跨文化交际
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• Raise the hand up with the palm facing towards the opposite person. The hand is tilted forward. • Fingers pushing down: sit down or settle. • Singapore or Malaysia: to 'hail' someone’s attention or asking for permission to speak.
Postures (cont’d)
• Follow one’s natural habits so often go unnoticed (subconscious in nature) • May damage your image if you neglect your postures
2.4 Eye Contact
1.3 Functions
• Accenting - punctuate • Complementing - support • Contradicting – opposite to • Regulating - control • Repeating – send the same meaning • Substituting - replace
The “V” sign
• Palm outward: - two, victory, general approval, peace or friend • Palm facing yourself - two, insulting (up yours)
Others – The Stop Sign
The Thumb Up Sign
• Most American and European countries - great, approve • Australia and Nigeria - up yours • Some Asian and Islamic countries - rude and offensive
Categories of Distance (cont’d)
• Social Distance (1.3-3m) - colleagues, business partners, people at social gatherings • Public Distance (beyond 3m) - speaking in public
Others – The Dog Call Sign
• Curl the index finger and tell someone to come to you. • Acceptable in the UK and US, but rude in many Asian countries * Philippines: used only for dogs * Singapore: death
3.2 Attitudes Toward Crowding
• Attitude toward crowding Chinese: high tolerance Americans: low tolerance • Way of queuing Chinese: stand closely to the front value togetherness Americans: keep a distance from the front value apartness
2.3 Postures
• With two arms up in the air: arrogance • Standing firmly face-to-face: start to fight • Hands on the waist - direct intrusion into others’ affairs • Shrugging shoulders - indifferent, powerless, having no secret to conceal
Duration of eye contact (in US): 2.95 seconds and 1.18 seconds • Shorter: shy, uninterested, absent-minded • Longer: with unusually high interest
3. Space and Distance
Summary
Nonverbal Communication - definition, functions Kinesics - definition, facial expression, gesture, posture Space and Distance - categories of distance, attitudes toward crowding, way of queuing
Facial Expressions (cont’d)
Regardless of culture, these expressions are the same: fear, anger, surprise, contempt, disgust, happiness, and sadness.
2.2 Gestures
2. Kinesics
Kinesics is the nonverbal behavior related to movement, either of parts of the body, or of the body as a whole, including facial expressions, gestures, postures, eye contact, etc. Kinesics is “body language” .
Definitions (cont’d)
Nonverbal communication is the interaction that is carried out by our bodies, gestures, and tones of voice, in other words, everything except the actual words.
3.1 3.2 Proxemics Attitudes Toward Crowding
3.1 Proxemics
Definition: the study of people’s perception and use of space. Four categories: intimate, personal, social, and public distance.
The Thumb Down Sign
• Sth is bad or sth you do not approve of. • Sth or someone has failed. • Not used as often as the thumbs up sign. It is a rude and arrogant way to indicate failure.
Level of Meaning
• Cognitive content - stated messages, what is said openly • Affective content - feelings, attitudes, and behaviors 7% through words, 38% through voice, and 55% through looks and behaviors
• The “OK” sign • The thumb up and thumb down sign • The “V” sign • Other signs
The “OK” Sign
• America: agree or everything is ok • Latin America: offensive, similar to showing your middle finger • France: you’re worthless • Turkey: one is homosexual • Australia: zero
Facial Expressions (cont’d)
Examples of feelings that can be expressed are: fear, anger, surprise, contempt, disgust, happiness, sadness, concentration, confusion, desire, excitement, frustration, glare, and snarl.
Chapter 3 Nonverbal Communication
1. 2. 3. Nonverbal Communication Kinesics Space and Distance
1. Nonverbal Communication
1.1 Definitions 1.2 Importance 1.3 Functions
Categories of Distance
• Intimate Distance (0-45cm) - for the closest relation, e.g. a couple • Personal Distance (45-120cm) - friends, old classmates, acquaintance and relatives
Direct eye contact • Chinese: avoid • North Americans: appreciate • The British: avoid
Eye Contact (cont’d)
• Looking at the person • Looking sideways
源自文库
Eye Contact (cont’d)
Personal Territory
Private space and personal space Refers to the space people have for their own activities
Proxemics
• The use of space is directly linked to the value system of culture. • Personal territory can be large or small, depending on place, sex, age, and character. • Hold your ground and not back away.
1.1 Definitions
Nonverbal communication is the process by which nonverbal behaviors are used, either singly or in combination with verbal behaviors, in the exchange and interpretation of messages in a given situation or context.
1.2 Importance
Reasons:
• Accounts for much of the meaning we derive from conversations. • Spontaneously reflects the speaker’s subconsciousness. • Always present
Kinesics (cont’d)
2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Facial Expressions Gestures Postures Eye Contact
2.1 Facial Expressions
Westerners and the Chinese share: • Is it me? • Keep quiet please. • Lost in thought. • Is it true?
