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bbc精选100文

bbc精选100文BBC（British Broadcasting Corporation）是英国广播公司，是世界上最有影响力的媒体之一。

BBC精选100文是指BBC在其历史长河中，选出的100篇最具代表性和影响力的文章。

这些文章涵盖了各个领域，包括新闻、时事、文化、科技、历史等等。

下面，我们就来看看其中几篇。

第一篇是《肯尼迪遇刺事件》。

这篇文章详细描述了1963年11月22日，美国总统约翰·F·肯尼迪在德克萨斯州达拉斯市遇刺身亡的事件。

这一事件震惊了全世界，也成为了美国历史上最重要的政治暗杀事件之一。

文章中通过详细的叙述和分析，让读者了解到当时的政治背景、肯尼迪的影响力以及这一事件对美国和全球的影响。

第二篇是《人类登月》。

这篇文章记录了1969年7月20日，美国宇航员尼尔·阿姆斯特朗成为第一个登上月球的人类。

这一壮举被全世界视为人类历史上最伟大的科技成就之一。

文章中详细描述了阿姆斯特朗登月的过程，以及他在月球上的著名一句“这是个小步，却是人类的巨大飞跃”。

这篇文章让读者感受到了人类勇气和探索精神的伟大。

第三篇是《乌托邦与现实》。

这篇文章探讨了乌托邦理念与现实社会之间的差距。

乌托邦是指一种理想化的社会模式，追求人类的幸福和完美。

然而，现实社会往往与乌托邦相去甚远。

文章中通过对乌托邦文学作品的分析，让读者思考现实社会中的问题和挑战，以及如何在现实中追求更好的社会。

第四篇是《人工智能的崛起》。

这篇文章讨论了人工智能技术的发展和应用。

人工智能是一种模拟人类智能的技术，可以进行复杂的计算和决策。

文章中介绍了人工智能在医疗、交通、金融等领域的应用，以及对社会和人类的影响。

这篇文章引发了读者对人工智能技术的思考和讨论。

以上只是BBC精选100文中的几篇，每一篇文章都有其独特的价值和意义。

这些文章通过深入的报道和分析，让读者了解到世界的变化和发展，引发读者对重大事件和社会问题的思考。

外国新闻史复习笔记重点

外国新闻史复习笔记重点一、选择题（10*2）二、填空题（5*2）三、名词解释(4*4)四、简答题（8*3）五、论述题（15*2）第一章外国新闻事业史1、新闻传播产生于社会的需要社会条件对新闻传播的制约：（1、物质条件2、精神条件（社会、国家、民族精神、国民性格、社会教育水平）3、社会制度）2、新闻传播的社会作用：（倾向一：夸大新闻传播的作用；倾向二：易于就事论事）（观点一：马列主义观点；观点二：实用主义观点：拉斯韦尔（美），新闻传播的三大社会功能：1、环境监测2、关联性；3、精神传递）3、口头新闻时代（原始社会和奴隶社会初期）；（表现形式：1、个人与个人之间的交流2、众人一起议论3、氏族公社、血缘家族和部落的各种行政会议4、说唱5、田边地头的传闻）；（口头新闻的局限性：传播范围有限；信息失真）；（补充手段：结绳记事、击鼓传讯、烽火报警、实物表意、图画传播）4、手写新闻时代（官方公报最早出现在古罗马时期；私人新闻信是西方古代历史上流传最久的手写新闻传播形式）5、古代中国的手写新闻传播（汉朝盛世，出现了最早的邸报；北宋末年出现了民间小报）6、文艺复兴时期的手抄新闻书（手抄新闻发源于意大利境内的威尼斯）（1）、意大利（1、商业性的民办手抄新闻；2、威尼斯政府与土耳其战争中，曾在1566年经常发布一种叫做《消息公告》的手抄新闻）（2）、英国（1、最早的手抄新闻出现于公元13世纪；公元16世纪初，英国初步建立了近代邮政制度，各邮局因掌握邮路，消息灵通，邮政局多兼售手抄新闻书）（3）、法国（公元15世纪出现手抄新闻业，随着邮政制度的建立，在1488年到1529年，巴黎出现了两种折叠而不装订的手抄新闻，《偶然》刊载官方信息，另一种《小报》，刊载新闻和论战文章）（4）、德国（公元15、16世纪之交，也出现了许多手抄新闻；纽伦堡大贵族施乌尔把新闻送给其他的朋友、贵族；杜来自己编写新闻，叫妻子上街叫卖；奥格斯堡大富商格尔家族，雇人抄写所得到的消息，编成《富格尔新闻》）第二章发达国家近代报业的产生和发展1、近代报业出现的历史条件（1、印刷术的发明及普及2、社会对于新闻信息的需要3、邮政事业的产生（15世纪，欧洲大陆的主要国家诞生了肩带邮政业务））2、近代报业的诞生：通常认为，定期报刊的出现标志着近代报业的诞生，也就是近代新闻事业的诞生（发源地之一：德意志地区1609年两种周报《通告—报道或新闻报》）、《报道》，一般认为它们是世界上最早的定期报刊。

