专四练习之语法从属结构

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1.引导定语从句的关系代词包括:who, whom, whose, which, that.
2.关系代词which, that ,as 引导的定从的用法 1)关系代词在定从中作宾语时可省略。 2)先行词是不定代词时(all, any, anything,
everything, few, little, much, none, nothing, some, something),关系代词只能用that。关系代词在定 从中作宾语时可省略。
3)在否定转移结构中,主句谓语动词表示 “认为,相信,猜测”等,如果后面的宾 语从句中含有否定词not,通常要将not转移 到主句谓语上。这些词包括believe,
consider, expect, fancy, guess, imagine, reckon, suppose, think等。
二.关系(定语)从句要点提示
6)表语从句用于系动词be/look/seem /remain之后, 对句子主语进行解释和 说明。当句子主语为reason时,表语从句 应当由that而不是because来引导,但可以 说it/this/that is becat引导的宾 语从句,但以下几个介词除外: besides(that) /but(that) /except(that) / in(that).这些介词和后面的that已被当成固 定的复合连接词使用。
2)能接同位语从句的常用名词包括:answer, belief, certainty, concept, conclusion, decision, discovery, doubt, evidence, explanation, fact, hope, idea, impression, information, knowledge, law, likelihood, message, news, order, opinion, possibility, principle, probability, problem, promise, proof, question, reply, report, rumor, statement, suggestion, thought, truth等。
10)whether后面可以跟or或or not, 其中or not既 可跟在whether之后,也可分开放在句末或者省略, 而if 后面通常不接or not,如要接,则需与if分开放 在后面。
1 1 )动词不定式前只能用whether,不能用if.
1)在某些抽象名词后面常用连接词that,有时用 whether引出同位语从句,具体说明这些名词的内 容。
(who/which/what/where/how) + ever, no matter +(how/what/which/who/where/whether…) (just as…so…(正如…也…)), the way Although/Even though air traffic is closely controlled,
8)动词doubt用于肯定句式表示“怀疑” 时,其后的宾语从句用whether或if引导, 意为“是否。。。”;用于否定或疑问句 时,其后的宾语从句用that引导。
9)连词whether和if都可引导名词性从句表示“是 否”,但if的使用受到诸多限制:if不能引导表语 从句、(位于句首的)主语从句、介词后的宾语 从句或同位语从句等。
3)连接副词when/ where/ how/ why 既连 接从句,又在从句中作为副词充当从句的 状语。
4)主语从句通常放在句首,但为了保持句 子的平衡,可用it作形式主语,而将主语从 句由句首移至句末,即采用“It is +名词/ 形容词/分词+主语从句”的结构。
5)用that引导的宾语从句如果跟有补足语, 须用形式宾语it,而将宾语从句放于宾语补足 语之后,即采用“动词+it+宾补+that从句” 的结构。
deliberately. What caused the fire is still a mystery. 做宾语: We never doubt that he is honest. Nobody can tell when she will arrive.
做主补:The fact is that he didn’t notice the car until too late.
做介词补足成分:Before I came downstairs I had prepared myself very carefully for what I must say.
名词性从句
名词性从句是在一个句子中起名词作用的 主谓结构,它可以在主从复合句中作主语、 宾语(包括介词宾语)、表语和同位语。
I be well save that I have a cold.
I agree with you, save that you should be more confident.
In that :因为 but that :若非 except that :除了…之外,只可惜 save that :只是, 只
名词性从句的语序使用陈述语序。
1. 主语从句、表语从句和宾语从句
1)从属连词that/ whether/ if 只起连接作用, 连接从句,不在从句中充当句子成分。
2)连接代词what (ever)/which (ever)/who (ever)/whom (ever)既连接从句,又在从句 中充当句子成分——如充当从句的主、宾、 表语等。
专四练习之语法从属结构
从属结构
按照层次分析法,英语的语法结构通常是 由紧邻的下一层次的结构组成。如果一个 语法结构含有同一层次甚至高一层次的结 构为其直接成分,这种现象就叫做“从 属”。
如:the man with a gun in his hand;
The man who was holding a gun in his hand
Rich as he is, Mr Johnson is by no means a happy man. (让步状)
Coward as he was, Bob ran back as soon as the enemy attached.(原因状)
Much as I like Paris, I couldn’t stay here.
