evolution
lancer evolution使用手册
【文章标题】：Lancer Evolution使用手册：深度解读高性能轿车的操作与维护一、引言在汽车界，Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution（以下简称“Evo”）因其卓越的性能和操控而备受推崇。
作为一款高性能轿车，Evo具有独特的驾驶体验和维护需求。
本文将从深度和广度两个方面，对Evo的使用手册进行全面评估，以帮助读者更好地理解和掌握这款车辆。
二、了解EvoEvo是Mitsubishi汽车公司生产的一款高性能轿车，以其出色的四驱系统和动力性能而闻名。
其悬挂、传动系统和大排气系统等性能零部件均采用顶级材料和技术，以确保车辆在高速行驶和赛道驾驶中具备卓越的稳定性和操控性。
1. Evo的性能参数Evo配备了一台涡轮增压引擎，使其拥有强大的动力输出。
其卓越的悬挂系统和四驱技术，使Evo在各种路况和环境下均能表现出色。
对于Evo的驾驶者来说，了解车辆的性能参数和特点是掌握使用手册的基础。
2. Evo的维护要点由于Evo的高性能特性，其日常维护和保养显得尤为重要。
定期更换机油、检查制动系统、清洗空气滤芯等维护措施，将直接影响车辆的性能和使用寿命。
三、深入讨论Evo的使用手册1. 驾驶操作指南Evo的驾驶操作具有一定的技术性，需要驾驶者熟悉和掌握。
在使用手册中，对于不同驾驶模式下的操作要求、转弯、加速和刹车的技巧，都会有详细的说明和示范。
Evo还可能针对赛道驾驶和普通道路行驶提出不同的操作建议。
2. 故障排除与应急处理在使用手册中，会详细介绍Evo可能出现的故障和问题，以及相应的临时应急处理措施。
发动机过热、胎压异常、变速箱故障等情况下，使用手册会指导驾驶者应对方式，并提供相关的故障代码和解决方法。
3. 维护和保养指引Evo的维护和保养需要严格按照厂家要求和时程进行。
使用手册中会列出不同里程和使用时间点的维护项目和方法，如更换机油、更换火花塞、检查制动系统等。
对于常见零部件的更换和维护，使用手册也会有详细的说明和操作步骤。
Evolution
Principles of Evolution•How Did Evolutionary Thought Evolve?–Early biological thought did not include the concept ofevolution.–Exploration of new lands revealed a staggering diversity of life.–Fossil discoveries showed that life had changed over Time.–Some scientists devised non-evolutionary explanations for fossils.–A few scientists speculated that life had evolved with time.–Geology provided evidence that Earth is exceedingly old.–Some pre-Darwin biologists proposed mechanisms forevolution.–Darwin and Wallace proposed a mechanism of evolution. 衬塑复合管涂塑复合管钢塑复合管消防涂覆钢管Principles of Evolution •Darwin studied a group of closely related species of finches on the Galapagos Islands. •Each species specializes in eating a different type of food and has a beak of characteristic size and shape, because natural selection has favored the individuals best suited to exploit each food source efficiently.•Aside from the differences in their beaks, the finches are quite similar.rge ground finch, beak suited to large seedsb.Small ground finch, beak suited to small seedsc.Warbler finch, beak suited to insectsd.Vegetarian tree finch, beak suited to leavesHow Does Natural Selection Work?•Modern Genetics confirmed Darwin’s assumption of inheritance.•Natural Selection modifies populations over time.•Fossils provide evidence of evolutionary change over time.•Comparative Anatomy gives evidence of Descent with Modification.•Homologous structures provide evidence of Common Ancestry.•Functionless structures are inherited from ancestors.•Many organisms have vestigial structures that serve no apparent function. The (a) salamander, (b) whale, and (c) snake all inherited hindlimb bones from a commonancestor; the bones remain functional in the salamander but are vestigial in the whale and snake.How Do We Know That Evolution HasOccurred?•Some anatomical similarities result from evolution in similar environments •Embryological similarity suggests common ancestry•Modern biochemical and genetic analyses reveal relatedness among diverse organisms.•Convergent evolution can produce outwardly similar structures that differ anatomically. The wings of (a)insects and (b) birds and the sleek, streamlined shapes of (c) seals and (d) penguins are examples of suchanalogous structures.•The early embryonic stages of a (a) lemur, (b) pig, and (c) human show strikingly similar anatomical features.What Is the Evidence That Populations Evolveby Natural Selection?•Controlled Breeding Modifies Organisms •Evolution by Natural Selection Occurs Today –When fewer predators are present, brighter coloration can evolve.–Natural Selection can lead to pesticide resistance.–Experiments can demonstrate Natural Selection.–Selection acts on random variation to favor the traitsthat work best in particular environmentsDog diversity illustrates artificial selection• A comparison of (a) the ancestral dog (the gray wolf, Canis lupus) and (b) various breeds of modern dogs. Artificial selection byhumans has caused a great divergence in size and shape of dogs in only a few thousand years.How Are Populations, Genes, andEvolution Related?