2012考研试题答案
2012研究生英语真题答案：完整版
Section 1 Use of Eninglish Directions : Millions of Americans and foreigners see GI.Joe as a mindless war toy ,the symbol of American military adventurism, but that’s not how it used to be .To the men and women who 1 )in World War II and the people they liberated ,the GI.was the 2) man grown into hero ,the pool farm kid torn away from his home ,the guy who 3) all the burdens of battle ,who slept in cold foxholes,who went without the 4) of food and shelter ,who stuck it out and drove back the Nazi reign of murder .this was not a volunteer soldier ,not someone well paid ,5) an average guy ,up 6 )the best trained ,best equipped ,fiercest ,most brutal enemies seen in centuries。
His name is not much.GI. is just a military abbreviation 7) Government Issue ,and it was on all of the article 8) to soldiers .And Joe? A common name for a guy who never 9) it to the top .Joe Blow ,Joe Magrac …a working class name.The United States has 10) had a president or vicepresident or secretary of state Joe。
2012年考研英语(一)真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)
2012年考研英语（一）真题试卷(题后含答案及解析) 题型有：1. Use of English 2. Reading Comprehension 3. WritingSection I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points)The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices became an important issue recently. The court cannot【B1】______its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law【B2】______justices behave like politicians. Yet, in several instances, justices acted in ways that【B3】______the court’s reputation for being independent and impartial Justices Antonin Scalia and Samuel Alito Jr. , for example, appeared at political events. That kind of activity makes it less likely that the court’s decisions will be【B4】______as impartial judgments. Part of the problem is that the justices are not【B5】______by an ethics code. At the very least, the court should make itself【B6】______to the code of conduct that【B7】______to the rest of the federal judiciary. This and other cases【B8】______the question of whether there is still a 【B9】______between the court and politics. The framers of the Constitution envisioned law【B10】______having authority apart from politics. They gave justices permanent positions【B11】______they would be free to【B12】______those in power and have no need to【B13】______political support. Our legal system was designed to set law apart from politics precisely because they are so closely【B14】______. Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted in fundamental social 【B15】______like liberty and property. When the court deals with social policy decisions, the law it【B16】______is inescapably political—which is why decisions split along ideological lines are so easily【B17】______as unjust. The justices must【B18】______doubts about the court’s legitimacy by making themselves【B19】______to the code of conduct. That would make their rulings more likely to be seen as separate from politics and, 【B20】______, convincing as law.1．【B1】A．emphasizeB．maintainC．modifyD．recognize正确答案：B2．【B2】A．whenB．bestC．beforeD．unless正确答案：A3．【B3】A．rendered B．weakened C．established D．eliminated正确答案：B4．【B4】A．challenged B．compromised C．suspected D．accepted正确答案：D5．【B5】A．advanced B．caught C．bound D．founded正确答案：C6．【B6】A．resistant B．subject C．immune D．prone正确答案：B7．【B7】A．resorts B．sticks C．leads D．applies正确答案：D8．【B8】A．evade B．raise C．deny D．settle正确答案：B9．【B9】A．line B．barrier C．similarity D．conflict正确答案：A10．【B10】A．by B．as C．through D．towards 正确答案：B11．【B11】A．so B．since C．provided D．though正确答案：A12．【B12】A．serve B．satisfy C．upset D．replace正确答案：C13．【B13】A．confirm B．express C．cultivateD．offer正确答案：C14．【B14】A．guarded B．followed C．studied D．tied正确答案：D15．【B15】A．concepts B．theories C．divisions D．convenience 正确答案：A16．【B16】A．excludes B．questions C．shapes D．controls正确答案：C17．【B17】A．dismissed B．released C．ranked D．distorted正确答案：A18．【B18】A．suppress B．exploit C．address D．ignore正确答案：C19．【B19】A．accessibleB．amiableC．agreeableD．accountable正确答案：D20．【B20】A．by all meansB．at all costsC．in a wordD．as a result正确答案：DSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)Come on—Everybody’s doing it. That whispered message, half invitation and half forcing, is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure. It usually leads to no good- -drinking, drugs and casual sex. But in her new book Join the Club , Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure, in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the word. Rosenberg, the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of example of the social cure in action: In South Carolina, a state-sponsored antismoking program called Rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool. In South Africa, an HIV-prevention initiative known as LoveLife recruits young people to promote safe sex among their peers. The idea seems promising, and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer. Her critique of the lameness of many public-health campaigns is spot-on: they fail to mobilize peer pressure for healthy habits, and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding of psychology. “Dare to be different, please don’t smoke!”pleads one billboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagers—teenagers, who desire nothing more than fitting in. Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers, so skilled at applying peer pressure. But on the general effectiveness of the social cure, Rosenberg is less persuasive. Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of the social and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful. The most glaring flaw of the social cure as it’s presented here is that it doesn’t work very well for very long. Rage Against the Haze failed once state funding was cut. Evidence that the LoveLife program produces lasting changes islimited and mixed. There’s no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our behavior. An emerging body of re-search shows that positive health habits—as well as negative ones—spread through networks of friends via social communication. This is a subtle form of peer pressure: we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day. Far less certain, however, is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can select our peer groups and steer their activities in virtuous directions. It’s like the teacher who breaks up the troublemakers in the back row by pairing them with better-behaved classmates. The tactic never really works. And that’s the problem with a social cure engineered from the outside: in the real world, as in school, we insist on choosing our own friends.21．According to the first paragraph, peer pressure often emerges as______.A．a supplement to the social cureB．a stimulus to group dynamicsC．an obstacle to school progressD．a cause of undesirable behaviors正确答案：D22．Rosenberg holds that public advocates should______.A．recruit professional advertisersB．learn from advertisers’ experienceC．stay away from commercial advertisersD．recognize the limitations of advertisements正确答案：B23．In the author’s view, Rosenberg’s book fails to______.A．adequately probe social and biological factorsB．effectively evade the flaws of the social cureC．illustrate the functions of state fundingD．produce a long-lasting social effect正确答案：A24．Paragraph 5 shows that our imitation of behaviors______.A．is harmful to our networks of friendsB．will mislead behavioral studiesC．occurs without our realizing itD．can produce negative health habits正确答案：C25．The author suggests in the last paragraph that the effect of peer pressure is______.A．harmfulB．desirableC．profoundD．questionable正确答案：DA deal is a deal—except, apparently, when Entergy is involved. The company, a major energy supplier in New England, provoked justified outrage in Vermont last week when it announced it was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by the strict nuclear regulations. Instead, the company has done precisely what it had long promised it would not: challenge the constitutionality of Vermont’s rules in the federal court, as part of a desperate effort to keep its Vermont Yankee nuclear power plant running. It’s a stunning move. The conflict has been surfacing since 2002, when the corporation bought Vermont’s only nuclear power plant, an aging reactor in Vernon. As a condition of receiving state approval for the sale, the company agreed to seek permission from state regulators to operate past 2012. In 2006, the state went a step further, requiring that any extension of the plant’s license be subject to the Vermont legislature’s approval. Then, too, the company went along. Either Entergy never really intended to live by those commitments, or it simply didn’t foresee what would happen next. A string of accidents, including the partial collapse of a cooling tower in 2007 and the discovery of an underground pipe system leakage, raised serious questions about both Vermont Yankee’s safety and Entergy’s management—especially after the company made misleading statements about the pipe. Enraged by Entergy’s behavior, the Vermont Senate voted 26 to 4 last year against allowing an extension. Now the company is suddenly claiming that the 2002 agreement is invalid because of the 2006 legislation, and that only the federal government has regulatory power over nuclear issues. The legal issues in the case are obscure; whereas the Supreme Court has ruled that states do have some regulatory authority over nuclear power, legal scholars say that Vermont case will offer a precedent-setting test of how far those powers extend. Certainly, there are valid concerns about the patchwork regulations that could result if every state sets its own rules. But had Entergy kept its word, that debate would be beside the point. The company seems to have concluded that its reputation in Vermont is already so damaged that it has nothing left to lose by going to war with the state. But there should be consequences. Permission to run a nuclear plant is a public trust. Entergy runs 11 other reactors in the United States, including Pilgrim Nuclear station in Plymouth. Pledging to run Pilgrim safely, the company has applied for federal permission to keep it open for another 20 years. But as the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) reviews the company’s application, it should keep it mind what promises from Entergy are worth.26．The phrase “reneging on” (Line 2, Para. 1) is closest in meaning to______.A．condemningB．reaffirmingC．dishonoringD．securing正确答案：C27．By entering into the 2002 agreement, Entergy intended to______.A．obtain protection from Vermont regulatorsB．seek favor from the federal legislatureC．acquire an extension of its business licenseD．get permission to purchase a power plant正确答案：D28．According to Paragraph 4, Entergy seems to have problems with its______.A．managerial practicesB．technical innovativenessC．financial goalsD．business vision正确答案：A29．In the author’s view, the Vermont case will test______.A．Entergy’s capacity to fulfill all its promisesB．the mature of states’ patchwork regulationsC．the federal authority over nuclear issuesD．the limits of states’ power over nuclear issues正确答案：D30．It can be inferred from the last paragraph that______.A．Entergy’s business elsewhere might be affectedB．the authority of the NRC will be defiedC．Entergy will withdraw its Plymouth applicationD．Vermont’s reputation might be damaged正确答案：AIn the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work. But in the everyday practice of science, discoveryfrequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route. We aim to be objective, but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experience. Prior knowledge and interest influence what we experience, what we think our experiences mean, and the subsequent actions we take. Opportunities for misinterpretation, error, and self-deception abound. Consequently, discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience. Similar to newly staked mining claims, they are full of potential. But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery. This is the credibility process, through which the individual researcher’s me, here, now becomes the community’s anyone, anywhere, anytime. Objective knowledge is the goal, not the starting point. Once a discovery claim becomes public, the discoverer receives intellectual credit. But, unlike with mining claims, the community takes control of what happens next. Within the complex social structure of the scientific community, researchers make discoveries; editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process; other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes; and finally, the public (including other scientists) receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology. As a discovery claim works its way through the community, the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual’s discovery claim into the community’s credible discovery. Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process. First, scientific work tends to focus on some aspect of prevailing knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect. Little reward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and believed. The goal is new-search, not re-search. Not surprisingly, newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers. Second, novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief. Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert Szent-Gyorgyi once described discovery as “seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought. “ But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views. Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated. In the end, credibility “happens” to a discovery claim —a process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of the mind. “We reason together, challenge, revise, and complete each other’s reasoning and each other’s conceptions of reason. “31．According to the first paragraph, the process of discovery is characterized by its______.A．uncertainty and complexityB．misconception and deceptivenessC．logicality and objectivityD．systematicness and regularity正确答案：A32．It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that credibility process requires______ A．strict inspectionB．shared effortsC．individual wisdomD．persistent innovation正确答案：B33．Paragraph 3 shows that a discovery claim becomes credible after it______.A．has attracted the attention of the general publicB．has been examined by the scientific communityC．has received recognition from editors and reviewersD．has been frequently quoted by peer scientists正确答案：B34．Albert Szent-Gyorgyi would most likely agree that______.A．scientific claims will survive challengesB．