外国新闻史讲义3

讲义3BBC公营广播不应该去迎合大众的口味，而应该去引领大众品味，去教育和引导大众。

广播提供给大众的东西应该是他们需要的，而不是他们想要的，因为“极少有听众知道他们想要什么，更少有听众想要他们应该需要的”在这种公共服务信念的指导下，瑞思把为了商业目的而建立的私人广播组织BBC变成了十字军一样的卫道士。

正是这种公共服务理念导致了BBC在1926年的公有化改组，由一个私人商业组织变成了一个公共服务组织。

独立电视管理局（ITA）负责独立电视网（ITV）的规范管理工作。

独立电视管理局也是一个公共任命的管理委员会，这也和BBC有相同之处。

ITV的执照也是有期限的，由ITA要定期核发。

通过这种方式，ITA能够实现对ITV的节目、内容和风格进行严格的管制。

在ITA的控制下，ITV也要保持政治中立，节目要多元化，要保证严肃节目的比例，广告也受到严格的控制。

原因：1.垄断给BBC带来了四种恶习——官僚作风，自鸣得意，偏袒不公以及毫无效率2.商业电视的游说者们背后有强大的娱乐产业和电器公司的支持，因为他们一直对电视市场的利润觊觎已久。

1954年实行商业电视体制的法案之所以能够通过，就是当时议会里充满着大量代表着企业主和广告商的新生代议员。

第二次冲击：《世界新闻报》将BBC称为“讨厌的疯子公司”。

《每日邮报》则称它“偏见、堕落、腐化”，《太阳报》将BBC形容为“无耻的老太婆”。

从80年代起，政府一直试图对BBC进行私有化改造，并试图取消BBC的执照费。

后来，政府虽然未能取消执照费，但却做到限制了执照费的提高，仅此就能对BBC的财政情况造成严重的损害。

到了20世纪90年代初期，BBC由于财政的困难，节目制作受到了影响，再加上地面商业电视、有限电视以及卫星电视的竞争，BBC的收视率一度下降人类不平等的起源：社会中最富有和最有权力的人“欺骗”了大众，使不平等成为人类社会一个永恒的特点摧枯拉朽：王敦武昌起义甘卓兵力1倍勒庞《乌合之众》1789年7月14日，在用大炮轰断了吊桥铁链之后，暴民们冲进了巴士底狱。

