语法术语(第19-32讲)

第19讲
1、English verbs have three non-finite forms: the infinitive, the –ing participle and the –ed participle, of which the first two may occur in the passive.
2、There are two types of infinitive: to-infinitive and bare infinitive.
第21讲
The term “-ing participle”is used to include both the traditional “present participle”and the “gerund”.
第22讲
1、“-ED participle” is traditionally known as “past participle” and is usually used as pre-modifier and as subject or object complement.
2、When an –ing or –ed participle construction is used as a relative or adverbial clause, its logical subject is usually identifiable with the subject other elements of the main clause. It is through this relationship that the participle construction is “attached” to other elements of the main clause. This is known as the “attachment rule”. Violation of this rule will result in a “dangling participle”.
第23讲
In terms of word formation, adjectives can be divided into one-word adjective and compound adjective. Syntactically, adjectives fall into central adjectives and peripheral adjectives. According to their lexical meaning, adjectives can be categorized into dynamic adjectives and stative adjectives. And finally, according to their lexical meaning, adjectives include gradable adjectives and non-gradable adjectives.
第24讲
According to their lexical meaning, adverbs can be divided into adverbs of manner, degree, time, frequency, place, conjunctive adverbs and explanatory adverbs.
第25讲
1、With gradable adjectives and adverbs, there are three degrees of comparison: positive/absolute degree, comparative degree, and superlative degree.
2、Comparison in relation to a higher or the highest degree is expressed by the inflected forms in –er or –est, or by their equivalents with more or most, the former is known as the synthetic form and the latter the analytic form.
第26讲
English today is basically an analytic language in which inflections have practically been replaced by structural words and a relatively fixed word order. Prepositions are just a class of structural words that indicate various semantic relations between words or expressions.
第27讲
1、The sentence is the highest rank of grammatical construction. In terms of their communicative functions, sentences may be divided into four types: Statement, Question, Command, and Exclamation.
2、A rhetorical question is essentially an emphatic construction, which is a question in form but a statement in meaning.
第28讲
The communicative function of an existential sentence is to elicit a new topic, which, as focus of information, is generally expressed by the “notional subject”or “real subject”coming after the verb phrase.
第29讲
There are three types of sentence with non-referring it as formal subject. They are sentences with it as formal subject denoting time, distance and atmospheric conditions, sentences with anticipatory it as subject, and cleft sentences introduced by it. The word it in these patterns is called respectively “Empty it”, “Anticipatory it”, and it as introductory word of cleft sentences. 第30讲
A coordinate construction is a sequence of semantically-related grammatical units that are similar in form, equal in rank of structure, identical in function and are connected by coordinators.
第31讲
1、Subordination means putting a grammatical unit in a lower rank or position. A grammatical unit that functions as a constituent of another unit of equal or higher rank of structure is a subordination.
2、In terms of word formation, subordinators can be divided into simple subordinators, complex subordinators, correlative subordinators, and marginal subordinators.
第32讲
1、A verbless clause is a clause without any form of verb element as predicator.
2、What is traditionally called “absolute construction” is essentially a non-finite or verbless clause with an expressed subject of its own.。