discoveries today inspire future researchC．efforts to make discoveries are justifiedD．scientific work calls for a critical mind正确答案：D35．Which of the following would be the best title of the test?A．Novelty as an Engine of Scientific Development.B．Collective Scrutiny in Scientific Discovery.C．Evolution of Credibility in Doing Science.D．Challenge to Credibility at the Gate to Science.正确答案：CIf the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today, he would probably represent civil servant. When Hoffa’s Teamsters were in their prime in 1960, only one in ten American government workers belonged to a union; now 36% do. In 2009 the number of unionists in America’s public sector passed that of their fellow members in the private sector. In Britain, more than half of public-sector workers but only about 15% of private-sector ones are unionized. There are three reasons for the public-sector unions’thriving. First, they can shut things down without suffering much in the way of consequences. Second, they are mostly bright and well-educated.A quarter of America’s public-sector workers have a university degree. Third, they now dominate left-of-centre politics. Some of their tics go back a long way. Britain’s Labor Party, as its name implies, has long been associated with trade unionism. Itscurrent leader, Ed Miliband. owes his position to votes from public-sector unions. At the state level their influence can be even more fearsome. Mark Baldassare of the Public Policy Institute of California points out that much of the state’s budget is patrolled by unions. The teachers’unions keep an eye on schools, the CCPOA on prisons and a variety of labor groups on health care. In many rich countries average wages in the state sector are higher than in the private one. But the real gains come in benefits and work practices. Politicians have repeatedly “backloaded”public-sector pay deals, keeping the pay increases modest but adding to holidays and especially pensions that are already generous. Reform has been vigorously opposed, perhaps most egregiously in education, where charter schools, academies and merit pay all faced drawn-out battles. Even though there is plenty of evidence that the quality of the teachers is the most important variable, teachers’ unions have fought against getting rid of bad ones and promoting good ones. As the cost to everyone else has become clearer, politicians have begun to clamp down. In Wisconsin the unions have rallied thousands of supporters against Scott Walker, the hardline Republican governor. But many within the public sector suffer under the current system, too. John Donahue at Harvard’s Kennedy School points out that the norms of culture in Western civil services suit those who want to stay put but is bad for high achievers. The only American public-sector workers who earn well above $ 250.000 a year are university sports coaches and the president of the United States. Bankers’ fat pay packets have attracted much criticism, but a public-sector system that does not reward high achievers may be a much bigger problem for America.36．It can be learned from the first paragraph that______.A．Teamsters still have a large body of membersB．Jimmy Hoffa used to work as a civil servantC．unions have enlarged their public-sector membershipD．the government has improved its relationship with unionists正确答案：C37．Which of the following is true of Paragraph 2?A．Public-sector unions arc prudent in taking actions.B．Education is required for public-sector union membership.C．Labor Party has long been fighting against public-sector unions.D．Public-sector unions seldom get in trouble for their actions.正确答案：D38．It can be learned from Paragraph 4 that the income in the state sector is______.A．illegally securedB．indirectly augmentedC．excessively increasedD．fairly adjusted正确答案：B39．The example of the unions in Wisconsin shows that unions______.A．often run against the current political systemB．can change people’s political attitudesC．may be a barrier to public-sector reformsD．arc dominant in the government正确答案：C40．John Donahue’s attitude towards the public-sector system is one of______, A．disapprovalB．appreciationC．toleranceD．indifference正确答案：APart BThink of those fleeting moments when you look out of an aeroplane window and realize that you are flying, higher than a bird. Now think of your laptop, thinner than a brown-paper envelope, or your cellphone in the palm of your hand. Take a moment or two to wonder at those marvels. You are the lucky inheritor of a dream come true. The second half of the 20th century saw a collection of geniuses, warriors, entrepreneurs and visionaries labour to create a fabulous machine that could function as a typewriter and printing press, studio and theatre, paintbrush and gallery, piano and radio, the mail as well as the mail carrier. (41)______. The networked computer is an amazing device, the first media machine that serves as the mode of production, means of distribution, site of reception, and place of praise and critique. The computer s the 21st century’s culture machine. But for all the reasons there are to celebrate the computer, we must also tread with caution. (42) ______.I call it a secret war for two reasons. First, most people do not realise that there are strong commercial agendas at work to keep them in passive consumption mode. Second, the majority of people who use networked computers to upload are not even aware of the significance of what they are doing. All animals download, but only a few upload. Beavers build dams and birds make nests. Yet for the most part, the animal kingdom moves through the world downloading. Humans arc unique in their capacity to not only make tools but then turn around and use them to create superfluous material goods- paintings, sculpture and architecture—and superfluous experiences-—music, literature, religion and philosophy. (43) ______ For all thepossibilities of our new culture machines, most people arc still stuck in download mode. Even after the advent of widespread social media, a pyramid of production remains, with a small number of people uploading material, a slightly larger group commenting on or modifying that content, and a huge percentage remaining content to just consume. (44)______. Television is a one-way tap flowing into our homes. The hardest task that television asks of anyone is to turn the power off after he has turned it on. (45)______. What counts as meaningful uploading? My definition revolves around the concept of “stickiness” creations and experiences to which others adhere.[A] Of course, it is precisely these superfluous things that define human culture and ultimately what it is to be human. Downloading and consuming culture requires great skills, but failing to move beyond downloading is to strip oneself of a defining constituent of humanity.[B] Applications like tumblr. com, which allow users to combine pictures, words and other media in creative ways and then share them, have the potential to add stickiness by amusing, entertaining and enlightening others.[C] Not only did they develop such a device but by the turn of the millennium they had also managed to embed it in a worldwide system accessed by billions of people every day.[D] This is because the networked computer has sparked a secret war between downloading and uploading—between passive consumption and active creation -whose outcome will shape our collective future in ways we can only begin to imagine.[E] The challenge the computer mounts to television thus bears little similarity to one format being replaced by another in the manner of record players being replaced by CD players.[F] One reason for the persistence of this pyramid of production is that for the past half-century, much of the world’s media culture has been defined by a single medium television- -and television is defined by downloading.[G] The networked computer offers the first chance in 50 years to reverse the flow, to encourage thoughtful downloading and, even more importantly, meaningful uploading.41．正确答案：C42．正确答案：D43．正确答案：A44．正确答案：F45．正确答案：CPart CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. (10 points)Since the days of Aristotle, a search for universal principles has characterized the scientific enterprise, in some ways, this quest for commonalities defines science. Newton’s laws of motion and Darwinian evolution each bind a host of different phenomena into a single explicatory frame work. (46) In physics, one approach takes this impulse for unification to its extreme, and seeks a theory of everything—a single generative equation for all we see. It is becoming less clear, however, that such a theory would be a simplification, given the dimensions and universes that it might entail, nonetheless, unification of sorts remains a major goal. This tendency in the natural sciences has long been evident in the social sciences too.(47) Here, Darwinism seems to offer justification, for if all humans share common origins, it seems reasonable to suppose that cultural diversity could also be traced to more constrained beginnings. Just as the bewildering variety of human courtship rituals might all be considered forms of sexual selection, perhaps the world’s languages, music, social and religious customs and even history are governed by universal features. (48) To filter out what is unique from what is shared might enable us to understand how complex cultural behavior arose and what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms. That, at least, is the hope. But a comparative study of linguistic traits published online today supplies a reality check. Russell Gray at the University of Auckland and his colleagues consider the evolution of grammars in the light of two previous attempts to find universality in language.The most famous of these efforts was initiated by Noam Chomsky, who suggested that humans are born with an innate language—acquisition capacity that dictates a universal grammar. A few generative rules are then sufficient to unfold the entire fundamental structure of a language, which is why children can learn it so quickly. (49) The second, by Joshua Greenberg, takes a more empirical approach to universality, identifying traits (particularly in word order) shared by many language which are considered to represent biases that result from cognitive constraints. Gray and his colleagues have put them to the test by examining four family trees that between them represent more than 2,000 languages. (50) Chomsky’s grammar should show patterns of language change that are independent of the family tree or the pathway tracked through it, whereas Greenbergian universality predicts strong co-dependencies between particular types of word-order relations. Neither of these patterns is borne out by the analysis, suggesting that the structures of the languages are lire age-specific and not governed by universals.46．正确答案：物理学中的一个理论把这种归一的冲动发挥到了极致，它探寻一种万有理论——一个关于我们能看到的一切的生成方程式。
2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试真题及答案解析
2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试心理学专业基础综合试题一、单项选择题：1~65 小题，每小题 2 分，共130 分。
下列每题给出的四个选项中，只有一个选项是符合题目要求的。
请在答题卡上将所选项的字母涂黑。
1、不属于心理状态的是：A、感觉B、想象C、注意D、记忆2、大脑两半球之间传递信息的神经结构是：A、杏仁核B、内囊C、边缘系统D、胼胝体3、神经系统最小的单位是：A、突触B、轴突C、神经元D、胞体4、大部分色盲不能区分：A、红青B、红黄C、红蓝D、红绿5、感受性提高的感觉适应现象是：A、触觉适应B、嗅觉C、暗觉D、明觉6、当人看到下图，一般都只看到一些乱点，经提示这是一幅骑马图片后，人们就觉得像所提示的内容。
这主要体现的知觉特性是：A、知觉整体性B、知觉理解性 C 知觉恒常性、D、知觉选择性7、立体电影利用知觉的A、运动视差B、纹理梯度C、线条透视D、双眼视差8、5 岁小孩给娃娃讲妈妈讲过的故事，这种语言属于：A、对话B、独白C、语言获得D、语言理解9、安德森提出语言产生三阶段，包括：A、构造、转化、执行B、概念化、公式化、发音C、构造、转化、发音D、概念化、公式化、执行10、在沙赫特和辛格的情绪唤醒模型中，对情绪产生起关键作用的因素是：A、注意B、认知C、生理变化D、情境11、人对同一个目的同时产生两种对应的动机是：A、双趋冲突B、双避冲突C、趋避冲突D、多重趋避冲突12、根据马斯洛的需要层次理论，人的需要从低级到高级的正确排序：A、生理需要、安全的需要、尊重的需要、归属与爱的需要、自我实现的需要B、生理需要、安全的需要、归属与爱的需要、尊重的需要、自我实现的需要C、生理需要、归属与爱的需要、安全的需要、尊重的需要、自自我实现的需要D、生生理需要、归属与爱的需要、尊重的需要、安全的需要、自自我实现的需要13、某生学业成绩好，但其他表现一般，根据斯滕伯格的成功智力理论，其在校表现优异智力是：A、分析性智力B、创造性智力C、实践智力D、综合性智力14、下列属于晶体智力的是：A、形成抽象概念的能力B、发现复杂关系的能力C、理解词汇能力D、知觉的速度15、最具核心意义的个性心理特点是：A、能力B、气质C、性格D、兴趣16、根据奥尔波特的人格特质理论，构成个体独特性的重要特质属于：A、首要特质B、中心特质C、根源特质D、共同特质17、根据人对问题思考的速度的差异，卡根等将认真风格类型划分为：A、场独立性与依存性B、冲动型与沉思型C、同时性与继时性D、整体加工与部分加工18、让吸烟上瘾的人扮演因吸烟患肺癌接受治疗，之后他戒了烟。
2012考研管理类联考综合能力真题及答案解析
2012 年硕士研究生入学考试管理类专业硕士综合能力真题及参考答案说明：由于 2012 年试题为一题多卷，因此现场试卷中的选择题部分，不同考生有不同顺序。
请在核对答案时注意题目和选项的具体内容。
一、问题求解：第 1~15 小题，每小题 3 分，共 45 分。
下列每题给出的 A、B、C、D、E 五个选项中，只有一项是符合试题要求的。
请在答题卡上将所选项的字母涂黑。
1.某商品的定价为 200 元，受金融危机的影响，连续两次降价 20%后的售价为（A）114 元（B）120 元（C）128 元（D）144 元（E）160 元2.如图1∆ABC是直角三角形， S1S2S3为正方形，已知a，b，c，分别是 S1S2S3的边长，则（A） a=b+c(B) a 2 =b 2 +c2(C) a 2 =2b 2 +2c2(D) a 3 =b 3 +c 3(E) a 3 =2b 3 +2c 3图 13.如图 2，一个储物罐的下半部分是底面直径与高均是 20m 的圆柱形、上半部分（顶部）是半球形，已知底面与顶部的造价是 400 元/m 2，侧面的造价是 300 元/ m 2 ,该储物罐的造价是。
（≈ 3.14）（A）56.52 万元（B） 62.8 万元（C）75.36 万元（D）87.92 万元（E）100.48 万元图 24.在一次商品促销活动中，主持人出示一个 9 位数，让顾客猜测商品的价格，商品的价格是该 9 位数中从左到右相邻的 3 个数字组成的 3 位数，若主持人出示的是 513535319，则顾客一次猜中价格的概率是（A）1 （B） 17 6（C）1 （D） 25 7（E）135.某商店经营 15 种商品，每次在橱窗内陈列 5 种，若每两次陈列的商品不完全相同，则最多可陈列（A）3000 次（B） 3003 次（C）4000 次（D） 4003 次（E）4300 次6.甲、乙、丙三个地区的公务员参加一次测评，其人数和考分情况如下表：人数分数6 7 8 9地区甲10 10 10 10乙15 15 10 20丙10 10 15 15（A）乙、丙、甲（B）乙、甲、丙（C）甲、丙、乙（D）丙、甲、乙（E）丙、乙、甲7.经统计，某机场的一个安检口每天中午办理安检手续的乘客人数及相应的概率如下表：乘客人数0~5 6~10 11~15 16~20 21~25 25 以上概率0.1 0.2 0.2 0.25 0.2 0.05(A)0.2 (B)0.25(C)0.4 (D)0.5(E)0.758.某人在保险柜中存放了 M 元现金，第一天取出它的23，以后每天取出前一天所取的13，共取了 7 次，保险柜中剩余的现金为（A）M 元（B）M 元33（C）2M 元（D）[1- ( 2 ) 7 ]M 元36 2 3（E）[1-7 ⨯( ) 7 ]M 元39.在直角坐标系中，若平面区域D中所有点的坐标（ x, y ）均满足：0≤ x ≤ ，0≤ y ≤6，y - x ≤ 3 ，x2+ y 2≥9，则D的面积是（A）9 (1 + 4 ) （B） 9(4 - )44 9（C） 9(3 - ) （D）(2 + )4 4（E）94 (1 + )10.某单位春季植树 100 颗，前 2 天安排乙组植树，其余任务由甲、乙两组用 3 天完成，已知甲组每天比乙组多植树 4 棵，则甲组每天植树（A） 11 棵(B) 12 棵(C) 13 棵(D) 15 棵(E)17 棵11、在两队进行的羽毛球对抗赛中，每队派出３男２女共５名运动员进行５局单打比赛。
考研英语(一)真题答案及解析(2012年)
2012年考研英语（一）真题答案及解析1.【答案】B【解析】从空后信息可以看出，这句表达的是"_ _法官表现得像政治家"的情况下，法庭就不能保持其作为法律法规的合法卫士的形象，所以应该选C,maintain"维持，保持"，其他显然语义不通。
2.【答案】A【解析】从第三段可以看出，文章认为法院和政治之间应该是有界限的。
所以这里应该是当法官像政治家一样行事，模糊了二者之间的区别时，就失去了其作为法律卫士的合法性。
只有B，when表示这个意思。
3.【答案】B【解析】第二段给的具体事例说明，法官出现在政治活动中会使法官形象受损，影响他们独立、公正的名声。
只有B，weaken能表示这个意思。
4.【答案】D【解析】空前信息显示，法官出席政治活动会让法院的审判收到影响，人们就会认为其审判不公正，所以选D，be accepted as..."被认为是"。
5.【答案】C【解析】空所在的语境为：产生这样的问题，部分原因在于"法官没有_ _道德规范"。
后一句话说，至少法院应该遵守行为规范，这显然是进一步说明上一句话。
所以上一句是说法官没有受到道德规范的约束，选C，bound。
6.【答案】B【解析】根据解析5可以看出，这里应该是说遵守行为规范，subject与to 连用，表示"服从某物，受…支配"。
故本题选B。
7.【答案】D【解析】分析句子结构可知，这里是由that引导的定语从句修饰说明前面的行为规范，是说法院也应当遵守适用于其他联邦司法部的行为规范。
apply to "适用于"符合题意。
resort to "求助于";stick to "坚持(原则等)"语意不通。
8.【答案】B【解析】空所在的语境为，类似这样的案例提出了这样一个问题：法院和政。
2012考研数学二答案真题解析
∫ = 16
πθ sin
cos θ
(2 cos 2
θ
− 1) cos8
θ
dθ
022
2
22
π
π
∫ ∫ = 32 2 sin t cos11 tdt − 16 2 sin t cos9 tdt
0
0
=8−8 35
= 16 15
（19）（本题满分 11 分）已知函数 f (x) 满足方程 f '' (x) + f ' (x) − 2 f (x) = 0 及 f ' (x) + f (x) = 2ex
2
故选（B）。 二、填空题：9−14 小题，每小题 4 分，共 24 分，请将答案写在答．题．纸．指定位置上.
