英语词汇学4-2012.8.
英语词汇学——精选推荐
LexicologyRoots Meanings Wordsa-negativeacro- heightAcu- make sharp acumen(敏锐)Acute(敏锐的，严重的，急性的) adroit clever and skillfull be ~ at agogue- leading demagogue(煽动家)demagoguery(煽动言论) agora- market place-aise ease(comfort) malaise(疾病) -Algia pain nostalgia(怀旧，思乡) altru/alter- other altruist(无私的人)alternate(轮流的) ambi- both ambivert(双性格的人)ambidextrous(双手共用的，技艺高超的)ambidexterity n. ambulo- to walk ambulatory(可移动的，步行的)perambulatory(婴儿车)perambulate(漫游，闲逛)preamble(前言，序文) ana- up anatomy(解剖学) andr male philander animus- mind equanimity(平静) Antropo- mankind anthropologist Arch- to rule patriarch(鼻祖) Articulus- joint articulate(发音，清晰)Inarticulate(由于…说不出话) Ascet- monk astetic（苦行僧）asceticism(苦行主义) Astron- star astronomy(天文)Astronomical(天文学的)Astrology（星相学）Astrologer(占星术家)AstronautAstronautics(航空学)Astrophysics(天文物理) Aster- star-shaped flower asterisk(星号) Auglu- english auglophile(亲英排) Bene- benign benign(亲切的，良性的)Benediction(祝福)Beneficent(做好事的)Benefactor(恩人，做好事的人)Benevolent(仁慈的)Beneficiary(受益人) Biblio- book bibliophile(藏书家) Bio- life biology(生物学)Biography（传记）Biopsy(活体检查)Autobiography(自传) Botan- plant botany(植物学)Botanist(植物学家) Cardi- heart cardiogram(心电图)Cardiograph(心电图仪器)Cardiologist(心脏病医生)Cardiac(心脏病的，心脏的) -cide to kill suicideSororicide(杀姐妹)Homicide(杀人)Uxoricide（杀妻）Regicide(弑君)Genocide(种族灭绝)Fratricide(弑兄)Mariticide(弑夫)Infancticide(杀婴儿) Circum- around circumlocution(迂回) Cla- to breakClaustrum- enclosed spaceCol/cor- together,with colloquial(口语的，非正式的) Com/con- together,with compareComparableComparative(相对的) Credo- to believe credulous(轻信的)Credible(可信的)Incredulous(怀疑的)Credential(证件，国书)Creed(信念，宗教信仰) Dema/demo people democracy(民主)Democrat(民主人士)Demography(人口统计学) Derm/dermat/dersim- skin epidermis(表皮)Pachyderm(大型厚皮动物)Dermatitis(皮肤炎) Dia- through diaphanous(半透明的) Dic- say,tell malediction(诅咒，诽谤) Dicho- in two dichotomyDiletare- to delightDipsa- thirstDono- to give donor（捐赠人）Condone（宽恕，弥补）Dor- back dorsum(背部)Endorse(支持，在背面写字)Endorsement(签字，代言) Ec- out eccentric(古怪的) Ego- I,self egoist(自私的)Egotist(自夸的)Egoism(自我主义)Egocentric(自我为中心的)Egomaniac(利己狂) Epi- on/upon epitome Equ- equal equivocate(说模棱两可的话)Equity(公正，股票)Equable(平稳的) Estrian- person equestrian(骑马的) Ex- out exurban(远郊的)Extro- outward extrovert(外向的人) Fatigue- to tire indefatigable(不知疲倦的)Fec/fic/fac to do or make malficent(犯罪的)Malefactor(罪犯) Fer- to bear or to carry vociferous(大声的) Fide- faith,trust bonafide(真正的，有效地)Fidelity(忠诚)Infidel（不忠的，异教徒）Infidelity(无宗教信仰的，对配偶不忠的) Frater- brother fraternize(与。
英语词汇学6-2012.8.
The Formation of English Words (2) — Minor Types
Points for Thinking
1. What are the ways in which words are formed by means of abbreviation? 2. Give examples to illustrate the morphological features of acronymic word formation. 3. Do you think network abbreviations are conducive to our daily communication? Are there any advantages and/or disadvantages of using network abbreviations? 4. How many ways are there in which some words may be formed by joining part of one word with part of another? 5. Give examples to indicate the overlapping features of reduplications and onomatopoetic words.
newscast
sci-fi hi-fi workaholic stagflation Unicom sitcom motel dawk
science＋fiction high＋fidelity work＋alcoholic stagnation＋inflation United ＋ Communications situation＋comedy motor＋hotel dove＋hawk
《英语词汇学》课程教学大纲
《英语词汇学》课程教学大纲课程编码：30615008 学分： 2 总学时：36说明【课程性质】《英语词汇学》为英语专业的专业任意选修课程。
【教学目的】本课程是英语专业高年级阶段的一门专业任意选修课。
本课程的教学目的在于要求学生掌握英语词汇学的基本知识和基本理论，从而更科学地学习英语词汇，运用词汇学中所学到的基本知识和理论来分析和理解英语词汇，正确地使用英语词汇。
【教学任务】《英语词汇学》以帮助学生扩大词汇量，有效运用英语词汇；更深入的理解词义，更有效的组织划分和贮存词汇；增强学生对词义和用法的了解，使学生准确使用词汇；使学生掌握使用参考书的技能，增加解决问题的能力和学习英语的有效性；提高学生的语言接受能力和语言使用能力为教学任务。
【教学内容】词的基本知识、英语的亲属关系与英语词汇的形成和发展、词的形态结构和构成方法、词的意义、语义关系、词义的演变、英语习语、英语词典【教学原则和方法】教学原则：本课程采用张维友编写的《英语词汇学教程》（华中师范大学出版社）为主要教材，在教学过程中坚持以学生为主体，教师为指导的原则，以教材为中心，并适时地向学生介绍英语词汇学的研究动态和最新方向，让学生对词汇学有一个全面系统的了解。
教学方法：在教学过程中，采用论述式、概述式和指引式讲解相结合对教学内容的新信息点、重点、难点进行论述式讲解，深入浅出地详述理论原理，用恰当的例证加以说明，以此帮助学生充分理解理论知识。
对容易懂的内容则进行简明扼要地讲解。
教学中以学习指定的教材为主，适当穿插一些相关的信息材料。
通过对英语词汇学中相关的概念即理论知识的学习和理解，要求学生尽量独立完成教材各部分后面所附的练习，必要时教师可给予适当的指导。
教学手段主要是抽取各部分中的精华部分进行讲解，并适时地采用专题讨论的方式进行学习。
【先修课程要求】要求学生具备英语语音、英语语法、基础英语、英语阅读、英语写作以及翻译等课程知识。
教材：张维友《英语词汇学教程》华中师范大学出版社，2004年。
英语词汇学教程第四版第二单元中文
英语词汇学教程第四版第二单元中文《英语词汇学教程第四版》第二单元为我们介绍了词根、前缀和后缀的知识。
这些知识对于我们学习英语词汇具有重要的指导意义。
下面我们将全面地探讨这些知识，并给出一些学习建议。
首先，词根是构成英语词汇的基本单位，它能帮助我们理解单词的含义。
比如，"dict"这个词根表示"说"，它可以在很多单词中找到，比如"dictate"（命令）、"dictionary"（字典）。
通过了解词根的含义，我们可以更好地猜测出未知单词的含义。
其次，前缀是附加在词根前面的字母或字母组合，它可以改变单词的意义。
例如，"un-"这个前缀表示"不"，当我们在"happy"（快乐的）前加上"un-"，变成"unhappy"（不快乐的），意思就完全相反了。
熟悉一些常见的前缀，可以帮助我们更好地理解单词，并且能够更准确地运用这些词汇。
最后，后缀是附加在词根后面的字母或字母组合，它也能改变单词的含义。
例如，"-ly"这个后缀表示"以...方式"，当我们在"happy"（快乐的）后加上"-ly"，变成"happily"（快乐地），就表示以快乐的方式。
掌握一些常见的后缀，可以使我们的表达更加丰富，让我们的写作更具魅力。
在学习词根、前缀和后缀时，我们可以采用一些有效的方法。
首先，我们可以通过阅读来积累词汇。
在阅读中，我们可以不断地遇到、学习和记忆新的词根、前缀和后缀。
同时，我们也可以结合看电影、听音乐等娱乐活动，通过上下文来理解和记忆这些词汇。
其次，我们可以利用词根、前缀和后缀来记忆单词。
比如，当我们学习新的单词时，可以将其和已知的词根、前缀和后缀进行联系。
英语词汇学知识点归纳修订稿
英语词汇学知识点归纳内部编号：（YUUT-TBBY-MMUT-URRUY-UOOY-DBUYI-0128）English Lexicology(英语词汇学)Lexicology（词汇学）: is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins and meanings of words.The Nature and Scope of English lexicology：English lexicology aims at investigating and studying the morphological structures of English words and word equivalents, their semantic structures, relations, historical development, formation and usages.The subjects that English Lexicology correlated with and extent to：English Lexicology is correlated with such linguistic disciplines as morphology(形态学), semantics(语义学), etymology(词源学),stylistics（文体论） and lexicography(词典学)The reason for a student to study English lexicology：According to the textbook, English Lexicology will definitely be beneficial for students of English.A good knowledge of morphological structures of English words and rules of word-formation will help learners develop their personal vocabulary and consciously increase their word power. The information of the historical development and the principles of classification will give them a deeper understanding of word-meaning and enable them to organize, classify and store words more effectively. The understanding and their sense relations will gradually raise their awareness of meaning and usage, and enable them use words more accurately and appropriately. A working knowledge of dictionaries will improve their skills of using reference books and raise their problem-solving ability and efficiencyof individual study.Chapter 1--Basic concepts of words and vocabularyWord（词的定义）: A word is a minimal free form of a language that hasa given sound and meaning and syntactic function. (1)a minimal freeform of a language (2)a sound unity (3)a unit of meaning (4)a form that can function alone in a sentenceSound and meaning（声音与意义）: almost arbitrary, “no logical relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself”Sound and form（读音和形式）:不统一的四个原因（1）the English alphabet was adopted from the Romans,which does not have a separate letter to represent each other （2）the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years（3）some of the difference were creates by the early scribes（4）the borrowings is an important channel of enriching the English vocabularyVocabulary（词汇）: all the words in a language make up its vocabulary Classification of English Words：By use frequency:basic word stock&nonbasic vocabularyBy notion:content words&functional wordsBy origin:native words&borrowed wordsThe basic word stock（基本词汇）: is the foundation of the vocabulary accumulated over centuries and forms the common core of the language. Though it constitute a small percentage of the EV, it is the most important part of vocabulary.The Fundamental Features of the Basic Word Stock(基本词汇的特征):1)All-National character（全民通用性most important） 2)Stability（相对稳定性）3)Productivity（多产性） 4)Polysemy（多义性） 5)Collocability（可搭配性）没有上述特征的words:(1)Terminology(术语) (2)Jargon（行话） (3)slang（俚语） (4)Argot（暗语）（5）Dialectal words(方言) (6) Archaisms（古语） (7) Neologisms（新词语）:Neologisms means newly-created words or expressions, or words that have taken on new meanings.(email)Content words/notional words实词(cloud, run walk, never, five, frequently) and functional words/empty words虚词(on, of, and, be, but) Native Words and Borrowed WordsNative words（本族语词）: known as Anglo-Saxon words (50,000-60,000), are words brought to Britain in the 5th century by the Germanic tribes. (mainstream of the basic word-stocks).Two other features:(1)neutral in style (2)frequent in useBorrowed words/Loan words（外来语词）: words taken over from foreign languages.