【高考英语一轮复习】第一讲 谓语动词的时态、语态和主谓一致

动词突破篇
动词(短语)表示主语的动作、存在、变化或态度。

动词按照动词的意义可以分为实义动词、情态动词、系动词、助动词。

第一讲谓语动词的时态、语态和主谓一致
动词时态历来是高考考查的重点。

动词时态考查虽多，但考向非常集中，最常考的是一般过去时和一般现在时，其次是现在完成时，其他时态考查相对较少。

因此备考重点是：
①动词时态的基本用法②动词语态的基本用法③主谓一致
动词时态的知识网络(以动词do为例)
1.一般时态
(1)一般现在时
①表示经常或习惯性的动作，多用动作动词，且常与表频率的时间状语连用。

We have meals three times a day.我们一日吃三餐。

②表示客观真理、科学事实及自然现象。

The sun sets in the west.太阳从西方落下。

③在时间、条件状语从句中常用一般现在时代替一般将来时。

I’ll write to her when I have time.
有时间我会写信给她。

(2)一般过去时
①表示过去发生的一次性或习惯性动作或状态。

We often played basketball together.
我们(过去)经常在一起打篮球。

②时间、条件、让步状语从句中，若主句用了过去将来时，从句常用一般过去时。

He said he would tell her the news as soon as he met her.
他说他一见到她就把这个消息告诉她。

单句语法填空
①The 80，000 objects collected by Sir Hans Sloane, for example, formed (form) the core collection of the British Museum which/that opened in 1759.(2020·新高考卷Ⅰ
语法填空)
②The unmanned Chang’e－4 probe (探测器)—the name was inspired by an ancient Chinese moon goddess—touched (touch) down last week in the South Pole－Aitken basin.(2020·全国卷Ⅰ语法填空)
③When/As he asked the villagers on the banks of the river where he could find the legendary (传奇的) artist, they smiled and pointed (point) down the river.(2020·全国卷Ⅲ语法填空)
④New methods meant__(mean)that fewer people worked in farming.(2020·浙江卷语法填空)
⑤While running regularly can’t make you live forever，the review says it is(be) more effective at lengthening life than walking，cycling or swimming.(2018·全国卷Ⅰ语法填空)
⑥Sarah says，“My dad thinks I should take the offer now.But at the moment，school comes (come) first.I don’t want to get too absorbed in modeling.”(全国卷Ⅲ语法填空)
2．进行时态
(1)现在进行时(am/is/are＋现在分词)
①表示说话时正在进行或发生的动作，也可表示现阶段正在进行的动作或存在的状态。

He is working on a paper.他在写一篇论文。

②与always，often等频度副词连用，表示经常反复的行为或某种感情色彩。

The girl is always talking aloud in public.
这个女孩总是在公众场合大声说话。

③表示位置转移的动词可用进行时代替将来时。

这样的动词有go，come，start，leave，arrive，begin，return等。

I’m leaving for Beijing next month.
我下个月要去北京。

(2)过去进行时(was/were＋现在分词)
过去进行时表示在过去某个时刻或某段时间正在进行的动作或存在的状态。

He was reading an interesting book this time yesterday.
昨天这个时候他在读一本有趣的书。

(3)将来进行时(will/shall＋be＋现在分词)
表示将来某时或某一时段正在进行的动作，常表示事情的正常发展。

I’ll be doing some housework tomorrow afternoon.
明天下午我将要干些家务活。

补全句子
①Listen! Mary is__singing__an__English__song__in__the__classroom．
听！玛丽正在教室里唱一首英文歌。

②He was__watching__TV__at__home from 3：00 to 5：00 yesterday afternoon.
昨天下午从3点到5点他一直在家看电视。

③They will__be__meeting__us at the station.
他们会在车站接我们的。

3．将来时态
(1)一般将来时
①“will/shall＋动词原形”表示将来某一时刻的动作或状态，即单纯的将来事实。

I shall call you as soon as I arrive.
我一到就给你打电话。

They will probably go to Shanghai for their holiday.
他们可能去上海度假。

②一般将来时的常用结构
Don’t worry about the exam.I’m sure you’ll pass.
不要担心这次考试，我确信你会通过的。

If you ask him, he will help you.
如果你请他帮忙，他会帮助你的。

③表示一般将来时的特殊结构
He is going to speak on TV this evening.
他今晚要在电视上讲话。

Look at the dark clouds.It is going to rain.
看这些乌云，要下雨了。

When are you to leave/leaving for home?
你什么时候回家？
The train is about to start.火车就要开了。