十分钟英语史BBC新闻文本

【The History of English in Ten Minutes】No.1 Anglo-Saxon The History of English in Ten Minutes. Chapter 1. Anglo-Saxon or whatever happen to the Jutes.The English language begins with the phrase ‘Up Yours Caesar!’ as the Romans leave Britain and a lot of Germanic tribes start flooding in, tribes such as the Angles and the Saxons – who together gave us the term Anglo-Saxon, and the Jutes – who didn’t.The Romans left some very straight roads behind, but not much of their Latin language. The Anglo-Saxon vocab was much more useful as it was mainly words for simple everyday things like ‘house’, ‘woman’, ‘loaf’ and ‘werewolf’.Four of our days of the week - Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday and Friday were named in honour of Anglo-Saxon gods, but they didn’t bother with Saturday, Sunday and Monday as they had all gone off for a long weekend.While they were away, Christian missionaries stole in bringing with them leaflets about jumble sales and more Latin. Christianity was a hit with the locals and made t hem much happier to take on funky new words like ‘martyr’, ‘bishop’ and ‘font’.Along came the Vikings, with their action-man words like ‘drag’, ‘ransack’, ‘thrust’ and ‘die’, and a love of pickled herring. They may have raped and pillaged but there were also into ‘give’ and ‘take’ –two of around 2000 words that they gave English, as well as the phrase ‘watch out for that man with the enormous axe.’【The History of English in Ten Minutes】No.2 The Norman ConquestThe History of English in Ten Minutes. Chapter Two, The Norman Conquest or Excuse My English.1066. True to his name, William the Conqueror invades England, bringing new concepts from across the channel, like the French language, the Doomsday Book and the duty-free Galois's multipack.French was "de rigueur" for all official business, with words like "judge", "jury", "evidence" and "justice" coming in and giving John Grisham's career a kick-start. Latin was still used "ad nauseam" in church, but the common man spoke English, able to communicate only by speaking more slowly and loudly until the others understood him. Words like "cow", "sheep" and "swine" comefrom the English-speaking farmers. While the "a la carte" versions "beef", "mutton" and "pork" come from the French-speaking toffs, beginning a long-running trend of restaurants having completely indecipherable menus.All in all, the English absorbed about 10,000 new words from the Normans, though they still couldn't grasp the rules of cheek kissing. The "bon-ami" all ended when the English nation took their new warlike lingo of "armies", "navies" and "soldiers" and began the Hundred Years' War against France. It actually lasted 116 years but by that point, no one could count any higher in French and English took over as the language of power.【The History of English in Ten Minutes】No.3 Shakespeare The history of English in ten minutes. Chapter three, Shakespeare, or a plaque on both his houses.As the dictionary tells us about 2,000 new words and phrases were invented by William Shakespeare.He gave us handy words like eyeball, puppydog and anchovy and more show-offy words like dauntless, besmirch and lacklustre. He came up with the word alligator soon after he ran out of the things to rhyme with crocodile. And the nation of tea drinkers finally took into their hearts when he invented the hob-nob.Shakespeare knew the power of catchphrases as well as biscuits. Without him, we would never eat our flesh and blood out of house and home. We would have to say good riddance to the green-eyed monster and breaking the ice would be as dead as a doornail.If you tried to get your money's worth, you'd be given short shrift and anyone who laid it on with a trowel could be hoised with his own petard. Of course it's possible other people used these words first. But the dictionary writers like looking them up in Shakespeare because there was more cross dressing and people poking each other's eyes out.Shakespeare's poetry showed the world that English was a rich vibrant language with limitless expressive and emotional power and he still had time to open all those tea rooms in Stratford.【The History of English in Ten Minutes】No.4 The King James BibleThe History of English in Ten Minutes. Chapter four. The King James Bible or light there be.I n 1611 ‘the powers that be’ ‘turned the world upside down’ with a ‘labour of love’ –a new translation of the bible. A team of scribes with the ‘wisdom of Solomon’ - ‘went the extra mile’ to make King James’s translation ‘all things to all men’, whether fr om their ‘heart’s desire’ ‘to fight the good fight’ or just for the ‘filthy lucre’.This sexy new Bible went ‘from strength to strength’, getting to ‘the root of the matter’ in a language even ‘the salt of the earth’ could understand. ‘The writing wasn’t on the wall’, it was in handy little books and with ‘fire and brimstone’ preachers reading from it in every church, its words and phrases ‘took root’ ‘to the ends of the earth’ – well at least the ends of Britain.The King James Bible is the book that taught us that ‘a leopard can’t change its spots’, that ‘a bird in the hand is worth two in the bush’, that ‘a wolf in sheep’s clothing’ is harder to spot than you would imagine, and how annoying it is to have ‘a fly in your ointment’.In fact, just as ‘Jonathan begat Meribbaal; and Meribbaal begat Micah. And Micah begat Pithon’, the King James Bible begat a whole glossary of metaphor and morality that still shapes the way English is spoken today. Amen.【English in Ten Minutes】No.5 ScienceThe History of English in Ten Minutes. Chapter five. The English of Science or how to speak with gravity.Before the 17th Century scientists weren’t really recognised – possibly because lab-coats had yet to catch on.But suddenly Britain was full of physicists –there was Robert Hooke, Robert Boyle –and even some people not called Robert, like Isaac Newton. The Royal Society was formed out of the Invisible College – after they put it down somewhere and couldn’t find it again.At first they worked in Latin. After sitting through Newton’s story about the‘pomum’ falling to the ‘terra’ from the ‘arbor’ for the umpteenth time, the bright sparks realised they all spoke English and could transform our understanding of the universe much quicker by talking in their own language.But science was discovering things faster than they could name them. Words like ‘acid’, ‘gravity’, ‘electricity and ‘pendulum’ had to be invented just to stop their meetings turning into an endless game of charades.Like teenage boys, the scientists suddenly became aware of the human body –coining new words like ‘cardiac’ and ‘tonsil’, ‘ovary’, and ‘sternum’ - and the invention of ‘penis’ (1693), ‘vagina’ (1682) made sex education classes a bit easier to follow. Though and ‘clitoris’ was still a source of confusion.