•Genes and the environment interact to determine traits.•The gene pool is the sum of the genes in a population.•Evolution is the change over time of allele frequencies within a population.•The equilibrium population is a hypothetical population that does not evolve.What Causes Evolution?•Mutations are the source of Genetic Variability –Mutations are rare, but important–Mutations are not Goal-Directed•Mutations occur spontaneously•Gene flow between populations changes Allele Frequencies.•Allele frequencies may drift in small populations.–Population size matters–A population bottleneck Is an example of Genetic Drift –Population bottlenecks reduce variationThe Effect of Population Size on Genetic Drift •Each colored line represents one computer simulation of the change over time in the frequency of allele A in a (a) large or (b) small population in which two alleles, A and a,were initially present in equal proportions, and in whichrandomly chosen individuals reproduced.Population Bottlenecks Reduce Variation •(a) A population bottleneck may drastically reduce genetic and phenotypic variation because the few organisms that survive may carry similar sets of alleles. Both (b) the northernelephant seal and (c) the cheetah passed through population bottlenecks in the recent past, resulting in an almost total lossof genetic diversity.What Causes Evolution?•Isolated founding populations may producebottlenecks•Mating within a population Is almost never random•All genotypes are not equally beneficial–Antibiotic resistance evolves by natural selection –Penicillin resistance illustrates key points about evolutionA Human Example of the Founder Effect •An Amish woman with her child, who suffers from a set of genetic defects known as Ellis–van Creveld syndrome (short arms and legs, extra fingers, and, in some cases, heart defects). The founder effect accounts for the prevalence of Ellis–van Creveld syndrome among the Amish residents of Lancaster County, Pennsylvania.A Compromise Between Opposing Pressures •(a) A male giraffe with a long neck is at a definite advantage in combat to establish dominance.•(b) But a giraffe's long neck forces it to assume an extremely awkward and vulnerable position when drinking. Thus, drinking and male–male contests place opposing evolutionary pressures on neck length.How Does Natural Selection Work?•Natural selection stems from unequal reproduction •Natural selection acts on phenotypes•Some phenotypes reproduce more successfully than others.–An environment has non-living and living components–Competition acts as an agent of selection–Both predator and prey act as agents of selection–Sexual selection favors traits that help an organism mate •Selection can influence populations in three ways –Directional selection shifts character traits in a specific direction –Stabilizing selection acts against individuals who deviate too far from the average–Disruptive selection adapts individuals within a population to different habitats.Three Ways that Selection Affects a PopulationOver Time• A graphical illustration of three ways natural and/or sexual selection, acting on a normal distribution of phenotypes, can affect a population over time. In all graphs, the beige areas represent individuals that are selected against—that is, do not reproduce as successfully as do the individuals in the purplerange.。
evolution用法和例句
evolution用法和例句（原创实用版）目录1.Evolution 的含义2.Evolution 的用法3.Evolution 的例句正文【1.Evolution 的含义】Evolution，中文意为“进化”，是指生物在长时间内经历的遗传变化和物种逐渐演变的过程。
在生物学领域，进化论是解释生物进化的一个理论体系，其核心观点是物种的适应性、多样性和生存竞争。
【2.Evolution 的用法】Evolution 一词在英语中可用作名词和动词。
作为名词，它表示生物进化的过程，以及演变的物种。
作为动词，它表示事物在时间上的演变和逐渐发展。
在实际应用中，evolution 通常用于描述生物、文化、科技等领域的变化和进步。
【3.Evolution 的例句】1.The theory of evolution explains how species change and adapt over time.（进化论解释了物种如何随着时间的推移而改变和适应。
）2.The evolution of technology has led to the development of advanced devices and tools.（技术的演变导致了先进设备和工具的发展。
）3.The evolution of human society has brought about significant changes in our way of life.（人类社会的演变给我们的生活方式带来了显著的变化。
