英语专业(语言学)历年真题试卷汇编15

英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编15
(总分：52.00，做题时间：90分钟)
一、简答题(总题数：26，分数：52.00)
1.Do you think B is cooperative in the following dialogue? Support your argument with Cooperative Principle.（南开大学2004研)A: When is the bus coming?B: There has been an accident further up the road.
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正确答案：(正确答案：On the face of it, B violated the maxim of relation since he did not provide a direct answer to A"s question. But A would assume that B is cooperative in the conversation, and would try to explore the link between the seemingly irrelevant response to something relevant. Thus, A would interpret B"s utterance in such a way that because there had been as accident further up the road, it was quite possible that the road was blocked; in a consequence, the bus would not be able to come.)
解析：
2.Analyze the following dialogue with reference to Grice"s Cooperative Principle.(北二外2005研)A: Oh I like this popular song so much How about you?B: I often hear classical music, especially, the symphonies composed by Beethoven His Symphony No. 9 is my favorite.
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正确答案：(正确答案：B has obviously violated Maxim of Relation; A was asking B"s opinion about a particular popular song, but B"s response was actually about classical music. By such a violation, B probably wanted to imply that he did not like that popular song.)
解析：
3.In what ways do people cooperate in their conversations?(人大2006研)
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正确答案：(正确答案：In daily conversations people do not usually say things directly but tend to imply them, and according to Grice, they seem to observe willingly or unwillingly certain principle, which is called "cooperative principle" : "Make your conversational contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged". Under this principle, there are four maxims, namely, Quantity, Quality, Relation, and Manner.)
解析：
4.What is sociolinguistics?（北航2008研)
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正确答案：(正确答案：Sociolinguistics is an umbrella term which covers a variety of different interests in language and society, including the social functions of language and the social characteristics of its users. It studies the characteristics of language varieties, the characteristics of their functions, and the characteristics of their speakers as these three constantly interact and change within a speech community.)
解析：解析：（本题考查社会语言学的定义。

)
5.The following is a statement by a Japanese businessman; "You buy in your own language, but you sell in your customer"s language. " How do you understand it?（人大2005研)
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正确答案：(正确答案：This reflects some features of pidgin which is a special language variety that mixes or blends languages and it id used by people who speak different languages for restricted purposes such as trading. And also, it reflects the tendency of intercultural communication from the aspect of language.)
解析：
6.What is language variation?
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正确答案：(正确答案：It is differences in pronunciation, grammar, or word choice within a language. Variation in a language may be related to region, to social class and/or educational background or to the degree of formality of a situation in which language is used. For sociolinguists, the most important verity is that a language—any language—is full of systematic variation, variation that can only accounted for by appealing, outside language, to socially relevant force and facts. Sociolinguistics takes as its primary task to map linguistic variation on to social conditions. This mapping helps understand not just synchronic variation(variation at a single point of time), but also diachronic variation(variation over time)or language change.)
解析：
7.What is Sapir-Whorf hypothesis?
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正确答案：(正确答案：It is a belief that our language helps mould our way of thinking and, consequently, different languages may probably express our unique ways of understanding the world. On the one hand, language may determine our thinking patterns; on the other, similarity between languages relative, the greater their structural differentiation is, the more diverse their conceptualization of the world will be. As this hypothesis was strongly put forward by the American anthropological linguists Sa-pir and Whorf, it has often been called the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis.) 解析：
8.What distinction, if any, can you draw between bilingualism and diglossia?
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正确答案：(正确答案：Bilingualism refers to a linguistic situation in which two standard languages are used in a speech community; whereas in a diglossia community, two varieties of language are used for different situations, one being more standard and higher, and used for more formal matters, and the other less prestigious, and used for colloquial situations.")
解析：
9.How do the speech of women and the speech of men differ from each other?
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正确答案：(正确答案：Women tend to use more prestigious forms, more polite and indirect language, more tag questions, less powerful curse words, more statement questions, and more specific color terms than their male counterparts. In mixed-gender groups, at public gatherings, and in many informal conversations, men spend more time talking than do women. For example, in one experiment, the men with expertise talked longer than the women with expertise. Men initiate more interaction than do women.)