(80% of modern EV)4 Types of loan words:1) denizens(同化词): (shirt from skyrta(ON))2) aliens（非同化词/外来词）:are borrowed words which have retainedtheir original pronunciation and spelling (kowtow (CH)磕头)3) translation loans(译借词):按其他语言方式组成英语 long time no see (from China)4) semantic loans（借义词）：they are not borrowed with reference tothe form,but their meanings are borrowedChapter 2 the development of the English VocabularyThe Indo-European Language Family(印欧语系)The Eight Groups in Indo-European Family of Languages（8大印欧语群）The Eastern set:（1）The Balto-slavic Group（波罗的-斯拉夫语族）：Russian,Bulgarian,Polish,Czech etc.（2）The Indo-Iranian Group（印度-伊朗语族）：Hindi,Bengali,Persian etc.(3)The Armenian Group（亚美尼亚语族）：Armenian.(4)The Albanian Group（阿尔巴尼亚语族）：Albanian.The Western set:(5)The Hellenic Group（古希腊语族）：Greek.(6)The Italian Group（意大利语族）：Latin ,Romancelanguages(French,Italian,Spanish, portuguese,Romanian) etc.(7)The Celtic Group（凯尔特语族）：Irish,Welsh,Breton etc.(8)The Germanic Group（日耳曼语族）：Flemish,German,Dutch,Scandinavian(Norweigian, Swedish,Danish,Icelandic) etc.The Three Stages of Development of the English Vocabulary:1 Old English (450-1100) (vocabulary 50,000 to 60,000):was I high inflected language.2 Middle English (1150-1500):retaines much fewer inflections3 Modern English (1500-up to now): in fact more than 25% of modern E words come almost directly from classical languages. In Modern E, words endings were mostly lost with just a few has evolved from a synthetic language(Old English) to the present analytic language.Modes of Vocabulary Development(词汇的发展模式):1)creation创造新词：the formation of new words by using the existing materials,namely toots,affixes and other elements.(最重要方式)2)semantic change旧词新义 :does not increase the number of word forms but create many more new useages of the words.3) borrowing借用外来词:constitute merely 6 to 7 percent of all new wordsReviving words or obsolete words also contributes to the growth of English vocabulary though quite insignificant.Chapter 3 Word Formation IMorpheme(词素):the smallest functioning unit in the composition of wordsAllomorph(词素变体): is a different variant form of a morpheme，differ in phonological and spelling form, but at the same in function and meaningType of Morpheme(词素的分类)（1）Free Morphemes（自由词素）: have complete meaning in themselves and can be used as free grammatical units in sentences. A free morpheme is one that can stand by itself. (independent).（2）Bound Morpheme(粘着语素): A bound morpheme is one that cannot stand by itself.Bound Morpheme includes two types: (1) bound root(粘附词根)(2)Affix(词缀)Affixes can be put into two groups:1)Inflectional affixes (屈折词缀):affixes attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are inflectional,thus known as inflectional morphemes.2)Derivational affixes(派生词缀): A) prefix: A prefix comes before words. B)suffix:An adjective suffix（形容词后缀） that is added to the stem, whatever class is belongs to , the result will be an adjective.Free Morpheme =free root（自由词根）Morpheme(词素)Bound root prefixbound derivationalaffix suffixinflectionalRoot and stem（词根和词干）The differences between root and stem:A root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity.A stem is the surplus part after the cutting of inflectional morphemein a word with inflectional morphemes,can be further analyzed, it sometimes could be a root.Chapter 4 Word-Formation II(构词法)词缀法（Derivation派生法）：the formation of words by adding word-formaing or derivational affixes to stem.（1）Prefixation(前缀法)：It's the formation of new words by adding a prefixes to stems.1)Negative prefixes(否定前缀): un-,non-,in-,dis,a- ,il-,ir-,im-,(not obey)2)Reversative prefixes（逆反前缀）: un-,de-，dis- etc. unwrap(open)3) Pejorative prefixes: mis（贬义前缀）：mis-， mal-, pseudo- (bad behaviour)4) Prefixes of degree or size(程度前缀)：arch-,extra-,hyper-,macro-,micro-,mini-,out-,over-,sub-,super-,sur-,ultra-,under-,ect. overweight 5) Prefixes of orientation and attitude（倾向态度前缀）:contra-,counter-,anti-,pro-6)Locative prefixes（方位前缀）:extra-,fore-,inter-,intra-,tele-,trans-, etc. extraordinary(more than ordinary)7) Prefixes of time and order（时间和顺序前缀）:fore-,pre-,post-,ex-,re- etc. monorail(one rail)8) Number prefixes（数字前缀）:uni-，mono-, bi-，di-, tri-,multi-，poly- ，semi-，(concerning two languages)9) Miscellaneous prefixes（混杂前缀）：auto-, neo-, pan-, (deputy chairman)(2)Suffixation（后缀法）: It's the formation of a new word by adding suffixes to stems.1)noun suffixes 2)adjective suffixes 3)Adverb suffixes 4)verbsuffixes复合法（also called composition）Compounding: is the formation of new words by joining two or more stems Compounds are written in three ways: solid连写(airmail)，hyphenated带连字符(air-conditioning)and open分开写(air force, air raid)Formation of compounds（复合词的形式）（1）noun compounds ：. : air + plane = airplane,flower + pot = flower pot（2）adjective compounds ： . acid + head = acid-head（3）verb compounds ： . house + keep = housekeep转类法Conversion: is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class.（功能转换，又叫零派生.functional shift/zero-derivation）拼缀法Blending : is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word. : motor + hotel = motel, smoke + fog = smog, formula + translation = FORTRAN截短法1).Front clippings删节前面 (phone from telephone)2).Back clippings删节后面 (dorm from dormitory)3).Front and back clippings 前后删节(flu from influenza)4).Phrase clippings 短语删节(pop from popular music)首字母缩写法Acronymy:is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of names of social and political organizations or special noun phrases and technical terms.（1）Initialism（首字母缩写词法）: initialisms are words pronounced letter by letter. .: BBC(for British Broadcasting corporation)（2）Acronym（首字母拼音法）:Acronyms are words formed from initial letters but pronounced as a normal word. .:TEFL(teaching English as a foreign language)（逆生法，逆构词）Back-formation is considered to be the opposite process of suffixation. It’s the method of creating words by removing the supposed suffixes. (greed from greedy)From Proper Name(专有名词转成法):Names of people, places, book, and tradenames .: sir watt siemens(人名) -- watt（瓦特，电功率单位）Chapter 5 Word MeaningThe meanings of “Meaning”(“意义”的意义)Reference(所指):It is the relationship between language and the word. It is the arbitrary and conventional. It is a kind of abstraction, yet with the help of context, it can refer to something specific.Concept（概念）:which is beyond language, is the result of human cognition(认识),reflecting the objective world in the human mind.Sense（意义）:It denotes the relationship inside the language. ‘The sense of an expression is its place in a system of semanticrelationships with other expressions in the language.’Motivation(理据)：It accounts for the connection between the linguistic symbol and its meaning.1) Onomatopoeic motivation（拟声理据）:words whose sounds suggest their meaning, for these words were creates by imitating the natural soundsor noises. Knowing the sounds of the words means understanding the meaning. .: bang, ping-pong, ha ha.2)Morphological motivation （形态理据）:multi-morphemic words and the meaning of many are the sum total of the morphemes combines. .: airmail, miniskirt .例外：black market, ect.3)Semantic motivation（词义理据）：refers to the mental associations suggested by the conceptual meaning of a word. It explains theconnection between the literal sense and figurative sense of theword. :the foot of the mountain(foot)4)Etymological motivation （词源理据）:the history of the word explains the meaning of the word. :pen-featherTypes of meaning(词义的类别)Meaning（语法意义）:indicates the grammatical concept or relationships (becomes important only in actual context)Meaning （词汇意义）(Lexical meaning and grammatical meaning make up the word-meaning)Lexical meaning has 2 components内容: Conceptual meaning(概念意义) and associative meaning(关联意义)1）Conceptual meaning(概念意义): also known as denotative meaning(外延意义) is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core ofword-meaning.2）Associative meaning(关联意义):is the secondary meaning supplemented to the conceptual meaning.[4types:（1）Connotative（内涵意义）：the overtones or associations suggested by the conceptual meaning, traditionally known as connotations.