）4.The evolution of language has resulted in the creation of many different dialects and languages.（语言的演变导致了许多不同方言和语言的诞生。
）通过以上例句，我们可以看到 evolution 一词在描述生物、文化、科技等领域的演变和发展时，具有广泛的应用。
when evolution runs backwards解析 -回复
when evolution runs backwards解析-回复当进化倒退：从虚构到现实进化倒退，作为一种具有出色想象力的概念，在科学幻想小说和电影中经常被探讨和描绘。
然而，如果我们一步一步地分析这一概念，或许可以发现它在现实世界中的真正含义和可能性。
在这篇文章中，我们将逐步回答“当进化倒退时会发生什么”，并讨论可能发生的影响和结果。
首先，我们需要明确“进化倒退”的定义。
从严格意义上讲，进化是一种适应环境的过程，导致物种在漫长的时间尺度上变得更适应其生存环境。
这种进化是由基因突变和自然选择驱动的。
因此，进化倒退可以理解为物种适应环境的过程反向，其中物种逐渐变得不再适应其生存环境。
然而，要想实现进化的倒退是一个极其复杂和现实上不可能的任务。
首先，我们必须考虑到进化是一种非常缓慢的过程，需要漫长的时间来发生。
事实上，一个物种要想从一种形式进化到另一种形式往往需要几百万年的时间。
所以，如果我们想要逆转进化，将物种回变到更原始的形态，将需要更长的时间和复杂的机制。
当我们想象进化倒退时，我们可以考虑各种可能发生的情况。
首先，物种的生理特征可能会逐渐退化，导致它们失去适应生存环境的能力。
例如，如果我们考虑陆地哺乳动物，它们可能会逐渐失去四肢和其他适应地面生活的特征，变得像原始的蛇或蜥蜴一样，依靠爬行和滑行。
其次，进化倒退可能会导致物种失去已经获得的智力和认知能力。
这意味着物种可能会变得更加原始和本能驱使，与其说是以理性思考，不如说是凭借基本的生存本能。
这将极大地限制物种的发展和适应能力。
除了生理和认知特征的退化，进化倒退可能会对物种的社会行为产生深远影响。
一些物种可能会变得更加依赖于本能驱使和基本的生存反应，而不是社会结构和合作。
这可能会导致更加单独生活的物种，减少社会系统的复杂性和合作的机会。
然而，尽管进化倒退在想象中有着很多有趣和引人入胜的潜力，要在现实生活中实现这一过程是极其困难的，甚至可以说几乎不可能。
进化论英文PPT
Darwin’s theory of evolution
• • • Brief introduction Three features of evolution Influence
Darwin’s theory of evolution is also called Darwinism. It is about the idea that all plants and animals develop gradually from simpler to more complicated forms by natural selection, which is the process by which only plants and animals that are naturally suitable for life in their environment will continue to live, while all others will die.
Three features
• The Premise ——all life is related and has descended from a common ancestor • Natural selection—— acts to preserve and accumulate minor advantageous genetic mutations(变异）. • A slow gradual process —— natural selection acts only by taking advantage of slight successive variations; It can never take a great and sudden leap, but must advance by short and sure, though slow steps."
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evolution用法和例句
evolution用法和例句"Evolution" 是一个名词，用来描述生物种群随着时间的推移而发生的遗传变化和适应性的过程。
下面是一些关于 "evolution" 的用法和例句：1. 用法：Evolution is a fundamental concept in biology.例句：Evolution（进化）是生物学中的一个基本概念。
2. 用法：The theory of evolution explains the diversity of life on Earth.例句：进化论解释了地球上生命的多样性。
3. 用法：The process of evolution occurs through natural selection.例句：进化的过程是通过自然选择发生的。
4. 用法：Scientists study fossils to understand the patterns of evolution.例句：科学家通过研究化石来了解进化的模式。
5. 用法：Human evolution has been influenced by various factors, including environmental changes and genetic mutations.例句：人类的进化受到了各种因素的影响，包括环境变化和基因突变。
6. 用法：Evolutionary biologists study how species evolve over time.例句：进化生物学家研究物种如何随时间演化。
希望以上例句能够帮助你理解 "evolution" 的用法。
如果你还有其他问题，请随时提问。
evolution词根
evolution词根2篇《Evolution词根篇一》进化，这个词根在生物学中有着重要的意义。
它涉及到生物物种的长期变化和适应过程。
从简单的单细胞生物到复杂的多细胞生物，进化塑造了我们现在所见到的多样而适应性强的生物世界。
本文将以"evolution"词根为中心，通过探讨相关词汇的含义和意义，展示进化的奇妙之处。
词根："evolve"（演变），"evolutionary"（进化的），"evolve"和"evolutionary"是"evolution"这个词根派生出来的词。
进化是生物学的核心概念，它描述了生物物种和群体在长期时间内的变化和适应。
大自然通过进化的过程，使得生物能够适应不同的环境和生存条件。
进化的过程非常复杂，还包括自然选择、遗传变异和基因流等因素。
它推动着生物多样性的形成和生物群落的演化。
"Evolve"这个词在日常生活中也常常被使用。
它代表着事物的演变和变化。
比如，科技的迅猛发展使得社会在各个方面都在不断"evolve"。
我们看到了从传统的纸质书籍到电子书籍的进化，从传统的通信方式到现在的移动通讯技术的进化。
这些变化都是在进化的过程中发生的。
"Evolutionary"则是形容词形式，指的是与进化相关的特征、过程或理论。
"Evolutionary biology"（进化生物学）是研究生物进化的学科。
它涵盖了从演化发生至今各个层面的生物变化。
进化生物学家研究突变、基因流、种群进化和物种形成等问题，以深入了解生物的演化历史和形式。
进化的重要性不仅局限于生物领域，它在许多其他领域也有着深远的影响。
人类社会的发展和文化进步也可以被看作是进化的延伸。
人类文明的不断演变跟进化的概念息息相关。
然而，进化也是一个有争议的话题。
Evolution
The essence of Darwin's theory is that all living creatures descended from a single ancestor. All the plants, animals, and other organisms that exist today are products of random mutation and natural selection—or
But time has not been kind to Darwinism. Paleontologists have certainly found more fossils, but these fossils have only deepened the problem. As the fossils piled up, what paleontologists discovered was not gradual change, but stability and sudden appearance. It seems that most fossil species appear all at once, fully formed, and change very little throughout their stay in the fossil evidence.