(2)过去将来时(should/would＋动词原形)
①过去将来时是“立足过去，着眼未来”的一种时态，常用于宾语从句中。

He said he would be here at eight o’clock.
他说他将在八点钟到这里。

②三种表示过去将来时的特殊结构
I thought it was going to rain.
我当时觉得要下雨。

He told me he was to get married the next week.
他告诉我他下周结婚。

单句写作
①我今天下午有空。

(shall do)
I__shall__be__free__this__afternoon.
②如果你努力，就会成功的。

(祈使句＋and＋陈述句)
Work__hard__and__you__will__succeed.
③除非下雨，否则我们是要去的。

(unless)
We__shall__go__unless__it__rains.
④这条公路将在五月份通车。

(be to do)
The__highway__is__to__be__open__to__traffic__in__May.
⑤今年冬天我打算买一件新大衣。

(be going to)
I’m__going__to__buy__a__new__coat__this__winter.
4．完成时态
(1)现在完成时(have/has＋过去分词)
①表示一个动作开始于过去，一直持续到现在(甚至到将来)。

常与之连用的时间状语有：lately，recently，in the last(past) few days/years，since then，up to now，so far等。

In the past few years，great changes have taken place in my hometown.
在过去的几年里，我的家乡发生了巨大变化。

②表示过去发生的事情对现在产生的影响或结果。

常用的状语有：already，ever，just(刚刚)，yet等。

He has turned off the light.(＝The light is off now.)他已经关掉灯了。

③在“最高级＋名词”或“It/This is＋the＋序数词＋time”之后的从句中谓语动词常用现在完成时。

This is the first time(that)I have come here.
这是我第一次来这里。

【易混辨析】
He has gone to live abroad.他到国外居住了。

Have you ever been to Shanghai?
你去过上海吗？
(2)过去完成时(had＋过去分词)
①一件事情发生在过去，而另外一件事情先于它发生(即表“过去的过去”)，那么发生在前的动作要用过去完成时。

He said that he had been abroad for 3 years.
他说他在国外待了3 年了。

②hope，expect，mean，intend，want，suppose的过去完成时表示过去未曾实现的愿望或意图。

I had hoped to see more of Shanghai.
我本希望在上海多看看。

(但未能如愿)
③在“Hardly/Scarcely/Barely...when...”和“No sooner...than...”句型中，when和than 从句里用一般过去时，主句用过去完成时，且用倒装，表示“刚刚……就……”。

Hardly/No sooner had I got home when/than the rain poured down.
我刚到家，大雨就倾盆而下。

(3)现在完成进行时(have/has＋been＋现在分词)
①表示动作从过去某时开始，一直延续到现在并且还要继续下去的动作。

I have been reading Hemingway’s Farewell to Arms recently.
我最近一直在读海明威的《永别了，武器》。

②表示一个近期内一直重复发生、反复进行的动作。

You’ve been saying that for five years.
这话你已经说了五年了。

③现在完成进行时(have/has been doing)常和all this time, this week, this month, all night, all the morning, recently等状语以及since和for引导的状语从句连用。

He has been writing articles to the newspapers since he became a teacher.
自从任教以来，他一直在为报刊撰稿。

单句语法填空/补全句子
①In recent years some Inuit people in Nunavut have__reported(report) increases in bear sightings around human settlements，leading to a belief that populations are increasing.(2019·全国卷Ⅰ语法填空)
②Sarah has__been__told/was__told (tell)that she could be Britain’s new supermodel，
earning a million dollars in the next year.(全国卷Ⅲ语法填空)
③She has__been__working__hard since she became a teacher.
任教以来，她一直在努力工作。