(例如“母亲”经常与“爱”“关心”“温柔”联系起来)（2）Stylistic（文体意义）：many words have stylistic features, which make them appropriate for different contexts.（3）Affective（感情意义）：indicates the speaker’s attitude towards the person or thing in question.这种情感价值观分两类：褒义和贬义appreciative & pejorative（4）Collocative（搭配意义）：is the part of the word-meaning suggested by the words before or after the word in discussion.]Chapter 6 --Sense relation and semantic field（语义关系和语义场）Polysemy（多义关系）Two approached to polysemy（多义关系的两种研究方法）:approach(历时方法) ：from the diachronic point of view, polysemy is assumed to be the result of growth and development of the semanticstructure of one and same word. First meaning is the primary meaning , the later meanings are called derived meanings.2. synchronic approach (共时方法) : synchronically, polysemy is viewed as the coexistence of various meanings of the same word in a certain historical period of time.基本意义是central meaning , 次要意义是derived meaning.Two processes of development（词义的两种发展类型）:1.radiation（辐射型）：is a semantic process in which the primarymeaning stands at the centre and the secondary meanings proceed out of it in every direction like rayes. : face, neck)2.concatenation（连锁型）:is the semantic process in which the meaningof a word move gradually away from its first sense by successive shifts until there is not a sign of connection between the sense that is finally developed and that which the term had at the beginning.:treacle)3.In radiation, each of the derived meaning is directly connected tothe primary meaning. In concatenation, each of the later meaning is related only to the preceding one like chains. Though the latest sense can be traced back to the original, there is no direct connection in between.4.They are closely related, being different stages of the developmentleading to polysemy. Generally, radiation precedes concatenation. In many cases, the two processes work together, complementing each other.Homonymy（同形同音异义关系）:words different in meaning but either identical both in sound and spelling or identical only in sound or spelling.Types of homonyms(同音同形异义关系的类别)1）Perfect homonyms（完全同音同形异义词）：words identical both in sound and spelling, but different in meaning.2)Homographs（同形异义词）:words identical only in spelling, but different in sound and meaning.(最多最常见)3）Homophones（同音异义词）：words identical only in sound butdifferent in spelling and meaning.Origins of homonyms (同形同音异义词的来源)1）change in sound and spelling ：(eare-ear, lang-long, langian-long) 2）borrowing (feria-fair, beallu-ball, baller-ball )3）Shortening(缩略): (ad-advertisement,)The differentiation of Homonyms from Polysemes（同音同形异义词和多义词的区别)：1)The fundamental difference : Homonymy refers to different words which happen to share the same form and polysemy are the one and same word which has several distinguishable meanings.2)One important criterion is to see their etymology(词源)：Homonymys are from different sources. Polysemant is from the same source.3)The second principle consideration is semantic relatedness(语义关联): The various meanings of polysemant are correlated and connected to onecentral meaning. Meanings of different homonymys have nothing to dowith one another. In dictionaries, a polysemant has its meaning all listed under one headword whereas homonyms are listed as separate entries.Rhetoric features of homonyms(同形同音异义词的修辞特色)：As homonymsare identical in sound or spelling, particularly homophones, they are often employed to create puns for desired effect of, say, humor, sarcasm or ridicule.Synonymy (同义关系): one of two or more words in the English language which have the same or very nearly the same essential meaning .Types of Synonymy(同义词的类别) :(1)Absolute synonyms（完全同义词）：also known as complete synonyms arewords which are identical in meaning in all aspects, . both in grammatical meaning and lexical meaning, including conceptual and associative meanings.[ Absolute synonyms are restricted to highly specialized vocabulary in lexicology. ](2)relative synonyms（相对同义词）:also called near-synonyms are similaror nearly the same in denotation, but embrace different shades of meaning or different degrees of a given quality.: change/alter/vary, stagger/reel/totter, strange/odd/queer, idle/lazy/indolent)Sources of synonyms(同义词的来源) :1)Borrowing（借词）：最重要的来源(room-chamber, foe-enemy, help-aid, leave-depart, wise-sage, buy-purchase)2)Dialects and regional English （方言和地区英语）3)Figurative and euphemistic use of words （单词的修饰和委婉用法）:occupation/profession-walk of life, dreamer--star-gazer, drunk-elevated, lie-distort of fact.4)Coincidence with idiomatic expressions（与习惯表达一致）:win-gain the upper hand, decide-make up one’s mind, finish-get through, hesitate-be in two minds, help-lend one a hand.Discrimination of Synonyms(1)difference in denotation外延不同. Synonyms may differ in the rangeand intensity of meaning.(rich-wealthy, work-toil, want-wish-desire) (2)difference in connotation内涵不同. By connotation we mean thestylistic and emotive colouring of words. Some words share the same denotation but differ in their stylistic appropriateness. (借词：answer-respond, storm-tempest, wood-forest, handy-manual, unlike-dissimilar, homely-domestic, fleshy-carnal.中性词：policeman-constable-bobby-cop, ask-beg-request. 古语词、诗歌：ire/anger, bliss-happiness, forlorn-distresses, dire-dreadful, list-listen, enow-enough, save-expect, mere-lake )(3)difference in application. Many words are synonymous in meaning butdifference in usage in simple terms. They form different collocations and fit into difference sentence patterns. (allow sb. to do let sb.do sth. / answer the letter-reply to the letter)Antonymy (反义关系) :it is concerned with semantic opposition. Antonyms can be defined as words which are opposite in meaning.Types of Antonyms:1)contradictory terms (矛盾反义词): these antonyms truly represent oppositeness of meaning. 特点：①The assertion of one is the denial of the other. ②Such antonyms are non-gradable. They cannot be used in comparative degrees and do not allow adverbs of intensity like “very” to qualify them . : single/married)2)contrary terms（对立反义词）: antonyms of this type are best viewedin terms of a scale running between two poles or extremes.: old/young, rich/young, big/small) The two opposites are gradable and one exists in comparison with the other.3)relative terms（关系反义词）： this type consists of relational opposites.（parent/child, husband/wife, employee/employer, sell/buy, receive-give）Some of the characteristics of antonyms(反义关系的特点):1)antonyms are classified on the basis of semantic opposition(语义对立)2)a word which has more than one meaning can have more than one antonym3)antonyms differ in semantic inclusion（语义内涵）4)contrary terms are gradable antonyms，differing in degree of intensity, so each has its own corresponding opposite.(hot/warm: hot-cold/warm-cool)The use of antonyms（反义词的使用）1）Antonyms are helpful and valuable in defining the meaning of words. 2)To express economically the opposite of a particular thought for the sake of contrast. :now or never, rain or shine, friend or foe敌友，weal and woe哀乐)3）To form antithesis(对比法) to achieve emphasis by puttingcontrasting idea together. (proverbs and sayings: easy come , easy go./ more haste, less speed.)Hyponymy(上下义关系): Hyponymy deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion. The meaning of a more specific word is included in that of another more general word. For example, a cat is hyponym of animal Superordinate and Subordinate (上义词和下义词)：use subordinates which are concrete and precise ,presenting a vivid verbal picture before the reader. Superordinates which convey only a general and vague idea. Semantic Field(语义场)Viewing the total meaning in this way is the basis of field theory..(apple, pear, peach, date, mango, orange, lemon, etc. make up the semanti c field of ‘fruits’)The semantic field of the same concept may not have the same members in different language..(aunt in English, may means “父亲的姐姐，妈妈的姐姐，父亲哥哥的妻子” in Chinese.