by的用法小结
by的用法小结
1.用于被动语态的句子中,表示动作的执行者,意为“被;由”。
He was praised by the teacher.他受到了老师的表扬。
The book was written by Lu Xun.这本书是鲁迅写的。
2.表示方式、方法、手段等,后常接无冠词的名词或动名词,意为“通过;靠;用”。
Don't judge a person by appearances. 勿以貌取人。
He made a living by teaching.他以教书为生。
3.表示时间,意为“到……时(为止”或“不迟于……”。
He ought to be here by now.他现在应该在这儿了。
By the time he was ten, he had learnt about 1,000 English words.到十岁时,他已学了约一千个英语单词。
4.表示(增减)程度,尺寸数量等,意为“至……的程度”。
the bullet missed me by two inches.那子弹以两英寸之差未击中我。
the rope needs to be longer by two feet.这绳子需要再长两英尺。
5.表示交通路线或工具,后接名词不用冠词,意为“乘;坐”。
go by bus / plane / train 乘汽车(飞机、火车)去
travel by land / sea / air 陆上(海上、空中)旅行
6.表示位置,意为“在近旁;在……旁边”。
There is a pumping station by the river.河边有个抽水站。
词by可以用来表示方位、时间、手段等,其用法在高考中曾多次出现。下面结合高考试卷和其它一些例句做一下归纳：
一、by+地点名词。表方位，意为：“在…旁边”。如：by the lake/river/tree/window/door 等。
She searched the top of the hill and stopped to rest on a big rock by the side of the path.(NMET90)她搜索了山顶，然后停下来在路边的一块大石头上休息。
After supper she would sit down by the fire,sometimes for as long as an hour,thinking of her young and happy days.(2003上海·春）晚饭后，她常坐在火旁，有时长达一个小时地回忆她那青春、快乐的年代。
注：有时可表:“从…旁经过”,多与动词go/walk/pass等连用。
As we boys were rushing towards the playground,Jim slipped by the table.(NMET92完形）当我们这些男生冲向操场时，吉姆从桌旁溜过。
二、by+时间名词。意为：“到…时（已发生某事），此时谓语多用完成时；最晚、不迟于…，在…之前”。如：by now/then/this time/next Friday/the end of/three o`clock 等。
By the end of last year,another new gymnasium had been completed.(2003上海·春）到去年年底，又有一座新体育馆峻工了。
The train leaves at 6:00 pm.So I have to be at the station by 5:40 pm at the latest.(NMET97)火车下午六点开，所以最晚我得五点四十赶到车站。
三、by+名词。可用来表方法、方式、手段等。
1、by+the+可数的时间、长度、重量等名词。意为：“按…计算，按…买(卖)”。如：by the pound/ton/yard/meter/dozen/bale/day/month等。
Cleaning women in big cities usually get paid by the hour.(NMET98)城市里的女清洁工通常按小时获得报酬。
In the market,tobacco is sold by the bale,eggs by the dozen and salt by the pound.在市场里，烟叶按捆卖，鸡蛋按打卖，盐按磅卖。
2、by+表示时间、长度、重量等总称的不可数名词（名词前不加冠词）。意为：“按…计算，按…买(卖)”。如：by time/volume/length/weight/height/depth/width/area等。As we all know,the freight of the luggage is charged by weight.众所周知，行李的运费是按重量计算的。
3、by+交通工具、交通方式名词（名词前不加冠词，不变复数）。意为：“通过…，由…，乘…”。如by train/rail/tube/taxi/bus/truck/bike/boat/plane;by land/road/sea/water/air等。（on foot)
It takes a long time to go there by train;it`s quicker by road.(或by bus)(NMET93)乘火车去那儿要花很长时间，公路比较快。
“I usually go there by train”.“Why not try going by boat(或water)for a change?”(NMET92)“我常乘火车去那儿。”“为何不尝试一下坐船呢？”
4、by+抽象名词或具有抽象意义的普通名词（名词前不加冠词，不变复数）。意为：“靠…，通过…，由…所致”。如：
by skill/determination/practice/diligence/inference/chance/accident;
by mail/letter/radio/fax/telephone/telegraph/hand/machine等。
Although he had been searching in the wrong area most of the time,he found it by logic,not by luck.(NMET2002阅读）虽然他曾大部分时间一直在错误的地方寻找，但他还是靠逻辑推理而非运气，找到了它。
I made a coat with my own hands.It was made by hand,not by machine. 我用双手织了一件外套。它是用手工织的，而不是机器织的。
5、by+ 地点或工具等具体名词。表路线、途径，意为：“通过（某物、某地），取道…”。如:by a stone bridge/the back door/the freeway/country roads等。
The man entered the room by the back door.那人通过后门进入了房间。
6、by+动词—ing.意为：“通过…，靠…，凭…”。如：
by waiting/practing/begging/working/imitating等。
He gained his wealth by printing works of famous writers.(NMET95)他通过印刷著名作家的作品而获得了巨大的财富。
Our bodies are strengthened by taking exercise. Similarly,our minds are developed by learning.(2000上海)身体是靠锻炼强壮的，同样，大脑是靠学习开发的。
四、by+数量词。
1、表升降、增减的程度。如：by one-fifth/20 percent/￡3/two feet等。
With production up by 60%,the company has had another excellent year.(NMET2000)产量上升了百分之六十，这家公司今年的业绩极好。
The demand for organic food is increasing by about one third every year.(NMET2002阅读)对绿色食品的需求每年在增长大约三分之一。
2、表示距离和面积、体积中的尺寸及乘除法中的运算。如：by 2cm/6 inches/four feet/nine yards/a hair`s breadth等。
Luckily,the bullet narrowly missed the captain by an inch.(2002上海）幸运地是，那颗子弹差一英寸就击中了上尉。
The bed is three meters wide by two meters long,and can fit at least four at one time.(NMET2001阅读)那张床三米宽，两米长，一次至少可以睡四个人。
五、by+身体部位名词或衣服名词。表示被抓住身体/衣物的某一部分，常与动词catch/seize/take/hold/grab等连用。如：by the hair/hand/arm/nose/horns;by the collar/lape/sleeve等。
The policeman caught the thief by the arm.警察抓住了小偷的胳膊。
The soldier grabbed the child by the collar.那个士兵揪住了孩子的衣领。
六、by的常见短语：
by means of/by way of/by the way/one by one/step by step/side by side/shoulder by shoulder/by oneself/by birth/by society/take…by surprise/learn…by heart/what do you mean by …/by my watch等。
by 的用法
作介词讲：
1. 在近处；在旁边standing by the window
站在窗户旁边
a table by the bed
床边的桌子
2. 经；由；从
to enter by the door
由门进去
3. 经过…旁
He walked by me.
