式相同，均需作胰十二指肠切除术E.两者均很少发生寒战、高热关于“獭尾肝”，下列描述哪些正确()A.肝左叶增大，与脾脏相连B.可见于肝肿瘤时C.可见于正常变异D.可见于肝叶比例失调时E.肝尾叶增大，与胰腺相连小儿体温测量方法，除那一种以外A.口温B.腋温C.额温D.肛温E.耳温生后3~5个月时A.卡介苗B.乙型脑炎疫苗C.麻疹疫苗D.脊髓灰质炎疫苗E.百日咳-白喉-破伤风混合疫苗下列各项，不属望苔质内容的是。A.厚薄B.润燥C.腐腻D.裂纹E.剥落致膀胱肿瘤的危险因素是A.吸烟B.膀胱慢性感染C.长期接触联苯胺D.上述都是E.上述都不是热通过流动介质将热量由空间中的一处传到另一处的现象叫做热对流。A.正确B.错误不能鉴别Broca失语、完全性失语、混合性失语的要点是()A．听理解的水平B．口语表达C．言语的流利度D．阅读能力E．书写能力口腔医疗保健中由接触传染的主要疾病是A.水痘B.麻疹C.流行性腮腺炎D.结核病E.病毒性肝炎按储层岩性分的气藏是。A.构造气藏B.砂岩气藏C.岩性气藏D.均质气藏晚婚晚育的公民可获得哪些奖励？关于脑电图在诊断癫痫中的价值，下列正确的是A.脑电图上有痫样放电即可以诊断癫痢B.脑电图上无痫样放电即可以排除癫痫C.正常人脑电图没有痫样放电D.脑电图是癫痫的另一个重要特征，也是诊断癫痫的主要佐证E.脑电图是诊断癫痫的唯一辅助手段下列关于菜单选项说法正确的是。A.黑色菜单选项，表示当前不能使用B.带有三角形标记的菜单选项，表示有对话框C.单击带省略号的菜单选项，将会弹出一个对话框D.灰色菜单选项，表示当前能使用以下关于唇裂、腭裂的叙述，哪项是错误的()A．外科手术整复是主要的治疗方法B．应采用综合序列治疗来达到功能与外形的恢复C．唇裂病员无法形成"腭咽闭合"D．腭裂病员术后应作语音训练E．颌骨继发畸形的治疗常在16岁以后进行颈椎骨性关节炎最多见于A.第6颈椎B.枢椎C.第5颈椎D.第4颈椎E.环椎不属于前磨牙特点的是.A.咬合面的点隙及邻面均为龋齿好发部位B.常作为判断颏孔位置的标志C.常作为义齿修复的基牙D.可能出现畸形中央尖E.拔除则可用旋转力我国卫生部于1988年制定的医务人员医德规范七条内容中，不直接涉及医患关系的是哪一条（）A.第2条B.第3条C.第4条D.第5条E.第7条我国刑法规定了_____法定原则，_____法定原则的经典表述是，“法无明文规定不为罪”、“法无明文规定不处罚”;刑法同时规定了_____相适应原则，即刑罚的轻重，应当与犯罪分子所犯_____和承担的_____相适应;死刑只适用于_____极其严重的犯罪分子。在这段话的空格中A.2处填写"罪刑"，4处填写处填写"罪刑"，3处填写"罪行"C.4处填写"罪刑"，2处填写"罪行"D.3处填写"罪刑"，2处填写"罪行" 锅炉的总风量由两个构成，起停制粉系统时必须考虑磨风量对总风量的影响。A.送风机送风量；B.运行磨风量；C.一次风量；D.二次风量。提倡使用或更改抗菌药物应采集标本作病原学检查，力求做到有样必采，住院病人有样可采送检率力争达到以上。属于减毒配伍关系的是。A.相须，相使B.相恶，相反C.相畏，相杀D.相须，相畏E.相恶，相杀下述哪项提示胎盘功能低下A.NST示有反应型B.羊膜镜检查羊水为白色浊状C.OCT试验阴性D.孕妇血清催产素酶为每小时5mg／dl，1周后为每小时2mg／dlE.12h胎动12次畸形中央尖的临床表现不包括A.位于前磨牙舌尖三角嵴上B.尖呈圆锥形或钝圆状突起C.其基底直径约为2mm左右D.X线片见尖内纤细髓角突入E.中央尖折断可致牙髓感染根据发行主体的不同，债券可以分为。A．零息债券附息债券和息票累积债券B．实物债券凭证式债券和记账式债券C．政府债券金融债券和公司债券D．国债和地方债券会计科目按照与的关系分为表内科目和表外科目。A、业务状况表B、资产负债表C、损益表D、基础数据表下列哪种疾病引起的发热多不伴寒战A.疟疾B.大叶性肺炎C.伤寒D.流行性感冒E.急性肾盂肾炎汽轮机供油系统的作用有哪些？气管内吸痰时，每次插管吸痰时间不宜超过A．5秒B．10秒C．15秒D．1.5分钟E．15分钟癌症病人的心理活动特点是。A.依赖性减低B.被动性下降C.行为变得成熟D.自尊心增强E.无猜疑心 [单选,共用题干题]VRMLisa（1）for3DmultimediaandsharedvirtualworldsontheWWW.IncomparisontoHTML,VRMLaddsthenextlevelofinteraction,structuredgraphics,andextra（2）（zandtime）tothepresentationofdocuments.TheapplicationsofVRMLare（3）, rangingfromsimplebusinessgraphicstoentertainingWWWpagegraphics,manufacturing,scientific,entertainment,andeducationalapplications,and3Dsharedvirtualworldsandcommunities.X3DisthenameunderwhichthedevelopmentofVRMLiscontinued.X3DisbasedonXMLandisbackwards（4）withVRML Furthermore,itiscomponentized,profiled,andextensible,whichmakesitpossibletouseX3Dinverydifferent（5），fromhigh-endvisualizationstolightweightapplications.空白（1）处应选择A.linkB.formatC.structureD.procedure 初孕妇，25岁，妊娠40周，入院前1日出现不规律子宫收缩，入院24小时后静滴缩宫素引产，第1产程5小时，第2产程10分钟，胎儿娩出后2分钟，产妇突然出现寒战，咳嗽，发绀，血压60/40mmHg，随后阴道流血不止，立即配血进行抢救。最可能的诊断是A.缩宫素过敏B.羊水栓塞C.急性肺栓塞D 克E.子宫收缩乏力性出血党在过渡时期的总路线的主体是A.对农业的社会主义改造B.对手工业的社会主义改造C.对资本主义工商业的社会主义改造D.实现国家的社会主义工业化符合ALL特点的是A.过氧化物酶阳性B.可见.Auer小体C.非特异酯酶阳性D.苏丹黑染色阴性E.糖原PAS反应（+）或成块新设备（包括改造后的设备）投入使用前须有操作规程、竣工图纸等技术文件和保证安全生产的办法与管理细则，经过技术测验合格并对有关人员进行培训后，方可使用。A.正确B.错误麦金瑟7S结构中的七种文化要素是____,____,____,____,____,_____,_____. 微信红包群 / 微信红包群

2025版《师说》高中全程复习构想英语(外研版)课时作业(四十)

课时作业(四十)选择性必修第四册Unit 4Everyday economicsⅠ.阅读理解A[2024·河南省五市高三第一次联考]High in the Swiss Alps, St Moritz made its name as aplace for pushing the boundaries of winter sports. Recently, the region continued its long tradition of expanding the limits of what is possible with a world record attemptnot on snow or ice, but on rails. To mark the 175th anniversary of Switzerland's first railway, a railway company created the world's longest passenger train—100 cars, 2, 990 tonnes and almost two kilometers long.Formed of 25 new electric trains, the recordbreaking 1, 906meter train took almost an hour to cover around 25 kilometers over the impressive UNESCO World Heritage Albula Line, which