(122)Chapter 7 Changes in Word Meaning词义的演变Vocabulary is the most unstable element of a language as it is undergoing constant changes both in form and content. Comparatively the content is even more unstable than the form.Types of Changes (词义变化的种类)/generalization(词义的扩大): is the name given to the widening of meaning which some words undergo. It is a process by which originally had a specialized meaning has now become generalized.: manuscript, fabulous, picture, mill, journal, bonfire, butcher, companion)specialization(词义的缩小)：is the opposite of widening meaning. It is a process by which a word of wide meaning acquires a narrower or specialized sense. In other words, a word which used to have a more general sense becomes restricted in its application and conveys a special meaning in present-day English.: deer, corn, garage, liquor, meat, disease, poison, wife, accident, girl). [ when a common word is turned into a proper noun, the meaning is narrowed accordingly. ]/amelioration(词义的升华):refers to the process by which words rise from humble（粗陋的） beginnings to positions of importance. [nice, marshal, constable, angel, knight, earl, governor, fond, minister, chamberlain ]/ pejoration(词义的降格):A process whereby words of good origin fall into ill reputation or non-affective words come to used in derogatory （贬损的） sense.[boor, churl, wench, hussy, villain, silly, knave, lewd, criticize, lust ](词义的转移): Words which were used to designate指明 one thing but later changed to mean something else have experienced the process of semantic transfer.Causes of Semantic Change(词义变化的原因)factors(词义演变的语言外部因素):1) Historical reason(历史原因)：Increased scientific knowledge and discovery, objects, institutions, ideas change in the course of time. : pen, car, computer.2 )Class reason(阶级原因)：The attitude of classes have also made inroads into lexical meaning in the case of elevation or degradation. 3) Psychological reason(心理原因)：the associated transfer of meaning and euphemistic use of words are often due to psychological factors. Such slow, humble and despised occupations take more appealing names is all due to psychological reasons.factors（语言内部原因）：the change of meaning may be caused by internal factors with in the language system.1)shorting缩略:gold-gold medal, gas-coal gas, bulb-light bulb, private-private soldier2)borrowing借用:deer-animal-beast3)analogy类推:Chapter 8 Meaning and Context 词义和语境Context in its traditional sense refers to the lexical items that precede or follow a given word. Modern linguists have broadened its scope to include both linguistic and extra-linguistic contexts.Two types of context（语境的种类）1. Extra-linguistic context/ Non-linguistic situation（非语言语境）：Ina broad sense, context includes the physical situation as well, which embraces the people, time, place, and even the whole cultural background. (look out, weekend, landlord )context/ grammatical context(语言语境)：In a narrow sense, it refersto the words, clauses, sentences in which a word appears. It may covera paragraph, a whole chapter and even the entire book.分为两类：1) Lexical context（词汇语境）：It refers to the word that occurs together with the word in question. : paper, do)2) Grammatical context（语法语境）：It refers the situation when the meaning of a word may be influenced by the structure in which it occurs. : become)The role of context(语境的作用)of ambiguity(消除歧义)1）Ambiguity due to polysemy or homonymy.2）Grammatical structure can also lead to ambiguity如何消除歧义——①extend the original sentence ②alter the context a littleof referents(限定所指)如何限定所指——①with clear context ②with adequate verbal contextof clues for inferring word-meaning (提供线索以猜测词义)1)definition2)explanation3)example4)synonymy5)antonymy6)hyponymy（上下义关系）7)relevant details8)word structureChapter 9 English Idioms 英语习语Idioms（习语的定义）: are expressions that are not readily understandable from their literal meaning of individual elements. In a broad sense, idiom may include colloquialisms（俗语）, Catchphrases（标语）,slang expressions （俚语）,proverbs（谚语）,etc. They form an important part of the English vocabulary.Characteristics of Idioms（英语习语的特点）unity （语意的整体性）： words in the idiom they have lost their individual identity. Their meanings are not often recognizable in the meaning of the whole idiom.The semantic unity of idioms is also reflected in the illogical relationship between the literal meaning of each of the idiom.stability(结构的稳定性):the structure of an idiom is to a large extent un changeable.1) the constituents of idioms cannot be replaced2) the word order cannot be inverted or changed3) the constituents of idioms cannot be deleted or added to, not even an article.4) many idioms are grammatically unchangeableThe fixity of idiom depends on the idiomaticity.习语性表达习惯Classification of Idioms（英语习语的分类）1. idioms nominal in nature 名词性习语 (white elephant累赘物)2 .idioms adjectival in nature形容词性习语（as poor as a church mouse）3 .idioms verbal in nature 动词性习语（look into）4 .idioms adverbial in nature副词性习语（tooth and nail 拼命）5 .sentence idioms 句式习语（never do things by halves）Use of idioms（习语的使用）features（文体色彩）：1）colloquialisms（俗语）2）slang （俚语）3）literary expressions（书面表达）The same idiom may show stylistic differences when it is assigned（指派）different meanings.features(修辞色彩)1) phonetic manipulation （语音处理）：（1）alliteration头韵法（2）rhyme尾韵法2）lexical manipulation（词法处理）（1）reiteration（duplication of synonyms）同义词并举 [scream and shout]（2）repetition 重复[out and out]（3）juxtaposition (of antonyms) 反义词并置 [here and there]of speech（修辞格）（1）simile明喻（2）metaphor暗喻（3）metonymy换喻/以名词代动作：live by one’s pen（4）synecdoche提喻/以部分代整体：earn one’s bread（5）Personification拟人法（6）Euphemism委婉语：kick the bucket(die)（7）hyperbole 夸张：a world of troubleVariations of idioms(习语的变异形式)：增加删除替换位置转移分解Chapter 10 English Dictionaries 英语字典Dictionary: presents in alphabetical order the words of English, with information as to their spelling ,pronunciation, meaning, usage , rules and grammar, and in some, their etymology（语源）.Types of dictionaries(词典的种类):& bilingual dictionaries（单语词典和双语词典）：最早的词典都是双语的(1).Monolingual dictionary: is written in one language (LDCE, CCELD). The headword or entries are defined and illustrated in the same language.(2).Bilingual dictionary: involve two languages (A New English-Chinese D, A Chinese-English D)and Encyclopedic dictionaries（语文词典与百科词典）（1）Linguistic dictionary: aim at defining words and explaining their usages in the language (spelling, pronunciation, meaning, grammatical, function, usage and etymology etc.)可以是单语或是双语的（2）Encyclopedic dictionary:1）encyclopedia (百科全书):is not concerned with the language per se （本身）but provides encyclopedic information. Concerning each headword (not pronunciation, meanings, or usages) but only information.2）Encyclopedic Dictionaries: have the characteristics of bothlinguistic D and encyclopedia (<Chamber’s Encyclopedic English Dictionary>), desk and pocket dictionaries(大型词典、案头词典、袖珍词典)（1）Unabridged D: basic information about a word——its origin, meaning, pronunciation, cognates(同词源的),usage, grammatical, function, spelling, hyphenation, capitalization, derived forms, synonyms and homonyms(同音异意) <Webster’s Third New International Dictionary>（2）Desk D: medium-sized [50,000-150,000]（3）Pocket D: 只有拼写、发音和最重要的意义，很少或者几乎不举例。
英语词汇学
英语词汇学英语词汇学是一门研究英语词汇的形成、发展、结构、意义及其使用规律的学科。
它不仅关注单词本身，还关注单词在语言中的各种功能和作用。
英语词汇学的研究成果对于语言教学、翻译实践、词典编纂等领域都有重要的指导意义。
英语词汇学的研究内容主要包括以下几个方面：1. 词汇的来源：英语词汇的来源非常广泛，包括古英语、拉丁语、法语、德语等。
研究词汇的来源有助于我们理解词汇的演变过程和词义的变迁。
2. 词汇的构成：英语词汇的构成包括词根、前缀、后缀等。
通过分析词汇的构成，我们可以更好地理解词义，同时也有助于记忆和学习新词汇。
3. 词汇的意义：词汇的意义是词汇学研究的核心内容。
词汇的意义不仅包括字面意义，还包括隐喻意义、文化内涵等。
研究词汇的意义有助于我们更准确地理解和使用英语。
4. 词汇的使用：词汇的使用涉及到词汇的搭配、语境、语域等方面。
研究词汇的使用可以帮助我们更好地掌握语言的表达方式，提高语言运用的准确性和灵活性。
5. 词汇的变化：随着社会的发展和语言的演变，英语词汇也在不断地变化和发展。
研究词汇的变化有助于我们了解语言的动态性和适应性。
6. 词汇的分类：英语词汇可以根据不同的标准进行分类，如按照词性分类、按照主题分类等。
词汇的分类有助于我们系统地学习和掌握英语词汇。
7. 词汇的教学：词汇教学是英语教学的重要组成部分。
研究词汇教学的方法和策略，可以帮助学生更有效地学习和记忆英语词汇。
总之，英语词汇学是一门内容丰富、应用广泛的学科。
通过对英语词汇学的深入研究，我们可以更好地理解和掌握英语，提高语言运用的能力。
英语词汇学大纲
《教学设计》教学大纲课程名称：英语词汇学（English Lexicology）课程代码：课程类别：专业课程学时：50学时学分：考核方式：考试适用对象：英语专业一、课程简介《英语词汇学》是英语专业本科生高年级阶段开设的一门专业任选课。
作为语言学的一门独立分支的实用学科，它已成为英语研究及英语教学的重要方面。
本课程主要是培养学生学习与英语词汇相关的基础理论，帮助学生系统掌握现代英语词汇的性质、构成和变化规律等方面知识, 比较深入地了解英语词汇的现状及其历史演变过程, 并能对现代英语词汇发展所出现的现象做出分析和解释, 从而不仅提高学生对词语的理解、释义和综合运用的能力，而且提高学生英语语言运用的整体水平。
二、教学基本要求通过本课程的学习，要求学习者：1.使学生了解词的来源、词的形态、词的构成方式、词的语义特征、各种词汇之间的相互关系和变化、词的联想与搭配等内容；2.了解英语词汇的形态结构和构词法规则有助于学生扩大自己的词汇量并自觉运用词汇；3.掌握词汇的历史发展和对词汇划分的原则将会使学生更深刻地理解词的意义，使他们能够有效地组织、划分和贮存词汇；4.认识词汇的语义结构、语义类型和语义关系会使学生增强对词汇意义和用法的了解，增强准确用词的能力。
三、教学重点及难点教学重点：1. 明确词汇学常用术语的定义；2. 词汇的语义结构、语义类型和语义关系并达到准确用词等等。
四、与其它课程的关系根据课程之间的衔接关系，英语词汇学课程的相关课程为《英语语言学》、《英语词源学》、《英语语义学》、《英语句法学》等专业基础课程，同时与后续的专业学习或实践紧密联系，是专业培养计划中承前启后的主干专业课。