（9）设 y = y(x) 是由方程 x2 − y +1 =ey 所确定的隐函数，则
【答案】：1
________。
第 3 页，共 11 页
梦想不会辜负每一个努力的人
（10）计算ຫໍສະໝຸດ limx→∞∂z ∂x
+
y2
∂z ∂y
= ________。
【答案】： 0 .
【解析】：因为 ∂z = ∂x
f ′ ⋅ 1 , ∂z = x ∂y
f
′
⋅
−
1 y2
，所以
x
∂z ∂x
+
y2
∂z ∂y
= 0.
（12）微分方程 ydx + (x − 3y2 )dy = 0 满足初始条件 y |x=1=1 的解为________。
【答案】： x = y2
【解析】： ydx + (x − 3y2 )dy =0 ⇒ dx =3y − 1 x ⇒ dx + 1 x = 3y 为一阶线性微分方程，
2012考研政治真题+答案
一、单项选择题：1～16小题，每小题1分，共16分。
下列每题给出的四个选项中，只有一个选项是符合题目要求的。
请在答题卡上将所选项的字母涂黑。
1.恩格斯说：“鹰比人看得远得多，但是人的眼睛识别的东西远胜于鹰。
狗比人具有锐敏得多的嗅觉，但是它连被人当作为各种物的特定标志的不同气味的百分之一也辨别不出来。
”人的感官的识别能力高于动物，除了人脑及感官发育得更完美之外，还因为（）A．人不仅有感觉还有思维B．人不仅有理性还有非理性C．人不仅有直觉还有想象D．人不仅有生理机能还有心理活动【答案】A2.有这样一道数学题：“90%×90%×90%×90%×90%=？”其答案是约“59%，90分环节考打点折扣，得出的成绩就是不及格。
这里蕴含的辩证法道理是（）A．肯定中包含否定B．量变引起质变C．必然性通过偶然性为自己开辟道路D．可能和现实是相互转化的【答案】B3.在资本主义社会里，资本家雇佣工人进行劳动并支付相应的工资。
资本主义工资本质是（）A．工人所获得的资本家的预付资本B．工人劳动力的价值或价格C．工人所创造的剩余价值的一部分D．工人全部劳动的报酬【答案】B4.2011年9月以来美国爆发的“占领华尔街”抗议活动中示威者打出“我们是99%”的标语，向极富阶层表示不满。
漫画所显示的美国社会财富占有的两级分化，是资本主义制度下（）A．劳资冲突的集中表现B．生产社会化的必然产物C．资本积累的必然结果D．虚拟资本泡沫化的恶果【答案】C5.毛泽东曾在不同的场合多次谈到，调查研究有两种方法：一是走马看花、一是下马看花。
走马看花，不深入，还必须用第二种方法，就时下马看花，过细看花，分析一朵花。
毛泽东强调“下马看花”的实际意义在于（）A．解决实际问题必须要有先进理论的指导B．运用多种综合方法分析调查研究的材料C．马克思主义理论必须适合中国革命的具体实际D．只有全面深入地了解中国的实际，才能找出规律【答案】D6.改革开放以来，我们党对公有制认识上的一个重大突破，就是明确了公有制和私有制的实现形式是两个不同层次的问题。
2012年考研英语(一)试题及答案 (完整版)
2012英语考研试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A， B，C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A， B，C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices have become an important issue recently. The court cannot _1_ its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law _2_ justices behave like politicians. Yet， in several instances， justices acted in ways that _3_ the court's reputation for being independent and impartial.Justice Antonin Scalia， for example， appeared at political events. That kind of activity makes it less likely that the court's decisions will be _4_ as impartial judgments. Part of the problem is that the justices are not _5_by an ethics code. At the very least， the court should make itself _6_to the code of conduct that _7_to the rest of the federal judiciary.This and other similar cases _8_the question of whether there is still a _9_between the court and politics.The framers of the Constitution envisioned law _10_having authority apart from politics. They gave justices permanent positions _11_they would be free to _12_ those in power and have no need to _13_ political support. Our legal system was designed to set law apart from politics precisely because they are so closely _14_.Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted in fundamental social _15_ like liberty and property. When the court deals with social policy decisions， the law it _16_ is inescapably political-which is why decisions split along ideological lines are so easily _17_ as unjust.The justices must _18_ doubts about the court's legitimacy by making themselves _19_ to the code of conduct. That would make rulings more likely to be seen as separate from politics and，_20_， convincing as law.1. [A]emphasize [B]maintain [C]modify [D] recognize2. [A]when [B]lest [C]before [D] unless3. [A]restored [B]weakened [C]established [D] eliminated4. [A]challenged [B]compromised [C]suspected [D] accepted5. [A]advanced [B]caught [C]bound [D]founded6. [A]resistant [B]subject [C]immune [D]prone7. [A]resorts [B]sticks [C]loads [D]applies8. [A]evade [B]raise [C]deny [D]settle9. [A]line [B]barrier [C]similarity [D]conflict10. [A]by [B]as [C]though [D]towards11. [A]so [B]since [C]provided [D]though12. [A]serve [B]satisfy [C]upset [D]replace13. [A]confirm [B]express [C]cultivate [D]offer14. [A]guarded [B]followed [C]studied [D]tied15. [A]concepts [B]theories [C]divisions [D]conceptions16. [A]excludes [B]questions [C]shapes [D]controls17. [A]dismissed [B]released [C]ranked [D]distorted18. [A]suppress [B]exploit [C]address [D]ignore19. [A]accessible [B]amiable [C]agreeable [D]accountable20. [A]by all mesns [B]atall costs [C]in a word [D]as a resultSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections：Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A， B， C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1Come on -Everybody's doing it. That whispered message， half invitation and half forcing，is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure. It usually leads to no good-drinking， drugs and casual sex. But in her new book Join the Club， Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure， in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the word.Rosenberg， the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize， offers a host of example of the social cure in action： In South Carolina， a state-sponsored antismoking program called Rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool. In South Africa， an HIV-prevention initiative known as LoveLife recruits young people to promote safe sex among their peers.The idea seems promising，and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer. Her critique of the lameness of many pubic-health campaigns is spot-on： they fail to mobilize peer pressure for healthy habits，and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding of psychology.“ Dare to be different， please don't smoke！” pleads one billboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagers-teenagers， who desire nothing more than fitting in. Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers， so skilled at applying peer pressure.But on the general effectiveness of the social cure， Rosenberg is less persuasive. Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of the social and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful. The most glaring flaw of the social cure as it's presented here is that it doesn't work very well for very long. Rage Against the Haze failed once state funding was cut. Evidence that the LoveLife program produces lasting changes is limited and mixed.There's no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our behavior. An emerging body of research shows that positive health habits-as well as negative ones-spread through networks of friends via social communication. This is a subtle form of peer pressure： we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day.Far less certain， however， is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can select our peer groups and steer their activities in virtuous directions. It's like the teacher who breaks up the troublemakers in the back row by pairing them with better-behaved classmates. The tactic never really works. And that's the problem with a social cure engineered from the outside： in the real world， as in school， we insist on choosing our own friends.21. According to the first paragraph， peer pressure often emerges as[A] a supplement to the social cure[B] a stimulus to group dynamics[C] an obstacle to school progress[D] a cause of undesirable behaviors22. Rosenberg holds that public advocates should[A] recruit professional advertisers[B] learn from advertisers' experience[C] stay away from commercial advertisers[D] recognize the limitations of advertisements23. In the author's view， Rosenberg's book fails to[A] adequately probe social and biological factors[B] effectively evade the flaws of the social cure[C] illustrate the functions of state funding[D]produce a long-lasting social effect24. Paragraph 5shows that our imitation of behaviors[A] is harmful to our networks of friends[B] will mislead behavioral studies[C] occurs without our realizing it[D] can produce negative health habits25. The author suggests in the last paragraph that the effect of peer pressure is[A] harmful[B] desirable[C] profound[D] questionableText 2A deal is a deal-except， apparently ，when Entergy is involved. The company， a major energy supplier in New England， provoked justified outrage in Vermont last week when it announced it was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by the strict nuclear regu lations.Instead， the company has done precisely what it had long promised it would not challenge the constitutionality of Vermont's rules in the federal court， as part of a desperate effort to keep its Vermont Yankee nuclear power plant running. It's a stunning move.The conflict has been surfacing since 2002， when the corporation bought Vermont's only nuclear power plant， an aging reactor in Vernon. As a condition of receiving state approval for the sale， the company agreed to seek permission from state regulators to operate past 2012. In 2006， the state went a step further， requiring that any extension of the plant's license be subject to Vermont legislature's approval. Then， too， the company went along.Either Entergy never really intended to live by those commitments， or it simply didn't foresee what would happen next. A string of accidents， including the partial collapse of a cooling tower in 207 and the discovery of an underground pipe system leakage， raised serious questions about both Vermont Yankee's safety and Entergy's management- especially after the company made misleading statements about the pipe. Enraged by Entergy's behavior， the Vermont Senate voted 26 to 4 last year against allowing an extension.Now the company is suddenly claiming that the 2002 agreement is invalid because of the 2006 legislation， and that only the federal government has regulatory power over nuclear issues. The legal issues in the case are obscure： whereas the Supreme Court has ruled that states do have some regulatory authority over nuclear power， legal scholars say that Vermont case will offer a precedent-setting test of how far those powers extend. Certainly， there are valid concerns about the patchwork regulations that could result if every state sets its own rules. But had Entergy kept its word， that debate would be beside the point.The company seems to have concluded that its reputation in Vermont is already so damaged that it has noting left to lose by going to war with the state. But there should be consequences. Permission to run a nuclear plant is a poblic trust. Entergy runs 11 other reactors in the United States， including Pilgrim Nuclear station in Plymouth. Pledging to run Pilgrim safely， the company has applied for federal permission to keep it open for another 20 years. But as the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) reviews the company's application， it should keep it mind what promises from Entergy are worth.26. The phrase “reneging on”(Line 3.para.1) is closest in meaning to[A] condemning.[B] reaffirming.[C] dishonoring.[D] securing.27. By entering into the 2002 agreement， Entergy intended to[A] obtain protection from Vermont regulators.[B] seek favor from the federal legislature.[C] acquire an extension of its business license .[D] get permission to purchase a power plant.28. According to Paragraph 4， Entergy seems to have problems with its[A] managerial practices.[B] technical innovativeness.[C] financial goals.[D] business vision29. In the author's view， the Vermont case will test[A] Entergy's capacity to fulfill all its promises.[B] the mature of states' patchwork regulations.[C] the federal authority over nuclear issues .[D] the limits of states' power over nuclear issues.30. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that[A] Entergy's business elsewhere might be affected.[B] the authority of the NRC will be defied.[C] Entergy will withdraw its Plymouth application.[D] Vermont's reputation might be damaged.Text 3In the idealized version of how science is done， facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work. But in the everyday practice of science， discovery frequently follows an ambiguous andcomplicated route. We aim to be objective， but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experience. Prior knowledge and interest influence what we experience， what we think our experiences mean， and the subsequent actions we take. Opportunities for misinterpretation，error， and self-deception abound.Consequently， discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience. Similar to newly staked mining claims， they are full of potential. But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery. This is the credibility process， through which the individual researcher's me， here， now becomes the community's anyone， anywhere，anytime. Objective knowledge is the goal， not the starting point.Once a discovery claim becomes public， the discoverer receives intellectual credit. But，unlike with mining claims， the community takes control of what happens next. Within the complex social structure of the scientific community， researchers make discoveries； editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process； other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes； and finally， the public (including other scientists) receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology. As a discovery claim works it through the community， the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual's discovery claim into the community's credible discovery.Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process. First， scientific work tends to focus on some aspect of prevailing Knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect. Little reward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and believed. The goal is new-search， not re-search. Not surprisingly， newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers. Second， novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief. Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert Azent-Gyorgyi once described discovery as “seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought.” But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views. Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated.In the end，credibility “happens” to a discovery claim - a process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of the mind. “We reason together，challenge， revise， and complete each other's reasoning and each other's conceptions o f reason.”31. According to the first paragraph， the process of discovery is characterized by its[A] uncertainty and complexity.[B] misconception and deceptiveness.[C] logicality and objectivity.[D] systematicness and regularity.32. It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that credibility process requires[A] strict inspection.[B]shared efforts.[C] individual wisdom.[D]persistent innovation.33.Paragraph 3 shows that a discovery claim becomes credible after it[A] has attracted the attention of the general public.[B]has been examined by the scientific community.[C] has received recognition from editors and reviewers.[D]has been frequently quoted by peer scientists.34. Albert Szent-Gy？rgyi would most likely agree that[A] scientific claims will survive challenges.[B]discoveries today inspire future research.[C] efforts to make discoveries are justified.[D]scientific work calls for a critical mind.35.Which of the following would be the best title of the test？[A] Novelty as an Engine of Scientific Development.[B]Collective Scrutiny in Scientific Discovery.[C] Evolution of Credibility in Doing Science.[D]Challenge to Credibility at the Gate to Science.Text 4If the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today， he would probably represent civil servant. When Hoffa's Teamsters were in their prime in 1960， only one in ten American government workers belonged to a union； now 36% do. In 2009 the number of unionists in America's public sector passed that of their fellow members in the private sector. In Britain， more than half of public-sector workers but only about 15% of private-sector ones are unionized.There are three reasons for the public-sector unions' thriving. First， they can shut things down without suffering much in the way of consequences. Second， they are mostly bright and well-educated. A quarter of America's public-sector workers have a university degree. Third，they now dominate left-of-centre politics. Some of their ties go back a long way. Britain's Labor Party， as its name implies， has long been associated with trade unionism. Its current leader，Ed Miliband， owes his position to votes from public-sector unions.At the state level their influence can be even more fearsome. Mark Baldassare of the Public Policy Institute of California points out that much of the state's budget is patrolled by unions. The teachers' unions keep an eye on schools， the CCPOA on prisons and a variety of labor groups on health care.In many rich countries average wages in the state sector are higher than in the private one. But the real gains come in benefits and work practices. Politicians have repeatedly “backloaded” public-sector pay deals， keeping the pay increases modest but adding to holidays and especially pensions that are already generous.Reform has been vigorously opposed， perhaps most egregiously in education， where charter schools， academies and merit pay all faced drawn-out battles. Even though there is plenty of evidence that the quality of the teachers is the most important variable， teachers' unions have fought against getting rid of bad ones and promoting good ones.As the cost to everyone else has become clearer， politicians have begun to clamp down. In Wisconsin the unions have rallied thousands of supporters against Scott Walker， the hardline Republican governor. But many within the public sector suffer under the current system， too.John Donahue at Harvard's Kennedy School points out that the norms of culture in Western civil services suit those who want to stay put but is bad for high achievers. The only American public-sector workers who earn well above $250，000 a year are university sports coaches and the president of the United States. Bankers' fat pay packets have attracted m uch criticism，but a public-sector system that does not reward high achievers may be a much bigger problem for America.36. It can be learned from the first paragraph that[A] Teamsters still have a large body of members.[B] Jimmy Hoffa used to work as a civil servant.[C] unions have enlarged their public-sector membership.[D]the government has improved its relationship with unionists.37. Which of the following is true of Paragraph 2？[A] Public-sector unions are prudent in taking actions.[B] Education is required for public-sector union membership.[C] Labor Party has long been fighting against public-sector unions.[D]Public-sector unions seldom get in trouble for their actions.38. It can be learned from Paragraph 4 that the income in the state sector is[A] illegally secured.[B] indirectly augmented.[C] excessively increased.[D]fairly adjusted.39. The example of the unions in Wisconsin shows that unions[A]often run against the current political system.[B]can change people's political attitudes.[C]may be a barrier to public-sector reforms.[D]are dominant in the government.40. John Donahue's attitude towards the public-sector system is one of[A]disapproval.[B]appreciation.[C]tolerance.[D]indifference.Part BDirections：In the following text， some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45， choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices， which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.（10 points）Think of those fleeting moments when you look out of an aeroplane window and realise that you are flying， higher than a bird. Now think of your laptop， thinner than a brown-paper envelope，or your cellphone in the palm of your hand. Take a moment or two to wonder at those marvels. You are the lucky inheritor of a dream come true.The second half of the 20th century saw a collection of geniuses， warriors， entrepreneurs and visionaries labour to create a fabulous machine that could function as a typewriter and printing press， studio and theatre， paintbrush and gallery， piano and radio， the mail as well as the mail carrier. (41)The networked computer is an amazing device， the first media machine that serves as the mode of production， means of distribution， site of reception， and place of praise and critique. The computer is the 21st century's culture machine.But for all the reasons there are to celebrate the computer， we must also tread with caution.(42)I call it a secret war for two reasons. First， most people do not realise that there are strong commercial agendas at work to keep them in passive consumption mode. Second， the majority of people who use networked computers to upload are not even aware of the significance of what they are doing.All animals download， but only a few upload. Beavers build dams and birds make nests. Yet for the most part， the animal kingdom moves through the world downloading. Humans are unique in their capacity to not only make tools but then turn around and use them to create superfluous material goods - paintings， sculpture and architecture - and superfluous experiences - music，literature， religion and philosophy. (43)For all the possibilities of our new culture machines， most people are still stuck in download mode. Even after the advent of widespread social media， a pyramid of production remains， with a small number of people uploading material， a slightly larger group commenting on or modifying that content， and a huge percentage remaining content to just consume. (44)Television is a one-way tap flowing into our homes. The hardest task that television asks of anyone is to turn the power off after he has turned it on.(45)What counts as meaningful uploading？ My definition revolves around the concept of “stickiness” - creations and experiences to which others adhere.[A] Of course， it is precisely these superfluous things that define human culture and ultimately what it is to be human. Downloading and consuming culture requires great skills，but failing to move beyond downloading is to strip oneself of a defining constituent of humanity.[B] Applications like ， which allow users to combine pictures， words and other media in creative ways and then share them， have the potential to add stickiness by amusing，entertaining and enlightening others.[C] Not only did they develop such a device but by the turn of the millennium they had also managed to embed it in a worldwide system accessed by billions of people every day.[D] This is because the networked computer has sparked a secret war between downloading and uploading - between passive consumption and active creation - whose outcome will shape our collective future in ways we can only begin to imagine.