Βιβλιοθήκη 1. Cosmic Evolution: The origin of time, space and matter, by the Big Bang 2. Chemical Evolution: The origin of higher elements from hydrogen. Stellar and Planetary Evolution: The origin of stars and planets. 4. Organic Evolution: The origin of Life. 5. Macro-Evolution: The changing from one kind of species to another kind of species. 6. Micro-Evolution: The variation within kinds of species.
evolution 的词形变化
Evolution的词形变化1. 起源与含义Evolution这一词源自拉丁文的"evolutio"，意为"展开、发展"。
其最早的使用可以追溯到十六世纪，当时被用来描述生物学上的进化理论。
随着科学的进步和社会的发展，这一词汇逐渐拓展到其他领域，如思想观念的演变、技术的进步等。
2. 名词形式在最常见的情况下，evolution通常以名词形式出现。
我们可以说"The evolution of human society"（人类社会的演变）或者"The evolution of technology"（技术的发展）等。
在这些情况下，evolution常常指代一个长期的、渐进的变化过程，强调事物从简单到复杂、从低级到高级的变化规律。
3. 动词形式evolve是evolution的动词形式，在语义上意味着"发展、演化"。
它常用于强调事物的变化和发展的过程，如"The idea evolved over time"（这个想法随着时间的推移得到了发展）或"The technology has evolved rapidly"（技术得到了迅速的发展）。
动词形式的evolve通常与名词形式的evolution相呼应，共同构成一个完整的述说。
4. 形容词形式evolution还有形容词形式evolutionary，用来形容与演化、发展有关的事物。
"the evolutionary process"（演化的过程）、"evolutionary theory"（进化论）等。
这些表达强调事物自始至终的变化和变革，以及因此产生的影响和意义。
5. 副词形式evolutionary还可以转换为副词形式evolutionarily，用以强调某一行为或过程的演变特征。
进化英语单词
进化的英语单词是“Evolution”。
以下是一篇关于“进化”的1500字英文文章。
Evolution: The Grand Narrative of Life's Transformation Evolution, a fundamental concept in biology, represents the gradual change in the characteristics of a population over generations. It is a process that is both diverse and unifying, shaping the vast array of life forms on our planet. From the simplest microorganisms to the most complex organisms, evolution is the thread that connects all life, past, present, and future.The theory of evolution by natural selection, proposed by Charles Darwin in the 19th century, revolutionized our understanding of life's diversity. Darwin observed that individuals within a species vary in their traits and that these traits are heritable, passed from parents to offspring. He also noticed that not all individuals survive to reproduce; those with traits that are better suited to their environment have a higher chance of survival and passing their genes to the next generation. This process, known as natural selection, leads to the accumulation of beneficial traits over time, resulting in the evolution of new species.The evidence for evolution is vast and comes from multiplefields of study. Fossil records provide a window into the past, showing how species have changed over millions of years. Comparative anatomy reveals similarities in the bodily structures of different species, indicating a common ancestor. Genetics demonstrates that all life forms share a common genetic code, with slight variations accounting for the differences between species.Evolution is not a random process but is guided by several mechanisms. Genetic mutation, the random change in the DNA sequence, introduces new variations into a population. Genetic drift, which occurs when a small population founders a new one, can lead to significant changes in allele frequencies. Gene flow, the transfer of genes between populations, can introduce new genetic variations and increase genetic diversity. Finally, natural selection acts as a filter, selecting for traits that increase an individual's fitness in a given environment.The impact of evolution on our understanding of life is profound. It explains the origin of species, the diversity of life on Earth, and our place in the natural world. Evolutionary theory has also influenced many other fields, including medicine, agriculture, and conservation biology. By understanding how species evolve, we can develop more effectivestrategies for managing natural resources and protecting biodiversity.Despite its widespread acceptance in the scientific community, evolution remains a controversial topic in some social and religious circles. This controversy often stems from misunderstandings about the theory of evolution or its implications for human society and morality. However, it is important to note that evolution is a scientific theory supported by extensive evidence and is constantly being refined and expanded through new research.In conclusion, evolution is the grand narrative of life's transformation on Earth. It is a process that is both ongoing and ever-changing, shaping the diverse array of species that inhabit our planet. By understanding evolution, we can gain a deeper appreciation for the natural world and our place within it. The theory of evolution by natural selection remains one of the most significant scientific achievements of our time and continues to inspire new discoveries and insights into the mysteries of life.。
