专四练习之语法从属结构
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1.引导定语从句的关系代词包括:who, whom, whose, which, that.
2.关系代词which, that ,as 引导的定从的用法 1)关系代词在定从中作宾语时可省略。 2)先行词是不定代词时(all, any, anything,
everything, few, little, much, none, nothing, some, something),关系代词只能用that。关系代词在定 从中作宾语时可省略。
3)在否定转移结构中,主句谓语动词表示 “认为,相信,猜测”等,如果后面的宾 语从句中含有否定词not,通常要将not转移 到主句谓语上。这些词包括believe,
consider, expect, fancy, guess, imagine, reckon, suppose, think等。
二.关系(定语)从句要点提示
6)表语从句用于系动词be/look/seem /remain之后, 对句子主语进行解释和 说明。当句子主语为reason时,表语从句 应当由that而不是because来引导,但可以 说it/this/that is becat引导的宾 语从句,但以下几个介词除外: besides(that) /but(that) /except(that) / in(that).这些介词和后面的that已被当成固 定的复合连接词使用。
2)能接同位语从句的常用名词包括:answer, belief, certainty, concept, conclusion, decision, discovery, doubt, evidence, explanation, fact, hope, idea, impression, information, knowledge, law, likelihood, message, news, order, opinion, possibility, principle, probability, problem, promise, proof, question, reply, report, rumor, statement, suggestion, thought, truth等。
10)whether后面可以跟or或or not, 其中or not既 可跟在whether之后,也可分开放在句末或者省略, 而if 后面通常不接or not,如要接,则需与if分开放 在后面。
1 1 )动词不定式前只能用whether,不能用if.
1)在某些抽象名词后面常用连接词that,有时用 whether引出同位语从句,具体说明这些名词的内 容。
(who/which/what/where/how) + ever, no matter +(how/what/which/who/where/whether…) (just as…so…(正如…也…)), the way Although/Even though air traffic is closely controlled,
8)动词doubt用于肯定句式表示“怀疑” 时,其后的宾语从句用whether或if引导, 意为“是否。。。”;用于否定或疑问句 时,其后的宾语从句用that引导。
9)连词whether和if都可引导名词性从句表示“是 否”,但if的使用受到诸多限制:if不能引导表语 从句、(位于句首的)主语从句、介词后的宾语 从句或同位语从句等。
3)连接副词when/ where/ how/ why 既连 接从句,又在从句中作为副词充当从句的 状语。
4)主语从句通常放在句首,但为了保持句 子的平衡,可用it作形式主语,而将主语从 句由句首移至句末,即采用“It is +名词/ 形容词/分词+主语从句”的结构。
5)用that引导的宾语从句如果跟有补足语, 须用形式宾语it,而将宾语从句放于宾语补足 语之后,即采用“动词+it+宾补+that从句” 的结构。
deliberately. What caused the fire is still a mystery. 做宾语: We never doubt that he is honest. Nobody can tell when she will arrive.
做主补:The fact is that he didn’t notice the car until too late.
做介词补足成分:Before I came downstairs I had prepared myself very carefully for what I must say.
名词性从句
名词性从句是在一个句子中起名词作用的 主谓结构,它可以在主从复合句中作主语、 宾语(包括介词宾语)、表语和同位语。
I be well save that I have a cold.
I agree with you, save that you should be more confident.
In that :因为 but that :若非 except that :除了…之外,只可惜 save that :只是, 只
名词性从句的语序使用陈述语序。
1. 主语从句、表语从句和宾语从句
1)从属连词that/ whether/ if 只起连接作用, 连接从句,不在从句中充当句子成分。
2)连接代词what (ever)/which (ever)/who (ever)/whom (ever)既连接从句,又在从句 中充当句子成分——如充当从句的主、宾、 表语等。
专四练习之语法从属结构
从属结构
按照层次分析法,英语的语法结构通常是 由紧邻的下一层次的结构组成。如果一个 语法结构含有同一层次甚至高一层次的结 构为其直接成分,这种现象就叫做“从 属”。
如:the man with a gun in his hand;
The man who was holding a gun in his hand
Rich as he is, Mr Johnson is by no means a happy man. (让步状)
Coward as he was, Bob ran back as soon as the enemy attached.(原因状)
Much as I like Paris, I couldn’t stay here.