五、教学内容Introduction （4学时）本章主要教学内容：Brief introduction of lexicology本章教学目的及要求：U nderstanding the definition of …lexicology‟Studying the relation between lexicology and other disciplines本章教学重点及难点：The relation between lexicology and other disciplinesChapter 1 Basic Concepts of Words and Vocabulary （4学时）本章主要教学内容：1.1 What is a word1.2 Sound and Meaning1.3 Sound and form1.4 Vocabulary1.5 Classification of words本章教学目的及要求：1. Understanding the definition of word2. Studying the relation between sound, form and meaning3. Mastering the different types of words本章教学重点及难点：1.The relation between sound, form and meaning2.Native words and borrowed wordsChapter 2 The Development of the English Vocabulary （4学时）本章主要教学内容：2.1 The Indo-European Language Family2.2 A historical overview of the English vocabulary2.3 Growth of present-day English vocabulary2.4 Modes of Vocabulary development本章教学目的及要求：1. Understanding the historical development of English2. Studying modes of vocabulary development本章教学重点及难点：The three historical periods of EnglishChapter 3 Word Formation I （4学时）本章主要教学内容：3.1 Morphemes3.2 Allomorphs3.3 Types of morphemes3.4 Root and stem本章教学目的及要求：1. Understanding the different morphemes2. Studying the difference between root and stem本章教学重点及难点：Different types of morphemesChapter 4 Word Formation（6学时）本章主要教学内容：4.1 Affixation4.2 Compounding4.3 Conversion4.4 Blending4.5 Clipping4.6 Acronymy4.7 Back-formation4.8 Words from proper names本章教学目的及要求：1. Understanding major types of word processes2. Studying some minor processes of word formation本章教学重点及难点：The major ways of forming wordsChapter 5 Word Meaning （4学时）本章主要教学内容：5.1 The meanings of “meaning”5.2 Motivation5.3 Types of meaning本章教学目的及要求：1. Understanding the difference between reference, concept and sense.2. Studying the different types of motivation本章教学重点及难点：1. The difference between reference, concept and sense.2. The different types of motivationChapter 6 Sense Relation and Semantic Field（6学时）本章主要教学内容：6.1 Polysemy6.2 Homonymy6.3 Synonymy6.4 Antonymy6.5 Hyponymy本章教学目的及要求：1. Understanding the definitions of sense relations2. Studying the classification of sense relations3. Mastering the use of sense relations本章教学重点及难点：1. The difference between polysemy and homonymy, form and meaning2. SynonymsChapter 7 Changes in Word Meaning （4学时）本章主要教学内容：7.1 Types of Change7.2 Causes of Changes本章教学目的及要求：1. Understanding the four types of changes2. Studying causes of changes本章教学重点及难点：The four types of changesChapter 8 Meaning and Context （4学时）本章主要教学内容：8.1 Types of Context8.2 The role of Context本章教学目的及要求：1. Understanding the two types of context2. Studying the role of context本章教学重点及难点：1. Linguistic context2. The role of context to eliminate ambiguityChapter 9 English Idioms （4学时）本章主要教学内容：9.1 Characteristics of idioms9.2 Classification of idioms9.3 Use of idioms本章教学目的及要求：1. Understanding the definition and classification of idiom.2. Studying the use of idioms本章教学重点及难点：The classification of idiomChapter 10 English Dictionaries （4学时）本章主要教学内容：10.1 Types of dictionaries10.2 Use of dictionaries10.3 Three good general dictionaries本章教学目的及要求：1. Understanding the different kinds of dictionaries.2. Studying the choice of dictionaries3. Mastering the different types of words本章教学重点及难点：1. the choice and use of dictionaries综合复习（2学时）六、教材及参考书1、教材：《英语词汇学》外语教学与研究出版社1999年2、教学参考书：Bauer, L. . Introducing Linguistic Morphology. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.(1988)Bloomfield, L. . Language. Beijing: FLTRP.(2002)Foster, Brian . The Changing English Language. New Y ork: Penguin Books Ltd.(1971) Ginburg, E. S. et al . A Course in Modern English Lexicology. Moscow: Higher School Publishing.(1966)。
英语词汇学教程 全套课件-精选文档
Skill of memorizing new words
charisma Chairman Mao revealed his charisma to the whole world. (a natural ability and personality to attract and interest other people and make them admire you领袖魅力/气质/风采)
词汇测试2000词汇量高考词汇量?averagecontaindivideimagine?expectsuffertreatsafety?scorerestaurantdamagehonor4000词汇量4级词汇量?abandonbenefitconflictdramatic?encounterflexiblemerchantprinciple?schedulesponsortypicalwithdraw6000词汇量6级专业4级词汇量?accumulateboundarycoherentdilute?edibleformidablegorgeousheritage?judicialoverlapsubvertunprecedented词汇测试8000词汇量雅思托福专业8级词汇量asymmetrybilateralcentrifugaldismantleepidemichecticingenuityopaquesimultaneouslyvariationperpetuateparalysis800015000词汇量gre词汇量abrasionbelligerentcoalescedivulgeequivocatefortuitousimmaculateloquaciousmorbidpeccadilloprocrastinationtaciturn龙之九子?长子赑屃囚牛?次子螭吻?三子蒲牢?四子狴犴?五子饕餮?六子蚆嗄?七子睚眦?八子狻猊负屃?九子图椒图貔貅龙之九子?长子赑屃bx囚牛qini?次子螭吻chwn?三子蒲牢plo?四子狴犴bn?五子饕餮toti?六子蚆嗄bxi?七子睚眦yz?八子狻猊sunn负屃fx?九子椒图jiot貔貅pxiskillofmemorizingnewwords?insomnia?anyonecansufferfrominsomniaalthoughsuchproblemsaremorecommonamongwomentheilltheelderlysmokersandalcoholics
英语词汇学4-2019.8.
flash mob 快闪族 指一群素昧平生的人通过网络、手机短信等事先约定活动主题、 时间、地点，然后一起做出夸张举动，这种活动的过程通常短得令旁人来不及反应。 快闪族是都市时尚文化中的一种，是现代人在忙碌之余和世界开的一个善意的玩笑。 据称快闪族最早起源于2019年5月美国纽约的曼哈顿。当时一个名叫比尔的组织者召 集了500余人，在纽约时代广场的玩具反斗城中，朝拜一条机械恐龙，5分钟后众人突 然迅速离去，快闪族因此而闻名，而在行动进行之前，其参加者却不会知道此次行动 的内容和人数还有地点，其组员之间是以网络联系的，各组员之间并不认识。
A staycation (or stay-cation, or stacation) is a neologism for a
period of time in which an individual or family stays at home and
relaxes at home or takes day trips from their home to area
4.宿略型abbreviation
首字母缩略initialism：将主要的首字母联成 词以及字母数字混用
HQ=Health Quotient健商 3S lady=Single seventies Stuck剩女 截短词clipping：截短原词的某一个音节 Memorandum=memo Influenza=flu
词汇学知识点总结
词汇学知识点总结词汇学是研究词汇的学科，它是语言学的一个重要分支，涉及了语言的构成、变化和使用等方面。
词汇学对于语言的理解和应用具有重要的意义，它不仅可以帮助我们更好地掌握语言知识，还可以帮助我们提高语言运用能力。
在这篇文章中，我们将对词汇学的知识点进行总结，帮助读者更好地理解和掌握这一学科。
一、词的定义和分类词是语言中的最小意义单位，是构成句子和表达意思的基本单位。
按照在句子中的功能和语法特征，词可以分为实词和虚词两大类。
实词包括名词、动词、形容词、副词等，它们能够表示具体的事物或抽象的概念；虚词包括代词、连词、介词、助词等，它们通常用来连接或修饰实词，没有明确的词义。
二、词汇的构成词汇的构成是指词的组成方式和形态特征。
在词汇的构成中，我们可以看到一些常见的构词法，如前缀、后缀、派生、合成、转化等。
通过这些构词法，我们可以对词汇进行灵活组合和创造，丰富语言的表达能力。
1.前缀前缀是指加在词根前面的一个字，可以改变词的词义或语法特征。
比如，“un-”表示否定，“re-”表示再次，“pre-”表示在前面等。
2.后缀后缀是指加在词根后面的一个字，同样可以改变词的词义或语法特征。
比如，“-ing”表示进行时，“-ful”表示充满的意思，“-ment”表示名词化等。
3.派生派生是指通过词根和词缀的组合来创造和衍生新的词。
比如，“happy”是一个形容词，通过加上“-ness”后缀就可以派生出名词“happiness”。
4.合成合成是指两个或多个词汇组合在一起，形成一个新的词。
比如，“blackboard”由“black”和“board”两个实词组合而成。
5.转化转化是指一个词汇的词类发生改变，但词形不变。
比如，“work”可以作为动词，也可以作为名词，它的词形都不发生变化。
词汇的构成方式是多种多样的，通过学习这些构词法，我们可以更好地理解和掌握词汇的形态特征，有助于提高我们的语言表达能力。
三、词汇的语义特征语义是指词汇所携带的意义，它是语言交流和理解的基础。
英语词汇学4
Chapter Four
Minor Processes of Wordformaing or abbreviation（缩略法）
Three types of initialisms:
1) The letters represent full words. This is the main type e.g. CIA= the Central Intelligence Agency of the U.S., IOC = International Olympic Committee, ISBN = International Standard Book Number UN = United Nations IDL = International Date Line CPU = Central processing unit FAS f.a.s. = free alongside ship 船边交货 (价格) FOB f.o.b. = free on board(货物) 离岸价格 CIF = Cost insurance and freight 到岸价格 GT = gross tonnage CAD= computer assisted design
3. Front and back clipping (not a common type of clipping)
The deletion occurs at both ends of a word: e.g. flu = influenza, fridge = refrigerator tec = detective
英语词汇学10-2012.8.
through thick and thin不顾艰难险阻, 在任何情况下 He dashed through thick and thin.他不顾艰难险阻地往前
冲。
Most
English idioms are fixed in structure (1) wholly fixed idioms Easy come, easy go. 来得容易，去得快 There is no smoke without fire. 无风不起浪 Gifts blind the eyes. 吃人家嘴短，拿人家手软。
English idioms are an essential part of the general vocabulary. Idioms reflect the environment, life, history, and culture of the native speakers, and are closely associated with their innermost spirit and feeling. E.g. look up, put aside, do away with, the last straw, at the eleventh hour, as straight as an arrow, give sb. the cold shoulder, make both end meet…. They are stylistically neutral, and quite a number of them belong to informal spoken English.
10.2.5 Proverbs Proverbs may provide interesting little glimpse or clues to a people’s geography, history, social organization, social views , attitudes.
现代英语词汇学4
第四章：词的语义特征
二、静态动词： 1.表示情性感觉和认知的动词 abhor (痛恨），adore（崇拜），astonish, believe, desire, detest（厌恶）, feel, hate, like , love, realize, recall等。 2. 表示关系的动词 Apply to (everyone), be, belong to, concern, consist of, contain, cost, depend on, deserve 等
第四章：词的语义特征
4. 在带有do代词形式的假似分裂句中只能用动态动词。 What I did was to learn the language. ? What I did was to know the language.
第四章：词的语义特征
Discussion: Be patient. ? Be tipsy. The conductor is being patient. He is being patient. ? He is being tipsy. I told the man to be patient. ? I told the man to be tipsy. What I did was to be patient. ? What I did was to be tipsy.