“Evolution”含义探究
“Evolution”含义探究摘要：“evolution”一词先后被用在胚胎学的预成论和后成论中，分别用来描述预先存在的有机体结构的展开以及高等动物胚胎对低等动物形式的重演。
19世纪初它又被添加上了物种改变的含义。
钱伯斯的发育进化论使“进化”与“进步”这一对观念紧密联系在了一起。
达尔文很少使用“evolution”，他的进化论与发育进化论迥然不同。
从进化论中剥除进步的观念，是“达尔文革命”的未竟事业。
关键词：进化；进步；发育进化论；达尔文；钱伯斯abstract: “evolution” was first used in preformationism and then in epienesis, respectively, to describe the unfoldin of preexisted oranic structure and the recapitulation of the forms of lower animals by the embryo of hiher animals. then the meanin of species chane was added to it in the beinnin of the nineteenth century. the developmental evolutionism that robert chambers proposed made the idea of evolution closely connected with the idea of proress. charles darwin seldom used “evolution”, for his theory is totally different from the developmental evolutionism. divestin the idea of proress from the theory of evolution is what the socalled “darwinian revolution” needs to plete.key words: evolution; proress; developmental evolutionism; charles darwin; robert chambers“evolution”是进化论的一个核心词，它总是与达尔文的名字联系在一起的。
evolve名词
evolve名词evolve名词为“evolution”。
evolve可作动词，意为：(使)逐渐形成、逐步发展、逐渐演变、进化、进化形成等含义；evolution可作名词，意为：进化、演变、发展、渐进等含义。
【evolve】一、读音英式读音：[iˈvɒlv]美式读音：[iˈvɑːlv]二、词性及释义（v.）：(使)逐渐形成，逐步发展，逐渐演变；进化；进化形成等含义；三、双语例句例句 1. The company has evolved into a major chemical manufacturer.这家公司已逐步发展成一个主要的化工厂。
例句 2. As medical knowledge evolves, beliefs change随着医学知识的逐步发展，观念也在发生变化。
例句 3. The idea evolved from a drawing I discovered in theattic.这种想法是从我在阁楼里发现的一幅画得到启发的。
【evolution】一、读音英式读音：[ˌiːvəˈluːʃn]美式读音：[ˌiːvəˈluːʃn]二、词性及释义（n.）：进化；演变；发展；渐进等含义；三、双语例句例句 1. Darwin eventually put forward a model of biological evolution达尔文最终提出了生物进化的模型。
例句 2. We're dealing with probably the biggest missing link in what we know about human evolution.我们正在解决的可能是我们所知的人类进化过程中缺失最大的一环。
例句 3. In politics Britain has preferred evolution to revolution. 英国在政治上喜欢渐进而不喜欢革命。
evolution的用法总结大全
evolution的用法总结大全（学习版）编制人：__________________审核人：__________________审批人：__________________编制学校：__________________编制时间：____年____月____日序言下载提示：该文档是本店铺精心编制而成的，希望大家下载后，能够帮助大家解决实际问题。
文档下载后可定制修改，请根据实际需要进行调整和使用，谢谢!并且，本店铺为大家提供各种类型的经典范文，如英语单词、英语语法、英语听力、英语知识点、语文知识点、文言文、数学公式、数学知识点、作文大全、其他资料等等，想了解不同范文格式和写法，敬请关注!Download tips: This document is carefully compiled by this editor.I hope that after you download it, it can help you solve practical problems. The document can be customized and modified after downloading, please adjust and use it according to actual needs, thank you!In addition, this shop provides various types of classic sample essays, such as English words, English grammar, English listening, English knowledge points, Chinese knowledge points, classical Chinese, mathematical formulas, mathematics knowledge points, composition books, other materials, etc. Learn about the different formats and writing styles of sample essays, so stay tuned!evolution的用法总结大全evolution的意思evolution的简明意思n. 进化；发展；演变英式发音 [ˌiːvə'luːʃn] 美式发音 [ˌiːvə'luːʃn] evolution的词态变化为:形容词: evolutional 副词: evolutionarilyevolution的详细意思在英语中，evolution不仅具有上述意思，还有更详尽的用法，evolution作名词 n. 时具有进化;发展;进化论;【生】演变，演化;放出（物）;进化出来的东西;进展;发育;开展;散出（物）;发生;【生】种族发生;【天】形成等意思，evolution的具体用法evolution作名词 n. 时具有进化;发展;进化论;【生】演变，演化;放出（物）;进化出来的东西;进展;发育;开展;散出（物）;发生;【生】种族发生;【天】形成等意思，如：The historical record of Chinas female sports culture remains dim, but its evolution is discernible.我国女子体育文化在历史上留下的记载不多, 但仍能反映出其历史演变过程.在此句中evolution表示演变的意思What does the universe gain by tolerating this relentless evolution accumulating ever more evolvability?宇宙容忍这种几近残酷的进化积蓄更为强大的进化性,究竟得到了什么 ?在此句中evolution表示进化的意思evolution的高考讲解该词在高考中，出现最多的题型是在阅读部分，占据了100%，可见evolution在阅读题型中是经常考到的，各位同学需要重点注意下易学啦也提供了下方的统计图，方便您参考下在高考中想要获得高分，建议同学们重点掌握以下知识点固定搭配1.theory of evolution进化论2.social evolution社会演化；社会进化真题回顾It seems obvious that evolution should select for larger brains.进化似乎明显应选择更大的大脑。
EVOLUTION
10
Special Creation
• Has also been called: • “Creation Science” or
• This is Darwin’s theory!