6)先行词是集体名词时,指整体用which,指 集体中的各个成员则用who.
7)whose引导定从,既可指人(用of whom 替代),也可指物(用of which替代)
8)关系代词在定从中作介词宾语时,若 该介词被提前,则关系代词不能省略,而 且只能用which,whom,不能用that, who
flying is relatively unsafe.
Whatever(=no matter what )you do, you should do it well.
Please pronounce the word the way I do. (方式状 语)
2. as引导的让步状语从句必须倒装,如果是动词或 现在分词,要提前放在句首,谓语要补加助动词do, does,did或will等.作表语用的单数可数名词放在句 首时,该名词前不可加定冠词或不定冠词.
Object as you may, I will go there.
Raining hard as it is, I’m going out for a walk.
3. 在正式文体中,though引导的让步状语从 句要倒装,其结构与as引导的让步状语从句 类似. 当though引导的让步状语从句不要求 倒装时,可用although替换.
The problem is not who will go but who will stay.
做同位语:Have you any idea how soon they are coming?
They had to face the fact that the nearest filling station is 30 miles away.
3)在以下一些惯用结构中,也可以用同位语从句 on the assumption that/on condition that/ despite the fact that/on the grounds that/on the pretence that/on the supposition that/on the understanding that/with the exception that 等。
as引导的让步状语从句必须倒装,
although引导的让步状语从句不能倒装
though引导的让步状语从句可倒可不倒
4. Whoever相当于no matter who
Whenever 相当于no matter when以此类推
However (=No matter how) expensive it may be, I’ll take it.
Whether you believe it or not, it's true.
6.“whether/though+从句主语+动词原形” 表示让步,语体比较正式.
3)先行词是anyone, anybody, everyone, everybody, someone, somebody时,关系 代词多用who或whom,不用that.
4)先行词被形容词最高级及first, last, no, only, very等修饰时,关系代词一般用that
5) 有两个或两个以上的先行词兼指人或物 时,关系代词用that.
无论它有多贵,我也要买下它。
5. 连词whether…or…或no matter whether..
Whether… or not Whether…not(不管是否…) 也可引导让步状语从句,意为 “不管…还
是…”
You'll have to attend the ceremony whether you're free or busy.
3.介词+关系代词的结构问题
1)这些介词大多是定从中某个词或短语的习惯 搭配,但有些固定短语动词不宜将介词分开前置。
2)此结构在定语从句中或单独作状语,或连同 其他名词一起作状语。
3)“介词+whom, which+不定式短语作后置定 语”结构,相当于一个定语从句。此时若将介词 还原后置,则必须省略whom,which, 即成为不 定式短语。
4)为了句子结构平衡,同位语从句有时并不紧跟 所修饰的名词,而是被谓语动词等其他的词隔开。
1)部分及物动词和部分介词后面可以接宾语从句。 That引导宾语从句时,that在口语中通常可以省 略。
2)in /but/except/save少数几个介词后可 接that引导的宾语从句且已成为固定搭配。
从属于其他语法结构的结构叫做“从属结 构”
从属结构可以是一个限定分句、非限定分 句、或无动词分句,也可以是一个词组, 主要是介词词组。
按语法功能分,从属结构可分为:
名词性(主,宾,表,同位语, )从句 关系(定语)从句
状语(条件)从句
做主语: It is quite clear that the crime was done
4)表示部分所属关系的两种结构为: “名词(代词或数词)+of whom”和 “名词(代词或数词)+of which”
5) 定语从句有时并不紧跟先行词,而是被 一个介词短语隔开。
另详见(定语从句)之专门课件.