他从我旁边走过。
4.不迟于
By tomorrow he'll be here.
他明天就到这儿。
5.被；由
written by Shakespeare
莎士比亚写的
6.根据；按照
to play by the rules
按规则比赛
7.相差
His horse won by a nose.
他的马以一鼻之差取胜。8.以…方式
She earned money by writing. 她靠写作挣钱。
We went by air.
我们乘飞机走。
9.表示相（乘）除（以计算面积）
a room 15 feet by 20 feet
一间长20英尺宽15英尺的房间to divide X by Y
用Y除X
10.逐一；连续
The animals went in 2 by 2.
动物两个两个地走进去。
11.（指动物）由…所生
作副词讲：
1.通过
Please let me by.
请让我过去。
2.附近
Do it when nobody is by.
等附近没人时再做。
with的用法讲解-最全的with用法
1 同, 与, 和, 跟
talk with a friend
与朋友谈话
learn farming with an old peasant
跟老农学习种田
fight [quarrel, argue] with sb.
跟某人打架[争吵, 辩论]
[说明表示动作的词, 表示伴随]随着, 和...同时
change with the temperature
随着温度而变化
increase with years
逐年增加
be up with the dawn
黎明即起
W-these words he left the room.
他说完这些话便离开了房间。
3 表示使用的工具, 手段]用
defend the motherland with one's life
用生命保卫祖国
dig with a pick
用镐挖掘
cut meat with a knife
用刀割肉
2 说明名词, 表示事物的附属部分或所具有的性质]具有; 带有; 加上; 包括...在内
tea with sugar
加糖的茶水
a country with a long history
历史悠久的国家
4 表示一致]在...一边, 与...一致; 拥护, 有利于
vote with sb.
投票赞成某人
with的复合结构作独立主格
表示伴随情况时，既可用分词的独立结构，也可用with的复合结构：with +名词（代词）+现在分词/过去分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语。例如：
He stood there, his hand raised. = He stood there, with his hand raise.他举手着站在
那儿。
典型例题
The murderer was brought in, with his hands ___ behind his back。
A. being tied
B. having tied
C. to be tied
D. tied
答案D. with +名词（代词）+分词+介词短语结构。当分词表示伴随状况时，其主语常常用with来引导。由于本句中名词\"手\"与分词\"绑\"是被动关系，因此用过去分词，选D.注意:
sympathize with sb.
同情某人
be with sb.
赞成某人, 在某人一边
5 [表示随身携带]在...身边
Have you some money with you ?
你(身上)带钱了吗?
Take an umbrella with you.
随身带把伞去。
[表示行为方式]以..., 带着
Handle with care!
小心轻放!
with accuracy
精确地
with smile
面带微笑地
serve the people with one's whole heart
全心全意地为人民服务
6 [后面加复合宾语, 表示伴随关系]
walk with a stick in one's hand
手拿拐棍走路
sleep with the window open
开着窗睡觉
7 [表示原因, 条件, 结果, 让步等关系]由于, 因为; 当(有)...情况下; 如果有; 虽然, 尽管jump with joy
高兴得跳起来
shake with cold
冷得发抖
She was dying with hunger.
她饿得要死了。
W-all his money, he is unhappy.
尽管他有那么多钱, 他也并不愉快。
对于, 关于, 就...来说
They are friendly with us.
他们对我们很友好。
We are pleased with the house.
我们对这所房屋很满意。
It is day with us while it is night with them. 对于我们此时是白天, 而对于他们则是夜晚。
8 [与副词连用, 构成祈使句]
On with your shoes!
穿上鞋!
Off with your clothes!
把衣服脱下来!
Down with terrorism!
打倒恐怖主义!
英语中in短语和on短语的区别
1. in time及时；还早；总有一天；终于
on time 按时；准时
① A stitch in time save nine. 及时一针省九针。(谚语)
②If you keep on, you will succeed in time. 如果坚持下去,你总有一天会成功的。
③We were just in time for the bus. 我们正好赶上那班公共汽车。
④The train came on time. 火车准时进站。
⑤You are requested to come on time. 请准时出席。
2. in camera 秘密地；私下地
on camera 出现在电视上
①The case was tried in camera. 此案是秘密审判的。
②Did you watch the football game on camera? 你看了电视转播的足球赛吗？
3. in the air 在空中；无掩蔽的；不完的
on the air (正在)广播
①Your mind was on something not so practical—castles in the air. 你脑子里想的都是些不切合实际的事情——都是空中楼阁。
②Our plans are still up in the air. 我们的计划还悬而未决。
③The news is on the air. 正在广播新闻。
④Their left flank was left in the air. 他们的左翼无掩护。
4. in the way妨碍
on the way 正在到来；在路上
①The child tried to get to the door, but the table was in the way. 小孩想到门口去,但桌子挡住他的去路。
②She tried to clean the house, but the baby was always in the way. 她想打扫房子,但婴孩总是妨碍她的工作。
③Help is on the way. 援助将至。
④He is on the way to become a good teacher. 他正在成为一个好的老师。
⑤Let's not stop often on the way. 咱们别老在途中停留。
5. in the field 在田野上；在……领域里；野外的；参加比赛
on the field 在战场上
①The children are playing in the field. 孩子们正在田野里玩。
②He had had three successes in the field of literature. 他曾在文学界里获得了三次成功。
③These are plants found in the field. 这是些野生植物。
④Are you in the field for the relay race? 你参加接力赛跑吗？
⑤His son lost his life on the field. 他儿子在战场上牺牲了。
6. in hand 在进行中；在手头；在控制中
on hand 现有；可用
①The work is in hand and will soon be completed. 工作在进行之中,很快就要完成了。
②I have enough money in hand. 我手头有足够的钱。
③We have some new woolen goods on hand. 我们手头现有一些新的羊毛织品。
7. in behalf of 为……之利益
on behalf of代表；为了
①He was allowed to sign letters on behalf of the manager. 他被允许代表经理在信件上签名。
②My brother could not be here tonight, but I want to thank you on his behalf. 我兄弟今晚不能来,我代表他谢谢你。
③He worked hard all his life in behalf of the poor. 他毕生为穷苦人的利益而努力不懈。
④My teacher spoke in my behalf. 老师替我说情。
8. in the corner 在拐角内