• Evolution has occurred by “descent with modification”. All living organisms have descended from a common ancestor.
• Darwins’s theory has 4 postulates:
➢ More specifically, biological evolution is a “change in the genetic composition of a population of organisms from one generation to the next”.
3
Evolution
16
If the earth itself has changed, have living organisms changed?
Evidence: ❖ Direct observation ❖ Vestigial structures:
- human appendix, or tailbone (coccyx)
some of these are transitional forms (e.g., Archaeopteryx a reptile with wings)
EVOLUTION 放大器用户手册说明书
CONTENTS EVOLUTION Amplifier User’s Manual - page 1U S E R ’S M A N U A L 2Introduction 2What is included?3Features 3About 2 Ohm operation 4General precautions 4Installation precautions 5 Mounting the amplifier 6 Connecting the amplifier 7Low level input wiring 8High level input wiring 9Power and Speaker wiring 10Troubleshooting 11SpecificationsCongratulations on yourpurchase of aSound Storm LaboratoriesEVOLUTION Amplifier.It has been designed, engineeredand manufactured to bring youthe highest level of performanceand quality, and will afford youyears of listening pleasure.Thank you for making SoundStorm Laboratories your choicefor car audio entertainment!page EV2.200Two Channel High Power Car Audio AmplifierEV4.400Four Channel High Power Car AudioAmplifierIntroductionWith the Sound Storm Laboratories EVOLUTION high power amplifier series, we are introducing two new models, both designed in the USA. This new series includes a 2-channel and a 4-channel amplifier.These EVOLUTION models feature a low pass crossover, and the EV4.400 adds a high pass crossover on CH1/2. Both amps feature both high level and RCA low level inputs on the front panel.Input level can be precisely controlled by variable input gain controls.These features help you integrate the amp into your system regardless of the nature of your input source.What is included?When first unpacking your new amplifier, please check first that the package contains all of the items below. If something is missing, contact the store where you purchased the player.• EVOLUTION amplifier• H igh input cable with connector • Four (4) mounting screwsEVOLUTION Amplifier User’s Manual - page 2Features About 2 Ohm operationYour new EVOLUTION amplifier features the following:• 2 Ohm stable stereo operation with output power increase• Thermal and speaker shortprotection• Soft turn-on circuit• Remote turn-on/turn-off circuit• Variable input gain control• Built-in fixed crossovers:EV2.200: fixed low pass (120Hz)EV4.400: fixed low pass (120Hz) on CH3/4fixed high pass (200Hz) on CH1/2• Nickel-plated RCA low level and high level inputs• LED power and protectionindicators• Black anodized heatsink Your EVOLUTION amplifier has been designed to operate efficiently at loads down to 2 Ohms. This means that you can install four 8 Ohm speakers per channel, when using parallel wiring.Increasing the number of woofers per channel at low frequencies (below 100Hz) produces an acoustic coupling effect. This acoustic coupling effect increases your power output by about 3dB per speaker, or the equivalent of an additional 10W per speaker.When operating at 2 Ohms, the amplifiers will increase their output power by approximately 50%. The current draw will also increase by about the same amount, so be sure you have enough current to run the amplifiers into a 2 Ohm load.If you lack adequate current, your music reproduction will be distorted.EVOLUTION Amplifier User’s Manual - page 3EVOLUTION Amplifier User’s Manual - page 4General precautionsSHOCK HAZARD! Do not open the case of this product. There are dangerous voltages present within the unit. There are no user-serviceable parts within the unit.Before installing and using yournew Sound Storm Laboratoriesamplifier, please become familiarwith all the information containedin this manual.Please keep this manual in a safeplace for future reference.• Do not open or attempt to repairthis unit yourself. Dangerous highvoltages are present which may resultin electric shock. Refer any repairs toa qualified service technician.• T o avoid risk of electronic shock ordamage to the amplifier , do not permitany of this equipment to becomedamp or wet from water or drinks. Ifthis does occur, immediately unplugthe power wires and send the amplifierto your local dealer or service centeras soon as possible.• If there is smoke or any peculiarodor present during use or if there isdamage to any of the componentenclosures, immediately unplug thepower cord and send the amplifier toyour local dealer or service center assoon as possible .Installation precautions Before you drill or cut any holes,investigate your car's layout very carefully. T ake special care when you work near the gas tank, fuel lines,hydraulic lines and electrical wiring.Never operate the amplifier when it is unmounted. Attach all audio system components securely to prevent damage, especially in an accident.Before making or breaking power connections in your system,disconnect the vehicle battery. Confirm that your head unit or other equipment is turned off while connecting the input jacks and speaker terminals.If you need to replace the power fuse,replace it only with a fuse identical to that supplied with the amplifier . Using a fuse of a different type or rating may result in damage to your audio system or your amplifier which is not covered by the manufacturer's warranty.Mounting the amplifier1. Find a suitable location in the vehiclein which to mount the amplifier.2. Make sure there is sufficient aircirculation around the intendedmounting location.3. Mark the location for the mountinghole screws by positioning