6)先行词是集体名词时,指整体用which,指 集体中的各个成员则用who.
7)whose引导定从,既可指人(用of whom 替代),也可指物(用of which替代)
8)关系代词在定从中作介词宾语时,若 该介词被提前,则关系代词不能省略,而 且只能用which,whom,不能用that, who
flying is relatively unsafe.
Whatever(=no matter what )you do, you should do it well.
Please pronounce the word the way I do. (方式状 语)
2. as引导的让步状语从句必须倒装,如果是动词或 现在分词,要提前放在句首,谓语要补加助动词do, does,did或will等.作表语用的单数可数名词放在句 首时,该名词前不可加定冠词或不定冠词.
Object as you may, I will go there.
Raining hard as it is, I’m going out for a walk.
3. 在正式文体中,though引导的让步状语从 句要倒装,其结构与as引导的让步状语从句 类似. 当though引导的让步状语从句不要求 倒装时,可用although替换.
The problem is not who will go but who will stay.
做同位语:Have you any idea how soon they are coming?
They had to face the fact that the nearest filling station is 30 miles away.
3)在以下一些惯用结构中,也可以用同位语从句 on the assumption that/on condition that/ despite the fact that/on the grounds that/on the pretence that/on the supposition that/on the understanding that/with the exception that 等。
as引导的让步状语从句必须倒装,
although引导的让步状语从句不能倒装
though引导的让步状语从句可倒可不倒
4. Whoever相当于no matter who
Whenever 相当于no matter when以此类推
However (=No matter how) expensive it may be, I’ll take it.
Whether you believe it or not, it's true.
6.“whether/though+从句主语+动词原形” 表示让步,语体比较正式.
3)先行词是anyone, anybody, everyone, everybody, someone, somebody时,关系 代词多用who或whom,不用that.
4)先行词被形容词最高级及first, last, no, only, very等修饰时,关系代词一般用that
5) 有两个或两个以上的先行词兼指人或物 时,关系代词用that.
无论它有多贵,我也要买下它。
5. 连词whether…or…或no matter whether..
Whether… or not Whether…not(不管是否…) 也可引导让步状语从句,意为 “不管…还
是…”
You'll have to attend the ceremony whether you're free or busy.
3.介词+关系代词的结构问题
1)这些介词大多是定从中某个词或短语的习惯 搭配,但有些固定短语动词不宜将介词分开前置。
2)此结构在定语从句中或单独作状语,或连同 其他名词一起作状语。
3)“介词+whom, which+不定式短语作后置定 语”结构,相当于一个定语从句。此时若将介词 还原后置,则必须省略whom,which, 即成为不 定式短语。
4)为了句子结构平衡,同位语从句有时并不紧跟 所修饰的名词,而是被谓语动词等其他的词隔开。
1)部分及物动词和部分介词后面可以接宾语从句。 That引导宾语从句时,that在口语中通常可以省 略。
2)in /but/except/save少数几个介词后可 接that引导的宾语从句且已成为固定搭配。
从属于其他语法结构的结构叫做“从属结 构”
从属结构可以是一个限定分句、非限定分 句、或无动词分句,也可以是一个词组, 主要是介词词组。
按语法功能分,从属结构可分为:
名词性(主,宾,表,同位语, )从句 关系(定语)从句
状语(条件)从句
做主语: It is quite clear that the crime was done
4)表示部分所属关系的两种结构为: “名词(代词或数词)+of whom”和 “名词(代词或数词)+of which”
5) 定语从句有时并不紧跟先行词,而是被 一个介词短语隔开。
另详见(定语从句)之专门课件.
三.表示让步、方式、比较的状语从句要点 提示
1.引导让步状语从句的连词: although, though, even if, even though, as, that,
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