2018-2019英语新导学人教版必修4Unit 4 Period Four

Period Four Grammar—The -ing form as the Adverbial
阅读以下句子，感悟体会v.-ing形式的用法，并总结规律。

1．加黑部分在句子中作伴随状语的是2、3、4、5；作时间状语的是7、9；作结果状语的是8；作原因状语的是10；作方式状语的是1、6。

2．比较句9和句10，句9中v.-ing形式为一般式，表示动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生；句10中v.-ing形式为完成式，表示动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。

3．观察句1～10可知现在分词的逻辑主语都是句子的主语。

一、v.-ing形式作状语的用法
v．-ing形式在句中作状语来修饰谓语动词或整个句子，表示动作发生的时间、原因、条件、结果、方式、让步或伴随状况。

1．作时间状语(相当于一个时间状语从句)。

Walking in the park，she saw an old friend.
＝When/While (she was) walking in the park，she saw an old friend.
当她在公园里散步时，她看到了她的一个老朋友。

[名师点津]当表示正在进行的动作时，可直接在分词前面加上when/while，此时也可理解为状语从句的省略。

2．作原因状语(一般可转换成由as或because引导的原因状语从句)
Being ill，he couldn’t go to school.
＝As he was ill，he couldn’t go to school.
因为生病了，他无法去上学。

3．作条件状语(一般放在句首，其前可以加if，unless等连词)
Working hard，you’ll make great progress.
＝If you work hard，you’ll make great progress.
如果你努力工作，你将取得很大进步。

4．作结果状语
作结果状语时，通常放在句末，中间用逗号隔开，表示一种顺其自然、意料之中的结果。

The fire lasted nearly two days，leaving nothing valuable.
大火持续了将近两天，几乎没剩下什么值钱的东西。

[名师点津]现在分词作结果状语，是随着谓语动词的发生而产生的自然而然的结果，其逻辑主语往往是前面整个句子所描述的情况，前面有时候可以加thus。

而不定式作结果状语时常表示出乎意料的结果，有时前面可以加only。

试比较：
He was caught in the rain，thus making himself catch a cold.
被雨淋后他感冒了。

I hurried to school，only to find it was Sunday.
我匆忙赶到学校，结果发现是星期天。

5．作让步、方式和伴随状语
作让步、方式和伴随状语时，说明动作发生的背景和情况。

作伴随状语时，表示分词的动作和主句的动作同时发生，此时它可转换成并列句。

Mary sat by the window of the classroom，reading a book.
＝Mary sat by the window of the classroom and was reading a book.
玛丽坐在教室的窗边读着一本书。

[名师点津]为强调v.-ing形式表达的意义，可在其前加上各种连词。

例如，加上when，while，强调与谓语动词同时发生；加上before，after，强调动作先后发生；加上thus，强调结果；加上(al)though，强调让步等。

Though knowing all this，they made me pay for the damage.
尽管他们了解这一切，但还是让我赔偿损失。

二、v.-ing形式的时态
v．-ing形式的完成式：having＋p.p.(过去分词)，表示分词的动作发生在主句谓语动词的动作之前，并且只能作状语，表示时间或原因(一般式表示v.-ing形式的动作与谓语动词的动作同时发生)。

(1)Having lived in Beijing for years，I almost know every place quite well.
在北京住过多年，我几乎对每个地方都很熟悉。

(having lived作状语，表示原因，live的动作发生在know的动作之前)
(2)Having worked for three hours，he took a rest.
工作了三个小时之后，他休息了一下。

(having worked作状语，表示时间，work的动作发生在take a rest的动作之前)
三、v.-ing形式的否定式：not＋v.-ing；not having＋v.-ed
(1)Not knowing this，he didn’t come.
他不知道这件事，所以没来。

(2)Not having made full preparations，we put off the sports meeting.
因为没有做好充分的准备，我们把运动会延期了。

四、有些惯用的v.-ing短语在句中可以没有逻辑上的主语而独立存在，它们往往作为独立成分来修饰全句，表明说话者的态度、观点等，我们称这种状语为评论性状语或评注性状语。