[E] The challenge the computer mounts to television thus bears little similarity to one format being replaced by another in the manner of record players being replaced by CD players.[F] One reason for the persistence of this pyramid of production is that for the past half-century， much of the world's media culture has been defined by a single medium - television - and television is defined by downloading.[G]The networked computer offers the first chance in 50 years to reverse the flow， to encourage thoughtful downloading and， even more importantly， meaningful uploading.Part CDirections：Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)Since the days of Aristotle， a search for universal principles has characterized the scientific enterprise. In some ways， this quest for commonalities defines science. Newton's laws of motion and Darwinian evolution each bind a host of different phenomena into a single explicatory frame work.(46)In physics， one approach takes this impulse for unification to its extreme， and seeksa theory of everything-a single generative equation for all we see.It is becoming less clear，however， that such a theory would be a simplification， given the dimensions and universes that it might entail， nonetheless， unification of sorts remains a major goal.This tendency in the natural sciences has long been evident in the social sciences too.(47)Here， Darwinism seems to offer justification for it all humans share common origins it seems reasonable to suppose that cultural diversity could also be traced to more constrained beginnings. Just as the bewildering variety of human courtship rituals might all be considered forms of sexual selection， perhaps the world's languages， music， social and religious customs and even history are governed by universal features. (48)To filter out what is unique from what is shared might enable us to understand how complex cultural behavior arose and what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms.That， at least， is the hope. But a comparative study of linguistic traits published online today supplies a reality check. Russell Gray at the University of Auckland and his colleaguesconsider the evolution of grammars in the light of two previous attempts to find universality in language.The most famous of these efforts was initiated by Noam Chomsky， who suggested that humans are born with an innate language-acquisition capacity that dictates a universal grammar. A few generative rules are then sufficient to unfold the entire fundamental structure of a language，which is why children can learn it so quickly.(49)The second， by Joshua Greenberg， takes a more empirical approach to universality identifying traits (particularly in word order) shared by many language which are considered to represent biases that result from cognitive constraintsGray and his colleagues have put them to the test by examining four family trees that between them represent more than 2，000 languages.(50)Chomsky's grammar should show patterns of language change that are independent of the family tree or the pathway tracked through it. Whereas Greenbergian universality predicts strong co-dependencies between particular types ofword-order relations. Neither of these patterns is borne out by the analysis， suggesting that the structures of the languages are lire age-specific and not governed by universalsSection III WritingPart A51. Directions：Some internationals students are coming to your university. Write them an email in the name of the Students' Union to1) extend your welcome and2) provide some suggestions for their campus life here.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET2.Do not sign your name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead.Do not write the address(10 points)Part B52. Directions： write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay you should1) describe the drawing briefly2) explain its intended meaning， and3) give your commentsYou should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET2.（20 points）【 - 考研试题】Section I：Use of English1.B2.A3.B4.D5.C6.B7.D8.B9.A 10.B11.A 12.C 13.C 14.D 15.A 16.C 17.A 18.C 19.D 20.DSection II：Reading ComprehensionPart A21.D 22.B 23.A 24.C 25.D26.C 27.D 28.A 29.D 30.A31.A 32.B 33.B 34.D 35.D36.C 37.D 38.B 39.C 40.APart B41.C 42.D 43.A 44.F 45.GPart C2012年研究生入学考试英语一的翻译文章出自美国杂志《Nature》，题目是Universal truths。
2012考研试题答案
2012考研试题答案D东北财经大学2012年招收硕士研究生入学考试初试公共管理（一）试题B ------------答案（本答案为大连东财博学考研老师制作和独有，供大家参考，违版必究）一、概念题（1）合同外包：也称合同出租、竞争招标，指的是政府确定魔种公共服务项目的数量和质量标准，对外承包给私营企业或是非营利机构，中标的承包商按照与政府签订的合同提供公共服务，政府用财政拨款购买承包商的公共产品和劳务。
（压中）（2）非官方的政策活动者：是指政治体制外的、不直接形式公共权力的政策过程的参与者。
主要包括利益团体、公民、大众传媒、以及思想库等。
（压中）（3）政策输出：政策的输出是针对政策输入而讲的，是指政策从事的工作或已经做过的那些事情以及与此相关联的一系列统计货经济数字。
（压中）（4）公民观念：具有一国国籍，并根据该国法律规定享有权利和承担义务的人称之为该过的公民。
一个国家的民众有对社会和国家治理的参与意识和自我法制和民主的意识就称之为公民观念。
直接头脑风暴法：（即个人头脑风暴和与他学科也同样的在这方面有所贡献，但社会学提出了一些独特的评估方法或模式他们的日常评估工作是在自然的社会状况下进行的，而且他们更重视政策货项目失败的组织原因的分析。
（4）社会学领域出现了“社会政策学”的专门领域，它既是社会学的一个分支，也是政策科学的有机组成部分。
（以上为抓分要点答案，同学们可以补充一点点）（1）政府中的目标管理的优点和缺点：P160 （目标管理技术+目标管理的优点和缺点）（2）政策分析的基本任务：提供政策相关知识，改善公共决策系统和提高公共政策质量（3）大众传播对政策制定的主要影响：（冲刺强化音频多次强调）（压中的重点题）答题方法：(1)大众传媒的地位（非官方政策活动者之一，是现在社会最为普遍的信息传播载体）（2）大众传媒特点：信息传播快，影响力大，覆盖面广，信息量大（3）P86 最后一自然段（4）总统—议会制的特点：p123 （压中）三论述题（1）论述如何进一步来改革和完善人民代表大会制度？（压中）答案：P127，在“议行合一”原则的基础上建立起来的一种有中国特色的决策体制，数以代议制民主决策体制的范畴，又不同于“三权分立”的西方议会制。
2012年考研政治真题和答案
2012年全国硕士研究生统一考试思想政治试题
2012年全国硕士研究生统一考试思想政治试题+解析
一、单项选择题：
1、恩格斯说：“鹰比人看得远得多，但是人的眼睛识别东西远胜于鹰、狗比人具有锐敏得多的嗅觉，但是它连被人当做各种物的特定标志的不同气味的百分之一也辨别不出来、”人的感官的识别能力高于动物，除了人脑及感官发育得更加完善之外，还因为( )
A、人不仅有感觉还有思维
B、人不仅有理性还有非理性
C、人不仅有直觉还有想象
D、人不仅有生理机能还有心理活动
选A 解析：
这道题考的是原理第三章认识论的问题。
人的认识活动和动物心理活动的本质区别，从理论上讲，人不仅有感觉能力，更重要的是人有理性认识的能力，即思维的能力。
2、有这样一道数学题：“90%×90%×90%×90%×90%=?”其答案是约59%、90分看似一个非常不错的成绩，然而，在一项环环相扣的连续不断的工作中，如果每个环节都打点折扣，最终得出的成绩就是不及格、这里蕴含的辩证法道理是( )
A、肯定中包含否定
B、量变引起质变
C、必然性通过偶然性开辟道路
D、可能和现实是相互转化的
选B 解析：
这道题考的是原理第二章辩证法的内容。
量变和质变的辩证关系，题干本身说明小的不足最终会导致最终成绩的不及格，说明量的积累达到一定程度，会引起质变。
1。
2012年考研英语一真题及答案完整解析
2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices have become an important issue recently. The court cannot _1_ its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law _2_ justices behave like politicians. Yet, in several instances, justices acted in ways that _3_ the court’s reputation for being independent and impartial.Justice Antonin Scalia, for example, appeared at political events. That kind of activity makes it less likely that the court’s decisi ons will be _4_ as impartial judgments. Part of the problem is that the justices are not _5_by an ethics code. At the very least, the court should make itself _6_to the code of conduct that _7_to the rest of the federal judiciary.This and other similar cases _8_the question of whether there is still a _9_between the court and politics.The framers of the Constitution envisioned law _10_having authority apart from politics. They gave justices permanent positions _11_they would be free to _12_ those in power and have no need to _13_ political support. Our legal system was designed to set law apart from politics precisely because they are so closely _14_.Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted in fundamental social _15_ like liberty and property. When the court deals with social policy decisions, the law it _16_ is inescapably political-which is why decisions split along ideological lines are so easily _17_ as unjust.The justices must _18_ doubts about the court’s legitimacy by making themselves _19_ to the code of conduct. That would make rulings more likely to be seen as separate from politics and, _20_, convincing as law.1. [A]emphasize [B]maintain [C]modify [D] recognize2. [A]when [B]lest [C]before [D] unless3. [A]restored [B]weakened [C]established [D] eliminated4. [A]challenged [B]compromised [C]suspected [D] accepted5. [A]advanced [B]caught [C]bound [D]founded6. [A]resistant [B]subject [C]immune [D]prone7. [A]resorts [B]sticks [C]loads [D]applies8. [A]evade [B]raise [C]deny [D]settle9. [A]line [B]barrier [C]similarity [D]conflict10. [A]by [B]as [C]though [D]towards11. [A]so [B]since [C]provided [D]though12. [A]serve [B]satisfy [C]upset [D]replace13. [A]confirm [B]express [C]cultivate [D]offer14. [A]guarded [B]followed [C]studied [D]tied15. [A]concepts [B]theories [C]divisions [D]conceptions16. [A]excludes [B]questions [C]shapes [D]controls17. [A]dismissed [B]released [C]ranked [D]distorted18. [A]suppress [B]exploit [C]address [D]ignore19. [A]accessible [B]amiable [C]agreeable [D]accountable20. [A]by all mesns [B]atall costs [C]in a word [D]as a resultSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1Come on –Everybody’s doing it. That whispered message, half invitation and half forcing, is w hat most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure. It usually leads to no good-drinking, drugs and casual sex. But in her new book Join the Club, Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure, in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the word.Rosenberg, the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of example of the social cure in action: In South Carolina, a state-sponsored antismoking program called Rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool. In South Africa, an HIV-prevention initiative known as LoveLife recruits young people to promote safe sex among their peers.The idea seems promising，and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer. Her critique of the lameness of many pubic-health campaigns is spot-on: they fail to mobilize peer pressure for healthy habits, and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding of psychology.” Dare to be different, please don’t smoke!” pleads one billboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagers-teenagers, who desire nothing more than fitting in. Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers, so skilled at applying peer pressure.But on the general effectiveness of the social cure, Rosenberg is less persuasive. Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of the social and biological factors that make peer pre ssure so powerful. The most glaring flaw of the social cure as it’s presented here is that it doesn’t work very well for very long. Rage Against the Haze failed once state funding was cut. Evidence that the LoveLife program produces lasting changes is limited and mixed.There’s no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our behavior. An emerging body of research shows that positive health habits-as well as negative ones-spread through networks of friends via social communication. This is a subtle form of peer pressure: we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day.Far less certain, however, is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can select our peer groups and steer their activities in virtuous directions. It’s like the teacher w ho breaks up the troublemakers in the back row by pairing them with better-behaved classmates. The tactic never really works. And that’s the problem with a social cure engineered from the outside: in the real world, as in school, we insist on choosing our own friends.21. According to the first paragraph, peer pressure often emerges as[A] a supplement to the social cure[B] a stimulus to group dynamics[C] an obstacle to school progress[D] a cause of undesirable behaviors22. Rosenberg holds that public advocates should[A] recruit professional advertisers[B] learn from advertisers’ experience[C] stay away from commercial advertisers[D] recognize the limitations of advertisements23. In the author’s view, Rosenberg’s book fails to[A] adequately probe social and biological factors[B] effectively evade the flaws of the social cure[C] illustrate the functions of state funding[D]produce a long-lasting social effect24. Paragraph 5shows that our imitation of behaviors[A] is harmful to our networks of friends[B] will mislead behavioral studies[C] occurs without our realizing it[D] can produce negative health habits25. The author suggests in the last paragraph that the effect of peer pressure is[A] harmful[B] desirable[C] profound[D] questionableText 2A deal is a deal-except, apparently ,when Entergy is involved. The company, a major energy supplier in New England, provoked justified outrage in Vermont last week when it announced it was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by the strict nuclear regulations.Instead, the company has done precisely what it had long promised it would not challenge the constitutionality of Vermont’s rules in the federal court, as part of a desperate effort to keep its Vermont Yankee nuclear powe r plant running. It’s a stunning move.The conflict has been surfacing since 2002, when the corporation bought Vermont’s only nuclear power plant, an aging reactor in Vernon. As a condition of receiving state approval for the sale, the company agreed to seek permission from state regulators to operate past 2012. In 2006, the state went a step further, requiring that any extension of the plant’s license be subject to Vermont legislature’s approval. Then, too, the company went along.Either Entergy never real ly intended to live by those commitments, or it simply didn’t foresee what would happen next. A string of accidents, including the partial collapse of a cooling tower in 207 and the discovery of an underground pipe system leakage, raised serious questions about both Vermont Yankee’s safety and Entergy’s management– especially after the company made misleading statements about the pipe. Enraged by Entergy’s behavior, the Vermont Senate voted 26 to 4 last year against allowing an extension.Now the company is suddenly claiming that the 2002 agreement is invalid because of the 2006 legislation, and that only the federal government has regulatory power over nuclear issues. The legal issues in the case are obscure: whereas the Supreme Court has ruled that states do have some regulatory authority over nuclear power, legal scholars say that Vermont case will offer a precedent-setting test of how far those powers extend. Certainly, there are valid concerns about the patchwork regulations that could result if every state sets its own rules. But had Entergy kept its word, that debate would be beside the point.The company seems to have concluded that its reputation in Vermont is already so damaged that it has noting left to lose by going to war with the state. But there should be consequences. Permission to run a nuclear plant is a poblic trust. Entergy runs 11 other reactors in the United States, including Pilgrim Nuclear station in Plymouth. Pledging to run Pilgrim safely, the company has applied for federal permission to keepit open for another 20 years. But as the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) reviews the company’s application, it should keep it mind what promises from Entergy are worth.26. The phrase “reneging on”(Line 3.para.1) is closest in meaning to[A] condemning.[B] reaffirming.[C] dishonoring.[D] securing.27. By entering into the 2002 agreement, Entergy intended to[A] obtain protection from Vermont regulators.[B] seek favor from the federal legislature.[C] acquire an extension of its business license .[D] get permission to purchase a power plant.28. According to Paragraph 4, Entergy seems to have problems with its[A] managerial practices.[B] technical innovativeness.[C] financial goals.[D] business vision29. In the author’s view, th e Vermont case will test[A] Entergy’s capacity to fulfill all its promises.[B] the mature of states’ patchwork regulations.[C] the federal authority over nuclear issues .[D] the limits of states’ power over nuclear issues.30. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that[A] Entergy’s business elsewhere might be affected.[B] the authority of the NRC will be defied.[C] Entergy will withdraw its Plymouth application.[D] Vermont’s reputation might be damaged.Text 3In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work. But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route. We aim to be objective, but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experience. Prior knowledge and interest influence what we experience, what we think our experiences mean, and the subsequent actions we take. Opportunities for misinterpretation, error, and self-deception abound.Consequently, discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience. Similar to newly staked mining claims, they are full of potential. But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery c laim into a mature discovery. This is the credibility process, through which the individual researcher’s me, here, now becomes the community’s anyone, anywhere, anytime. Objective knowledge is the goal, not the starting point.Once a discovery claim becomes public, the discoverer receives intellectual credit. But, unlike with mining claims, the community takes control of what happens next. Within the complex social structure of the scientific community, researchers make discoveries; editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process; other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes; andfinally, the public (including other scientists) receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology. As a discovery claim works it through the community, the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual’s discovery claim into the community’s credible discovery.Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process. First, scientific work tends to focus on some aspect of prevailing Knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect. Little reward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and believed. The goal is new-search, not re-search. Not surprisingly, newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers. Second, novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief. Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert Azent-Gyorgyi once described discovery as “seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought.” But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views. Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated.In the end, credibility “happens” to a discovery claim –a process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of the mind. “We reason together, challenge, revise, and complete each other’s reasoning and each other’s conceptions of reason.”31. According to the first paragraph, the process of discovery is characterized by its[A] uncertainty and complexity.[B] misconception and deceptiveness.[C] logicality and objectivity.[D] systematicness and regularity.32. It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that credibility process requires[A] strict inspection.[B]shared efforts.[C] individual wisdom.[D]persistent innovation.33.Paragraph 3 shows that a discovery claim becomes credible after it[A] has attracted the attention of the general public.[B]has been examined by the scientific community.[C] has received recognition from editors and reviewers.[D]has been frequently quoted by peer scientists.34. Albert Szent-Györgyi would most likely agree that[A] scientific claims will survive challenges.[B]discoveries today inspire future research.[C] efforts to make discoveries are justified.[D]scientific work calls for a critical mind.35.Which of the following would be the best title of the test?[A] Novelty as an Engine of Scientific Development.[B]Collective Scrutiny in Scientific Discovery.[C] Evolution of Credibility in Doing Science.[D]Challenge to Credibility at the Gate to Science.Text 4If the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today, he would probably represent civil servant. When Hoffa’s Teamsters were in their prime in 1960, only one in ten American government workers belonged to a union; now 36% do. In 2009 the number of unionists in America’s public sector passed that of their fellow members in the private sector. In Britain, more than half of public-sector workers but only about 15% of private-sector ones are unionized.There are three reasons for the public-sector unions’ thriving. First, they can shut things down without suffering much in the way of consequences. Second, they are mostly bright and well-educated. A quarter of America’s public-sector workers have a university degree. Third, they now dominateleft-of-centre politics. Some of their ties go back a long way. Britain’s Labor Party, as its name implies, has long been associated with trade unionism. Its current leader, Ed Miliband, owes his position to votes from public-sector unions.At the state level their influence can be even more fearsome. Mark Baldassare of the Public Policy Institute of California points out that much of the state’s budget is patrolled by unions. The teachers’ unio ns keep an eye on schools, the CCPOA on prisons and a variety of labor groups on health care.In many rich countries average wages in the state sector are higher than in the private one. But the real gains come in benefits and work practices. Politicians h ave repeatedly “backloaded” public-sector pay deals, keeping the pay increases modest but adding to holidays and especially pensions that are already generous.Reform has been vigorously opposed, perhaps most egregiously in education, where charter schools, academies and merit pay all faced drawn-out battles. Even though there is plenty of evidence that the quality of the teachers is the most important variable, teachers’ unions have fought against getting rid of bad ones and promoting good ones.As the cost to everyone else has become clearer, politicians have begun to clamp down. In Wisconsin the unions have rallied thousands of supporters against Scott Walker, the hardline Republican governor. But many within the public sector suffer under the current system, too.John Donahue at Harvard’s Kennedy School points out that the norms of culture in Western civil services suit those who want to stay put but is bad for high achievers. The only American public-sector workers who earn well above $250,000 a year are university sports coaches and the president of the United States. Bankers’ fat pay packets have attracted much criticism, but a public-sector system that does not reward high achievers may be a much bigger problem for America.36. It can be learned from the first paragraph that[A] Teamsters still have a large body of members.