【The History of English in Ten Minutes】No.6 English and Empire The History of English in Ten Minutes. Chapter six. English and Empire or the sun never set on the English language.With English making its name as the language of science, the Bible and Shakespeare, Britain decided to take it on tour.Asking only for land, wealth, natural resources, total obedience to the crown and a few local words in return.They went to the Caribbean looking for gold and a chance to really unwind –discovering the ‘barbeque’, the ‘canoe’ and a pretty good recipe for rum punch. They also brought back the word ‘cannibal’ to make their trip sound more exciting.In India there was something for everyone. ‘Yoga’ – to help you stay in shape, w hile pretending to be spiritual. If that didn’t work there was the ‘cummerbund’ to hide a paunch and - if you couldn’t even make it up the stairs without turning ‘crimson’ –they had the ‘bungalow’.Meanwhile in Africa they picked up words like ‘voodoo’ and ‘zombie’ – kicking off the teen horror film –and even more terrifying, they brought home the world’s two most annoying musical instruments –the ‘bongo’ and the ‘banjo’.From Australia, English took the words ‘nugget’, ‘boomerang’ and ‘walkabout’ - and in fact the whole concept of chain pubs.Between toppling Napoleon (1815) and the first World War (1914), the British Empire gobbled up around 10 millions square miles, 400 million people and nearly a hundred thousand gin and tonics, leaving new varieties of English to develop all over the globe.【English in Ten Minutes】No.7 The age of dictionary or the definition of a hopeless task.With English expanding in all directions came a new breed of man called lexicographers, who wanted to put an end to this anarchy a word they defined as what happens when people spell words slightly differently from each other.One of the greatest was doctor Johnson, whose Dictionary of English Language which took him 9 years to write. It was 18 inches tall and contained 42,773 entries meaning that even if you couldn’t read it’s still pretty useful if you want to reach a high shelf. For the first time when people were calling you a “pickle herring”, ”a jobbernowl ” or a “fopdoodle” you could understand exactly what they me ant and you’d have the standard spelling. Try as he might to stop them, words kept being invented and in 1857 a new book was started which would become the Oxford English dictionary.It took another 70 years to be finished after the first editor resigned to be an archbishop, The second died of TB and the third was so boring that half his volunteers quit and one of them ended up in an Asylum. It eventually appeared in 1928 and has continued to be revised ever since proving the whole idea that you can stop people making up word is complete snuffbumble【English in Ten Minutes】No.8 American English or not English but somewhere in the ballparkFrom the morning Brits landed in Amerian they needed names for all the plants and animals,so they borrowed words like”raccoon””squash”and “moose”from the Native Americans,as well as most of their territoty.Waves of immigrants fed American’s hunger for words.The Dutch came sharing “coleslaw”and “cookies”,probably as a result of their relaxed attitude to ter, the Germans arrived selling”pretzels”from”delicatessens”and the Italians arrived with their pizza,their “pasta”and their “mafie”just like mamma used to make.Amercian spread a new language of capitalism getting everyone worried about the “breakeven”and”he botton line “,and whether they were”bule chip ”or"white coller".The commuter needed a whole new system of “freeway”.”subway”and”parking lot”and quickly,before words like”merger”and “downsizing”could be invented.American English drafted back across the pond as Brits got the hang of their “cool movies”and their groovy “jazz”,There were even some old forgotten English words lived on in American.So they carried on using “fall’’faucets diapers and “candy’,while the Brites moved on to”autumn taps nappies”and NHS dental care.【English in Ten Minutes】No.9 Internet English Or language reverts to typeIn 1942 ,the first e-mail was sent.Soon the Internet arrived a free global space to share information,ideas,and amusing pictures of cats. Before then English changed through people speaking it but the net brought typing back into fashion and hundreds of cases of repetitive strain syndrome.Nobody had ever had to “download”anything before .let alone use a “toolbar”.And the only time someone set up a “firewall”,it ended with a massive insurance claim and a huge piles of charred wallpaper. Coversations were getting shorter than the average attention span why bother writing a sentence when an abbreviation would do and leave you more time to “blog””poke ”and”reboot”when your “hard drive”crashed?”In my humble opinion”became”IMHO”,”By the way”became “BTW”and if we’re honest that life-threatening accident was pretty hilarious simply became”fail”Some changes even passed into spoken English.For your information people frequently ask question like”how can LOL mean laugh out loud”and “lots of love”?But if you’regoing to complain about that then UG2BK.【English in Ten Minutes】No.10 Global English Or whose language is it anywayIn the1500 years since the Romans’left Britain,English had shown an unique ability to absord,evolve,invade and ,if we’re honest,steal.After foreign settlers got it started,it grew into a fully-fledged languge all of its own,before leaving home and travelling the world,first via the high seas,then via the high speed broadband connection,pilfering words from over 350 languages and establishing itself as a global institution.All this despite a written alphabet that bears no correlation to how it sounds and a system of spelling that even Dan Brown couldn’t decipher.Right now around 1.5 billion people now speak English.Of these about a quarter are native speakers,a quarter speak it as their second language,and half are able to ask for directions to a swimming pool .Modern hybrids of English have really caught on.There’s a Hinlish which is Hindi-English,Chinglish which is Chinese-Englishs and Singlish which is Singaporean English and not that bit when they speak in musicals.So in conclusion,the language has got so little to do with England these days it may well be time to stop calling it”English”.But if someone does think of a new name for it , it probably be in Chinese.。