the amplifierwhere you wish to install it. Use ascribe or mounting screw, insertedthrough each of the amp's mountingholes, to mark the mounting surface.If the mounting surface is carpeted,measure the hole centers and markwith a felt tip pen.4. Drill pilot holes in the mountingsurface for the mounting screws. Placethe amplifier in position, and attachthe amplifier to the mounting surfacesecurely using screws.EVOLUTION Amplifier User’s Manual - page 5EVOLUTION Amplifier User’s Manual - page 67. Insert fuse(s) into the battery fuse holder(s).8. Recheck all connections before powering up the amplifier.9. Set all level controls to minimum position, and set all crossover controls/switches to the desired frequency points.10. Power up the head unit and the amplifier. Then set the volume control on the head unit to about 3/4 volume,and adjust the amplifier’s input level control(s) to just below the level of distortion.11. Further fine tuning of the various controls may be necessary to obtain best results.Before doing any wiring, look throughthis manual and identify the diagramsto follow for power , input and speakerconnections for your particularinstallation. Be sure you understandall the connections before you proceed.1. Connect the power ground terminalto the closest point on the chassis ofthe car. Keep this ground wire to lessthan 39" (100 cm) in length. Use 8gauge (or heavier) wire.2. Connect the remote terminal to theremote output of the head unit using16 gauge (or heavier) wire.3. Connect an empty fuse holder within18" (45 cm) of the car battery, and run8 gauge (or heavier) cable from thisfuse to the amplifier location.4. Check that the fuse holder is empty.Then connect the fuse holder to the"BATT+" connection on the amplifier.5. If multiple amplifiers are being usedin your system, either:• Run a separate pair of cables fromthe battery and a chassis ground pointto each amplifier . Each (+) cable musthave its own inline fuse.-or-• Run a #4 cable from the fuse holderat the battery to a distribution blockat or near the amplifier's location. Thenrun separate cables from the amplifierto this distribution block and toindependent chassis ground points.6. Connect all line inputs and outputs(if used) using high-quality cables.Connect all speakers, following thediagrams in this manual. Be sure toobserve proper polarity to avoid audiophase problems.Connecting the amplifierDo not mistake the input level control for a volume control! It is designed ONLY to match the output level of your audio source to the input level of your amplifier.Do not adjust this input level to maximum unless your input level requires it.Ignoring these instructions will result in an input overload to the amplifier ,and excessive audio distortion. It can also cause the protection circuit to engage.Don't misuse the level control!Low Level Input WiringLow-level (RCA) input wiring is preferred for best audio performance. Always use a high-quality RCA cable for best audio performance.NOTE: Do not connect BOTH the high level and low level inputs from your receiver to your amplifier at the same time!2-Channel AmplifierEV2.2004-Channel AmplifierEV4.400EVOLUTION Amplifier User’s Manual - page 7EVOLUTION Amplifier User’s Manual - page 8High Level Input Wiring, cont.The high level input(s) should only be used when your head unit lacks RCA outputs.If the RCA outputs are not present, connect the speaker outputs from the receiver to the high level input connector of the amplifier. Be sure to observe polarity to avoid audio phase problems.NOTE: Do not connect BOTH the high level and low level inputs from your receiver to your amplifier at the same time!4-Channel AmplifierTo Speaker Terminalsof head unitCH2-CH1+Power and Speaker Wiring2-Channel AmplifierEV2.200EVOLUTION Amplifier User’s Manual - page 9TroubleshootingEVOLUTION Amplifier User’s Manual - page 10If you experience operation or performance problems with this product, compare your installation with the electrical wiring diagram on the previous pages. If problems persist,read the following troubleshooting tips which may help eliminate the problems.Amplifier will not power up.Check to make sure you have a good ground connection.Check that the Remote Input (Turn-On) has at least 3VDC.Check that there is battery power on the (+) terminal.Check that there is at least 12v.Check all fuses, replace if necessary.Make sure that the Protection LED is not illuminated. If it is lit, shut off the amplifier briefly, and then repower it.Protection LED comes on when amplifier is powered up.Check for short circuits on speaker leads.Turn down the volume control on the head unit to prevent overdriving.Remove speaker leads, and reset the amplifier. If the Protection LED still comes on, then the amplifier is faulty and needs servicing.No output.Check that all fuses are OK.Check that amplifier is properly grounded.Check that the Remote Input (Turn-On) has at least 3VDC.Check that the RCA audio cables are plugged into the proper inputs.Check all speaker wiring.Low output.Reset the Level Control.Check the Crossover Control settings.Audio present in only one channel.Check the RCA interconnect cables.Check all speaker wiring.High hiss in the speakers.Disconnect all RCA inputs to the amplifiers. If the hiss disappears, then plug in the component driving the amplifier and unplug its inputs. If the hiss disappears at this point, go on until the faulty/noisy component is found.It is best to set the amplifier's input level control as low as possible. The best subjective signal-to-noise ratio is achieved in this manner. Try to set the head unit as high as possible (without distortion) and the amp input level