is famous for its endless swooping curves and steep inclines (斜坡). The mountain railways are regarded as great feats of engineering. The 62kilometer line be tween Thusis and St Moritz, a worldrenowned masterpiece of civil engineering, took just five years to build despite requiring 55 bridges and 39 tunnels.Unlike most Swiss and European railways, which use the standard gauge (标准轨距) between the rails of 1.435 meters, the rails, known as Rhaetische Bahn rails, are just one meter apart. “In order to complete the train's journey successfully, everything has to be perfect. We need to be 100% synchronized (同步的), every second. Everyone has to keep their speed and other systems under control at all times，” lead driver Andreas Kramer said. “We need to know the Albula Line very well, every change of gradient, and every incline.”The mountainous Swiss landscape has encouraged creative transportation solutions for generations, resulting in one of the most trainreliant nations in the world. On average, Swiss citizens travel about 2, 450 kilometers by train annuallyan estimated quarter of their total transportation system. In 2021, Swiss Federal Railways operated 11，260 trains carrying 880，000 passengers and 185，000 tonnes of goods per day on a 3, 265 kilometerlong network with 804 stations. Therefore, the successful record attempt will be great for the local area and for the country as a whole.1．Why is the world's longest passenger train created?A.To satisfy people's increasing demand for transportation.B.To celebrate the 175th year of Swiss first railway.C.To encourage people to pay attention to Swiss winter sports.D.To attract more visitors to appreciate the beauty of St Moritz.2．What does the underlined word “feats” probably mean in Paragraph 2?A．Achievements. B．Competitions.C．Difficulties. D．Expectations.3．What does Andreas Kramer think of the drivers' work?A．Boring but wellpaid.B．Impressive and difficult.C．Demanding and challenging.D．Dangerous but rewarding.4．What can be learnt from the figures in the last paragraph?A．Tourism increasingly gains popularity among Swiss citizens.B．Constructing the world's longest train has proven to be difficult.C.The successful record attempt has great significance for Switzerland.D．The development of green transportation is an important growing trend in Switzerland.B[2024·山东省淄博市高三一模]Is my article mid or valid? If you can answer this question,you already are accustomed to what we term “algospeak.” As more and more online users join social media platforms such as TikTok (抖音), algospeak continues to grow. But what is it, what do these words mean?Algospeak is a coded language or slang used online. For some communities it is the only way to talk safely about sensitive subjects. Due to the rise of algorithmic censorship (算法筛查) in media, algospeak developed as a way to prevent robot from deleting their videos and messages. Users had to get creative to avoid deletion. This means that as long as there is censorship, there will be a new language to avoid it.Further, new slang created on social media platforms fits itself into everyday life. Even if you are not writing a message on TikTok, you may have caught yourself using phrases from the app in your daily life. This connection between people all over the globe allows for shared vocabulary. It also has the potential to completely change the way we as English speakers speak. Here is some new slang popularized by TikTok.Bussin' (adj.)—something is really good, usually referring to foodMid (adj.)—ordinary, not good or badSheesh (ex.)—response either meaning disbelief or surprise, can be positive or negativeValid (adj.)