00660外国新闻事业史2001-2019年简答论述题

00660外国新闻事业史2001-2019年简答论述题名词解释：1.CBS：是美国哥伦比亚广播公司。

1927年创建至今，兼营广播电视、唱片和出版业务，素以高收视率的新闻节目和出色的节目主持人称誉美国电视界。

P308 2018.10 2017.10 2015.42.法国《费家罗报》：法国现存历史最久的日报。

1854年创刊。

1866年由周报改为日报。

以上层人士为主要读者对象，政治态度保守，内容着重政治新闻、国际新闻等，图文并茂，广告收入丰饶。

P135 2018.10 2015.103.默多克集团：战后英国报坛出现的新兴报团。

业主鲁伯特﹒默多克曾在牛津大学求学，后回澳大利亚办报。

1969年进入英国后，先后买下《世界新闻》、《太阳报》和《泰晤士报》。

默多克政治上支持保守党的见外政策，在劳资纠纷中态度强硬。

1985年加入美国国籍。

P102 2018.10 2014.104.《北极星报》：1837年由菲格斯﹒奥康瑞尔创办。

该报广泛宣传宪章派左翼的政治主张，及时报道英国各地区宪章派活动，有力地指导了工人阶级的斗争。

同时，该报还注意用生动、形象的语言激发读者的感情。

它是英国近代无产阶级政治报纸的卓越代表。

P35 2018.10 2014.10 2007.1 2005.1 2003.105.大众化报纸：工业革命后期，各国先后出现了面向社会中下层的通俗报刊，因售价较低，通常称为廉价报纸，又因读者均为平民大众，也称为“大众化报纸”。

这是一种新兴的资产阶级商业报纸。

廉价报纸的出现使商业报纸更加兴盛，逐步成为资产阶级报业的主体，并为其向现代报业演变奠定了基础P20 2018.4 2015.46.英国《卫报》：原名《曼彻斯特卫报》，1821年创办时为周报，后改为日报。

斯科特主编该报58年，作风严谨，重视言论，认为社论“是报纸存在的基本理由”。

该报在伦敦和曼彻斯特同时出版，继承了重视言论的传统，也相当重视国际新闻。

读者主要是政界、知识界和中产阶级。

外国新闻史2

约翰逊博士最杰出的贡献，是编纂了第一部英文字典。这部字典对现代英语的规范化起了重要作用。编写了《阿比西尼国拉赛拉斯王子传》、《诗人传》、《艾琳》以及其它许多被众人赞赏的名著。
三.政府压制与政党报刊
1、压制手段：
（1）、征收印花税（2）、运用法律制裁
（3）、实行津贴收买；
4、《绅士杂志》
•《绅士杂志》是英国第一份综合性月刊，由爱德华· 凯夫（Edward Cave）创办于伦敦。是英国杂志史上发行最久、最负盛名的权威月刊。《绅士杂志》（The Gentleman’s Magazine）创刊于1731 年，一直发行到第一次世界大战爆发的1914年，历时约两个世纪。
3、《闲谈者》与《旁观者》
艾迪生和斯梯尔
本报的目的在于揭穿生活中的骗术，扯下狡诈、虚
荣和矫情的伪装，在我们的衣着、谈话和行为中提倡一种质朴无华的作风。有人说，苏格拉底把哲学从天上带到了人间。我不自量力，愿意让人说我把哲学从私室、书库、课堂、学府带进了俱乐部、会议厅、茶桌、咖啡馆之中。
二.杂志的兴起
1703年，因发表了一本反对宗教迫害的小册子《消灭不同教派的途径》（the Shortest way With Dissenters），结果锒铛入狱，还被戴枷示众三天。但却受到百姓们的献花、祝酒。还写出了《枷锁颂》（Hymn to the Pillory）,并有了创办《评论》的打算。笛福文风：我的写作原则，是假设对五个不同职业的群众说话。二是每个人都能懂。 ——笛福笛福的天才在于它能做到呈现而不是讲述故事。事实就直截了当地摆在读者面前，其间的道德评论则像是邻居的指指点点。作者巧妙地隐藏起来，这种效果是通过一种平铺直叙和高超的朴实无华的文体所达到的。 ——雅克·巴尔赞