on the corner 在拐角之上
at the corner 在拐角处外
①The children are play in the corner of the park. 孩子们正在公园的拐角内玩。
②The shop is on the corner of the street. 商店在街道的拐角处。
③The old woman is standing at the corner. 那老太太正站在拐角处旁。
9. in the road 在道路上
on the road 在途中；在旅行中
①There is a cart running away in the road. 有辆马车在道路上飞奔。
②How long were you on the road? 你路上花了多少时间？
10. in view 望；在看见的地方；被考虑；被期待
on view 展示；陈列着
①Victory is in view. 胜利在望。
②We came in view of a pool. 我们看见了一个水池。
③The lastest winter fashions are now on view in the big shops. 最新的冬装款式现在正在大商店中陈列着。
11. in the east of 在东部(范围之内)
on the east of 在东面(相邻、接壤)
to the east of 在东边(在范围之外)
①Shanghai is in the east of China. 上海在中国的东部。
②Japan is to the east of China. 日本在中国的东面。
③Korea lies on the east of China. 朝鲜位于中国东面。
④Guangdong is on the east of Guangxi. 广东与广西东部毗邻。
冠词位置位置讲解
冠词位置
1）不定冠词位置
不定冠词常位于名词或名词修饰语前。注意：
a. 位于such，what，many，half等形容词之后。例如：
I have never seen such an animal. 我从来没见过这样的动物。
Many a man is fit for the job. 许多人适合这岗位。
b. 当名词前的形容词被副词as, so, too, how, however, enough修饰时，不定冠词应放在形容词之后。例如：
It is as pleasant a day as I have ever spent. 我从未这么高兴过。
So short a time 如此短的时间
Too long a distance 距离太远了
c. quite，rather与单数名词连用，冠词放在其后。但当rather，quite 前仍有形容词，不定冠词放其前后均可，如：rather a cold day/a rather cold day。
d. 在as，though 引导的让步状语从句中，当表语为形容词修饰的名词时，不定冠词放形容词后。例如：Brave a man though he is，he trembles at the sight of snakes. 他尽管勇敢，可见到蛇还是发抖。
2）定冠词位置
定冠词通常位于名词或名词修饰语前，但放在all，both，double，half，twice，three times 等词之后，名词之前。例如：All the students in the class went out.班里的所有学生都出去了。
with与by的用法既区别
In the company of; accompanying: 和，陪伴：在…陪伴下；随同：
Did you go with her? 你跟她一起去吗?
Next to; alongside of: 在…旁边，同…在一起：
stood with the rabbi; sat with the family.
与教士站在一起，与家人坐在一块儿
Having as a possession, an attribute, or a characteristic:
带着，带来：作为所有物、属性或特点具有：
arrived with bad news; a man with a moustache.
带来坏消息；留络腮胡子的男人
Used as a function word to indicate accompanying detail or condition: 样子，状态：用作功能词表示伴随的细节或状况：
just sat there with his mouth open.
只张着嘴坐在那儿
In a manner characterized by:
以…方式：
performed with skill; spoke with enthusiasm.
很有技巧地表演；热情地说话
In the performance, use, or operation of:
使用：在…的表现、使用或运行中：
had trouble with the car.
汽车出了毛病
In the charge or keeping of:
负责，照料：
left the cat with the neighbors.
把猫托邻居照顾
In the opinion or estimation of:
以…的观点或估计：
if it's all right with you.
如果你没异议的话
In support of; on the side of:
支持，赞同：
I'm with anyone who wants to help the homeless.
我支持任何想帮助流浪汉的人
Of the same opinion or belief as:
和…一致：与…有相同观点或信仰：
He is with us on that issue.
在那个议题上他和我们观点一致
In the same group or mixture as; among:
混在一起：在同一组中或同一混和物中；在…中：
planted onions with the carrots.
把胡萝和洋葱种在一起
In the membership or employment of:
是…的成员；受…雇佣：
plays with a symphony orchestra; is with a publishing company. 在交响乐团内演奏；受雇于一个出版公司
By the means or agency of:
用：通过…的方式或媒介：
eat with a fork; made us laugh with his jokes.
用叉子吃饭；以他的笑话引我们发笑
By the presence or use of:
以：通过…的存在或使用：
a pillow stuffed with feathers; balloons filled with helium. 用羽毛装满的枕头；装满氦气的气球
In spite of:
尽管：
With all her experience, she could not get a job.
尽管很有经验，她还是找不到工作
In the same direction as:
与…同向：
sail with the wind; flow with the river.
顺风起帆；顺河而流
At the same time as:
与…同时：
gets up with the birds.
与鸟儿同时起床
In regard to:
关于，对于：
We are pleased with her decision. They are disgusted with the status quo. 她这样决定，我们很高兴；他们对现状很厌恶
Used as a function word to indicate a party to an action, a communicative activity, or an informal agreement or settlement:
和…：用作功能词表示某个动作、交流活动或非正式协议或决定的一方：
played with the dog; had a talk with the class; lives with an aunt. 与狗玩；和班上的同学谈一谈；与姑母住在一起
In comparison or contrast to:
与…相比；与…对照：
a dress identical with the one her sister just bought.
和她姐姐刚买衣服同一款式
Having received:
收到，获得：
With her permission, he left. I escaped with just a few bruises.
获得她允许后，他离开了。我逃跑时只受了一些擦伤
And; plus:
和；加上：
My books, with my brother's, make a sizable library. We had turkey with all the trimmings.
我的书加上的弟弟的书能够办成一个不小的图书馆了；我们有火鸡和所需的调料Inclusive of; including:
包括：
comes to $29.95 with postage and handling.
包括邮资和手续费总共是29.95美元
In opposition to; against:
反对；对抗：
wrestling with an opponent.
与对手摔跤
As a result or consequence of:
结果，后果：
trembling with fear; sick with the flu.