第四章：词的语义特征
动词：
一、动态动词： 1. 表活动的动词; Abandon, ask, call, help, learn, listen, look at, play, say, work, write 2. 表过程的动词： Change, deteriorate, grow, mature, slow down, widen
英语词汇学 4
一个词有多种意义，以一种意义为中心，
引伸出不少次要意义，词义呈辐射形，中 心意义(central signification)居于中心位置， 次要意义(secondary meaning)环绕着它。 这种现象称之为词义的辐射(radiation)。
如power一词的中心意义为ability to act （能力），其次要意义如下：
Eg：bachelor 一 词就具有如下几 个语义特征：
[Human] [Adult] [Male] [Concrete]
[Unmaanalysis)。印刷或 书写时通常把语义 特征置于方括号或 圆括号内，有时用 大写字母来表示。
1.3 表示感觉的动词
ache, feel, hurt, itch, notice, smell等 1.4 表示过渡性经历的动词 arrive, die, fall, land, leave, lose等 1.5 表示动作短暂性的动词 hit, jump, kick, knock, nod, tap, shut, open, close, take out等
I told the girl to persuade him to leave. (√)
英语动词还可分为及物动词(transitive verb)和不及物动词(intransitive verb)。如 kill和die，前者带有使役性[Causative]特征， 后者不带有此特征。kill的意思是甲杀死乙, 甲致乙死亡; die的意思是甲致甲死亡 kill= [Cause] X [Die] Y Die=[Cause] X [Die] X The flowers have died.
Chapter 5：Change of meaning 词义的变化
2012年4月全国自考《英语词汇学：00832》试题和答案(精品文档)
全国2012年4月高等教育自学考试《英语词汇学》试题和答案课程代码：00832I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choosethe one that best completes the statement and put the letter in the bracket. (30%)1. Words of the basic word stock denote the most common things and phenomena ofthe world around us. Which of the following words is related to the natural phenomena?A. FatherB. FireC. EvilD. Old2. The differences between sound and form are due to the following EXCEPT .A. the fact of more phonemes than letters in EnglishB. stabilization of spelling by printingC. influence of the work of scribesD. innovations made by linguists3. There are functional words in the following sentence: It is fun to playwith children.A. 3B. 4C. 5D. 64. The surviving language fall into eight principal groups. Blato-Slavic, Indo-Iranian, Armenian and Albanian belong to the-------- set.A. EasternB. SouthernC. WesternD. Northern5. With the growth of------, British tentacles began stretching out to every corner ofthe globe, thus enabling English to absorb words from all major language of the world.A. civilizationB. revolutionC. colonizationD. industrialization6. Which of the following statements is NOT true?A. English is more closely related to German than FrenchB. Scandinavian languages refer to Icelandic, Norwegian, Danish and Swedish.C. Old English vocabulary was in essence Germanic with a small quantity of words borrowed from latin and Scandinavian.D. Middle English absorbed a tremendous number of foreign words but with little change in word endings.7. The word “ recollection” comprises----------- morphem s(s)A. 1B. 2C. 3D. 48. The following words have inflectional affixes EXCEPT---------------A. happierB. workerC. harderD. taller9. Which of the following words is a root?A. InternationalB. NationC. NationalD. Internationalists10. The expansion of vocabulary in modern English depends chiefly on----------A. borrowingB. sematic changeC. word-formationD. reviving archaic words11. The word” brainstorming” belongs to------------A. adjective compoundsB. noun compoundsC. verb compoundsD. adverb compounds12. ---------- does not generally change the word-class of the stem but only modifies its meaning.A. PrefixationB. SuffixationC. AffixationD. Derivation13. A word is the combination of form and ---------.A. spellingB. pronunciationC. meaningD. sound14. ------------ is the result of human cognition, reflecting the objective world in the human mind.A. ReferenceB. ConceptC. SenseD. Motivation15. The meaning given in the dictionary and forming the core of word-meaning is-------.A. grammatical meaningB. lexical meaningC. conceptual meaningD. associative meaning16. The opposite of semantic elevation in meaning change is called-----------A. derivationB. deteriorationC. purificationD. pejoration17. One of the interesting features about a language is that there are a great many more----------than--------- in it.A. hyponyms… homonymsB. homonyms…. hyponymsC. synonyms… antonymsD. antonyms……… synonyms18. Relative synonyms also called----------- are similar or nearly the same in denotation, but embrace different degree of a given quality.A. close- synonymsB. respondent- synonymsC. near- synonymsD. dependent- synonyms19. Angel, martyr and paradise have their meaning---------- because of the influence of Christianity.A. elevatedB. degradedC. narrowedD. extended20. Word- meaning changes by modes of extension, narrowing, degradation, elevation and --------A. senseB. referenceC. associationD. transfer21. The well- known semanticist Ullmann notes, “ language is more----than civilization, material as well as moral.”A. creative B conservativeC. radicalD. constructive22. Which of the following is NOT one of the types of context?A. Linguistic contextB. Non- linguistic contextC. Extra- linguistic context C. Intra- linguistic context23. Which of the following may NOT lead to ambiguity?A. Grammatical structureB. PolysemyC. AntonymyD. Hyponymy24. Which of the following is NOT true about linguistic context?A. It can be subdivided into grammatical context and lexical contextB. It embraces the people, time and placeC. It refers to the words, clauses, sentence in which a word appearsD. It may cover a paragraph, a whole chapter and even the entire book25. The idiom” live by one’ s pen” is a ------------- as far as figures of speech are concerned.A. simileB. metaphorC. metonymyD. personification26.” Cut and dried” is an idiom------ in nature.A. verbalB. nominalC. adjectivalD. adverbial27. The change of idiom” A round peg in the squarest of holes” from the original form is---------.A. dismemberingB. position- shiftingC. additionD. shortening28. According to the textbook , the best-known unabridged dictionary is-----------.A. The Word Book DictionaryB. The Encyclopedia AmericanaC. Webster’s New World DictionaryD. Webster’s Third New International Dictionary29. Which of the following dictionaries is NOT a bilingual dictionary?A Oxford Advanced Learner’ s Dictionary of Current English with Chinese Translation.B. A New English- Chinese Dictionary.C. Longman Dictionary of Phrasal Verbs.D. A Chinese- English Dictionary(1995).30. Which of the following is true about an American Dictionary?A. It is always better than a British dictionary.B. It contains more encyclopedic information in the main body.C. One can never expect to find British usages in it.D. It includes more grammatical information.II. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book. (15 % )31. A world is a-------form of a language that has a given sound and syntactic function.32. In the Middle English period, the Norman Conquest started a continual flow of----------Words into English.33. The basic form of a word which cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity is a called a -----------.34. The method of creation words by removing the supposed suffixes is called-------------.35. Words such as “ vicious, tyrant, determined, famous, notorious” usually indicate the speaker’s attitude towards the person or thing in question. They have---------- meaning in themselves.36. A word which is related to other words is related to them in----------.37. Car which used to be a “ two- wheel cart drawn by horses and used in------------- “ has taken on the meaning “ automobile” with the development of modern car industry.38. In the sentence “ Copernicus believed in a heliocentric universe, rather than in the geocentric theory. “ , the word “ heliocentric “ is explained by the clue of ------------ structure.39. Due to structural ---------- of idioms, the word order of the idiom “ by twos and threes” cannot be turned into “ by threes and twos”.40. Against the traditional practice of lexicography, --------- creates an extra column arranged alongside the definitions.III. Define the following terms. (15%)41. archaisms42. stem43. grammatical meaning44.amelioration45. rhetoric characteristics of idiomsIV. Answer the following questions. Your answers should be clear and short. Write your answers in the space given below. (20 % )46. What are the three periods in view of the development of English vocabulary?47. What is the difference between partial and full conversion? Explain them with examples.48. The word “ happy” has two different types of antonyms at the same time, one being negative and the other opposite. What are they?49. Can you determine the meanings of the following sentences? Explain and make some alterations in the context so as to pin down the meaning.(a) The fish is ready to eat.(b) I like Mary better than Jean.V. Analyze and comment on the following. Write your answers in the space given below. (20 % )50. Comment on the following groups of words to illustrate semantic features and grammatical features of compounds.Group 1 : ” a green hand”, “ flowerpot”Group 2: “ bad- mouth”, “ new- borns”51. Analyze and comment on the following sentences based on the concept that antonyms differ in semantic inclusion.[ A ] How tall is his sister?[ B ] How short is his sister?2012年4月全国自考英语词汇学答案一01-05：B D A A C06-10：D C B B C11-15：B A C B C16-20：D C C A D21-25：B D C B C26-30：C A D C C B二31 minimal free 32 French 33 root 34 back- formation 35 affective36 sense 37 war 38 word 39 stability 40 CCELD三41 Archaisms are words or forms that were once in common use but are now restricted only to specialized or limited use.42 A stem can be defined as a from to which affixes of any kind can be added.43 Grammatical meaning refers to that part of the meaning of the word which indicates grammatical concept or relationships such as part of speech of words, singular and plural meaning of nouns, tense meaning of verbs and their inflectional forms.44 Elevation or amelioration refers to the process by which words rise from humble beginnings to positions of importance.45 Apart from the stylistic features, idioms manifest apparent rhetorical colouring in such respects as of phonetic manipulation, lexical manipulation and figures of speech.四46 The three periods of the development of English are 1) Old English, which is the language used between 450and 1150 and which has a vocabulary of 50000-60000 words; 2) Middle English, which refers to the language spoken from 1150-1500;3) Modern English, which is divided by early modern English(1500-1700) and late modern English (1700 up to now).47 When adjectives are concerted into the nouns, some are completely changed, thus known as full conversion, and other are partially changed, thus known as partial conversion. Adjective which are fully converted can achieve a full noun status, e.g. , having all the characteristics of nouns,, that is , they can take” a/an” or “-s/-es” to indicate singular or plural forms: a native, a Republican, a pair of shoes, finals. Adjectives which are partially converted can still keep adjective features. They should always be used with” the”, and they cannot take”-s/-es” to show plural forms.Moreover, the words can have comparative or superlative degrees: the poorer, the poorer, the young, the very unfortunate.48 Of the two antonyms of the word “ happy”, the negative one is “ unhappy”, the opposite one is “ sad”.49 Yes. On a grammatical basis, both sentence can have two interpretations. The first sentence may mean “ The fish is cooked or served, so ready for people to eat” or “The fish is ready to eat things”. However, in the context of” What a nice smell! The fish is ready to eat “,”fish” definitely means the former. To achieve clarity, we can say “ The fish is ready to be eaten”. The second sentence can be regarded as an elliptical one, which gives rise to ambiguity:” I like Marry better than I like Jean” or “I like Mary better than Jean like Mary”. To achieve clarity , we can either say “ I like Mary better than Jean dose” or “ I like Mary better than I do Jean” or “ I like Mary better as Jean is untidy”, etc.五Compounds are different from free phrases in semantic unity. Every compound should express a single idea just as one word. For instance,” a green hand” is an” inexperienced person”, not a hand that is green in colour. The meaning of such example cannot be easily inferred from the two components of the compound. Nevertheless, a lot of compounds are transparent, that is, the meaning can inferred from the separate elements of compound. The compound ” flowerpot” can be an example. But the two elements are inseparable and the change of element will result in the loss of original identity.A compound tends to play a single grammatical role in a sentence, for example, a verb, a noun, or an adjective. “ Bad-mouth” used as a verb can take the third person singular”-s” and the past tense marker”-ed”, e.g., “He bad-mouthed me.” Compounds can show their plural forms by takinginflectional”-s” at the end,e.g., “ new-borns”. Of course, there are exceptions such as brothers-in-law, lookers-on. In spite of this their single grammatical role is apparent.51 Pairs of antonyms are seen as marked and unmarked terms respectively. In many pairs, we find that one member is more specific than the other and the meaning of the specific is included in that of the general. So far as the meaning is concerned, sentence A includes the meaning of B. The use of “ tall” does not exclude the possibility of “ his sister being very short”. But sentence B is much more restricted in sense and is considered semantically abnormal unless the speaker is particularly interested in how short his sister is.。
英语词汇学4PPT课件
Lexical morphemes and grammatical morphemes
Lexical morphemes: used for the construction of new words.