常见的有：
generally/strictly/exactly speaking一般/严格/准确说来
judging from/by...根据……判断
talking of...谈到……
considering...考虑到，鉴于……
supposing(that)．..假设，假定
regarding...关于……
五、v.-ing形式的独立主格结构
1．名词/代词＋v.-ing
有时候v.-ing的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致，这时，需要在v.-ing前加上一个逻辑主语(一般由名词或代词充当)，它是动作的执行者，表示主动含义。

这种结构作状语，可表示时间、条件、原因、伴随状况等。

(1)Mary coming back，they discussed it together.
玛丽回来后，他们一起讨论了那件事。

(2)The trees are extremely tall，some measuring over 90 metres.
那些树非常高，其中一些测量为90多米。

2．there be结构
这种结构多放在句首，其中being不可省略。

(1)There being nothing to do，we played games.
没有什么事可做，我们玩起了游戏。

(2)There being no customers，they closed the store.
因为没有顾客，他们关了店门。

Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．China’s approach to protecting its environment while feeding(feed) its citizens “offers useful lessons for agriculture and food policymakers worldwide.(2018·全国Ⅱ)
2．The hospital has recently obtained new medical equipment，allowing(allow) more patients to be treated.(2017·天津)
3．The cooling wind swept through our bedroom windows，making(make) air conditioning unnecessary.(2016·天津)
4．Having worked(work) for two days，Steve managed to finish his report on schedule.(2015·天津) 5．When the clerk saw a kind face wrinkled in an apologetic smile，she stood rooted to the ground，wondering(wonder) whether to stay or leave.(2015·湖南)
6．Like ancient sailors，birds can find their way using(use) the sun and the stars.(2015·重庆) 7．In recent years an English word “infosphere” has appeared，combining(combine) the sense of “information” and “atmosphere”．(2015·福建)
8．There is no greater pleasure than lying on my back in the middle of the grassland，staring(stare) at the night sky.(2014·湖南)
Ⅱ.单句改错(每小题仅有1处错误)
1．Everyone was silent，
wait
waiting to see who would be called upon to read his or her paragraph
aloud.(2018·全国Ⅲ，短文改错)
2．One evening at sunset，we sat by the fire，
have
having our barbecue.(2014·陕西，短文改错)
3.
Follow
Following this explanation，there was a rapid drop in the number of reported sightings，but the
rate remained above the previous level.(2011·辽宁，短文改错)
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．Having selected(select) the proper present，they sent it to their respectable professor.
2．Not knowing(know) what to do，the children had to wait for their parents to come back. 3．Hearing(hear) the signal，people ran out of the building.
4．Judging(judge) from the appearance，it is very peaceful，but in fact，a war will break out soon. 5．The decision having been made(make)，what is to be done now is how to carry it out. 6．Working(work) harder at English，you’ll make your life abroad easier.
7．When exploring the cave，they found a valuable mineral.
8．It being(be) Sunday，many people go to the gymnasium to do physical exercises. 9．Looking(look) out through the window，we saw a beautiful scenery.
10．The case shocked the public，causing(cause) a hot debate over human nature on the Internet. Ⅱ.用现在分词短语改写句子
1．The storm left and had caused a lot of damage to this area.
→The storm left，having caused a lot of damage to this area.
2．Do be more careful when you cross the street.
→Do be more careful when crossing the street.
3．As it was a wet day，we couldn’t go for a walk.
→It being a wet day，we couldn’t go for a walk.
4．Because he did not know how to do it，he went to her for help.
→Not knowing how to do it，he went to her for help.
5．As soon as she had made the beds，she started making breakfast.
→Having made the beds，she started making breakfast.
Ⅲ.单句改错(每小题仅有1处错误)
1.Realized
Realizing that he has wasted too much time，the boy is determined to stop playing video games.
2．He got up late and hurried to his office，
left
leaving the breakfast untouched.
3.
Stood
Standing in a long queue，we waited for the store to open to buy a new iPad.
4．Do you wake up every morning
feel
feeling energetic and ready to start a new day?
5.
Look
Looking at my classmates’ faces，I read the same excitement in their eyes.
Ⅳ.完成句子
1．就个人而言，我满意你的表现。

Personally speaking，I’m satisfied with your performance.
2．全世界都踢足球，因此踢足球成了一种很流行的运动。

Football is played all over the world，making it a popular sport.
3．由于教室里没有老师，学生们开始自由交谈。

There being no teacher in classroom，the pupils began to talk freely.
4．我站在门旁，不敢说一句话。