害怕的发抖；感染了流行性感冒
So as to be touching or joined to:
加入，联合：为了取得联系；把…连起来：
coupled the first car with the second; linked arms with their partners. 把第一辆汽车和第二辆配成双；与伙伴手挽手
So as to be free of or separated from:
分离，离开：为脱离，为与…分开：
parted with her husband.
与她丈夫分手
In the course of:
在…的过程中：
We grow older with the hours.
我们随时光流逝而长大
In proportion to:
与成比例：
wines that improve with age.
酒越陈越香
In relationship to:
在…的关系中：
at ease with my peers.
与我的同事关系融洽
As well as; in favorable comparison to:
也；较好：
She could sing with the best of them.
她可以唱得同他们中最棒的人一起好
According to the experience or practice of:
根据经验，根据实践：
With me, it is a question of priorities.
对我来说，这是个优先权的问题
Used as a function word to indicate close association:
用作功能词表示密切联系：
With the advent of the rockets, the Space Age began.
随着火箭的出现，太空时代开始了
in with【非正式用语】
In league or association with:
同伙或有联系：
He is in with the wrong crowd.
他找错了同伴
by的用法；
1）表示以一般的方法或方式。如：
No one in those days could live by writing poems.
（2）表示传达、传递的方式或煤介。如：
How did you send the letter, by airmail or by ordinary mail? （3）表示用交通工具、通讯工具后接名词单数，不加冠词。如：
He came by train, but his wife came by bus.
注意下面两句的区别：
Did you come by train?
Did you come in his car / on my bike?
“by +抽象名词”构成的词组有：by accident / by chance / by diligence / by effort / by force / by heart / by luck / by mistake / by hard work. 将来完成时用来表示在将来某一时间以前已经完成或一直持续的动作。经常与before+将来时间或by+将来时间连用，也可与before或by the time引导的现在时的从句连用。
1) 构成will / be going to do sth.
2) 概念
a. 状态完成：表示某事继续到将来某一时为止一直有的状态。
b. 动作完成：表示将来某一时或另一个将来的动作之前，已经完成的动作或一获得的经验。
They will have been married for 20 years by then.
You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow.
将来完成时的构成
将来完成时的构成是由"shall/will + have +过去分词"构成的。
Before long he will have forgotten all about the matter.
不久他就会全然忘记这件事的。
He is somebody now. He will not have remembered his old classmates. 他现在是一个有身份的人了，他可能不会记得老同学了。
Will you have known Kevin for 10 years next month?
到下个月你认识凯文该有10年了吧？
将来完成时的用法
①表示在将来某一时间之前已完成的动作，并往往对将来某一时间产生影响。We shall have learned 12 units by the end of this term.
到这个学期末，我们将学完12个单元。
By the time you get home I will have cleaned the house from top to bottom. 你到家之前我将把房子彻底打扫一遍。
With的用法全解
With的用法全解 with结构是许多英语复合结构中最常用的一种。学好它对学好复合宾语结构、不定式复合结构、动名词复合结构和独立主格结构均能起很重要的作用。本文就此的构成、特点及用法等作一较全面阐述，以帮助同学们掌握这一重要的语法知识。 一、 with结构的构成 它是由介词with或without+复合结构构成，复合结构作介词with或without的复合宾语，复合宾语中第一部分宾语由名词或代词充当，第二部分补足语由形容词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式或分词充当，分词可以是现在分词，也可以是过去分词。With结构构成方式如下： 1. with或without-名词/代词+形容词； 2. with或without-名词/代词+副词； 3. with或without-名词/代词+介词短语； 4. with或without-名词/代词 +动词不定式； 5. with或without-名词/代词 +分词。 下面分别举例： 1、 She came into the room，with her nose red because of cold.（with+名词+形容词，作伴随状语）
2、 With the meal over ， we all went home.（with+名词+副词，作时间状语） 3、The master was walking up and down with the ruler under his arm。（with+名词+介词短语，作伴随状语。） The teacher entered the classroom with a book in his hand. 4、He lay in the dark empty house，with not a man ，woman or child to say he was kind to me.（with+名词+不定式，作伴随状语）He could not finish it without me to help him.（without+代词 +不定式，作条件状语） 5、She fell asleep with the light burning.（with+名词+现在分词，作伴随状语） Without anything left in the with结构是许多英 语复合结构中最常用的一种。学好它对学好复合宾语结构、不定式复合结构、动名词复合结构和独立主格结构均能起很重要的作用。本文就此的构成、特点及用法等作一较全面阐述，以帮助同学们掌握这一重要的语法知识。 二、with结构的用法 with是介词，其意义颇多，一时难掌握。为帮助大家理清头绪，以教材中的句子为例，进行分类，并配以简单的解释。在句子中with结构多数充当状语，表示行为方式，伴随情况、时间、原因或条件（详见上述例句）。 1.带着，牵着…… (表动作特征)。如： Run with the kite like this.
