诗歌的主要类别和语言特点

The Elements of Poetry诗歌基础知识Part ⅠProsody 格律学/诗学Prosody is the study of sound and rhythm in poetry.A. metre（格律）: In listening to the human voice we can always hear that some words and syllables are stressed and that others unstressed. When the tress recurs at quite regular intervals —that is, when the rhythm has a pattern —the result is meter.Metre is measured in feet （韵节/音步）* A foot is a basic unit of rhythm into which a line of poetry is divided.B. Some basic metrical feet 基本格式*1. iambi c foot —（）抑扬格2. trochaic ︱tr∂u´keiik︱~ —扬抑格3. Spondaic ︱spon´deiik︱foot ——扬扬格4. Pyrrhic [´pirik]~ 抑抑格5.Anapaestic ~ 抑抑扬格6.Dactylic ︱d k´tilik︱~ 扬抑抑格C. Line length in English poetry:One foot monometerTwo feet diameterThree feet trimeterFour feet tetrameterFive feet pentameterSix feet hexameterSeven feet HeptameterEight feet Octameter* The most common line length in English Poetry is pentameter.D. Stanza：a division of a poem into units of the same number of lines, the same meter, and the same rhyme scheme.quatrain(abab), couplet(a stanza of two lines), octave(a stanza of eight lines), tercet(a stanza of three lines)two-line ~ three-line ~ four-line ~ …E. Rhyme (end-rhyme, 韵脚/尾韵)The repetition of the similar sound at the ends of the lines.1. feminine rhyme（阴韵）: Lines that rhyme by using unstressed final syllables.2. muscular rhyme（阳韵）：Lines that rhyme by using stressed.F. Rhyme Scheme: the pattern of rhymes.G. Caesura —any significant pause within a line.H. Scansion（格律分析）：（scan V.）The systematic analysis of patterns of stresses, syllable by syllable, sound unit by sound unit.Division into feet is sometimes arbitrary and the distinction betweenstressed and unstressed is not a very precise one, for many degrees of stress are possible.Part ⅡVerse Forms诗歌的韵式A group of lines forming a division in a poem is called a stanza. Traditional stanzas are linked by a common rhyme scheme—the pattern of rhyme words.A. Ballad stanza 民谣体B. blank verse 无韵体C. Elegiac stanza 挽歌体D. Heroic couplet 英雄双行体E. Sonnet 十四行诗1. Italian sonnet/ Petrarchan sonnet 意大利十四行诗metrical feet and Line length: iambic pentameterRhyme scheme: a b b a , a b b a, c d e c d ea b b a , a b b a, c d e e d ca b b a , a b b a, c d cd c d2. English sonnet / Shakespearean sonnet ( three quatrains ＋couplet)metrical feet and line length: iambic pentameterRhyme scheme: abab cdcd efef gg3. Spenserian sonnet: 斯宾塞十四行诗abab bcbc cdcd ee ( three quatrains ＋couplet)F. Ottawa Rime A form of eightht- line stanza.The rhyme scheme is ababab ccG. Spenserian Stanza.A nine –line stanza with the rhyme scheme: ababbcbcc.( iambic pentameter )The first eight lines are written in iambic pentameter ＋is called an alexandrine. Followed by an iambic line of six feet.H. Terza Rima (iambic pentameter)An Italian verse form consisting of a series of three – line stanzas in which the middle line of each stanza rhymes with the first and third lines of the following stanza as follows: aba b cb cdc, etcTerza rima is employed in Shelley’s Ode to the West Wind.I. Free verse 自由诗* No regular meter or rhymes* Indefinite number of lines* use of repetitive patterns – of words, phrases, structures as Whitman Often does.J. blank versePart ⅢPoetic Genres and Kinds诗歌种类There has never been a very precise agreement as to how theclassification should be done. Different poems are said to belong to different groups, class. field according to subject matter, level of language, mode of presentation , shape of plot , prose or verse form , etc .Genre here is to indicate the traditional classroom distinction between fiction, poetry, and drama in which poetry is considered as a genre of literary works.A. classification in terms of organization 按组织方式分类A made is employed to indicate basic literary patterns of organizing experience. 组织经历和体验方式1. Narrative mode tells a story and organizes experience along a time continuum.2. Dramatic mode presents a change and organizes experience emotionally according to the rise and fall of someone’s fortunes.3. Lyric mode reflects upon an experience or an idea and organizes experience irrespective of time and space.B. Classification in terms of dominant emotionOne may also think of modes in terms of the dominant emotion they arouse in their presentations of experience.1. Tragedy or the tragic mode describes one’s downfall and a stately language is often used.2. Comedy or the comic mode describes one’s triumph and more common language is used.3. Romance or the romantic mode describes the ideal, often in terms of nostalgia or fantasy or longing.4. Satire or the satiric mode attacks the way things are and use, distributes the blame.C. Major kindsPoetry as a genre may be subdivided into kinds (or types, or subgenre). Even if one does not believe in kinds as absolutes, knowing the characteristics of major kinds can be useful to readers in letting them know what to expect of a poem. Over years there has been general agreement about some of these kinds and their characteristics:A long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated.1.Epic / Heroic poetry 史诗/ 英雄史诗——highest is a hierarchy of kinds.It describes the great deeds of mighty heroes or heroines and uses elevated language and a grand, high style.E.g. Milton’s Paradise LostHomer’s Iliad and OdysseyDante’s Divine ComedyAnglo-Saxon Beowulf2. Pastoral Poetry 田园诗/牧歌It describes the simple life of country folk, usu. shepherds who live atimeless, painless life in a world that is full of beauty, music, and love, and that remains forever green.——Also called Eclogue, bucolic or idyll.3. Elegy 挽歌Since the Renaissance the term indicated a formal lament for the death of a particular person.4. Mock poem 讽刺诗Poems of any kind in order to attack sth / a specific vice5. Lyrics 抒情诗Short poems in which a speaker expresses intense personal emotion rather than telling a story.Blake’s The lamb and The Tiger6. Ballads 民谣Narrative poems which originally were meant to be sung, created by folk, passing from person to person orally.7. A hymn/Psalm 赞美诗A song of praise, usu. in praise of God8. Epigram/Epitaph 诗体警句/诗体铭义Epigram –very short witty verseEpitaph –any poem carved in stone, building, grave, etc.9. Shaped verse(concretes)形状诗/拟形诗The verse resembles a particular object.A bottle for instance.10. Ode 颂歌A complex and often lengthy lyric poem, written in a dignified formal style on some lofty or serious subject.Odes are often written for a special occasion, to a person or a season or to commemorate an event. The famous odes are Shelley’s’ Ode to the West Wind and John Keats’s Ode on a Grecian urn.Part ⅣPoetic Diction + Poetic License诗歌的语言和语法持点Poetry as a literary genre is definitely different from fiction and drama though they are closely related to one another. Even an untrained reader could easily find that dissimilarity. The differences lie in many ways—forms, rhythm, rhyme language and license, etc.Now, knowing some poetic diction and license is quite helpful for beginners to understand poems.A. Use of archaic or less common words①NounsSwine—pig; spouse—wifeSteed—horse; main—sea②VerbsQuit—leave; quoth—saidwrought—worked; fare—walk;art—Are; wert—were;wilt—Will; shalt—shallUse of the second person singular;Do-dost; did—didstCan—canstThe third person singular:V—th maketh dothB. Omission—most functional words could be omitted1.Relative pronouns 关系代词e.g.Tis distance (that) leads enchantment to the view. （景色远望增光彩）2. Articles 冠词e.g.The brink of (the) haunted stream 魔鬼（鬼魂）出没的河边。