I stood by the door，not daring to say a word.
5．尽管尝试了多次，但他仍未成功。

Having tried many times(＝Though he had tried many times)，he still couldn’t succeed.
6．如果早点儿出发的话，你在傍晚的时候就会到达小镇。

Setting off earlier(＝If you set off earlier)，you’ll get to the town at dusk.
7．因自己的粗鲁行为而向老师道歉后，他许诺以后将不再犯同样的错误。

Having apologized to his teacher for his rude manner(＝After he had apologized to his teacher for his rude manner)，he made a promise that he wouldn’t make the same mistake.
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．The police are sparing no effort to search for the missing boy，giving(give) his parents a ray of hope.
2．Tom came dashing(dash) into the room with some film tickets in his hand.
3．Having spent(spend) all his money，the boy had to give his mother a call.
4．The plane crash happened，killing(kill) more than 100 people on board.
5．While crossing(cross) the street，you must be very careful.
6．She came into the room，carrying(carry) a lot of books.
7．After the meeting，I hurried to the bus stop，only to find(find) the last bus had gone. 8．Using(use) your head，you will find a way.
9．Talking(talk) of Venice，have you seen the masks I bought there last year?
10．Hearing(hear) a strange sound，he went out of the room for a look.
Ⅱ.完成句子
1．由于缺乏足够的资金，他们只好放弃了这项计划。

(lack v t.缺乏)
Lacking enough money，they had to give up the plan.
2．如果得到去国外学习的机会，他将尽最大努力提升自己。

Getting the chance to study abroad，he will try his best to improve himself.
3．他没做出数学试卷上的最后一道题，致使他失去了上理想大学的机会。

He failed to work out the last question in the maths paper，making him lose the chance to enter his ideal university.
4．尽管努力工作了一整天，他仍然感到精力充沛。

Working hard all the day，he still felt energetic.
5．女孩们一起坐在房子前面，有说有笑。

The girls sat together in front of the house，talking and laughing.
Ⅰ.阅读理解
Are you dreaming of taking a trip on your own? Here is some advice on how to make your once-in-a-lifetime journey and how to stay safe when you get there.
Before you begin to look at places，activities and plane tickets，you must set a budget.When you search through the websites about travelling，it can be so easy to add another week here or there，or choose an extra activity.Setting a budget can avoid creating a huge bill，which starts very small.
With so many countries on this planet，it is difficult to decide where to go.By narrowing down your search to voluntary work or a relaxing holiday，you can save a lot of time looking through websites.
After deciding where to go，you need to research the country.Find out when each season is.It would be disappointing if you were taking part in an outdoor-based activity and it rained most days.Look into medical information，as you may need certain medicine for certain countries.Above all，make sure you can afford to go to this country and take part in the activities you have dreamt about.Don’t raise your hopes too high before you know for certain it is within your budget.
By carrying a credit card with you at all times，it is possible to stop yourself getting lost.Mobile phones are very important as well.However，do not depend completely on them，since electronic machines can break without warning.Therefore，always carry a list of emergency(紧急情况) phone numbers，names and addresses.Finally，learn a little of the language.Do not expect that the people there speak your own language.After all，you are in their country.
语篇解读文章主要介绍了一些关于独自旅行的建议。

1．From the text，we can know that .
A．travelling in a foreign country costs a lot
B．deciding on where to go is an easy job
C．a volunteer can help you choose where to go
D．you need to know what the weather of the county you’ll travel is like
答案 D
解析推理判断题。

根据第四段第一～三句可知，在出行之前要了解当地的天气状况。

故选D。

2．What does the underlined word “budget” in Paragraph 2 mean?
A．记录B．生意
C．预算D．决定
答案 C
解析词义猜测题。

根据第二段最后两句可知，当你通过网站搜索旅行时，可以很容易在这里或那里再添加一周，或者选择一个额外的活动。

制定好“预算”从而避免出现大额的账单。

故选C。

3．According to the passage，which of the following is TRUE?
A．You needn’t research the country you’ll travel before setting off.
B．Making a budget is important when making a travel plan.
C．It is funny to take medicines when travelling.
D．Bad weather can never influence your trip.
答案 B
解析细节理解题。