动名词的用法
动名词的用法及练习 你听过英文语法有动词(verb)、名词(noun)；但你听过有动名词(gerund)吗 1. The girl is singing a song. 2. The girl singing now is my sister. 3. Singing is one of her hobbies(爱好). 一、名词性的动名词(Nominal Gerund) Nominal Gerund 可以加上定冠词(Definite article，如the)或不定冠词(Indefinite article，如a, an)，其他可加在动名词前的还有如：my, this, some, any, all, no 等等。举例如下： 1. The mellow(愉快地) singing of the birds announces the coming of spring. (singing前加定冠词the及形容词mellow；coming 前加the) 2. We knew the robber was near when we heard a faint rustling(沙沙声) in the bushes. (rustling 前加不定冠词a及形容词faint) 从上面的例子可看出如何将一个动词转成名词；但它和真正的名词还是有区别的，那就是没有单数或复数之分。不过，有一些动名词是可以变成真正名词的喔，如：saying, writing, opening, painting, cutting, heading, feeling, being,saving, surrounding, crossing, misunderstanding 等等。它们都可以有复数的喔，方法就是在它们的后面加个s，如：paintings。 二、动词性的动名词(Verbal Gerund) 看看下面的句子： Carelessly writing essays annoys the teacher. 上面的句子里的writing是动名词，但前面有副词carelessly（粗心地），后面又有受词(Object) essays。因此writing就有动词的特征。 注意：Verbal Gerund 这类动名词的前面可不能加上任何冠词(the, a, an ...)喔。 动名词的功能与用法 一、在句子中用作主语(Subject)或主语的补语(Subject Complement): 作主语 1. Listening to music gives me pleasure. (主语Listening ） 2. Running is good exercise. （主语running) 3. Walking to school is a good idea. (主语walking) 作主语的补语 1. My cat's favorite activity is sleeping. (补语sleeping) 2. Seeing is believing. (主语seeing, 补语believing) 主语置于句尾用It + be + ... +v-ing 句型 1. It is fun speaking English. 2. It is of great importance fighting against pollution(污染). 用It is 后接no use. no good, fun 等的句型 1. It is no use learning theory without practice. 2. It is no fun being lost in rain. 用It is 后接useless, nice, good, interesting, worthwhile 等的句型 1. It is worthwhile taking this into consideration. 用There + be + no + v-ing 的句型 1. There is no joking about such matters. 2. There is no getting along with him. (简直无法与他相处) 二、动名词也可以作宾语（Object) 作动词/动词短语的宾语(置于动词或动词短语的后面） 1. I cannot help laughing. （我禁不住笑了起来）（宾语laughing) 2. You should avoid quarrelling with your sister. (宾语quarrelling) 3. You should practice speaking English more. (宾语speaking) 注意：上面三个句子中的动词:help, avoid, practice 只能用动名词作宾语。这类动词还有：dislike 厌恶admit 接受repent 后悔acknowledge 承认
with用法归纳
with用法归纳 （1）“用……”表示使用工具，手段等。例如： ①We can walk with our legs and feet. 我们用腿脚行走。 ②He writes with a pencil. 他用铅笔写。 （2）“和……在一起”，表示伴随。例如： ①Can you go to a movie with me? 你能和我一起去看电影'>电影吗？ ②He often goes to the library with Jenny. 他常和詹妮一起去图书馆。 （3）“与……”。例如： I’d like to have a talk with you. 我很想和你说句话。 （4）“关于，对于”，表示一种关系或适应范围。例如： What’s wrong with your watch? 你的手表怎么了？ （5）“带有，具有”。例如： ①He’s a tall kid with short hair. 他是个长着一头短发的高个子小孩。 ②They have no money with them. 他们没带钱。 （6）“在……方面”。例如： Kate helps me with my English. 凯特帮我学英语。 （7）“随着，与……同时”。例如： With these words, he left the room. 说完这些话，他离开了房间。 [解题过程] with结构也称为with复合结构。是由with+复合宾语组成。常在句中做状语，表示谓语动作发生的伴随情况、时间、原因、方式等。其构成有下列几种情形： 1.with+名词(或代词)+现在分词 此时，现在分词和前面的名词或代词是逻辑上的主谓关系。 例如:1)With prices going up so fast, we can't afford luxuries. 由于物价上涨很快，我们买不起高档商品。（原因状语） 2)With the crowds cheering, they drove to the palace. 在人群的欢呼声中，他们驱车来到皇宫。（伴随情况） 2.with+名词(或代词)+过去分词 此时，过去分词和前面的名词或代词是逻辑上的动宾关系。
英语16种时态表
精心整理|?英语16种时态表 英语时态表 英语时态表 时态 名称 结构常连用的词主要用法例句 一般现在时1由be的 isamare表 示，之后接名 词，形容词或 介词。 every…, sometime s, always,ne ver, often,usu ally等。 一般现在时表示没有时 限的持久存在的习惯性 的动作或状态，或现阶段 反复发生的动作或状态 陈述句：Iamanofficeworker. Heissolazy. Theyareathome 否定句：IamnotTim. Sheisnotverybeauiful. Theyarenotintheoffice. 一般疑问句：Areyouanofficea Isshebeautiful? 2由实意动词 V构成，引导 疑问句和否定 句，用do或 don’t。第三 陈述句：IworkinShanghai. Heworksathome. DavyneverwatchesTVathome
人称时用does或doesn’t,有does出现动词用原形；第三人称陈述句V后加s或es. 否定句:Idon’tlikethefoodinK Davydoesn’tlikethefoodinK 一般疑问句: Doyouwantacupofcoffee?Do ubwaystation? 一般过去时。1由be的过 去式是was或 were表示。 Is\am---was; are---were. ? yesterday , lastweek, anhourag o， thedaybe foreyesterday , in1997。 在过去时间里所发生的 动作或存在的状态。 陈述句：Iwasabigboss.Hewa WewereinBeijinglastyear. 否定句:Iwasnotathomeatthat Wewerenotatworkyesterday 一般疑问句:Wereyouateacher Wassheintheofficelastweek? 2由V的过去 式构成陈述 句，疑问句和 否定句用借助 于did,有did 出现动词用原 陈述句：IworkedinSunmoon WestudiedEnglishthere.Heliv 否定句:Ididn’tworkhere. Theydidn’tseeme.ShelikedE
with用法小结
with用法小结 一、with表拥有某物 Mary married a man with a lot of money . 马莉嫁给了一个有着很多钱的男人。 I often dream of a big house with a nice garden . 我经常梦想有一个带花园的大房子。 The old man lived with a little dog on the lonely island . 这个老人和一条小狗住在荒岛上。 二、with表用某种工具或手段 I cut the apple with a sharp knife . 我用一把锋利的刀削平果。 Tom drew the picture with a pencil . 汤母用铅笔画画。 三、with表人与人之间的协同关系 make friends with sb talk with sb quarrel with sb struggle with sb fight with sb play with sb work with sb cooperate with sb I have been friends with Tom for ten years since we worked with each other, and I have never quarreled with him . 自从我们一起工作以来，我和汤姆已经是十年的朋友了，我们从没有吵过架。 四、with 表原因或理由 John was in bed with high fever . 约翰因发烧卧床。 He jumped up with joy . 他因高兴跳起来。 Father is often excited with wine . 父亲常因白酒变的兴奋。 五、with 表“带来”，或“带有,具有”，在…身上，在…身边之意
常见介词用法