BBC新闻100篇 BBC News Item 1

BBC新闻100篇BBC News Item 1[ti:][ar:][al:][by:人人听力网][00:00.00]The BBC has learned that the British Prime Minister Gordon Brown [00:03.44]has decided that the British general election will take place on May 6th. [00:07.56]Mr. Brown will go to Buckingham Palace tomorrow Tuesday[00:11.41]to ask Queen Elizabeth to dissolve parliament,[00:13.53]and then make a formal announcement of the election date.[00:16.34]That will start the official election campaign,[00:18.96]which, a BBC correspondent says,[00:21.32]will be dominated by issues of taxation and spending[00:24.31]in the wake of the global recession.BBC新闻100篇BBC News Item 2[ti:][ar:][al:][by:人人听力网][00:00.00]Less than six months before a general election in Britain,[00:04.71]the governing Labour Party is embroiled again in internal strife.[00:08.20]Two former cabinet ministers have called for secret ballot of members [00:12.11]to decide whether the Prime Minister Gordon Brown[00:14.66]should continue as party leader.[00:16.53]Mr. Brown has called a general election by June this year.[00:19.27]Our political correspondent Rob Watson reports.[00:22.44]The two former cabinet ministers Geoff Hoon and Patricia Hewitt [00:26.98]had stunned everyone at Westminster[00:29.22]with their last-minute efforts to challenge Gordon Brown's leadership. [00:32.64]But Downing Street and Labour Party officials[00:35.81]have moved quickly to quash any revolts.[00:38.18]Most importantly, current cabinet ministers[00:42.03]have come out and backed the prime minister,[00:44.40]orbiting some cases with little apparent enthusiasm.[00:48.19]So the latest challenge looks likely to be short lift.[00:51.86]Although many within the Labour Party doubt[00:54.60]Mr. Brown's leadership qualities,[00:56.28]they also seem to think it would only make things worse[00:59.58]to get rid of him before the general election.[ti:] BBC新闻100篇 BBC News Item 3[ar:][al:][by:人人听力网][00:00.00]The British Prime Minister Gordon Brown[00:03.89]is offering to scale back Britain's nuclear deterrence[00:06.81]if an international agreement is reached[00:09.30]to cut the world's nuclear arsenals.[00:11.35]Mr. Brown is expected to tell a special[00:13.72]session of the United Nations Security Council on Thursday [00:17.14]that he'll be willing to give up one of four royal navy submarines [00:21.24]that carry Trident nuclear missiles.[00:23.23]Officials are insisting that cost isn't a factor here.[00:26.47]Here's our defence correspondent Nick Childs.[00:28.58]Gordon Brown is saying he'll be ready to[00:31.51]throw part of the trident force into the port[00:33.37]in the context of a much bigger global disarmament deal.[00:35.92]He said so in general terms before.[00:38.60]This offer though is more concrete.[00:40.59]There is a growing sense that to avoid what some fear[00:44.07]could be a sudden cascade of new nuclear states,[00:46.50]the established nuclear powers need to do more[00:48.99]in terms of disarmament[00:50.35]to keep the proliferation regime intact.[00:52.34]The Prime Minister will hope his move[00:54.40]will be seen as an important gesture.[00:56.08]But the key to the process will be the actions of the big players, [00:59.44]the United States and Russia.BBC新闻100篇BBC News Item 4[ti:][ar:][al:][by:人人听力网][00:00.00]The British Prime Minister Gordon Brown is expected to confirm [00:04.60]that he is sending hundreds more troops to Afghanistan,[00:07.09]bringing the total number of British troops there to about 9,500.[00:10.76]Britain has the second largest NATO contingent in Afghanistan[00:15.12]after the United States.[00:16.92]Our defense correspondent Caroline Wyatt reports.[00:19.41]In his statement on Afghanistan,[00:21.90]it's believed Mr. Brown will say he's agreed in principle[00:24.26]to send around 500 extra British troops to Helmand.[00:27.74]The military advice says that extra forces are needed[00:30.67]to help maintain progress[00:31.97]and dominate the ground more effectively[00:34.03]to keep the Taliban out of key areas.[00:36.08]However, there will be caveats.[00:38.50]The Prime Minister will want assurances from military chiefs[00:41.37]that the extra troops will be properly equipped.[00:44.10]But he'll also expect Britain's NATO partners to follow suit[00:47.27]by offering more forces themselves.[00:49.33]NATO defense ministers are likely to discuss troop levels[00:52.69]on a meeting formally in Bratislava next week.BBC新闻100篇 BBC News Item 5[ti:][ar:][al:][by:人人听力网][00:00.00]Stock markets in Europe and the United States have fallen sharply [00:04.11]in response to further signs that the debt crisis in Greece is intensifying [00:08.46]and could spread to other countries.[00:10.51]Share prices in New York, London, Frankfurt and Paris[00:13.81]fell by more than 2% after a major international credit rating agency [00:18.41]Standard & Poor's downgraded Greek debt[00:21.40]to a level known informally as junk.[00:23.33]Nils Blythe has more.[00:24.82]Standard & Poor's downgraded its assessment[00:27.56]of Greek bonds to the so-called junk status[00:30.04]because of the growing danger[00:31.97]that the bond holders will not be paid back in full.[00:34.59]Many big investment funds have rules[00:37.45]that forbid them from holding junk bonds,[00:39.13]says the move is likely to trigger a further round of selling.[00:42.17]Share markets have taken fright,[00:44.16]fearing that if Greece does default on its debts,[00:46.78]it would hit many European banks which hold Greek bonds[00:50.01]and could trigger a wider financial crisis.[00:52.75]Already pressure is mounting on Portugal[00:55.86]which has also seen its credit rating downgraded today,[00:58.84]although it remains above junk status.BBC新闻100篇BBC News Item 6[ti:][ar:][al:][by:人人听力网][00:00.00]The International Monetary Fund[00:02.91]has told governments across the world[00:04.46]that further action is needed[00:06.08]to help return the global financial system to stability.[00:08.75]In a fresh estimate of the scale of the problem,[00:11.37]the IMF says global losses on toxic assets[00:14.35]could total four trillion dollars. Andrew Walker reports.[00:18.02]This report does identify[00:20.26]what it calls some early signs of stabilization in financial systems,[00:23.56]but there are not many of them.[00:25.55]And the IMF says further action will be needed[00:27.79]if they're to be sustained.[00:29.41]In two key areas, it says that progress by governments[00:32.45]has been piecemeal and reactive,[00:34.44]dealing with the problem assets held by financial institutions[00:37.43]and how to handle banks that need extra capital.[00:40.67]For that problem the report says[00:42.97]temporary government ownership may sometime be necessary.英语名篇名段背诵精华 07 ShakespeareShakespeare is above all writers, at least above all modern writers, the poet of nature; the poet that holds up to his readers a faithful mirror of manners and of life. His characters are not modified by the customs of particular places, unpractised by the rest of the world; by the peculiarities of studies or professions, which can operate but upon small numbers; or by the accidents of transient fashions or temporary opinions: they are the genuine progeny of common humanity, such as the world will always supply, and observation will always find. His persons act and speak by the influnce of those general passions and principles by which all minds are agitated, and the whole system of life is continued in motion. In the writings of other poets a character is too often an individual; in those of Shakespeare it is commonly a species.Except from The Major Works by Sammuel Johnson参考译文莎士比亚的才华高于一切作家，至少高于当今的所有作家。