根据第二段中的“Before you begin to look at places，activities and plane tickets，you must set a budget...which starts very small.”可知，制定旅行计划时做好预算很重要。

4．The last paragraph mainly tells us .
A．reasons why mobile phones aren’t reliable
B．ways to stay safe when travelling alone
C．the importance of carrying a credit card
D．the advantages of learning a foreign language
答案 B
解析段落大意题。

最后一段主要讲述了独自旅行时如何在陌生的环境里处理紧急状况，保证自己的安全。

故选B。

Ⅱ.完形填空
It may be difficult to understand non-verbal messages because different cultures have different expectations about eye contact，physical 1 ，etc.
Let’s consider eye contact.Children from many Latin American and Asian 2 show respect by avoiding the glance of important persons.A teacher who’s 3 with this，however，might consider the lack of eye contact as a sign of 4 .For many American Indian children， 5 a teacher in the eye and answering her question in front of the class is “showing off”．
Culture greatly 6 attitudes towards physical contact，whether it’s a handshake，hug，or pat on the back.In Asia，female friends 7 hold hands and men casually(随便地) hug one another as they walk down the street.Americans，however，may feel 8 with such public behavior.In some Asian cultures，affectionately patting a(n) 9 head is strictly taboo(禁忌的)，10 it can be acceptable behavior between adults and young children.
How 11 should people stand to each other when they’re having a conversation？In areas of the Middle East and South America，people stand very close when 12 .Europeans like to have 13 distance between them，while some Africans 14 even more space.You can 15 great discomfort by standing too close to another person.Not being 16 of this can even prevent someone from understanding or 17 the ideas you’re trying to get across.
To create a positive environment for communication，your non-verbal message must closely 18 your verbal message.One way to do this is to carefully observe how children and families speak and 19 around each other and with people they respect.This can 20 clues about the true meaning of their non-verbal interactions.
1．A.exercise B．touch
C．education D．strength
答案 B
解析physical touch意为“身体接触”。

第三段第一句中的“physical contact”亦是提示。

2．A.schools B．villages
C．homelands D．cultures
答案 D
解析第一段已提到不同文化(different cultures)中人们对视线接触、身体接触等有不同的理解。

此处举例说明，故此空填“文化”一词。

3．A.uncertain B．angry
C．unfamiliar D．popular
答案 C
解析在拉美和亚洲文化中，小孩回避他人的视线是对其尊敬的表现。

而对此不了解的老师会误以为这是缺乏尊重。

be unfamiliar with意为“对……不熟悉”。

4．A.disrespect B．idea
C．danger D．disappointment
答案 A
解析此空前的however说明此句与前一句之间是转折关系。

既然前一句说是“show respect”，此处应当是“a sign of disrespect”。

5．A.seeing B．staring at
C．looking D．glancing at
答案 C
解析look sb.in the eye意为“直视某人”。

6．A.influences B．supports
C．observes D．reduces
答案 A
解析在文章首段中说“不同的文化对视线接触、身体接触等有不同的期待”，然后在第二段讲视线接触在不同文化中的不同理解，故此段则是讲physical contact在不同文化中的影响，即“文化极大地影响到人们对身体接触的态度”。

7．A.never B．often
C．seldom D．comfortable
答案 B
解析由于男性之间可以随意地拥抱一下，故可推测女性朋友之间手拉手是常事。

8．A.pleased B．comfortable
C．mad D．uncomfortable
答案 D
解析由该句的however可知，在亚洲文化中很自然的行为，在美国文化中却令人感到不舒服。

9．A.child’s B．baby’s
C．adult’s D．man’s
答案 C
解析在一些亚洲文化中，摸成人的头是严格禁止的，但是成人和小孩之间摸头是可以接受的。

10．A.because B．although
C．unless D．if
答案 B
解析前后之间是让步关系，故用although。

11．A.far B．closely
C．properly D．close
答案 D
解析从本段的“people stand very close，distance，standing too close”等可知，本段是谈人与人之间站立时相隔的距离。

12．A.talking B．eating
C．waiting D．listening
答案 A
解析此处“when talking”与前一句的“when they’re having a conversation”意思一样。