常见介词用法： 1）at,in,on在……范围 at(1)表示在小地方;(2)表示“在……附近，旁边” in(1)表示在大地方;(2)表示“在…范围之内”。 on表示毗邻，接壤 to表示在……范围外，不强调是否接壤Hearrivedatthestationatt en. Heissittingatthedesk. HearrivedinShanghaiyes terday. JiangsuliesintheeastofCh ina. RussialiveonthenorthofC hina. FujianistothesouthofJian gsuProvince. 2)above,over,on在……上 above指在……上方,不强 调是否垂直，与below相 对； over指垂直的上方,与 under相对,但over与物体 有一定的空间，不直接接 触。 on表示某物体上面并与之 接触。 Thebirdisflyingabovemy head. Thereisabridgeovertheri ver. Heputhiswatchonthe 3)below,under在……下面 under表示在…正下方 below表示在……下，不一 定在正下方 Thereisacatunderthetabl e. Pleasewriteyournamebel owtheline. 介词短语组织形式及实例： 一、介词+名词形式 第一组 byaccident偶然 onaccountof因为，由于 inaddition另外 inadditionto除……之外 intheair在流行中，在传播 中
With复合结构的用法小结
With复合结构的用法小结 with结构是许多英语复合结构中最常用的一种。学好它对学好复合宾语结构、不定式复合结构、动名词复合结构和独立主格结构均能起很重要的作用。本文就此的构成、特点及用法等作一较全面阐述，以帮助同学们掌握这一重要的语法知识。 一、with结构的构成 它是由介词with或without+复合结构构成，复合结构作介词with或without的复合宾语，复合宾语中第一部分宾语由名词或代词充当，第二 部分补足语由形容词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式或分词充当，分词可以是现在分词，也可以是过去分词。With结构构成方式如下： 1. with或without-名词/代词+形容词； 2. with或without-名词/代词+副词； 3. with或without-名词/代词+介词短语； 4. with或without-名词/代词+动词不定式； 5. with或without-名词/代词+分词。 下面分别举例： 1、She came into the room，with her nose red because of cold.（with+名词+形容词，作伴随状语） 2、With the meal over ，we all went home.（with+名词+副词，作时间状语） 3、The master was walking up and down with the ruler under his arm。（with+名词+介词短语，作伴随状语。）The teacher entered the classroom with a book in his hand. 4、He lay in the dark empty house，with not a man ，woman or child to say he was kind to me.（with+名词+不定式，作伴随状语）He could not finish it without me to help him.（without+代词+不定式，作条件状语） 5、She fell asleep with the light burning.（with+名词+现在分词，作伴随状语）Without anything left in the cupboard，shewent out to get something to eat.（without+代词+过去分词，作为原因状语） 二、with结构的用法 在句子中with结构多数充当状语，表示行为方式，伴随情况、时间、原因或条件（详见上述例句）。 With结构在句中也可以作定语。例如： 1.I like eating the mooncakes with eggs. 2.From space the earth looks like a huge water-covered globe with a few patches of land sticking out above the water. 3.A little boy with two of his front teeth missing ran into the house. 三、with结构的特点 1. with结构由介词with或without+复合结构构成。复合结构中第一部分与第二部分语法上是宾语和宾语补足语关系，而在逻辑上，却具有主谓关系，也就是说，可以用第一部分作主语，第二部分作谓语，构成一个句子。例如：With him taken care of，we felt quite relieved.（欣慰）→（He was taken good care of.）She fell asleep with the light burning. →（The light was burning.）With her hair gone，there could be no use for them. →（Her hair was gone.） 2. 在with结构中，第一部分为人称代词时，则该用宾格代词。例如：He could not finish it without me to help him. 四、几点说明： 1. with结构在句子中的位置：with 结构在句中作状语，表示时间、条件、原因时一般放在
with的用法
with[wIT] prep.1.与…(在)一起，带着：Come with me. 跟我一起来吧。/ I went on holiday with my friend. 我跟我朋友一起去度假。/ Do you want to walk home with me? 你愿意和我一道走回家吗 2.(表带有或拥有)有…的，持有，随身带着：I have no money with me. 我没有带钱。/ He is a man with a hot temper. 他是一个脾气暴躁的人。/ We bought a house with a garden. 我们买了一座带花园的房子。/ China is a very large country with a long history. 中国是一个具有历史悠久的大国。3.(表方式、手段或工具)以，用：He caught the ball with his left hand. 他用左手接球。/ She wrote the letter with a pencil. 她用铅笔写那封信。4.(表材料或内容)以，用：Fill the glass with wine. 把杯子装满酒。/ The road is paved with stones. 这条路用石头铺砌。5.(表状态)在…的情况下，…地：He can read French with ease. 他能轻易地读法文。/ I finished my homework though with difficulty. 虽然有困难，我还是做完了功课。6.(表让步)尽管，虽然：With all his money, he is unhappy. 尽管他有钱，他并不快乐。/ With all his efforts, he lost the match. 虽然尽了全力，他还是输了那场比赛。7.(表条件)若是，如果：With your permission, I’ll go. 如蒙你同意我就去。8.(表原因或理由)因为，由于：He is tired with work. 他工作做累了。/ At the news we all jumped with joy. 听到这消息我们都高兴得跳了起来。9.(表时间)当…的时候，在…之后：With that remark, he left. 他说了那话就离开了。/ With daylight I hurried there to see what had happened. 天一亮我就去那儿看发生了什么事。10. (表同时或随同)与…一起，随着：The girl seemed to be growing prettier with each day. 那女孩好像长得一天比一天漂亮。11.(表伴随或附带情况)同时：I slept with the window open. 我开着窗户睡觉。/ Don’t speak with your mouth full. 不要满嘴巴食物说话。12.赞成，同意：I am with you there. 在那点上我同你意见一致。13.由…照看，交…管理，把…放在某处：I left a message for you with your secretary. 我给你留了个信儿交给你的秘书了。/ The keys are with reception. 钥匙放在接待处。14 (表连同或包含)连用，包含：The meal with wine came to ￡8 each. 那顿饭连酒每人8英镑。/ With preparation and marking a teacher works 12 hours a day. 一位老师连备课带批改作业每天工作12小时。15. (表对象或关系)对，关于，就…而言，对…来说：He is pleased with his new house. 他对他的新房子很满意。/ The teacher was very angry with him. 老师对他很生气。/ It’s the same with us students. 我们学生也是这样。16.(表对立或敌对)跟，以…为对手：The dog was fighting with the cat. 狗在同猫打架。/ He’s always arguing with his brother. 他老是跟他弟弟争论。17.(在祈使句中与副词连用)：Away with him! 带他走！/ Off with your clothes! 脱掉衣服！/ Down with your money! 交出钱来！ 【用法】1.表示方式、手段或工具等时(=以，用)，注意不要受汉语意思的影响而用错搭配，如“用英语”习惯上用in English，而不是with English。2.与某些抽象名词连用时，其作用相当于一个副词：with care=carefully 认真地/ with kindness=kindly 亲切地/ with joy=joyfully 高兴地/ with anger=angrily 生气地/ with sorrow=sorrowfully 悲伤地/ with ease=easily 容易地/ with delight=delightedly 高兴地/ with great fluency =very fluently 很流利地3.表示条件时，根据情况可与虚拟语气连用：With more money I would be able to buy it. 要是钱多一点，我就买得起了。