Postures (cont’d)
• Follow one’s natural habits so often go unnoticed (subconscious in nature) • May damage your image if you neglect your postures
2.4 Eye Contact
1.3 Functions
• Accenting - punctuate • Complementing - support • Contradicting – opposite to • Regulating - control • Repeating – send the same meaning • Substituting - replace
The “V” sign
• Palm outward: - two, victory, general approval, peace or friend • Palm facing yourself - two, insulting (up yours)
Others – The Stop Sign
The Thumb Up Sign
• Most American and European countries - great, approve • Australia and Nigeria - up yours • Some Asian and Islamic countries - rude and offensive
Categories of Distance (cont’d)
• Social Distance (1.3-3m) - colleagues, business partners, people at social gatherings • Public Distance (beyond 3m) - speaking in public
Others – The Dog Call Sign
• Curl the index finger and tell someone to come to you. • Acceptable in the UK and US, but rude in many Asian countries * Philippines: used only for dogs * Singapore: death
3.2 Attitudes Toward Crowding
• Attitude toward crowding Chinese: high tolerance Americans: low tolerance • Way of queuing Chinese: stand closely to the front value togetherness Americans: keep a distance from the front value apartness
2.3 Postures
• With two arms up in the air: arrogance • Standing firmly face-to-face: start to fight • Hands on the waist - direct intrusion into others’ affairs • Shrugging shoulders - indifferent, powerless, having no secret to conceal
Duration of eye contact (in US): 2.95 seconds and 1.18 seconds • Shorter: shy, uninterested, absent-minded • Longer: with unusually high interest
3. Space and Distance
Summary
Nonverbal Communication - definition, functions Kinesics - definition, facial expression, gesture, posture Space and Distance - categories of distance, attitudes toward crowding, way of queuing
Facial Expressions (cont’d)
Regardless of culture, these expressions are the same: fear, anger, surprise, contempt, disgust, happiness, and sadness.
2.2 Gestures
2. Kinesics
Kinesics is the nonverbal behavior related to movement, either of parts of the body, or of the body as a whole, including facial expressions, gestures, postures, eye contact, etc. Kinesics is “body language” .
Definitions (cont’d)
Nonverbal communication is the interaction that is carried out by our bodies, gestures, and tones of voice, in other words, everything except the actual words.
3.1 3.2 Proxemics Attitudes Toward Crowding
3.1 Proxemics
Definition: the study of people’s perception and use of space. Four categories: intimate, personal, social, and public distance.
The Thumb Down Sign
• Sth is bad or sth you do not approve of. • Sth or someone has failed. • Not used as often as the thumbs up sign. It is a rude and arrogant way to indicate failure.
Level of Meaning
• Cognitive content - stated messages, what is said openly • Affective content - feelings, attitudes, and behaviors 7% through words, 38% through voice, and 55% through looks and behaviors
• The “OK” sign • The thumb up and thumb down sign • The “V” sign • Other signs
The “OK” Sign
• America: agree or everything is ok • Latin America: offensive, similar to showing your middle finger • France: you’re worthless • Turkey: one is homosexual • Australia: zero
Facial Expressions (cont’d)
Examples of feelings that can be expressed are: fear, anger, surprise, contempt, disgust, happiness, sadness, concentration, confusion, desire, excitement, frustration, glare, and snarl.
Chapter 3 Nonverbal Communication
1. 2. 3. Nonverbal Communication Kinesics Space and Distance
1. Nonverbal Communication
1.1 Definitions 1.2 Importance 1.3 Functions
Categories of Distance
• Intimate Distance (0-45cm) - for the closest relation, e.g. a couple • Personal Distance (45-120cm) - friends, old classmates, acquaintance and relatives
Direct eye contact • Chinese: avoid • North Americans: appreciate • The British: avoid
Eye Contact (cont’d)
• Looking at the person • Looking sideways
源自文库
Eye Contact (cont’d)
Personal Territory
Private space and personal space Refers to the space people have for their own activities
Proxemics
• The use of space is directly linked to the value system of culture. • Personal territory can be large or small, depending on place, sex, age, and character. • Hold your ground and not back away.
1.1 Definitions
Nonverbal communication is the process by which nonverbal behaviors are used, either singly or in combination with verbal behaviors, in the exchange and interpretation of messages in a given situation or context.
1.2 Importance
Reasons:
• Accounts for much of the meaning we derive from conversations. • Spontaneously reflects the speaker’s subconsciousness. • Always present
Kinesics (cont’d)
2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Facial Expressions Gestures Postures Eye Contact
2.1 Facial Expressions
Westerners and the Chinese share: • Is it me? • Keep quiet please. • Lost in thought. • Is it true?