bbc发展历程

bbc发展历程英国广播公司（BBC）是世界上最知名的公共广播机构之一，起源于1922年。

BBC的发展历程可以分为以下阶段：1. 初创期（1922-1926年）：BBC成立于1922年，当时只有一台无线电台。

最初的广播内容以音乐、戏剧和新闻为主，而且只有少数人可以接收到信号。

2. 扩展期（1927-1939年）：在这一时期，BBC开始扩大其广播服务的覆盖范围。

1927年，BBC设立了全国广播服务，从伦敦扩展到其他英国大城市。

同时，BBC开始引入电视广播技术，并在1936年首次进行了电视广播试验。

3. 第二次世界大战（1939-1945年）：在战争期间，BBC发挥了重要的信息宣传作用，并成为人们获取战争动态的重要来源。

BBC播音员的声音成为时代的象征，而且该机构还开展了大量的娱乐节目以提振士气。

4. 后战时期（1946-1962年）：在战后的重建时期，BBC继续扩展其广播和电视服务。

随着技术的进步和电视的普及，BBC的影响力进一步加强，成为英国家庭不可或缺的一部分。

5. 变革时期（1963-1999年）：在这一时期，BBC在广播和电视领域进行了多次改革和创新。

其中最显著的是1972年推出的“无线电一台”和1997年推出的BBC News 24渠道，这为BBC进一步拓展其新闻报道和多样化节目内容奠定了基础。

6. 数字时代（2000年至今）：BBC适应了数字时代的到来，推出了在线播放服务BBC iPlayer，并开设了多个数字电视和广播频道。

此外，BBC还推出了许多创新性的媒体项目，包括社交媒体和移动应用程序。

BBC通过不断的变革和创新，逐渐发展成为全球领先的公共广播和媒体机构。

通过提供高质量的新闻报道、娱乐节目和教育资源，BBC在英国和全球范围内拥有庞大的受众群体，并继续对广播和媒体行业产生深远的影响。

外国新闻传播史英国

报团相互兼并：1)1953年，加拿大人汤姆森来到英国经营电视业和报业，购买了一些地方报纸，1959年吞并肯姆斯莱报团，从而形成“汤姆森集团”2）1951年，北岩的外甥塞西尔·金掌握了《每日镜报》，并于1958年买下“混合出版公司”，形成“镜报集团”。

1961年，金与汤姆森在吞并奥丹斯报团问题上激烈竞争，最后金取胜。

3）1960年，在30年代合并组建的《新闻纪事报》和《明星晚报》被罗瑟米尔报团购买，分别合并于该抱团的《每日邮报》和《新闻晚报》。

英国早期形成的报团至今只有罗瑟米尔勋爵的后代还掌握着先人留下的产业。

10.20世纪80年代中期英国报业的转折1）1985年3月4日第一家彩色电子排版的全国性新报纸《今日报》，创办者是一位实业家艾迪·沙阿。

他还是英国第一家每周七日刊的日报。

2）1986年1月25日，默多克将他的新闻国际公司搬出几百年来伦敦报业最集中的街道舰队街，后来的报业慢慢迁出此街。

这一转折并非仅仅是排版技术的变化和为各报带来更多利润，他引发了一系列编辑部结构、报纸内容和发行方式的改革。

11.英国广播电视业的诞生和发展1）广播电台的诞生，BBC公关广播独占体制的形成。

1922.11.14，马可尼公司联合另外五家电器制造商，集资组建英国广播公司（British Broadcasting Company）播出节目，是为英国面向公众广播的开端。

1927年元旦起，有英王发布“特许状”，将民营的应该广播公司改组为公共机构英国广播公司。

1932年BBC开设对外广播。

1977年，广播收听费停止征收，而改为只征收电视收视费。

2）1930年BBC在考文垂播出有声电视图像，内容为世界上第一部电视剧《花言巧语的人》，1934年英国建立电视委员会。

1954年8月，国会通过电视法案，允许开办民间商业电视台，组建独立电视局负责管理。

1955年9月，英国第一家商业电视台——伦敦电视台开播。

1972年国会同意开放商业广播电台，于是独立电视局改为独立广播局，简称IBA。

外国新闻史(1)