④When I got to the cinema，the__film__had__been__on．
我到达电影院时，电影已经放映了。

1.被动语态的构成
被动语态由“助动词be＋过去分词”构成。

助动词be随着主语的人称、数和句子时态的不同而变化。

2.主动形式表被动意义
(1)“系动词look，sound，feel，smell，taste 等＋形容词/名词”构成系表结构。

The steel feels cold.钢摸起来很凉。

(2)动词need, require, want, be worth后加动词－ing形式的主动结构表被动意义。

My watch can’t work; it needs repairing.
我的手表不能用了，需要修了。

(3)某些可和well，easily 等副词连用的不及物动词，如read，write, draw，wash，clean，cook，sell 等。

Nylon cleans easily.尼龙容易清洗。

单句语法填空
①The parts of a museum open to the public are__called__(call) galleries or rooms.(2020·新高考卷Ⅰ语法填空)
②The artist was sure he would be__chosen (choose), but when he presented his masterpiece to the emperor’s chief minister, the old man laughed.(2020·全国卷Ⅲ语法填空)
③And，as more children were born，more food was__needed (need)．(2020·浙江卷语法填空)
④This English saying has much truth in it：the best place is__surrounded (surround) by our loved ones and with a roof over our head.(2021·临沂市高三4月教学质量检测)
⑤On the last day of our week－long stay，we were__invited (invite) to attend a private concert on a beautiful farm on the North Shore under the stars，listening to musicians and meeting interesting locals.(2019·全国卷Ⅲ语法填空)
主谓一致是指谓语动词在人称和数上和主语一致，一般遵循三个原则，即：语法一致原则、意义一致原则和就近一致原则。

1．语法一致原则
主语的单复数决定了谓语动词的单复数。

(1)动名词、动词不定式、从句、不定代词作主语时，谓语动词常用单数。

Having to change trains is a small inconvenience.
不得不换乘火车多少有些不便。

(2)主语后接介词短语或其他插入语，如with，together with，as well as，like，but，except，rather than，including，in addition to等时，谓语动词的数要与前面的主语保持一致。

Tom as well as two of his friends was invited to the party.
汤姆以及他的两个朋友一起被邀请参加聚会了。

(3)定语从句中关系代词作主语时，从句中的谓语动词要与先行词保持一致。

My friend showed me around the small town，which was very attractive.
我的朋友带我参观了这个小镇，它非常迷人。

(4)“many a/more than one＋单数名词”作主语，谓语动词用单数。

each，every，no 所修饰的名词作主语时，即使有and连接，谓语动词仍用单数。

Every boy and every girl wishes to attend the party to be held on Sunday.
每个男生和女生都希望参加即将在周日举办的聚会。

2．意义一致原则
意义一致原则指不管主语的形式是单数还是复数，主语的意义决定了谓语动词的单复数。

(1)集体名词作主语时，若被看作一个整体，谓语动词用单数；若被看作是集体中的每个成员，谓语动词用复数形式。

常见有：family，class，team，group，public，committee，government，audience等。

The class consists of 25 boys and 20 girls.
这个班由25个男生和20个女生组成。

The class are doing an experiment.
全班学生都在做实验。

(2)“分数/百分数/the majority＋of＋名词”作主语时，谓语动词的单复数取决于of 后名词的数以及其表示的意义；all，some，half，most，the rest等作主语时，谓语动词单复数取决于主语实际表达的意义。

About one third of the books are worth reading.
这些书中大约有1/3值得一读。

(3)“the＋形容词”表示一类人在句中作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。

The sick have been cured and the lost have been found.
病人已被治愈，失踪的人也都找到了。

(4)a quantity of后接不可数名词时，谓语动词用单数，后接可数名词时，谓语动词用复数。

quantities of后无论接可数名词还是接不可数名词，谓语动词均用复数形式。

With more forests being destroyed，huge quantities of good earth are being washed away each year.
由于越来越多的森林被毁，每年有大量的沃土被冲走。

(5)“a number of＋复数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式，“the number of＋复
数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。

The number of the students from the north is small.
来自北方的学生人数很少。

(6)表示时间、距离、重量、金额等复数名词作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数形式。

Three thousand dollars is quite a lot of money for a boy.
对于一个男孩来说，3 000美元是一笔大数目。

3．就近一致原则
就近一致原则指谓语动词的单复数形式取决于离它最近的主语的单复数。

(1)由or，either...or...，neither...nor...，not only...but (also)．..，not...but...等连接的并列主语，谓语动词的数常与最近的主语保持一致。

Either you or one of your students is to attend the meeting that is due tomorrow.
要么是你或者你的一名学生将出席明天的会议。

