And的一些用法及其含义

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And的一些用法及其含义

摘要:并列连接词and 用来连接句子时,两个句子的意思要有逻辑上的联系。and的几种特殊用法。

关键词:并列连词 and 并列句

ⅰ. 并列连接词and 用来连接句子时,两个句子的意思要有逻辑上的联系。否则,and 连接的句子就会使人感到难以捉摸或产生歧义。

例如:he lived aboard for many years and beijing is the capital of our country.

一般来说,and连接的并列句,其次序可以改变而不影响它们在语义上的联系。例如:

he studies at a university and his brother works at a factory. / his brother works at a factory and he studies at a university.

但是,这种可以改变两个句子次序的可能性取决于许多因素,其汇总一个因素就是两个句子之间在意义上的关系。例如,一个并列句之间含有因果关系(cause-result)时,改变了他们的次序就会改变他们之间的逻辑关系。下面两句显然在意义上不相同:he was sick and he took some medicine. he took some medicine and he was sick.

为了方便起见,下面我们只举and连接两个句子的例子,看看它们在语义上的关系:

1.第二句是第一句的结果,句子的次序反映了事件发生的先后。例如:he tried hard and he passed the examination

(and=therefore)./my brother was wearing a raincoat,and didn’t get wet.

在rather/very/too+形容词+and的场合下,and往往具有therefore的意思。例如:

he is rather/very/too lazy and there is no chance of his passing.

2.第二句的动作是紧接在第一句动作之后发生的,但没有因果的关系。例如:

1 woke up and i got out of bed(and then)./she washed the dishes and she dried them.

如果两个句子的次序颠倒,那就失去了动作先后次序的含意。因此,即使在颠倒了次序的第二句中用时态表示动作发生在第二句之前,并列句也是不能接受的。不能说:she dried the dishes and she had washed them.

同样含有因果关系的并列句也不能接受:he passed the examination and he had tried hard.

可是,不用连接词and时,这种颠倒了次序的并列句则是可以接受的。例如:

she dried the dishes;she had washed them./he passed the examination;he had tried hard.

3.第二句介绍对比(contrast),含有这种对比的意思时,and 可以用but来代替。例如:

he is lazy and his brother is diligent(and=while,in contrast).

4.第二句对第一句表示惊讶,所以第一句有让步的意思。例如:he tried hard and he failed in the exam(and-and yet)./he was unhappy about it,and he did what he was told.

这儿but也可以代替and,不过用and可以产生修辞效果,强调第二句的内容是没有预料到的。

5.第二句作出和第一句相似的论点。例如:a trade agreement should be no problem,and a cultural exchange could be arranged (and=similarly).

6.第二句是第一句的补充说明,两句的说明是一致的。例如:john has tong hair and he wears jeans(and=and also).

以上例句中,3、5、6句的次序可以改变而不改变语义关系。

ⅱ.and的几种特殊用法

1.祈使句+and

把祈使句换成if从句,用逗号代替and,后面的句子作为主要句子。例如come early and you will see him.(=if you come early,you will see him.)

用1et开始的祈使句,也可表示条件。如:

let’s give him some help and he will be able to overcome

the difficulties in his studies.(=if we give him some help,he will be able to overcome the difficulties in his studies.)从以上例句可以看出,这种表示条件的用法,除第一句是祈使句外,第二句中的谓语动词要用将来时态。and之后用其它时态的情况也有:hesitate,and the chance is gone./give him a tool and he worked well.

连接词and前面可以是名词,这种句子不但简洁,而且条件意义十分突出。例如:

one more effort and you will succeed.(=if you make one more effort,you will succeed.)

有些谚语中,and连接的句子中的主语可以省略。例如:give a dog a bad name and hang him:(=if you give a dog a bad name,you may hang him.)欲加之罪,何患无辞。

祈使句+or(or=or else, otherwise否则),例如:persevere,or you will not succeed.(比较persevere,and you will succeed.)

2.nice and...后跟形容词,是口语中常用的一种形式,强调其后的形容词,意思等于very例如:the cloth is nice and soft.这布很柔软。类似的用法还有:

yon are rare and busy now.(=rarely=very).你现在很忙。

i am good and ready.(good=thoroughly,quite)我完全准备好了。

3.and that用来加强其后的词或词组,that是代词,代表前面

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