外国新闻史(1)名词解释1/《泰晤士报》发刊于1785年元旦，原名《每日环球记录报》创办人为印刷商约翰。

沃尔特，1788年正式定名为《泰晤士报》致力于详尽而迅速的报道国内外新闻，整版刊登国会辩论实况，及时报道法国大革命的进程，几年后便跻身伦敦第一流报纸的行列。

2《纽约时报》亨利雷蒙1851年“创办一份新闻纯正，议论平和的报纸” 强调客观报道，反对煽情和哗众取宠，注重社论分析，表现出鲜明的精英态度，成为美国面向上层社会读者的格调庄重的现代报纸的先驱“国家文献记录报”的美称3美联社：全称美国联合通讯社。

是由各成员单位联合组成的合作形机构。

总部在纽约。

发稿方式集中和分散相结合，播发内容除文字新闻外，还有图片，图表，数据，特搞，还有金融商业，体育，气象等。

4法新社：全称法国新闻社，总部在巴黎。

他是依法建立的地理的公共企业，实际上受政府间接控制，具有半官方性质。

5路透社：是一家跨国私营股份公司，主要股份由英国报联社，英国报业主联合会，澳大利亚新闻联合会，新西兰联合会持有。

总部在伦敦。

新闻稿主要为国际新闻，包括一般新闻和经济新闻两大类。

6三大新闻周刊《时代》周刊1923.3 卢斯纽约是美国三大时事性周刊之一，内容广泛，对国际问题发表主张和对国际重大事件进行跟踪报道。

为新的日益增长的国际读者群开设一个了解全球新闻的窗口《新闻》周刊1933.2马丁纽约《美国新闻与世界报道》1948 劳伦斯华盛顿至此形成美国三大新闻周刊鼎力的局面7/三社四边协定”1870年路透、哈瓦斯和沃尔夫三方签订了“联环同盟”协定，美联社也参加了该协定，又称“三社四边协定”，把世界划分为四大势力范围，在每一势力范围内，只由一家通讯社负责新闻的采访与发布，并互换采集到的新闻。

简答题：1/近代报刊在欧洲起源发展的历史条件（历史必然性）？p19 归根到底是资本主义商品经济的兴起以及由此而来的社会变化，形成了对新闻事业的需要，同时也提供了产生新闻事业的物质手段和社会条件。

外国新闻史考点总结

纸草公元前3200年，古埃及人开始使用尼罗河边一种宽大的植物叶子制成纸草，在上面书写文字。

古埃及第五王朝（公元前2500年）起，就有了文字记载的编年体，当时设有档案大臣的官职，主要就是使用泥板和纸草记载。

古埃及留下来的文字，最古老的是金字塔题词和残留陶片，稍后的保存在纸草和泥板上。

现存最早的纸草书是第十一王朝时期的，内容是昭告天下，全国和平，可以安全地到各国旅行。

廉价报纸(1999传播)廉价报纸是指工业革命后各国先后出现的面向社会中下曾的通俗小报，因廉价而得名。

世界上第一家成功的廉价报纸是1833年本杰明.戴的《太阳报》，它的出现和成功是资产阶级向廉价报纸发展的转折点。

黄色新闻(2001传播)美国报业商业化时期的《世界报》与《新闻报》以黄孩子为主人公的漫画相互竞争，在纽约家喻户晓，德纳在《太阳报》引证旁人的话，称这两家报纸为“黄色报纸”，它们所特有的那种类型的煽情新闻，被称为“黄色新闻”。

黄色新闻建立在煽情主义基础上，注重犯罪、丑闻、流言蜚语、离婚、性问题，强调灾害和体育新闻的报道，此外还有一些特殊做法，包括：1.使用大字号煽动性标题，对不甚重要的新闻加以渲染、夸张；2.滥用照片，甚至偷窃和伪造照片；3。

种种欺骗手法；4.星期日增刊，登载彩色滑稽连环画和肤浅文章；5.标榜同情“受压迫者”，发动运动反对平民所受的欺辱。

《新闻报》与《世界报》激烈竞争中发展起来的黄色新闻，引起全国报纸的效仿，并与1899—100年达到高峰。

“一城一报”(2004传媒经济学)一城一报，曾经出现过的一个新闻传播领域的社会现象。

第一次世界大战至第二次世界大战，报业垄断基本形成。

资本主义经济经济迅猛发展，报纸发行量亦不断持续上升，但在激烈的竞争下，报业发展下却出现了极度垄断的态势。

日报的总数不断减少，为数众多的日报经过激烈的竞争兼并之后，以至于出现了许多城市只有一家日报，或有几家报纸但却属于同一个老板，即所谓的“一城一报”现象。