13．A.more B．less
C．no D．little
答案 A
解析来自中东和南美的人谈话时站得很近，而欧洲人需要的心理距离要更大一些。

14．A.hate B．prefer
C．wish D．dream
答案 B
解析该句中的while表示对比。

非洲人需要的心理距离更远。

15．A.change B．expect
C．create D．accept
答案 C
解析双方谈话时，站得太近，超过可接受的心理距离，人就会感到极不舒服。

create引起，造成。

16．A.afraid B．ashamed
C．proud D．aware
答案 D
解析对谈话时的心理距离要清楚，否则会造成麻烦。

be aware of意为“意识到，知道”，符合语境。

be afraid of害怕；be ashamed of以……为耻；be proud of以……为豪，均不符合语境。

17．A.suggesting B．considering
C．refusing D．accepting
答案 D
解析此空前的or表示选择关系，说明此空的内容与前面的understanding意思相近。

意识不到人们交流时默认的心理距离甚至会阻碍他人理解或接受你试图传达的意思。

18．A.pass B．explain
C．match D．prepare
答案 C
解析非语言信息与语言信息要相配(match)，要一致。

19．A.talk B．behave
C．use D．look
答案 B
解析这些文化差异可通过观察小孩和家人间的谈话及举止方式(behave)来了解。

20．A.provide B．support
C．prove D．search
答案 A
解析这样就可为你真正理解他们的非语言交流提供(provide)线索。

Ⅲ.语法填空
I want to share a kind act that started with 1. (stranger)，which left me a deep impression.
One day when I was driving on a highway，my mom called me,2. (tell) me that her car stopped suddenly on a busy road.She was so anxious that she didn’t know 3. to do.I wanted to help her，but I was not able to reach her quickly.
4．(late) on，when I arrived there，my mom told me that the owner of the restaurant across from where the car stopped gathered his workers and 5. (help) to move the car next to the curb(马路牙子)．
It was a 6. (real) nice gesture and it was very selfless 7. them to help.So after sorting things out with my mother’s car，I decided to do something 8. (thank) them.Then I went back to the restaurant and bought dinner from there.
Through this，I realized that sometimes small things could make 9. big difference.Definitely their gesture 10. (be) a great example of a random(随意的) act that inspired me to pay it forward.I made up my mind to lend a hand to whoever needed help.
1．答案strangers
解析考查名词的复数。

可数名词前面没有修饰词，所以用复数形式。

2．答案telling
解析考查非谓语动词。

此处作谓语动词called的伴随状语，且tell与其逻辑主语my mom 之间为主动关系，故用现在分词形式。

3．答案what
解析考查疑问词。

作及物动词do的逻辑宾语。

4．答案Later
解析考查固定短语。

later on后来。

5．答案helped
解析考查动词的时态。

宾语从句的主语是the owner of the restaurant，and连接并列谓语。

故此处与gathered保持一致，用一般过去时。

6．答案really
解析考查副词。

修饰形容词nice，用副词形式。

7．答案of
解析考查介词。

在“It’s＋形容词＋of/for sb.to do sth.”句型中，当形容词指人的品质时，其中的介词用of。

8．答案 to thank
解析 考查非谓语动词。

用作目的状语，用动词不定式短语。

9．答案 a
解析 考查冠词。

make a big difference 有重大影响，为固定搭配。

10．答案 was
解析 考查动词的时态和主谓一致。

主语gesture 是名词单数，文章用的主要是一般过去时态。

Ⅳ.短文改错
Yesterday I visited to a Chinese friend ’s home.My friend ’s mother asked us to have lunch with them but I agreed.There were just four people have lunch together.However ，my friend ’s mother prepared six dish and we couldn ’t finish all the food at all.The food that was not finished was thrown in the end.On my way back I see some homeless people on the street and I thought of a wasted food at my friend ’s home.I felt a bit sadly.Many people like wasting food.What I wish no food would be wasted ！In this way ，no one on the earth would be hungry.
答案
Yesterday I visited to a Chinese friend ’s home.My friend ’s mother asked
us me to have lunch with them but and I agreed.There were just four people have having
lunch together.However ，my friend ’s mother prepared six
dish dishes and we couldn ’t finish all the food at all.The food that was not finished was thrown ∧away in the end.On my way back I see saw
some homeless people on the street and I thought of a the wasted food at my friend ’s home.I felt a bit sadly sad
.Many people like wasting food.What How
I wish no food would be wasted ！In this way ，no one on the earth would be hungry.。