(2)由there，here引起的主语不止一个时，谓语动词的数通常和最邻近的主语保持一致。

There are three books and a pen on the desk.
桌子上有三本书和一支钢笔。

单句语法填空
①Often, only a small part of a museum’s collection is (be) on display.(2020·新高考卷Ⅰ)
②This is why decorating with plants, fruits and flowers carries (carry) special significance.(2020·全国卷Ⅱ语法填空)
③“This really excites scientists，”Carle Pieters, a scientist at Brown University, says, “because it means (mean) we have the chance to obtain information about how the moon is__constructed__(construct)．”(2020·全国卷Ⅰ语法填空)
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．I was__doing (do)my homework when someone knocked at the door.
2．Then all Rylee was looking forward to was(be) to be able to see Waba’s appearance.(2021·潍坊市高三二模)
3．The twins, who had__finished (finish) their homework, were allowed to play badminton in the playground.
4．These dams are__constructed (construct) so delicately that they look more like the work of man than of little dumb beasts.
5．However, a pile of cells does not have the chewy texture of a chicken breast.Cells without a support are (be) more like a soup, or at best a meatball.(2021·河南省安阳市高三下学期第二次模拟)
6．There are many differences between China and India when it comes to how yoga is__practised (practise)．
7．And on weekends, she taught (teach) local kids who needed extra help with their schoolwork.(2021·河南省洛阳市高三5月第三次统考)
8．What I regret now is (be) not having ever really done anything for her.I suppose she never needed it.(2021·河南省洛阳市高三5月第三次统考)
9．As a result, their number has__grown (grow) from just 20 pairs to 40 pairs in the past two years.(2021·北京市东城区高三一模)
10．Archaeologists started a new excavation at No.1 Pit in 2009.The 200 new warriors were__found (find) as a result of this effort.(2021·河北衡水中学第三次联合考试)Ⅱ.语法填空
My best friend Kaiya is like me.She 1.____________ (remind) me of myself.In the past, I 2.____________ (be)never confident because of my appearance.People always laughed at my weight, my height, my hairstyle, etc.At that time, I was the shortest student in my class.I started getting depressed.However, someone told me something that I will always remember.
It was in March.Surrounded by a group of girls who 3.____________ (point) at me
and laughed at me, I couldn’t help crying.The tears rolled down my face like a rushing river.To my surprise, someone lifted my head up and wiped the tears from my eyes.
I then knew it was our English teacher, Miss Li.She said，“you 4.____________ (be) perfect the way you are.You should never change or hate yourself.People 5.____________ (accept)you for who you 6.____________ (be)．But if you cannot accept yourself, then how will other people accept you？” I 7.____________ (inspire)by her words.Over the past few months，I 8.____________ (learn) that no one is perfect and that we all have flaws.Now I have wonderful friends who 9.____________ (love)me for who I am.
Now, seeing Kaiya cry，I decide to tell her the same thing Miss Li 10.____________ (tell)me.
【语篇解读】英语老师的鼓励让我充满自信。

我决定把她的方法用来帮助我的好友。

1．reminds[根据第一句的时态可推知，本空应该用一般现在时，又因为主语为She，故答案为reminds。

]
2．was[根据语境中的In the past可知，设空处用一般过去时，故答案为was。

] 3．pointed[根据后面的laughed可知，设空处为pointed。

]
4．are[本句为直接引语，故用一般现在时。

]
5．will accept[结合下文的then how will other people accept you可知，答案为will accept。

]
6．are[由上下文语境可知，应填are。

]
7．was inspired[设空处表示过去的事情且主语与inspire为被动关系，故用一般过去时的被动语态。

]
8．have learned(learnt)[根据前面的Over the past few months可知，设空处用现
在完成时。

]
9．love[“who 9.________(love)me for who I am”为定语从句，先行词为friends 且设空处说的是现在的情况，应用一般现在时，故答案为love。

]
10．told[“Miss Li 10.________ (tell)me”为定语从句，设空处表示过去的事情，故用一般过去时。

]
Ⅲ.写作运用
根据汉语提示补全短文，并注意本部分语法的使用
Dear Bella，
Learning from your e－mail that you want to know something about domestic garbage sorting in our country, 1.I’d__like__to__share__it__with__you(我想和你分享一下)．
Garbage sorting is not only beneficial to the environment, but can save lots of natural resources.In our city，2.measures__have__been__taken(已经采取措施)．For example, 3.various__activities__have__been__organized__to__stress__the__importance(已组织了各种活动来强调这一重要性)and there’re dustbins with signs for recyclable, harmful, kitchen and other waste so that 4.citizens__can__know__clearly__where__to__put__the__garbage(公民能清楚地知道把垃圾放在哪里)．
Since the measures are reasonable and favorable, we should stick to them.I hold the belief that 5.our__environment__will__be__improved__as__long__as__we__keep__working__t ogether(只要我们继续合作，我们的环境就会得到改善)．
What’s your idea about garbage sorting? Please write to me.
Yours，
Li Hua。