[B] Jimmy Hoffa used to work as a civil servant.[C] unions have enlarged their public-sector membership.[D]the government has improved its relationship with unionists.37. Which of the following is true of Paragraph 2?[A] Public-sector unions are prudent in taking actions.[B] Education is required for public-sector union membership.[C] Labor Party has long been fighting against public-sector unions.[D]Public-sector unions seldom get in trouble for their actions.38. It can be learned from Paragraph 4 that the income in the state sector is[A] illegally secured.[B] indirectly augmented.[C] excessively increased.[D]fairly adjusted.39. The example of the unions in Wisconsin shows that unions[A]often run against the current political system.[B]can change people’s political attitudes.[C]may be a barrier to public-sector reforms.[D]are dominant in the government.40. John Donahue’s attitude towards the public-sector system is one of[A]disapproval.[B]appreciation.[C]tolerance.[D]indifference.Part BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.（10 points）Think of those fleeting moments when you look out of an aeroplane window and realise that you are flying, higher than a bird. Now think of your laptop, thinner than a brown-paper envelope, or your cellphone in the palm of your hand. Take a moment or two to wonder at those marvels. You are the lucky inheritor of a dream come true.The second half of the 20th century saw a collection of geniuses, warriors, entrepreneurs and visionaries labour to create a fabulous machine that could function as a typewriter and printing press, studio and theatre, paintbrush and gallery, piano and radio, the mail as well as the mail carrier. (41) The networked computer is an amazing device, the first media machine that serves as the mode of production, means of distribution, site of reception, and place of praise and critique. The computer is the21st century's culture machine.But for all the reasons there are to celebrate the computer, we must also tread with caution. (42)I call it a secret war for two reasons. First, most people do not realise that there are strong commercial agendas at work to keep them in passive consumption mode. Second, the majority of people who use networked computers to upload are not even aware of the significance of what they are doing.All animals download, but only a few upload. Beavers build dams and birds make nests. Yet for the most part, the animal kingdom moves through the world downloading. Humans are unique in their capacity to not only make tools but then turn around and use them to create superfluous material goods - paintings, sculpture and architecture - and superfluous experiences - music, literature, religion and philosophy. (43)For all the possibilities of our new culture machines, most people are still stuck in download mode. Even after the advent of widespread social media, a pyramid of production remains, with a small number of people uploading material, a slightly larger group commenting on or modifying that content, and a huge percentage remaining content to just consume. (44)Television is a one-way tap flowing into our homes. The hardest task that television asks of anyone is to turn the power off after he has turned it on.(45)What counts as meaningful uploading? My definition revolves around the concept of "stickiness" - creations and experiences to which others adhere.[A] Of course, it is precisely these superfluous things that define human culture and ultimately what it is to be human. Downloading and consuming culture requires great skills, but failing to move beyond downloading is to strip oneself of a defining constituent of humanity.[B] Applications like , which allow users to combine pictures, words and other media in creative ways and then share them, have the potential to add stickiness by amusing, entertaining and enlightening others.[C] Not only did they develop such a device but by the turn of the millennium they had also managed to embed it in a worldwide system accessed by billions of people every day.[D] This is because the networked computer has sparked a secret war between downloading and uploading - between passive consumption and active creation - whose outcome will shape our collective future in ways we can only begin to imagine.[E] The challenge the computer mounts to television thus bears little similarity to one format being replaced by another in the manner of record players being replaced by CD players.[F] One reason for the persistence of this pyramid of production is that for the past half-century, much of the world's media culture has been defined by a single medium - television - and television is defined by downloading.[G]The networked computer offers the first chance in 50 years to reverse the flow, to encourage thoughtful downloading and, even more importantly, meaningful uploading.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)Since the days of Aristotle, a search for universal principles has characterized the scientific enterprise. In some ways, this quest for commonalities defines science. Newton’s laws of motion and Dar winian evolution each bind a host of different phenomena into a single explicatory frame work.(46)In physics, one approach takes this impulse for unification to its extreme, and seeks a theory of everything—a single generative equation for all we see.It is becoming less clear, however, that such a theory would be a simplification, given the dimensions and universes that it might entail, nonetheless, unification of sorts remains a major goal.This tendency in the natural sciences has long been evident in the social sciences too. (47)Here, Darwinism seems to offer justification for it all humans share common origins it seems reasonable to suppose that cultural diversity could also be traced to more constrained beginnings. Just as the bewildering variety of human courtship rituals might all be considered forms of sexual selection, perhaps the world’s languages, music, social and religious customs and even history are governed by universal features. (48)To filter out whatis unique from what is shared might enable us to understand how complex cultural behavior arose and what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms.That, at least, is the hope. But a comparative study of linguistic traits published online today supplies a reality check. Russell Gray at the University of Auckland and his colleagues consider the evolution of grammars in the light of two previous attempts to find universality in language.The most famous of these efforts was initiated by Noam Chomsky, who suggested that humans are born with an innate language—acquisition capacity that dictates a universal grammar. A few generative rules are then sufficient to unfold the entire fundamental structure of a language, which is why children can learn it so quickly.(49)The second, by Joshua Greenberg, takes a more empirical approach to universality identifying traits(particularly in word order) shared by many language which are considered to represent biases that result from cognitive constraintsGray and his colleagues have put them to the test by examining four family trees that between them represent more than 2,000 languages.(50)Chomsky’s grammar should show patterns of language change that are independent of the family tree or the pathway tracked through it. Whereas Greenbergian universality predicts strong co-dependencies between particular types of word-order relations. Neither of these patterns is borne out by the analysis, suggesting that the structures of the languages are lire age-specific and not governed by universalsSection III WritingPart A51. Directions:Some internationals students are coming to your university. Write them an email in the name of the Students’ Union to1) extend your welcome and2) provide some suggestions for their campus life here.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET2.Do not sign your name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead.Do not write the address(10 points)Part B52. Directions: write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay you should1) describe the drawing briefly2) explain its intended meaning, and3) give your commentsYou should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET2.（20 points）1.【答案】B【解析】从空后信息可以看出，这句表达的是“_ _法官表现得像政治家”的情况下，法庭就不能保持其作为法律法规的合法卫士的形象，所以应该选C,maintain“维持，保持”，其他显然语义不通。
2012考研英语一真题答案完整版
2012考研英语一真题答案完整版完形填空1. B．maintain2. A．when3. B. weakened4. D. accepted5. C. bound6. B. subject7. D. applies8. B. raise9. A. line10. B. as11. A. so12. C. upset13. C. cultivate14. D. tied15. A. concepts16. C. shapes17. A. dismissed18. C. address19. D. accountable20. D. as a result阅读理解Text 121. D a cause of undesirable behaviors22. B learn from advertisers’experience23. A adequately probe social and biological factors24. C occurs without our realizing it25. DquestionableText 226. C dishonoring.27. A obtain protection from Vermont regulators.28. A managerial practices.29. B the mature of states’ patchwork regulations.30. B the authority of the NRC will be defied.Text 331. A uncertainty and complexity.32. A strict inspection.33. B has been examined by the scientific community.34. D scientific work calls for a critical mind.35. D Challenge to Credibility at the Gate to Science.Text 436. C unions have enlarged their public-sector membership.37. D Public-sector unions seldom get in trouble for their actions.38. B indirectly augmented.39. C may be a barrier to public-sector reforms.40. A disapproval.Part B41. C Not only did they develop such a device but by the turn of the millennium they had also managed to embed it in a worldwide system accessed by billions of people every day.42. D This is because the networked computer has sparked a secret war between downloading and uploading - between passive consumption and active creation - whose outcome will shape our collective future in ways we can only begin to imagine.43. A Of course, it is precisely these superfluous things that define human culture and ultimately what it is to be human. Downloading and consuming culture requires great skills, but failing to move beyond downloading is to strip oneself of a defining constituent of humanity.44. F One reason for the persistence of this pyramid of production is that for the past half-century, much of the world's media culture has been defined by a single medium - television - and television is defined by downloading.45. G The networked computer offers the first chance in 50 years to reverse the flow, to encourage thoughtful downloading and, even more importantly, meaningful uploading.翻译46. 在物理学领域，有一种方法将这种“万物归一的冲动”推向了极致，它试图探寻到能解释一切的，最底层的公式。
2012考研政治真题及答案（完整版）
2012年全国硕⼠研究⽣⼊学统⼀考试政治试题答案详解 ⼀、单项选择题：1～16⼩题，每⼩题1分，共16分。
下列每题给出的四个选项中，只有⼀个选项是符合题⽬要求的。
请在答题卡上将所选项的字母涂⿊。
1.【答案】A 【解析】 2.【答案】A 【解析】 3.【答案】B 【解析】 4.【答案】C 【解析】 5.【答案】D 【解析】 6.【答案】D 【解析】本题考查公有制的实现形式，巩固和发展公有制经济，还要努⼒寻找能够极⼤促进⽣产⼒发展的公有制实现形式。
公有制经济的性质和实现形式是两个不同层次的问题。
公有制经济的性质体现在所有权的归属上，坚持公有制的性质，根本的是坚持国家和集体对⽣产资料的所有权。