as low as possible.Squealing noise from speakers.Check for improperly grounded RCA interconnects.Distorted sound.Check that the Input Level Control is set to match the signal level of the head unit. Always try to set the Input Level as low as possible.Check that all crossover frequencies are properly set.Check for short circuits on the speaker leads.Amplifier gets very hot.Check that the minimum speaker impedance for the amp model is correct.Check that there is good air circulation around the amp. In some applications, it may be necessary to add and external cooling fan.Engine noise (static type)This is usually caused by poor quality RCA cables,which can pick up radiated noise. Use only the best quality cables, and route them away from power cables.Engine noise (alternator whine)Check that speaker leads are not shorted to the vehicle chassis.Check that the RCA grounds are not shorted to the vehicle chassis.Check that the head unit is properly grounded.SYMPTOMPOSSIBLE REMEDYSpecificationsEVOLUTION Amplifier User’s Manual - page 11RMS POWERinto 4 OhmsMAX POWERinto 2 OhmsMin. speaker impedance THDFrequency response Signal-to-noise ratio Channel separation Crossoverlow pass high passFuse rating Dimensions:(9" x 1-3/4" x ...)MODELEV2.200Two ChannelCar Audio AmplifierEV4.400Four ChannelCar Audio AmplifierAll specifications subject to change without notice.50W x 2100W X 22 Ohms 0.01%12Hz-22kHz 90dB 60dB 120Hz fixed n/a7.5A x 14-7/8"50W x 4100W X 42 Ohms 0.01%12Hz-22kHz 90dB 60dB120Hz fixed (CH3/4)200Hz fixed (CH1/2)15A x 16-7/8"Notes。
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Declining quality — E-type programs will be
perceived as of declining quality unless rigorously maintained and adapted to a changing operation environment.
Advice:
Need to manage complexity. Do periodic redesigns. Treat software and its development process as a feedback system (and not as a passive theorem).
Interesting phenomenon in itself Easy to track, can publish results, many experts Not much previous study
Evolution of Linux: Questions
How has Linux evolved over time?
6.
Continuing growth — Functional content of a
program must be continually increased to maintain user satisfaction over its lifetime.
Lehman’s Laws of Software Evolution
Lehman’s Laws in a nutshell
Observations:
(Most) useful software must evolve or die. As a software system gets bigger, its resulting complexity tends to limit its ability to grow. Development progress/effort is (more or less) constant.
Lehman’s Laws of Software Evolution
Based on measurement of a few (commercially-developed) systems, most notably IBM’s OS 360
Originally three laws, now there are eight. Has been criticized for strong claims based on limited data. However, it’s pioneering work on software evolution and software engineering.
2.
Increasing complexity — As a program is Self regulation — The program evolution
evolved, its complexity increases unless work is done to maintain or reduce it.
changed over time? affected the system’s evolution?
Open source development
Open source development vs. open source software
GNU, Linux, Apache, vim, gcc, FreeBSD vs. Mozilla, JDK, Jikes, NetBeans
8.
Feedback system — E-type programming
processes constitute multi-loop, multi-level feedback systems and must be treated as such to be successfully modified or improved.
Lehman’s examples
A case study in evolution: The Linux OS kernel
A case study in evolution: The Linux OS kernel
“Evolution in Open Source Software: A Case Study”
Software engineering education
SIGCSE (J ), CCCEE, IST Professional M.Eng. program (Cornell) SE option (Wloo), SE ugrad program (Wloo)
Overview
What is software evolution?
[Raymond]
“The Cathedral and the Bazaar”
Usual goal: scratching an interesting itch, not filling a commercial void. Anyone may contribute, tho owner(s) have final say. Motivation is peer recognition and personal satisfaction, not money. However, industrial participation also increasing
Does it obey Lehman’s laws? What is the best way to characterize growth?
How has its (open source) process model affected its development? How has the (high-level) architecture
Understanding Software Evolution
Michael W. Godfrey
Software Architecture Group University of Waterloo
Background and interests
Research
Software evolution Versioning, configuration management Software architecture, reverse engineering, program visualization Interchange formats for rev. eng. tools
3.
process is self-regulating with close to normal distribution of measures of product and process attributes.
Lehman’s Laws of Software Evolution
4.
Invariant work rate — The average effective
… but … large software systems are major assets of many businesses
Getting it right more important than getting it done fast. Budget and time for preventive maintenance, navel gazing.
“Evolution is what happens
while you’re busy making other plans.”
Usually, we consider evolution to begin once the first version has been delivered:
Relatively little research on trying to understand how and why programs evolve.
Previous research
Lehman’s laws Parnas on software geriatrics Eick et al. on code decay (10 MLOC telecom) Gall et al. (10 MLOC telecom) Munro, Burd et al. (2 MLOC gcc)
Why should we care?
Previous research A case study: The Linux OS kernel Observations, hypotheses, and future research
What is software evolution?
global activity rate on an evolving system is invariant over the product lifetime.
5.
Conservation of familiarity — During the active
life of an evolving program, the content of successive releases is statistically invariant.
Maintenance is the planned set of tasks to effect changes. Evolution is what actually happens to the software.