三.表示让步、方式、比较的状语从句要点 提示
1.引导让步状语从句的连词: although, though, even if, even though, as, that,
2.关系代词which, that ,as 引导的定从的用法 1)关系代词在定从中作宾语时可省略。 2)先行词是不定代词时(all, any, anything,
everything, few, little, much, none, nothing, some, something),关系代词只能用that。关系代词在定 从中作宾语时可省略。
3)在否定转移结构中,主句谓语动词表示 “认为,相信,猜测”等,如果后面的宾 语从句中含有否定词not,通常要将not转移 到主句谓语上。这些词包括believe,
consider, expect, fancy, guess, imagine, reckon, suppose, think等。
二.关系(定语)从句要点提示
6)表语从句用于系动词be/look/seem /remain之后, 对句子主语进行解释和 说明。当句子主语为reason时,表语从句 应当由that而不是because来引导,但可以 说it/this/that is becat引导的宾 语从句,但以下几个介词除外: besides(that) /but(that) /except(that) / in(that).这些介词和后面的that已被当成固 定的复合连接词使用。
2)能接同位语从句的常用名词包括:answer, belief, certainty, concept, conclusion, decision, discovery, doubt, evidence, explanation, fact, hope, idea, impression, information, knowledge, law, likelihood, message, news, order, opinion, possibility, principle, probability, problem, promise, proof, question, reply, report, rumor, statement, suggestion, thought, truth等。
10)whether后面可以跟or或or not, 其中or not既 可跟在whether之后,也可分开放在句末或者省略, 而if 后面通常不接or not,如要接,则需与if分开放 在后面。
1 1 )动词不定式前只能用whether,不能用if.
1)在某些抽象名词后面常用连接词that,有时用 whether引出同位语从句,具体说明这些名词的内 容。
(who/which/what/where/how) + ever, no matter +(how/what/which/who/where/whether…) (just as…so…(正如…也…)), the way Although/Even though air traffic is closely controlled,
8)动词doubt用于肯定句式表示“怀疑” 时,其后的宾语从句用whether或if引导, 意为“是否。。。”;用于否定或疑问句 时,其后的宾语从句用that引导。
9)连词whether和if都可引导名词性从句表示“是 否”,但if的使用受到诸多限制:if不能引导表语 从句、(位于句首的)主语从句、介词后的宾语 从句或同位语从句等。
3)连接副词when/ where/ how/ why 既连 接从句,又在从句中作为副词充当从句的 状语。
4)主语从句通常放在句首,但为了保持句 子的平衡,可用it作形式主语,而将主语从 句由句首移至句末,即采用“It is +名词/ 形容词/分词+主语从句”的结构。
5)用that引导的宾语从句如果跟有补足语, 须用形式宾语it,而将宾语从句放于宾语补足 语之后,即采用“动词+it+宾补+that从句” 的结构。
deliberately. What caused the fire is still a mystery. 做宾语: We never doubt that he is honest. Nobody can tell when she will arrive.
做主补:The fact is that he didn’t notice the car until too late.
做介词补足成分:Before I came downstairs I had prepared myself very carefully for what I must say.
名词性从句
名词性从句是在一个句子中起名词作用的 主谓结构,它可以在主从复合句中作主语、 宾语(包括介词宾语)、表语和同位语。
I be well save that I have a cold.
I agree with you, save that you should be more confident.
In that :因为 but that :若非 except that :除了…之外,只可惜 save that :只是, 只
名词性从句的语序使用陈述语序。
1. 主语从句、表语从句和宾语从句
1)从属连词that/ whether/ if 只起连接作用, 连接从句,不在从句中充当句子成分。
2)连接代词what (ever)/which (ever)/who (ever)/whom (ever)既连接从句,又在从句 中充当句子成分——如充当从句的主、宾、 表语等。
专四练习之语法从属结构
从属结构
按照层次分析法,英语的语法结构通常是 由紧邻的下一层次的结构组成。如果一个 语法结构含有同一层次甚至高一层次的结 构为其直接成分,这种现象就叫做“从 属”。
如:the man with a gun in his hand;
The man who was holding a gun in his hand
Rich as he is, Mr Johnson is by no means a happy man. (让步状)
Coward as he was, Bob ran back as soon as the enemy attached.(原因状)
Much as I like Paris, I couldn’t stay here.