解析：
10.The following statements are examples of excessive use of euphemism. How to improve them? Examples of excessive use of euphemism:(1)The employees who had been notified of an interruption in their employment were referred to their outplacement manager.(2)The official acknowledged that
he had misspoken when he said the troops had not engaged in any protective-reaction missions.(3)The prisoner"s life will be terminated at dawn.(4)The non-essential personnel in this division will be vacationed by next week.(5)Reaching the top of the ladder of success must be a moving experience.(6)I was told that he did away with himself.It is a widespread but unproven hypothesis that the parameters of significant personal change for persons in mid-life are extremely narrow.I purchased a residential property that was in need of substantial upgrading.
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正确答案：(正确答案：Improved versions; (1)The laid-off employees were told to speak to the person who would try to help them find new jobs. (2)The official admitted that he had lied when he claimed the troops had not engaged in any offensive missions. (3)The prisoner will be executed at dawn.
(4)The unnecessary people in this division will be laid off by next week. (5)Being successful must be a pleasant experience. (6)I was told that he had committed suicide. (7)It is a widely held myth that middle-aged people can"t change. (8)I bought a house in need of repair. (9)It is a language that is used for communication between different groups of people, each speaking a different language. The lingua franca could be an internationally used language of communication(e.
g. English), or it could be the native language of one of the groups, or it could be a language which is not spoken natively by any of the groups but has a simplified sentence structure and vocabulary and is often a mixture of two or more languages.)
解析：
11.It is claimed in sociolinguistics that you are what you say. How would you comment on this theoretical claim?（武汉大学2011研)
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正确答案：(正确答案：Everyone speaks differently. A personal dialect of an individual speaker combines elements regarding regional, social, gender, and age variations. In other words, an individual speaker"s regional and social back ground, his/her gender and age jointly determine the way he/she talks. From this point, we can claim that "You are what you say". Following this claim, we may expand the scope of our observation by introducing some social factors that are believed to influence our language behavior in a social context. Among these factors, some major ones include a)class; b)gender; c)age; d)ethnic identity; e)education background; f)occupation and g)religious belief. In our daily speaking, the potential selection of linguistic forms can reflect the above factors, which determine our identities. For example, women use more "fancy" color terms such as "mauve" and "beige" ; use less powerful curse words; use more intensifiers such as "terrible" and "awful" ; use more tag questions. On the other hand, your way of speaking, to some extent, reflect your identity.)
解析：解析：（本题为开放式题目，围绕自语言与社会及文化之间的关系简要阐述自己对这句话的观点即可。

)
12.What is the purpose of studying language and mind?（南开大学2004研)
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正确答案：(正确答案：The study of language and mind aims to model the workings of the mind in relation to language; for example, it helps explain how the language production and perception is achieved. Since structures and connections in the mind are inevitably unobservable, researchers put forward hypotheses based on fragmentary clues. The label most usually given to the study of "language and mind" is psycholinguistics, a term which is often perceived as being trendy. Psycholinguistics is concerned primarily with investigating the psychological reality of linguistic structures.)
解析：
13.What are the factors influencing sentence comprehension?
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__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：(1)Structural factors in comprehension. Comprehension of written and spoken language can he difficult because it is not always easy to identify the constituents(phrases)of a sentence and the ways in which they relate to one another. Psycholinguists have proposed principles interpreting sentence comprehension with respect to the grammatical constraints. The most popular principle is Minimal attachment which defines "structurally simpler" , and it claims that structural simplicity guides all initial analyses in sentence comprehension. In this view, the sentence processor constructs a single analysis of a sentence and attempts to interpret it. The first analysis is the one that requires the fewest applications of grammatical rules to attach each incoming word into the structure being built; it is the automatic consequence of an effort to get some analysis constructed as soon as possible. Consider the sentence The second wife will claim the inheritance belongs to her. When the inheritance first appears, it could be interpreted as either the direct object of claim or the subject of belongs. It was found that readers" eyes fixated for longer than usual on the verb belongs, which disambiguates the sentence. They interpreted this result to mean that readers first interpreted the inheritance as a direct object. Readers were disrupted when they had to revise this initial interpretation to the one in which the inheritance is subject of belongs. They described the readers as being led down a garden path because the direct object analysis is structurally simpler than the other possible analysis.