所有制作为⽣产关系的基础，有公有制与私有制、社会主义与资本主义的区别。
⽽所有制的实现形式是采取怎样的经营⽅式和组级形式问题，它不具有“公”与“私”、“社”与“资”的区分。
同样的所有制可以采取不同的实现形式，⽽不同的所有制可以采取相同的实现形式。
因为实现形式要解决的是发展⽣产⼒的组织形式和经营⽅式问题，只要能够有利于⽣产⼒的发展，公有制的实现形式可以⽽且应当多样化，⼀切反映社会化⽣产规律的经营⽅式和组织形式都可以⼤胆利⽤。
要根据社会化⽣产规律的要求，采取多样化的经营⽅式和资产组织形式，使国有经济在更⼤的范围⾥获得⼴阔的发展空间。
7.【答案】B 【解析】本题考查党的报告明确提出了完善⼈民代表⼤会制度的具体措施。
其中的第三条表⽰：保障⼈⼤代表依法⾏使职权，密切⼈⼤代表同⼈民的联系，建议逐步实⾏城乡按相同⼈⼝⽐例选举⼈⼤代表，因此B选项更加体现出党的民主与群众路线的内容。
8.【答案】B 【解析】此题考查民主区域⾃治制度的历史依据。
实⾏民族区域⾃治，是党棍据我国的历史发展、⽂化特点、民族关系和民族分布等具体情况作出的制度安排，符合各民族⼈民的共同利益和发展要求。
统⼀的多民族国家的长期存在和发展，是我国实⾏民族区域⾃治的历史依据。
2012考研英语二真题答案解析（完整版）
1.【答案】B 从空后的句⼦“他们解放的⼈们”可以看出，空前的句⼦表⽰的应该是参加了第⼆次⼤战的男⼈和⼥⼈。
只有serve 有“服兵役”的意思，所以选B。
其他都不符合题意。
2.【答案】B空内信息应该是与hero“英雄”意思相对，后⾯的分句说他背井离乡，经历了很多苦难，显然这⾥应该是说由普通⼈平凡⼈(common man)成长为英雄，所以选B。
3.【答案】A 本题考查的是词语的搭配关系，承担战争带来的负担，应该⽤动词bear或shoulder，所以这⾥选A，bore。
4.【答案】A necessities表⽰“⽣活必需品”，空外信息food和shelter(⾷物和住宿)这些就是维持⽣存最起码的条件。
Facilities是设备设施，commodities商品，properties财产，均不符合题意。
5.【答案】C not…but，“不是，⽽是”表转折，不是⾃愿兵，也没有⾼的报酬，⽽是⼀个普通⼈。
所以选C。
6.【答案】D这道题主要考查介词的搭配。
根据up______(the best trained, best equipped, fiercest, most brutal).enemies 可以知道是起来反抗敌⼈，所以选D选项against。
7.【答案】C GI。
在军事上是Government Issue 的缩略语，所以，GL。
这个符号就是象征着这个全称Government Issue。
选C。
8.【答案】A 该句意思为，GI。
这个符号出现在给⼠兵分发的所有物品上，hand out “分发，发放”符合题意。
Turn over “移交”，bring back“带回”，pass down“传承，⼀代⼀代传下来”在句意上都说不通。
9.【答案】C 空所在句⼦的语境为：Joe是个普通名词，⼀个从未爬到社会顶层的⼈的名字。
Manage表⽰再怎么经过努⼒，最终也未获得成功，所以选C。
10.【答案】B结合第9题的分析可知，空所在句⼦实际上是进⼀步举例说明Joe没有取得⼤的成就：从来都不曾出现叫做Joe的总统、副总统、国务卿。
2012考研真题及答案
2012考研真题及答案2012年的考研真题是许多考生备战考研的重要资料，了解这些真题并熟悉其中的答案对于备考考研的同学来说是至关重要的。
在本文中，将为您介绍2012年的考研真题及其答案。
第一部分：数学一2012年的考研数学一科目主要涵盖了数学分析、高等代数和概率论等内容。
以下是部分考题及其答案的概要。
题一：设函数f(x)在区间[a,b]上连续，且在(a,b)内可导，证明：在(a,b)内至少存在一点ξ，使得f(b)-f(a)=(b-a)f' ( ξ )。
解析：根据罗尔定理，由于f(x)在[a,b]上连续，且在(a,b)内可导，那么在[a,b]上有f(a)=f(b)。
根据拉格朗日中值定理，存在一点ξ∈(a,b)，使得f' ( ξ )=(f(b)-f(a))/(b-a)。
所以，f(b)-f(a)=(b-a)f' ( ξ )。
题二：已知数列{a_n}的通项公式为a_n=2^n-3^n+4^n-5^n，求证数列{a_n}是等差数列。
解析：我们可以通过数学归纳法来证明这个结论。
当n=1时，a_1=2-3+4-5=-2。
当n=k时，假设a_k=2^k-3^k+4^k-5^k成立。
当n=k+1时，我们需要证明a_(k+1) =2^(k+1)-3^(k+1)+4^(k+1)-5^(k+1)也成立。
根据等差数列的性质，我们有a_(k+1)-a_k = (2^(k+1)-3^(k+1)+4^(k+1)-5^(k+1)) - (2^k-3^k+4^k-5^k)。
化简后可得a_(k+1)-a_k= -2 × 3^k + 3^(k+1) -2 × 5^k + 5^(k+1)。
通过整理和变换，我们得到a_(k+1)-a_k = -3^k (2-3) + 5^k (5-2) = 0。
因此，数列{a_n}是等差数列。
通过以上两道题目，我们可以看出2012年考研数学一科目的难度适中，考察了数学分析和代数的基本概念和推导方法。
2012年考研政治真题及答案解析
2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试思想政治理论试题答案及解析1【答案】A【解析】选项B和选项C说法正确，但是和题干无关，所以不选；选项D是人和动物的共性，所以不选，因此本题的正确答案是选项A。
2【答案】B【解析】本题题干中数学题每一个乘数都是90分即90%，这是个不错的成绩，但是把他们都乘在一起就等于了59分即59%，成绩最后由90分成了59分，成了不及格。
每个环节都打点折扣，得出的成绩就是不及格，通过分析题干可以得出其体现的是量变与质变的关系，即量变引起质变。
其他选项与题干无关。
因此本题的正确答案是选项B。
3【答案】B【解析】本题选项A说法错误，因此不选；选项C说法错误，剩余价值被资本家无偿占有，因此不选；选项D是资本主义工资的表象，不是本质，因此选项D错误，本题的正确答案是选项B。
4【答案】C【解析】本题漫画反映的是资本主义社会的两极分化问题，资本主义两极分化是由于资本积累的规律，即资本积累的必然结果，因此本题的正确答案是选项C。
其他选项与题干无关，因此不选。
5【答案】D【解析】A选项讲的是要有先进理论的指导，观点正确，但在题干中没有体现；B选项“运用多种综合方法分析”不符合题意，因为题干说的是“下马看花”这一种方法；C选项“马克思主义理论必须适合中国革命的具体实际”表述错误，正确表述是马克思主义理论必须同中国革命的具体实际相结合。
故ABC选项不符合题意。
题干中的“下马看花”主要强调了在调查研究中要注重中国的具体实际，D选项符合题意。
因此，本题的正确答案是D选项。
6【答案】D【解析】巩固和发展公有制经济，还要努力寻找能够极大促进生产力发展的公有制实现形式。
公有制经济的性质和实现形式是两个不同层次的问题。
公有制经济的性质体现在所有权的归属上，坚持公有制的性质，根本的是坚持国家和集体对生产资料的所有权。
所有制作为生产关系的基础，有公有制与私有制、社会主义与资本主义的区别。
而所有制的实现形式是采取怎样的经营方式和组织形式问题，它不具有“公”与“私”、“社”与“资”的区分。
2012年考研306西医综合真题及答案解析
2012年全国硕士研究生入学考试西医综合入学考试试题一、A型题：第1～90小题，每小题1.5分；91～120小题，每小题2分；共195分。
在每小题给出的A、B、C、D四个选项中，请选出一项最符合试题要求的。
1.人体的NH3通过细胞膜的方式是A.单纯扩散B.易化扩散C.原发性主动转运D.继发性主动转运2.微终板电位产生的原因是A运动神经末梢释放一个递质分子引起的终板膜电活动B肌接头后膜上单个受体离子通道开放C单囊泡递质自发释放引起终板膜多个离子通道开放D神经末梢单个动作电位引起终板膜多个离子通道开放3.与粗肌丝横桥头部结合，引起肌小节缩短的蛋白质是A、肌球蛋白 B.肌动蛋白 C.原肌球蛋白 D.肌钙蛋白4.血管外破坏红细胞的主要场所是A.肝脏B.脾脏C.肾脏D.淋巴结5.血凝块回缩的原因是A.血凝块纤维蛋白收缩B.红细胞叠连而压缩C.白细胞变形运动D.血小板的收缩蛋白收缩6Rh血型的主要抗体是A IgAB IgDC IgGD IgE7生理情况下，能代表心室肌前负荷的指标是A收缩末期容积或压力B舒张末期容积或压力C等容收缩期容积或压力D等容舒张期容积或压力8衡量心肌自律性高低的主要指标是A动作电位的幅值B最大复极电位水平C4期膜电位自动去极化速率D0期去极化速度9影响收缩压最主要的因素是A心率的变化B每搏输出量的变化C外周阻力的变化D大动脉管壁弹性的变化10假设肺通气量为7000ml/min，呼吸频率为20次/分，无效腔容量为100ml，每分心输出量为5000ml时，其通气/血量比值为A0.7B0.8C0.9D1.011、关于Hb和O2结合的叙述，错误的是A.Hb的4个亚基间有协同作用B.1个分子Hb最多结合4个分子O2C.Hb和O2的结合和解离曲线呈S型D.100ml血中的Hb结合的O2量成为Hb氧容量12.在下列选项中，胃所具有的运动形式是A.蠕动冲B.容受性舒张C.分节运动D.袋状往返运动13.唾液中除含有唾液淀粉酶外，还有的酶是A．凝乳酶 B.寡糖酶 C.溶菌酶 D.肽酶14．大量出汗时尿量减少的最主要原因是A．血浆晶体渗透压升高，抗利尿激素分泌增加B．交感神经兴奋，抗利尿激素分泌增加C．血容量减少，肾小球滤过减少D．血浆胶体渗透压升高，肾小球滤过减少15.在近球小管中滤出的HCO3‐被重吸收的主要形式是A.H2CO3B.(NH2)2COC.CO2D.HCO3‐16.老视发生的主要原因是A玻璃体透明度改变B晶状体弹性减弱C角膜透明度改变D房水循环障碍17.关于耳蜗声波频率分析的行波学说，错误的叙述是A不同频率的声波引起的行波均从基底膜底部开始B声波频率愈低，行波的传播距离愈远C行波的起点与终点之间有一个振幅最大的部位D高频声波的最大波振幅出现在蜗顶部附近18.传导快痛的外周神经纤维主要是A.Aa纤维B.Ag纤维C.B类纤维D.C类纤维19.肌梭的传入冲动增加时，产生的生理效应是A.兴奋同一肌肉的α运动神经元B.抑制同一肌肉的β运动神经元C.抑制同一肌肉的γ运动神经元D.兴奋其它关节肌肉的α运动神经元20.副交感神经系统兴奋时，引起的生理效应是A.汗腺分泌增加B.支气管平滑肌收缩C.瞳孔开大肌收缩D.胃肠运动减慢21.以IP3和DG作为第二信使的激素是A.肾上腺素B.醛固酮C.促肾上腺皮质激素D.甲状腺激素22.下列关于甲状腺激素生理作用的叙述，错误的是A.加强心肌收缩力B.提高神经系统的兴奋性C.促进骨骼和脑的生长发育D.减少蛋白质合成23.维持妊娠黄体功能的主要激素是A.雌激素B.孕激素C.人绒毛膜促性腺激素D.黄体生成素24.睾酮的化学本质是A.胺类B.类固醇类C.肽类D.蛋白质25.下列结构中，属于蛋白质模体结构的是A. -螺旋B. -折叠C.锌指结构D.结构域26.具有左手螺旋的DNA结构是A.G-四链体DNAB.A型DNAC.B型DNAD.Z型DNA27.竞争性抑制时，酶促反应表现K m值的变化是A.增大B.不变C.减小D.无规律28.属于肝已糖激酶的同工酶类型是A.I型B.II型C.III型D.IV型29.可以作为合成前列腺素原料的物质是A.软脂酸B.硬脂酸C.花生四烯酸D.棕橺油酸30.2，4一二硝基苯酚抑制氧化磷酸化的机制是A.解偶联B.抑制电子传递C.抑制ATP合酶D.与复合体I结合31.氨的运输所涉及的机制是A.丙氨酸-葡萄糖循环B.三羧酸循环C.核蛋白体循环D.甲硫氨酸循环32.谷氨酰胺类似物所拮抗的反应是A.脱氧核糖核苷酸的生成B.dUMP的甲基化C.嘌呤核苷酸的从头合成D.黄嘌呤氧化酶催化的作用33.下列反应中，属于酶化学修饰的是A.强酸使酶变性失活B.加入辅酶使酶具有活性C.肽链苏氨酸残基磷酸化D.小分子物质使酶构象改变34.真核生物DNA复制的主要酶是A.DNA聚合酶βB.DNA聚合酶γC.DNA聚合酶δD.DNA聚合酶ε35.RNA聚合酶II所识别的DNA结构是A.内含子B.外显子C.启动子D.增强子36.参与新生多肽链正确折叠的蛋白质是A.分子伴侣B.G蛋白C.转录因子D.释放因子37.基因表达的细胞特异性是指A.基因表达按一定的时间顺序发生B.同一基因在不同细胞表达不同C.基因表达因环境不同而改变D.基因在所有细胞中持续表达38.可以利用逆转录酶作为工具酶的作用是A.质粒的构建B.细胞的转染C.重组体的筛选D.目的基因的合成39.与7次跨膜结构受体偶联的蛋白质是A.蛋白激酶AB.小G蛋白C.酪氨酸蛋白激酶D.异源三聚体结构的G蛋白40.下列关于PTEN的叙述，正确的是A.细胞内受体B.抑癌基因产物C.作为第二信使D.具有丝/苏氨酸激酶活性41.在下列病变中，脂褐素主要出现在A.萎缩B.脂肪变性C.坏死D.凋亡42.虎斑心的组织学改变是A.心肌纤维间大量淋巴细胞浸润B.心肌纤维间出现脂肪沉积C.心肌细胞中出现脂肪沉积D.心肌细胞中出现透明蛋白小体43.在下列坏死中，有特征性钙皂形成的是A.凝固性坏死B.液化性坏死C.干酪性坏死D.脂肪坏死44下列骨折愈合描述中，骨折处表现为肉芽组织和排列紊乱的骨小梁的是A.纤维性骨痂形成B.骨性骨痂形成C.骨不愈合D.骨痂重塑完成45肉眼所见的混合血栓中灰白色条纹在镜下所见的是A.血小板小梁B.纤维蛋白网络C.淋巴细胞浸润D.血栓机化时的肉芽组织46透明血栓主要发生的组织部位是A.毛细血管B.静脉瓣膜C.动脉管壁D.心房内膜47在假膜性炎症中，最具有特征性的渗出物是A.血蛋白B.纤维蛋白C.淋巴细胞D.中性粒细胞48肿瘤的抑制性是指A.肿瘤细胞的大小B.肿瘤起源于不同的细胞亚群C.肿瘤细胞形成具有不同的生长侵袭特性的亚群D.肿瘤细胞核染色体深浅不一49下列原癌基因中，其表达产物与乳腺癌预后明确相关的是A.rasB.junC.mycD.her2/neu50在下列肿瘤标志物中，属于癌胚抗原的是A.角蛋白B.甲胎蛋白C.波形蛋白D.前列腺特异性蛋白51在肾移植排异反应中，最典型的Ⅱ型超敏反应是A.超急性排异反应B.急性细胞型排异反应C.急性血管型排异反应D.慢性排异反应52双侧卵巢发生肿瘤转移形成克氏瘤（Krukenberg tumor）时，其原发肿瘤主要为A.胃印戒细胞癌B.肠型胃腺癌C.肠腺癌D.肠印戒细胞瘤53肝细胞性肝癌最常见的转移部位为A.肝B.肺C.骨D.肝门区淋巴结54子宫平滑肌瘤与子宫平滑肌肉瘤镜下的主要鉴别要点是A.细胞核异型程度B.肿瘤大小C.细胞核分裂相数量D.边界是否清晰55肠伤寒溃疡的形态特征取决于A.肠黏膜皱襞形态B.肠黏膜淋巴小结的形态C.肠黏膜淋巴管的走向D.肠黏膜血管的走向56甲状腺癌中，一般只从血行转移的是A.滤泡状癌B.乳头状癌C.髓样癌D.未分化癌57.下列疾病中，发热可伴明显肌肉疼痛的是A.钩端螺旋体病（寒战、结膜充血；全身肌痛）B.急性细菌性痢疾（腹痛、腹泻伴里急后重）C.急性白血病（淋巴结、肝脾肿大）D.急性病毒性肝炎（肝脾肿大、出血）58.下列呼吸类型与疾病的关系，正确的是A.精神紧张—深大呼吸(叹息样呼吸）B.糖尿病酮症—潮式呼吸C.尿毒症—叹息样呼吸（Kussmaul）D.脑出血—间停呼吸59.临床上出现舒张期心力衰竭最常见的疾病是A.急性心肌梗死B.扩张型心肌病C.高血压病D.缩窄性心包炎60.男性，48岁。
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东北财经大学2012年招收硕士研究生入学考试初试公共管理（一）试题B ------------答案（本答案为大连东财博学考研老师制作和独有，供大家参考，违版必究）一、概念题（1）合同外包：也称合同出租、竞争招标，指的是政府确定魔种公共服务项目的数量和质量标准，对外承包给私营企业或是非营利机构，中标的承包商按照与政府签订的合同提供公共服务，政府用财政拨款购买承包商的公共产品和劳务。
（压中）（2）非官方的政策活动者：是指政治体制外的、不直接形式公共权力的政策过程的参与者。
主要包括利益团体、公民、大众传媒、以及思想库等。
（压中）（3）政策输出：政策的输出是针对政策输入而讲的，是指政策从事的工作或已经做过的那些事情以及与此相关联的一系列统计货经济数字。
（压中）（4）公民观念：具有一国国籍，并根据该国法律规定享有权利和承担义务的人称之为该过的公民。
一个国家的民众有对社会和国家治理的参与意识和自我法制和民主的意识就称之为公民观念。
（5）直接头脑风暴法：（即个人头脑风暴和与会面对面讨论的头脑风暴）P38（6）政治体制：政治体制一般指一个国家政府的组织结构和管理体制及相关法律和制度，简称政体。
在不同的历史时期，不同的国家和地域，政治体制都不尽相同。
（7）广义的创造性思维：p533 （压中）（8）政治理想：P58（压中）（9）公共决策体制：P11399压中）（10）绩效标准：是衡量政策的实际效果即绩效的尺度，确定标准的目的是以其作为衡量的标准的尺度来保证政策的顺利运行以取得预期的目标。
二、简答题（1）社会学对政策科学发展的贡献：社会学是一门包囊万物的科学，从最广泛的意义上说，即使一门特殊的社会科学，又是一门政策科学，他与政策科学的联系以及它对政策科学发展的贡献是多方面的，主要有：（1）社会学研究日益关注的社会政策的制定和执行过程。
（2）某些社会学的领域致力于对解决特定社会问题的政策的研究，这往往是解释性的，且以微观的模式为基础。
（3）社会学在评估研究生对政策科学的发展也做出了贡献，尽管社会科学的其他学科也同样的在这方面有所贡献，但社会学提出了一些独特的评估方法或模式他们的日常评估工作是在自然的社会状况下进行的，而且他们更重视政策货项目失败的组织原因的分析。
（4）社会学领域出现了“社会政策学”的专门领域，它既是社会学的一个分支，也是政策科学的有机组成部分。
（以上为抓分要点答案，同学们可以补充一点点）（2）政府中的目标管理的优点和缺点：P160 （目标管理技术+目标管理的优点和缺点）（3）政策分析的基本任务：提供政策相关知识，改善公共决策系统和提高公共政策质量（4）大众传播对政策制定的主要影响：（冲刺强化音频多次强调）（压中的重点题）答题方法：(1)大众传媒的地位（非官方政策活动者之一，是现在社会最为普遍的信息传播载体）（2）大众传媒特点：信息传播快，影响力大，覆盖面广，信息量大（3）P86 最后一自然段（5）总统—议会制的特点：p123 （压中）三论述题（1）论述如何进一步来改革和完善人民代表大会制度？（压中）答案：P127，在“议行合一”原则的基础上建立起来的一种有中国特色的决策体制，数以代议制民主决策体制的范畴，又不同于“三权分立”的西方议会制。
国家的行政机关、法院和检察院都是由各级人民代表大会选举产生，并受其监督，对其负责；另一个就是中国共产党在人民代表大会制种发挥另发挥领导作用，党的决策在中国公共决策体制中目前人代会不够完善，问题主要包括：（1）党与人民代表大会的关系尚未理顺（2）人大代表的素质不够高，选举制度不完善，人员结构有待改善和优化。
（3）人民代表大会的监督力度不够为促进公共决策的科学化、民主化，促进我国市场经济的发展，必须进一步改善和完善人民代表大会制。
如何来完善人代会：第一，理顺党和人民代表大会的关系，实现党通过人民代表大会管理国家事务。
第二，改革和完善选举制度，提高人民四肢，优化委员会成员结构第三，加强人大的监督工作，发挥其“钢印”作用。
（最后的完善可以根据书中的描述进行论述补充）（2）论述政策失败的一般原因？P2829(压中，多次强调)（3）社会实践，论述中国特色政策执行的基本经验？P255 ---P262 （音频中有详细的介绍，压中）四案例分析（经济适用房问题：参照我们的案例分析中的房产问题）压中！（1）答：经济适用房原本是国家为了缓解城市人口的高住房压力，特别是在引入和留住高质量外来人才方面，但是却由于从制定法案到执行，以及外部环境的影响，无法起到其应有的效应，这方面的原因，主要来讲包括以下几个方面：（1）实施相关监管设施、条例、人员的缺乏。
（2）缺乏完善的经济适用房的使用、申请、购买、租贡的法律保障。
（3）相关执行人员的素质低下，法律和政策执行意识薄弱，疏于管理。
（4）国家和地区在推行经济适用房问题时的整体政策规划不够完善，推行的程序和执行力度不够强和细节化，加之法制的缺乏，使得寻租，官商勾结等腐败现象丛生，大量的适用房掌控在已有住房的富裕者和房产倒卖者手中，真正的需要房的民众得不到太多的实惠和帮助。
（5）我国政府的GDP增长多来源于房产业，因此地方政府对房产业也有一定的保护，更使得经济适用房本质上难以推行。
经济适用住房应该严格控制供应对象、户型和房价，这些年在这三个问题上都存在着失控问题，甚至有的城市严重失控。
有人提出停止经济适用住房的主要根据，就是这些年“经济适用住房已经出现了种种难以控制的违规现象”。
（基本得分答案，同学自己也可以发表自己的看法和意见）（2）答：采取的措施：当前在抓好宏观调控、解决突出问题的同时，要分清轻重缓急、有步驟地抓好以下点：其一，加强宣传教育，提高推行经济适用住房重要性和长期性的认识。
其二，经过认真研究，修改实施细则，把对经济适用住房的优惠度降低到百分之几，使各地政府有能力支持多搞经济适用住房。
其三，要求各地积极稳妥地扩大经济适用住房的建设规模，在2020年前建设的小户型低房价经济适用住房，加上原有并可继续使用的小户型住宅，大体上要达到总房量的80%左右。
各城市的具体比重可因地制宜地允许有一定幅度的差别，并允许分期到位。
其四，加强经济适用住房的法制建设，把这些年产生的诸多问题都涵盖在法律调节范围之中，再加上加强管理，努力防止再出现这些年出现过的问题。
其五，把工作做细。
例如，各城市要制定适合本地的小户型低造价经济适用住房的分档次标准；每户中低收入者只供应一套经济适用住房；各城市要审批每个住宅小区建设项目中经济适用住房所占比重及其户型和价格等。
控制了房价，开发商的利润不超过3%的规定（这一规定很难操作）就没有必要了。
其六，对占20%的商品房收取高额土地出让金和投入使用后收取高额物业税。
其七，建立问责制，推动各城市认真推行。
只要工作做好了，经济适用住房就能健康发展，并真正发挥其决定性作用。
东北财经大学2012年招收硕士研究生入学考试初试公共管理（二）试题B ------------答案（本答案为连东财博学考研老师制作和独有，专利！供大家参考，违版必究！！）一概念题1 大政府、小社会：第四章关于政府与社会关系处有详解2正式评估（压中）第九章绩效评估部分详解，音频授课强化部分有详解3国有资产评估（压中）第九章有详解4战略决策（压中）第三章决策部分详解5 用户满意原则（压中）音频第九章有重点的详解，老师归纳的完全的名词解释6危机事件的信息发布机制（压中）第十章7 有限政府（压中）：有限政府并不单只管得少的政府，而是针对全面政府而言的，即推出私人管理以及集体操作经营领域，进入宏观调控和法制，法规制定和规范等大方向的责任方面的政府，其有限性体现在具体的执行和经营操作领域。
8 公共部门绩效评估（压中）第九章讲义有详解9 确定型决策（压中）第三章讲义有详细列出10 治理（压中）第一章讲义有详细列出二简答题1 公共组织结构设计原则？（压中）详情见书中第二章，或是笔记第二章2 现代市场经济中政府的行为模式？（压中）详情见笔记第四章3 政府绩效管理的问题？（压中）政府绩效管理是运用科学方法、标准的程序，对政府机关的业绩、成就和实际工作作出尽可能准确的评价，在此基础上对政府绩效进行改善和提高。
它的重点在公务员管理，可信是“以人为本”，也就是要调动公务员的积极性。
（特点：方向性、系统性、灵活性）其存在的问题有一政府部门的产出难以量化（政府绩效鼓励勉励如何将公共服务量化问题，产品或服务“非商品性”。
二绩效管理项目存在的问题（目标缺乏准确性，含有夹着判断和政治因素，难以形成社会全体成员一致看法）三政府管理部门存在问题（涉及公共项目决策者和管理人员高低的鉴别是决策者管理人员感到威胁而抵制 ; 评估资金投入不足；由于利益主体意识，不愿意接受外部批评）四绩效管理及评估技术上的问题（聘雇多处于自发状态，无下哪个营制度、法律作保障；评估多以官方为主，缺乏社会公众对政府以及政府内部的自身评估；吧评估作为效绩预防的手段）4 公共管理，私人管理区别（压中，考过两次！！）请见讲义第一章：公共管理和私人管理有详备的答案5 计划在公共管理中的作用?计划是指一个组织如何达到目标的逻辑过程，它的特征是具有未来性、行动性和管理职能性。
计划的实践意义包括：1 为组织成员指明方向，协调组织活动2 预测未来，减少变化的冲击3 减少重叠和浪费性的活动4设立目标和标准以利于控制（此为抓住得分点的主要答案，欢迎同学在此基础上做简单论述）三论述题（1）构建和完善公共管理体系的理论以及和实际意义？公共管理体系涉及的范围很大，包括公共管理的流程，内部结构，和社会、市场、企业间在管理上之间的关系，特别是上下级政府之间，即中央，地方政府之间的关系都会涉及到）建议答题方法：首先，说明公共管理体系以及理论包含的内容，之后，关于构建和完善公共管理体系的理论，请参见第一章最后一节：如何完善我国的公共管理，并进行改革，创新和发展（同一答案，不同的问法）。
最后，在实际意义方面，指出一下得分点：（1）有利于国家从人治社会向法制社会转变市场经济是法制经济，而我国的市场经济是政府扶持建立的，极不完善，构建公共管理体系的理论，有利于法制化和民主化的社会环境的营造，有利于我国法制化的中国特色社会主义市场经济的完善。
（2）体系化的公共管理结构可以有效遏制公共管理内部的贪腐现象，如寻租和外生性失灵等社会现象，优化决策体制，提高决策效率和实效性，推动社会的进步和社会问题的有效解决。
（3）有利于公民社会的建立，公民意识的提高，民众对社会和公共管理部门的有效监督，同时可以优化公共管理的治理环境。
（5）完善公共管理部门和企业，市场的关系（参见第四章部分）（6）建立公共管理部门间在财政、行政上的的良好合作和应对关系，维护国家的一统和地方的特色治理的共存。