/ With better equipment, we could have finished the job even sooner. 要是设备好些，我们完成这项工作还要快些。4.比较with 和as：两者均可表示“随着”，但前者是介词，后者是连词：He will improve as he grows older. 随着年龄的增长，他会进步的。/ People’s ideas change with the change of the times. 时代变了，人们的观念也会变化。5.介词with和to 均可表示“对”，但各自的搭配不同，注意不要受汉语意思的影响而用错，如在kind, polite, rude, good, married等形容词后通常不接介词with而接to。6.复合结构“with+宾语+宾语补足语”是一个很有用的结构，它在句中主要用作状语，表示伴随、原因、时间、条件、方式等；其中的宾语补足语可以是名词、形容词、副词、现在分词、过去分词、不定式、介词短语等：I went out with the windows open. 我外出时没有关窗户。/ He stood before his teacher with his head down. 他低着头站在老师面前。/ He was lying on the bed with all his clothes on. 他和衣躺在床上。/ He died with his daughter yet a schoolgirl. 他去世时，女儿还是个小学生。/ The old man sat there with a basket beside her. 老人坐在那儿，身边放着一个篮子。/ He fell asleep with the lamp burning. 他没熄灯就睡着了。/ He sat there with his eyes closed. 他闭目坐在那儿。/ I can’t go out with all these clothes to wash. 要洗这些衣服，我无法出去了。这类结构也常用于名词后作定语：The boy with nothing on is her son. 没穿衣服的这个男孩子是她儿子。 （摘自《英语常用词多用途词典》金盾出版社） - 1 -
常见介词用法
常见介词用法 集团文件发布号：（9816-UATWW-MWUB-WUNN-INNUL-DQQTY-
常见介词用法： 1）at,in,on在……范围 at(1)表示在小地方;(2)表示“在……附近，旁边” in(1)表示在大地方;(2)表示“在…范围之内”。 on表示毗邻，接壤 to表示在……范围外，不强调是否接壤Hearrivedatthestati onatten. Heissittingatthedes k. HearrivedinShanghai yesterday. Jiangsuliesintheeas tofChina. Russialiveonthenort hofChina. Fujianistothesoutho fJiangsuProvince. 2)above,over,on 在……上 above指在……上方, 不强调是否垂直，与 below相对； over指垂直的上方, 与under相对,但 over与物体有一定的 空间，不直接接触。 on表示某物体上面并 与之接触。 Thebirdisflyingabov emyhead. Thereisabridgeovert heriver. Heputhiswatchonthe 3)below,under 在……下面 under表示在…正下 方 below表示在…… 下，不一定在正下方 Thereisacatunderthe table. Pleasewriteyourname belowtheline. 介词短语组织形式及 实例： 一、介词+名词形式
第一组 byaccident偶然onaccountof因为，由于 inaddition另外inadditionto除……之外 intheair在流行中，在传播中 on(the/an)average 平均，一般来说onthebasisof根据，在……的基础上 at(the)best充其量，至多forthebetter好转，改善onboard在船(车、飞 机)上 outofbreath喘不过 气来 onbusiness因公，因 事 inanycase无论如 何，总之 incaseof假使，万一 incase假如，以防 (万一)免得 innocase决不 第二组 bychance偶然，碰巧 incharge(of)负责， 主管 (a)roundtheclock昼 夜不停地 incommon共用，共 有，共同 inconclusion最后， 总之 onconditionthat 在……条件下 inconfidence信任 inconnectionwith/to 关于 inconsequence因 此，结果 inconsequenceof由 于……的缘故 onthecontrary反 之，正相反 incontrastwith/to 与……成对照 outofcontrol失去控 制
incase用法小结
in case用法小结 原题如下： 1. John may phone tonight．I don't want to go out ____ he phones．（NMET 2000，春季） A．as long as B．in order that C．in case D．so that 2．I should stay in the hotel all day _____ there is news of the missing child．NMET 2000上海春季） A．in case B．no matter C．in any case D．even since 3．I don't think I'll need any money but I'll bring some ____ ．（NMET 2000）A．at last B．in case C．once again D．in time 以上三题答案尽管相同，但in case在三题中的词义和语法职能并不一样，其用法使人困惑。今不揣浅陋，将以上三种用法以及与in case相关的几个短语用法，一并试予介绍和讨论。拙文拟分两个部分，先介绍各个短语的词义并列举实例；再讨论各个短语用法特点、同项用法的区别以及可转换为其他句型的用法。 （一）in case作短语连词，能引导状语从句。就其词义和语法职能来分，可引导两种从句。其一：in case ／just in case引导目的状语从句作“以免，以备，以防”等解。如： He takes a torch in case it gets dark before he returns． 他带了手电筒，以备天黑以后回家之用。 I've bought a chicken in case your mother stays to lunch． 我买来一只童子鸡，以备你妈妈留下吃午饭。 I decided to stay at home just in case my friends came round． 我决定留在家里，以防朋友们不期而至。 I'll make some sandwiches in case you feel hungry on the journey． 我会做些三明治，免得你在旅途中饿着。 Buy one of his paintings now，in case they get more expensive． 现在就买下他的一幅画，以防他的画涨价。 You must be quiet in case the fish are frightened． 其二：in case接条件从句，意为“如果、万一”。如： In case we fail，we won't lose heart．万一我们失败，我们决不会失去信心。 Add more coal in case the weather is cold．如果天气冷，就添些煤吧。 In case you get home before I do，could you start preparing dinner 如果你在我之前到家，你能不能动手做饭 In case they're late，we can always sit in the bar． 要是他们来晚了，我们总可以在酒吧里坐一坐。 In case you were thinking I'd lend any money，I'll tell you now—I won't． 如果你以往认为我总是借钱给你，这回对你说明白：我不借。 Little Melanie，in case you've forgot- ten，hasn't forgiven you． 如果你忘记了，小梅兰妮是不会原谅你的。 （二）in case作副词性短语，常置于句末，表示事先准备或预防的措施，作“以防万一”解。如： She ought to be there in case．他应在那儿等着，以防万一。
with用法小结
1．具有；带有having;carrying Soon he came to a river with a wooden bridge over it. 不久，他来到了架有木头桥的河边。 China is a country with a long history. 中国是一个历史悠久的国家。 The girl with long hair is my sister.那个留长发的姑娘是我妹妹 注意：with ,about ,和in均可表示特征和属性. With表示属于人和物的显著特点;about表示附属于人或物不可捉摸的的特点; In表示附属与人或物的内部固有特点. His uncle is an old man with a red nose.它的叔叔是位红鼻子老人。 There is a certain charm about that man.那个人有某种魅力。 There is something strange in him.他身上有点奇怪的地方。 2．用；使用（工具、手段等）word that shows what you are using He was writing with a pencil. 他在用铅笔写字。 The streets are paved with stone. 街道铺了石子。 He was killed with a knife =Someone killed him with a knife.有人用刀杀了他. He was killed by a falling rock.=A falling rock killed him.他被落石砸死了. The tops of the mountains are covered with snow. 山顶上覆盖着白雪。 注意：(1). “With+东西”表示行为的主体通常是人把该物体当作工具来使用 “by+东西”表示并非“人”而是该“东西”才是行为的主体 He was killed with a knife =Someone killed him with a knife.有人用刀杀了他. He was killed by a falling rock.=A falling rock killed him.他被落石砸死了. (2).with跟使用的工具；In跟使用的材料。同时使用工具和材料使用with.