6)先行词是集体名词时,指整体用which,指 集体中的各个成员则用who.
7)whose引导定从,既可指人(用of whom 替代),也可指物(用of which替代)
8)关系代词在定从中作介词宾语时,若 该介词被提前,则关系代词不能省略,而 且只能用which,whom,不能用that, who
flying is relatively unsafe.
Whatever(=no matter what )you do, you should do it well.
Please pronounce the word the way I do. (方式状 语)
2. as引导的让步状语从句必须倒装,如果是动词或 现在分词,要提前放在句首,谓语要补加助动词do, does,did或will等.作表语用的单数可数名词放在句 首时,该名词前不可加定冠词或不定冠词.
Object as you may, I will go there.
Raining hard as it is, I’m going out for a walk.
3. 在正式文体中,though引导的让步状语从 句要倒装,其结构与as引导的让步状语从句 类似. 当though引导的让步状语从句不要求 倒装时,可用although替换.
The problem is not who will go but who will stay.
做同位语:Have you any idea how soon they are coming?
They had to face the fact that the nearest filling station is 30 miles away.
3)在以下一些惯用结构中,也可以用同位语从句 on the assumption that/on condition that/ despite the fact that/on the grounds that/on the pretence that/on the supposition that/on the understanding that/with the exception that 等。
as引导的让步状语从句必须倒装,
although引导的让步状语从句不能倒装
though引导的让步状语从句可倒可不倒
4. Whoever相当于no matter who
Whenever 相当于no matter when以此类推
However (=No matter how) expensive it may be, I’ll take it.
Whether you believe it or not, it's true.
6.“whether/though+从句主语+动词原形” 表示让步,语体比较正式.
3)先行词是anyone, anybody, everyone, everybody, someone, somebody时,关系 代词多用who或whom,不用that.
4)先行词被形容词最高级及first, last, no, only, very等修饰时,关系代词一般用that
5) 有两个或两个以上的先行词兼指人或物 时,关系代词用that.
无论它有多贵,我也要买下它。
5. 连词whether…or…或no matter whether..
Whether… or not Whether…not(不管是否…) 也可引导让步状语从句,意为 “不管…还
是…”
You'll have to attend the ceremony whether you're free or busy.
3.介词+关系代词的结构问题
1)这些介词大多是定从中某个词或短语的习惯 搭配,但有些固定短语动词不宜将介词分开前置。
2)此结构在定语从句中或单独作状语,或连同 其他名词一起作状语。
3)“介词+whom, which+不定式短语作后置定 语”结构,相当于一个定语从句。此时若将介词 还原后置,则必须省略whom,which, 即成为不 定式短语。
4)为了句子结构平衡,同位语从句有时并不紧跟 所修饰的名词,而是被谓语动词等其他的词隔开。
1)部分及物动词和部分介词后面可以接宾语从句。 That引导宾语从句时,that在口语中通常可以省 略。
2)in /but/except/save少数几个介词后可 接that引导的宾语从句且已成为固定搭配。
从属于其他语法结构的结构叫做“从属结 构”
从属结构可以是一个限定分句、非限定分 句、或无动词分句,也可以是一个词组, 主要是介词词组。
按语法功能分,从属结构可分为:
名词性(主,宾,表,同位语, )从句 关系(定语)从句
状语(条件)从句
做主语: It is quite clear that the crime was done
4)表示部分所属关系的两种结构为: “名词(代词或数词)+of whom”和 “名词(代词或数词)+of which”
5) 定语从句有时并不紧跟先行词,而是被 一个介词短语隔开。
另详见(定语从句)之专门课件.
三.表示让步、方式、比较的状语从句要点 提示
1.引导让步状语从句的连词: although, though, even if, even though, as, that,