(2)Lexical factors in comprehension. Psycholinguists have proposed that the human sentence processor is primarily guided by information about specific words that is stored in the lexicon. In the sentences like The salesman glanced at a/the customer with suspicion/ripped jeans, the prepositional phrases with suspicion or with ripped jeans could modify either the verb glance or the noun customer, This is true only for action verbs, not for perception verbs like glance at. It has been noted that an actual preference for noun phrase modification only appeared when the noun had the indefinite article a.)
解析：
14.What are the four stages of language production and how do you understand them?
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__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：(1)Conceptualization The notion is that thoughts take form in mentalese and are then translated into linguistic form. (2)Formulation Formulation is the second stage of speech production. It analysis on eventual output of the process, such as speech errors, and the choice of words or sentence structures can be a great help for understanding speech production. Major types of slips of the tongue: shift, exchange, anticipation, perseveration, addition, deletion, substitution and blend. (3)Articulation Articulation of speech sounds is the third and a very important stage of production. Once we have organized our thoughts into a linguistic plan, this information must be sent from the brain to the muscles in the speech system so that they can then execute the required movements and produce the desired sounds. (4)Self-regulation Self-regulation is the last stage of speech production. To err is human. So each person would do some
self-correction over and over again while conversing.)
解析：
15.What is the purpose of studying language and mind?（南开大学2004研)
（分数：2.00）
__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：The study of language and mind aims to model the workings of the mind in relation to language; for example, it helps explain how the language production and perception is achieved. Since structures and connections in the mind are inevitably unobservable, researchers
put forward hypotheses based on fragmentary clues. The label most usually given to the study of "language and mind" is psycholinguistics, a term which is often perceived as being trendy. Psycholinguistics is concerned primarily with investigating the psychological reality of linguistic structures.)
解析：
16.What are the four assumptions of the classical theory?
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正确答案：(正确答案：Four assumptions ① The first assumption: Categories are defined by a limited set of necessary and sufficient conditions. ② The second assumption; Features are binary. ③ The third assumption: Categories have clear boundaries. ④ The fourth assumption; All members of a category have equal status.)
解析：
17.Explain three levels of categorization.
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正确答案：(正确答案：Three levels of categorization ① Superordinate levels mean higher levels or more general levels. Furniture and animal are examples of superordinate category levels. ② Basic-level categories are more specific, but not too specific. Chair is an example of basic-level categories. ③ Subordinate levels mean lower levels or more specific categories. Desk chair is an example of subordinate categories.)
解析：
18.How do you understand interlanguage?（西安交大2008研)
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正确答案：(正确答案：The type of language constructed by second or foreign language learners who are still in the process of learning a language is often referred to as interlanguage. nterlanguage is often understood as a language system between the target language and the learner"s native language. It is imperfect compared with the target language, but it is not mere translation from the learner"s n-ative language. However, interlanguage should not really he seen as a bridging language between the target language and native language. Interlanguage is a dynamic language system, which is constantly moving from the departure level to the native-like level. Therefore, "inter" actually means between the beginning stage and the final stage. There are many examples of interlanguage , such as I no have a book and I like read books.)
解析：解析：（本题考查中介语的含义。

)
19.What is meant by Move-a in Universal Grammar?（西安外国语学院2006研)
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正确答案：(正确答案：Move-αrule is a general movement rule for all the movement rules, accounting for the syntactic behavior of any constituent movement. In this rule, "a" is a cover term for any element that can be moved from one place to another. It goes like this: any element may be moved to another place, or more generally changed in some way, as long as the relevant conditions(principles)are satisfied. These principles reflect a fact that movement is constrained. It has been shown that only certain categories are targeted by movement rules, and that there are limits on how far elements can be moved. That is to say, there are some other constraint rules in the grammar operating upon movements so as to rule out ungrammatical forms, such as " the kissed boy girl" and "was kissed the girl by the boy". It is the interaction of move-a with other syntactic principles that results in grammatical strings. For example, it is responsible for the mapping
between active and passive, which is a NP-movement; between affirmative and interrogative, which is a WH-movement.)