e.g. blackbird, leadership, modernize
Grammatical morpheme: used to express grammatical relationships between a word and its context.
脚
foot
ped
uniped, pediform
音
sound phon
phonetics, microphone
日
sun
sol
solar, insolation
月 moon lun
lunar， lunatic
星 世界 生命
star world life
astro(er) cosm(o) bi(o)
suffix) verbs ending with /t/, -- -ion, invention, position, verbs ending with consonants other than /t/, -- -tion, description verbs ending in -ify and –ize-- -ation, justification modernization verbs ending in -d, -de, or –mit-- -sion, expansion, decision, omission. "A allomorph is any of the variant forms of a morpheme as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds".
英语词汇学
conversion 转类法
couplet 成对词
de-adjective 由形容词转化的
de-adjectival 由形容词转化的
degradation of meaning 词义的降格
deletion 减词
graphology书写法 ; 图解法
Hellenic希腊语（族）
heterogeneous多质的
highly-inflected高度屈折化的
homograph同形异义词
homonym同形同音异义词
homonymy同形同音异义关系
homophone同音异义词
antonym 反义词
antonymy 反义关系
appreciative term 褒义词
archaic word 古词语（黑话）
Armenian 亚美尼亚语（族）
associated transfer 联想转移
juxtaposition of antonyms反义词并置
lexical context 词汇语境
lexical item 词汇项目
lexicography 词典学
lexicology 词汇学
lexis 词汇
linguistic context 语言语境
connotation 内涵
connotative meaning 内涵意义
constituent 要素，成分
consultative style 交谈体（咨询体）
content word 实义词
context 语境
contradictory terms 矛盾反义词
英语词汇学(英文版)English Lexicology (IV)
English lexicology (III)
9
10.1 Types of changes
Transference
subjectiveness
objectiveness
hateful: a hateful job, a hateful crime
painful:a painful experience, a painful task
pompous language/style/manner
Villain, clown, churl Democracy, revolution, liberalism,
communism, landlord, trade union
English lexicology (III)
14
10.2 Causes of changes
National Psychology
American English or British English?
English lexicology (III)
24
Questions
What is American English? Is it American English or British English we are speaking
This chapter will deal with the major patterns that changes in meaning follow and the causes of changes.
英语词汇学第四章词的意义
英语词汇学第四章词的意义Words are the building blocks of language and play a crucial role in our ability to communicate effectively. In the field of vocabulary studies, the fourth chapter is dedicated to the study of word meaning, or semantics. This aspect of language is fundamental to our understanding and use of vocabulary, as it delves into the nuances and complexities of how words convey meaning.At the heart of semantics is the concept of lexical meaning which refers to the inherent meaning of a word itself, independent of the context in which it is used. This meaning is often described as the denotative meaning the word carries, or its dictionary definition. For example the word "book" denotes a physical object consisting of pages bound together. This denotative meaning forms the core of the word's semantic representation.However words can also carry connotative meanings which are the associated or implied meanings that go beyond the literal definition. These connotations are shaped by cultural, emotional, and experiential factors and can vary greatly between individuals andcontexts. The word "book" for instance may connotate knowledge, academia, or leisure depending on the person's perspective. Mastering the ability to recognize and utilize both denotative and connotative meanings is crucial for effective communication and language comprehension.Another key aspect of word meaning explored in this chapter is sense relations which examine how words relate to and interact with one another semantically. These relations include synonymy where words share highly similar meanings like "large" and "big", antonymy where words have opposite meanings like "hot" and "cold", and hyponymy where a word is a type or instance of a more general category like "rose" is a hyponym of "flower". Understanding these sense relations allows us to build connections between words, expand our vocabulary, and communicate with greater precision.Polysemy is another important semantic concept covered in this chapter. This refers to a single word having multiple distinct meanings, often related in some way. The word "bank" for instance can mean a financial institution, the edge of a river, or the list of backup data. Polysemy adds richness and flexibility to language but can also lead to ambiguity if the intended meaning is not clear from the context.Closely tied to polysemy is the notion of homonymy where two ormore words are spelled and pronounced the same but have completely unrelated meanings, such as "bat" the flying mammal and "bat" the sports equipment. Differentiating between polysemy and homonymy is an important skill for developing nuanced vocabulary comprehension.The chapter also delves into semantic change examining how the meanings of words can evolve over time. Words may undergo semantic broadening where the meaning expands, narrowing where the meaning becomes more specific, or even complete shifts in meaning. For example the word "nice" originally meant "foolish" or "stupid" but over centuries has come to mean "pleasant" or "agreeable." Tracking these semantic changes is crucial for understanding the dynamic nature of language.Semantic field theory is another key concept explored, which posits that words cluster together into semantic fields or lexical sets based on shared meanings or conceptual associations. For instance, words related to the "kitchen" semantic field might include "stove," "oven," "utensil," "ingredient," etc. Recognizing these semantic connections allows us to organize our vocabulary more effectively and make informed guesses about unknown words.The chapter also covers the role of context in determining word meaning. The same word can take on vastly different meaningsdepending on the surrounding text, tone, situation, or intent of the speaker. For example the word "table" has a different meaning in the phrases "set the table" versus "table the discussion." Mastering the ability to derive meaning from contextual cues is essential for fluid language comprehension.Figurative language is another critical aspect of semantics discussed in this chapter. This includes metaphors, similes, idioms, and other expressions where words take on non-literal meanings. For instance, saying someone has "a heart of gold" is a metaphorical way of describing their kind and generous nature. Familiarity with common figurative expressions and the skill to interpret their intended meanings are hallmarks of advanced vocabulary knowledge.Semantic analysis also involves examining the morphological structures of words and how the combination of roots, prefixes, and suffixes contribute to overall meaning. For example, the word "dislike" is composed of the root "like" combined with the prefix "dis-" to indicate the opposite. Understanding these morphological building blocks empowers learners to decipher the meanings of unfamiliar words.Finally, the chapter explores the role of semantic networks and how words are cognitively organized in the mind. Researchers have found that words are not stored in isolation but are interconnected basedon meaning, sound, spelling, and other associations. These semantic networks allow us to rapidly retrieve words, make connections, and engage in higher-order thinking about language.In conclusion, the fourth chapter of vocabulary studies provides a comprehensive exploration of the semantic dimension of words. From denotation and connotation to sense relations, polysemy, semantic change, and figurative language, this chapter equips learners with a robust understanding of how words convey meaning. Mastering these semantic concepts is essential for developing strong vocabulary skills, engaging in nuanced communication, and deepening one's overall language proficiency.。
英语词汇学基本知识点总结