—something very good or meets a very high standard; a respectable opinionNo one would have suspected artificial intelligence (AI) would be the catalyst (催化剂) for change but it is. The combination of not only censorship but also high connectivity birthed a new language. Some older generations can't even understand what the youngest generation says because of the lack of exposure to the new language. The gap between English before social media and English as it is now is giant, and it continues to grow.So, what should we expect for the future? Will censorship loosen or will the English language continue to evolve from digital media? Time can only tell.5．What contributed to the emergence of algospeak?A．The need for netizens to escape censorship.B．The desire for a shared vocabulary around the world.C．The authority's demand for creating a new language.D．The social media's intention to catch public attention.6．What can we learn from the last two paragraphs?A．AI needs catalyst to develop.B．Social media birthed a new language.C．Algospeak may cause communication obstacles.D.Strict censorship is a barrier to interpersonal relationships.7．What is the author's attitude towards the future of algospeak?A．Expectant. B．Intolerant.C．Skeptical. D．Unclear.8．What can we infer about algospeak?A．It offers a new outlook on life.B．Its evolution is associated with AI.C．It has reshaped the digital media.D．It has won popularity among all ages.Ⅱ.完形填空[2024·辽宁省六校协作体高三模拟]Many cities around the world today are heavily polluted.Careless methods of production and __1__ of consumer demands for environment friendly products have __2__ the pollution problem. One __3__ is that millions of tons of glass, paper, plastic, and metal containers are produced, and these are difficult to get rid of.__4__，today, more and more consumers are choosing “green” and demanding that the products they buy should be safe for the environment. __5__ they buy a product, they ask questions like these: “Will this shampoo damage the environment？”“Can this metal container be __6__ or can it only be used once？”A recent study showed that two __7__ five adults now consider the environmental safety of a product before they buy it. This means that companies must now change the __8__ they make and sell their products to make sure that they are “green”，that is, friendly to the environment.Only a few years ago, it was impossible to find green products in supermarkets, but now there are hundreds. Some supermarket products __9__ labels to show that the product is green. Some companies emphasize that their products are clean and safe in their advertising and have made it their main selling __10__．The __11__ for a safer and cleaner environment is making companies rethink __12__they do business. No longer will the public accept the old __13__ of “Buy it, use it, throw it away and forget it.” The public __14__ is still here, and companies are __15__ their act gradually.1．A.part B．lackC．lots D．varieties2．A.applied to B．contributed toC．exposed to D．devoted to3．A.possibility B．chanceC．result D．effect4．A.Therefore B．FurthermoreC．Similarly D．However5．A.After B．ThoughC．Before D．Unless6．A.reused B．safeC．friendly D．returned7．A.of B．onC．from D．out of8．A.rhyme B．wayC．section D．branch9．A.carry B．takeC．include D．make10．A.advantage B．techniqueC．point D．attraction11．A.concern B．hopeC．care D．plan12．A.what B．howC．whether D．when13．A.saying B．trustC．attitude D．fashion14．A.pressure B．pleasureC．discussion D．interest15．A.enlarging B．sharingC．cleaning D．improving[答题区]1～5______________6～10 ______________ 11～15 ______________。