解析：
20.What are the four obvious barriers to adult L2 acquisition?（浙江大学2003研)
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__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：A variety of explanations have been put forward for the apparent declined in adults; physical factors such as the loss of "plasticity" in the brain and "lateralization" of the brain; social factors such as the different situations and relationships that children encounter compared to adults; cognitive factors such as the interference with natural language learning by the adult"s more abstract mode of thinking; and input factors that adults spend only a few hours each week of school time, rather than via the constant interaction experienced by a child, with a lot of other occupations.)
解析：
21.Please state the factors that cause errors and mistakes in foreign language learning.（厦门大学2006研)
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__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：There are generally two types of factors that cause errors and mistakes in foreign language learning , one is inter-lingual, traced to the influence of the mother tongue, the other is intra-lingual, committed by language learners regardless of their L In second language learning, the learners attempt to transfer the features of their mother tongue to the second language. When the structures of the two languages are similar, we can get positive transfer; when the two languages are different in structures, negative transfer or interference occurs and results in errors. Not all errors are caused by the interference of the mother tongue. There are cases that the learner knows some rules of the target language but applies them in the wrong place. Errors of overgeneralization and hypercorrection belong to this type.)
解析：
22.To what extent is second language learning similar to first language learning? Can you list some proof from your own learning experiences?
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__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：Theoretically the new findings and advances in first language acquisition especially in learning theories and learning process are illuminating in understanding second language acquisition. The techniques used to collect and analyze data in first language acquisition also provide insights and perspectives in the study of second language acquisition. For example, we started to learn our native language from listening, then speaking.)
解析：
23.Identify personality factors that may contribute to the SUCCESS of learning a second/foreign language.
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__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：In terms of communicative ability rather than grammatical accuracy or knowledge of grammatical roles, the personality traits such as extroversion, talkative,
self-esteem, self-confidence can be found in successful second language learners. Certain personality traits appear helpful in completing certain tasks in learning a second language.) 解析：
24.What is communicative competence? How should we develop it in our foreign lauguage learning?(四川大学2010研)
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__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：Communicative competence is what a learner knows about how a language is used in particular situations for effective and appropriate communication. Communicative competence includes knowledge of the grammar and vocabulary, knowledge of rules of speaking, knowledge of how to use and respond to different types of speech acts and social conventions, and knowledge of how to use language appropriately. In order to develop communicative competence in our foreign lauguage learning, language learners are encouraged to deal with accomplishing actions, which are believed to help them acquire the target language. Two types of tasks are usually required to be performed by the learners : real-world tasks and pedagogical tasks. For example, students may be asked to work or discuss in groups. Besides, teachers can adopt the communicative syllabus which aims at the learner"s communicative competence. It teaches the language needed to express and understand different kinds of functions, and emphasizes the process of communication.)
解析：
25.What are the main features and theoretical base of the audiolingual method?
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__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：The principal features of audiolingualism are an emphasis on structures in the language which can be learned as regular patterns of verbal behavior and the belief that learning is a process of habit formation. One of the basic techniques employed is the pattern drill. Speaking and listening are seen as primary in the learning process. It was built on the ideas of American structuralist linguistics and those of behaviorist psychology.)
解析：
26.Describe the three main types of language tests.
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__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：Three main types of language tests: (1)Subjective and objective tests: A subjective test is scored according to the personal judgment of the marker, as in an essay examination. An objective test is the test in which the correctness of the test taker"s response is determined wholly by predetermined criteria so that no judgment is needed on the part of scorers.
(2)Language aptitude tests: An exam used to measure capacity or potential related to language acquisition as well as the use of language. (3)Diagnostic tests: A diagnostic test offers the learner the chance to use a range of language elements—they might be functions, structures, situations or vocabulary—to find out which he is familiar with and which he is not.)
解析：。