英语词汇学基本知识点总结English vocabulary is the cornerstone of the language and plays a vital role in communication, writing, and reading. Understanding the essential points of English vocabulary is crucial for learners to improve their language skills and be able to effectively express themselves in various contexts. In this summary, we will explore the basic knowledge of English vocabulary, including its types, acquisition, and usage, to provide a comprehensive understanding of this fundamental aspect of the language.Types of VocabularyEnglish vocabulary can be categorized into different types based on their usage, origin, and form. The main types of vocabulary include:1. Basic Vocabulary: Basic vocabulary consists of the most common words that are essential for everyday communication. These words are commonly used in spoken and written language and are crucial for building a foundation in the language.2. Academic Vocabulary: Academic vocabulary refers to the words and phrases that are commonly used in academic settings, such as in textbooks, research papers, and lectures. These words are often more complex and specific to certain subjects or disciplines.3. Technical Vocabulary: Technical vocabulary includes specialized words and terminology used in particular fields, such as science, medicine, technology, and engineering. These words are often challenging for non-experts to understand and require specific knowledge of the subject area.4. Colloquial Vocabulary: Colloquial vocabulary consists of informal words and expressions that are commonly used in everyday conversation and informal writing. These words may vary from region to region and often reflect the local dialect and cultural influences.5. Idiomatic Vocabulary: Idiomatic vocabulary refers to expressions and phrases that have a figurative meaning different from the literal interpretation of the words. These expressions are commonly used in spoken language and may pose challenges for non-native speakers.6. Loanwords: Loanwords are words that are adopted from other languages and incorporated into English. These words often retain their original form and meaning, adding diversity to the English vocabulary.Acquisition of VocabularyThe process of acquiring vocabulary involves various strategies and techniques to enhance one's word knowledge and usage. The following are some essential methods for vocabulary acquisition:1. Reading: Reading is one of the most effective ways to acquire new vocabulary. Exposure to a wide range of written materials, including books, articles, and newspapers, allows learners to encounter new words in context and understand their usage.2. Contextual Learning: Understanding the context in which a word is used helps learners grasp its meaning and usage more effectively. Contextual learning involves interpreting words and phrases based on the surrounding text and extracting their meaning from the overall context.3. Mnemonics: Mnemonics are memory aids that help learners remember and retain new vocabulary. Techniques such as creating associations, visualization, and using mnemonic devices can assist in memorizing and recalling words more easily.4. Vocabulary Apps and Tools: Technology-based resources, such as vocabulary apps and online tools, provide interactive and engaging platforms for learners to expand their word knowledge. These resources often offer word games, quizzes, and flashcards to reinforce vocabulary acquisition.5. Word Analysis: Breaking down words into their component parts, such as prefixes, suffixes, and roots, helps learners understand the structure and meaning of new vocabulary. This approach is especially useful for deciphering unfamiliar words and inferring their definitions.6. Vocabulary Expansion: Actively seeking out new words and making a conscious effort to expand one's vocabulary through exploration of various sources, such as dictionaries, thesauruses, and word lists, is essential for continuous language development.7. Vocabulary Practice: Regular practice and reinforcement of vocabulary through activities such as writing, speaking, and using the words in different contexts contribute to the retention and application of new vocabulary.Usage of VocabularyEffective use of vocabulary is crucial for clear and impactful communication in both spoken and written forms. The following are some key aspects of vocabulary usage:1. Word Choice: Selecting the appropriate words for expressing ideas and conveying meaning is essential for effective communication. Understanding the nuances of words and their connotations enables speakers and writers to choose the most suitable vocabulary fora given context.2. Register and Style: Adapting vocabulary to the appropriate register and style is important for communicating with different audiences and in diverse settings. Adjusting language choices based on formality, audience, and purpose enhances the clarity and effectiveness of communication.3. Collocation and Phraseology: Understanding the collocation of words and phrases, as well as familiarizing oneself with common idiomatic expressions, contributes to natural and fluent language use. Recognizing and using collocations and idiomatic language enhances the authenticity and fluency of communication.4. Vocabulary Expansion: Continuously expanding one's vocabulary through exposure to diverse texts, contexts, and sources enriches language proficiency and enables the use of more varied and precise vocabulary.5. Vocabulary Development: Engaging in activities that promote vocabulary development, such as reading, writing, and participating in discussions, contributes to the ongoing enhancement of language skills and the refinement of vocabulary use.ConclusionEnglish vocabulary is a multifaceted aspect of language learning that encompasses various types, acquisition methods, and usage strategies. Understanding the fundamental aspects of English vocabulary is crucial for learners to build a strong vocabulary foundation, expand their word knowledge, and effectively communicate in diverse contexts. By grasping the essential knowledge points of English vocabulary, learners can enhance their language skills and develop proficiency in expressing themselves with precision and clarity.。
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NEET”发源于上个世纪80年代的英国，是“Not in Education, Employment or Trainning”的缩写，指既没 有正式工作，也没有在学校里上学，更没有去接受职业技 能培训，必须依靠家人为生的青年人，这个群体一般指年 龄在15岁到34岁，未婚，依靠父母或者伴侣谋生的人。 carbon footprint 碳足迹或译碳足印，盖指每个人、家庭 或每家公司日常释放的温室气体数量（以二氧化碳即CO2 的影响为单位），用以衡量人类活动对环境的影响。 a heavy carbon footprint 就是说这个排放量比较多，比较 巨大。
―staycation‖——一个把“stay‖和“vacation‖ 结合在一起的新词，就 暂且顾名思义即“留在家里的假期”，就是放弃长途旅行，尤其是浪 漫的自驾游，要么在家附近找风景点或度假区；要么干脆就在家呆着， 开发自己所住城市的风景点和活动。 “Stay‖的目的是仍然和家人一 起共享休闲时光，却节约了旅馆、饭店、机票、汽油费等等长途旅行 所带来的一长串帐单。 “staycation‖最通俗易懂的说法就是"宅". More and more people are starting to take a―staycation*.‖That is, instead of traveling, many people are opting to stay at home and enjoy local recreational activities. A staycation (or stay-cation, or stacation) is a neologism for a period of time in which an individual or family stays at home and relaxes at home or takes day trips from their home to area attractions. Staycations have achieved high popularity in the financial crisis of 2007–2009 in which unemployment levels and gas prices are high.
Similarly, Gozzi (1990:1) believes that ―new words are markers of cultural attention‖, and that ―by studying new words we can tell where the culture has newly focused its attention, what it has been talking about.‖
Chapter 4
The Growth of the English Vocabulary (3) — New Words
Points for Thinking
1. Why do we need to study new words? 2. What are the main causes for the growth of the English vocabulary? 3. How has the English vocabulary been affected by Chinese? Give examples. 4. How has the Internet changed the English vocabulary? 5. How is the English vocabulary going to develop?
4.宿略型abbreviation
首字母缩略initialism：将主要的首字母联成 词以及字母数字混用 HQ=Health Quotient健商 3S lady=Single seventies Stuck剩女 截短词clipping：截短原词的某一个音节 Memorandum=memo Influenza=flu
试管婴儿test-tube baby 洗钱 money laundering 灰色收入gray income 条形码bar code 连锁店chain store 软着陆soft landing 人肉搜索flesh search 女强人dragon lady 单身母亲bachelor mother廉价威士忌red eye 纺织品dry goods
scene kid非主流少年。通常指20岁左右的流行文化追随者，他们喜欢穿细瘦的铅笔 牛仔裤、化浓妆、戴大大的眼镜、把头发染成夸张的颜色。 sexting“性短信”这个词是由sex（性）和texting（发短信）两个词组合而成的，指 通过手机发送色情文字信息或者个人艳照的行为。sexting，这个词是由sex（性）和 texting（发短信）两个词组合而成的，指通过手机发送色情文字信息或者个人艳照给 别人，其后更引申为其他通过电子通讯（如电脑网络）发送色情短片的行为。在国外， 很多青少年用手机在传送的可不仅限于“黄色短信”，他们还互发自己的艳照等私密 文件。据说，他们这样做是为了表现好友之间的亲密无间，这种行为叫做sexting—— 性短信。 flash mob 快闪族 指一群素昧平生的人通过网络、手机短信等事先约定活动主题、 时间、地点，然后一起做出夸张举动，这种活动的过程通常短得令旁人来不及反应。 快闪族是都市时尚文化中的一种，是现代人在忙碌之余和世界开的一个善意的玩笑。 据称快闪族最早起源于2003年5月美国纽约的曼哈顿。当时一个名叫比尔的组织者召 集了500余人，在纽约时代广场的玩具反斗城中，朝拜一条机械恐龙，5分钟后众人突 然迅速离去，快闪族因此而闻名，而在行动进行之前，其参加者却不会知道此次行动 的内容和人数还有地点，其组员之间是以网络联系的，各组员之间并不认识。
2.派生型derivation
词根与前缀或后缀相结合构成： 如“cyber‖表示网络的 cybercafe 网吧 cybershopping 网上购物
3.复合型blending
Glocalization=globalization+localization 全球化本土化 Infortaionment=information+entertainment 新闻娱乐化 smirting=smoking+firlting 边吸烟边跟异性搭讪
4.1 Neologisms
定 义 : Neologisms are newly coined words or words that are given new meaning to fit new situation because of social, economic, political, cultural, scientific and technological changes in human society.语言系统为适应新发明新事物或 新的社会现象的出现而创制的词语,也包括原有的 词语在新的文化环境下添加了新的涵义.
4.1.1构成:1.译介型loanwords2.派生型derivation3. 复合型blending4.宿略型abbreviation6.旧词新义 changes in meaning
1.译介型loanwords
Mahjong 麻将-----中国 Kimono 和服----日语 Curry 咖喱---泰米尔语 Yogurt酸奶酪—土耳其语 Bizaruthiness 之所以如此流行并受到广泛的认可，电视媒体的影响力是 原因之一，但更主要的原因是它对当前美国社会政治现状做出了准确 的描述。Colbert 在节目中对 truthiness 的解释是“来自内心、而不 是来自书本的真相”（truth that comes from the gut, not books）， 而从他完整的评论来看美国语言协会给 truthiness 下的定义是 “the quality of preferring concepts or facts one wishes to be true, rather than concepts or facts known to be true‖。Colbert 指出现在的美国不 是处于由民主党与共和党一分为二的时期，也不是保守派与自由派博 弈的 Show Time，而是处于9.11后人们对事实真相的理解与回应截然 不同的“分裂期”。有的人做事依靠的并不是事实真相本身，而是依 据自己的利益重新解读再采取行动。 Ringxiety（手机幻听）是由ringtone（手机铃声）和anxiety（焦虑） 两个词组合而成的一个词，指在手机没有响动的情况下，人们听到手 机响或者感到其振动的错觉。
6.旧词新义changes in meaning
在原有的词中加入新的含义， Candy 糖=使心情或脑子放松的东西 Most video games are just brain candy.
4.1.2semantic arguments语义理据
1 引申法 1）从特指到泛指的引申：新词语语义主要是由表 示具体概念的原有词汇添加新义，或和其它词汇 构成的合成词组home=>at home and abroad在国 内外 2）从泛指到特指的引申：原有词汇在新的文化环 境下添加新义、或者改变词性同时添加新义，也 有由词根和词缀的意思具体化而来 gate-keeper看门人----神经细胞中控制化学品通 道的分子
传销Pyramid selling 回扣Kickbacks 贩卖妇女Traffic female 小金库Nest egg 神童Quiz kid 定心丸Mind relief
4.2 The Study of New Words