with用法
介詞with用法詳解 是一個十分有用的介詞，其用法也比較複雜，以下用法值得注意： 1. 表示方式、手段或工具等時（=以，用），注意不要受漢語意思的影響而用錯搭配，如「用英語」習慣上用in English，而不是with English。 2. 與某些抽像名詞連用時，其作用相當於一個副詞。如： with care=carefully 認真地 with kindness=kindly 親切地 with joy=joyfully 高興地 with anger=angrily 生氣地 with sorrow=sorrowfully 悲傷地 with ease=easily 容易地 with delight=delightedly 高興地 with great fluency =very fluently 很流利地 3. 表示條件時，根據情況可與虛擬語氣連用。如： With more money I would be able to buy it. 要是錢多一點，我就買得起了。 With better equipment, we could have finished the job even sooner. 要是設備好些，我們完成這項工作還要快些。 4. 比較with和as：兩者均可表示「隨著」，但前者是介詞，後接名詞或代詞；後者是連詞，用於引導一個句子。比較： He will improve as he grows older. 隨著年齡的增長，他會進步的。
People’s ideas change with the change of the times. 時代變了，人們的觀念也會變化。 5. 復合結構「with+賓語+賓語補足語」是一個很有用的結構，它在句中主要用作狀語，表示伴隨、原因、時間、條件、方式等；其中的賓語補足語可以是名詞、形容詞、副詞、現在分詞、過去分詞、不定式、介詞短語等。如： (1) with+賓語+形容詞 He often sleeps with the windows open. 他常開著窗睡覺。 Don’t speak with your mouth full. 不要滿嘴巴食物說話。 (2) with+賓語+ 副詞 He stood before his teacher with his head down. 他低著頭站在老師面前。 He was lying on the bed with all his clothes on. 他和衣躺在床上。 (3) with +賓語+ 介詞短語 She said good-bye with tears in her eyes. 她含著眼淚說了聲再見。 The man was asleep with his head on his arms. 這個人頭枕著胳膊睡著了。 (4) with+賓語+現在分詞 He fell asleep with the lamp burning. 他沒熄燈就睡著了。 I won’t be able to go on holiday with my mother being ill. 因為媽媽有病, 我無 法去度假。 (5) with +賓語+ 過去分詞 He sat there with his eyes closed. 他閉目坐在那兒。 All the afternoon he worked with the door locked. 整個下午他都鎖著門在房裡
2016九年级英语上册重要知识点总结.docx
2016 九年级英语上册重要知识点总结 2016九年级英语上册重要知识点总结 一般现在时： 常与 always,often,soeties,everyday 连用，表示习惯或经常 反复发生的动作或存在的状态。提醒你当第三人称单 数做主语时，别忘了动词的变化。注意：象”地球大，月亮 小”等客观真理、事实一定用一般现在时。 现在进行时： 要注意其构成：由 be+动词 +ing, 表示说话时正在进行的 动作。如： We’ restudyingnow.我们现在正在学习。 一般过去时： 表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态，常与yesterday,lastyear,in1949,twoyearsago,等表示过去时 间的状语连用。注意： Weoftenwenttodancelastsuer. 有的同学一见到 often 就想到用一般现在时，其实因为后面有表示过去时间 的 lastsuer, 所以要用过去式，千万别误用了，切记，切记。 过去进行时： 显然过去进行时表示过去某一时刻正在做什么，常和特定的时间状语如atthattie，atsixyesterday，atthatoent，whenhecaein等连用。如：
Whenhenocedatthedoor,hisotherwascooing. 一般将来： 表示将要生的作或存在的状，常与表示将来 状如 nextyear,toorrow等用。注意：在Willyou ? ? 句中，回答必是yes,Iwill.或No,Iwon’ t而不能用yes,Ishall.No,Ishan’ t. 来回答去将来：去将来 不可以独使用，它一般在从句中作接引，表示从 去某一看来将要生的作或存在的状。如：TheytoldethattheywouldgotoworinGuangdong. 在完成： 名思，在完成表示的是已完成的作，但 作造成的影响在，常被just,already,yet等副修。 如：HehasalreadygonetoTianjin.在造成的影响是他已 不在儿了。在完成可用来表示去生的作一 直延到在，常有 for 或 since 等表示一段的状。 如： rWanghaslivedheresince1983.表示前生一次 或多次的作，我常用””来表示，常有twice,once,ever,never等状。如：I ’ veneverseenthatfil. 去完成： 我可以用” 去的去”来概括去完成，表示 去某一刻或某一作之前已完成了的作，通常与