医药零褒连锁的逆向物流管理

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物流管理毕业论文---医药逆向物流运作模式探析

物流管理毕业论文——-医药逆向物流运作模式探析毕业论文学生姓名：学号:学院:专业年级: 08级物流管理题目: XXX医药逆向物流运作模式探析指导教师:评阅教师：2012年3月第 1 页摘要发展逆向物流与社会、企业及公众息息相关,政府、企业和消费者是其利益相关主体。

企业通过发展逆向物流一方面可以提升顾客信任度,增强企业的竞争优势，另一方面也可以保护环境,塑造良好的企业形象,经济效益与环境效益双丰收。

近年来，许多药品零售连锁企业都在投入大量的人力、物力用于构建和完善自己的供应链。

通过实施药品经营质量管理规范（GSP）、引进或是更新管理信息系统（MIS)、不断改善业务流程,以增强企业的竞争能力。

相对于主要支撑日常经营业务的正向物流管理（即产品由生产企业到消费者的物流过程)来说，由消费者到生产企业的逆向物流管理的管理，相当一部分企业的从业人员缺乏正确认识，不够重视，往往应付了事,给企业的质量工作和经济效益埋下隐患.逆向物流与传统供应链方向相反，为合理处置或恢复价值，而对原材料、中间库存、最终产品及相关信息，从消费地到起始点的实际流动所进行的有效计划、管理和控制过程。

所以逆向物流对企业降低成本，树立良好的企业形象是非常之重要。

关键词: XXX医药;逆向物流；运作模式；问题第 2 页Title Day ding medicine reverse logistics mode analysisAbstract：Reverse logistics development and social, enterprise and the public are closely related, the government， the enterprise and the consumer is its interests related subject。

Enterprise through the development onthe reverse logistics can promote the customers trust， enhance the enterprise the competitive advantage， on the other hand also canprotect the environment， and to shape the good enterprise image，economic benefits and environmental benefits double harvest.This paper first to reverse logistics in the source and the modern enterprise the reverse logistics mode a description， the importance of developing a description of reverse logistics， and based on this， for specific to the pharmaceutical industry day ding pharmaceutical Co., LTD. The present main reverse logistics mode analysis form， for its existing problem of one analysis, and combined with the problems existing in the company proposes the strategies for human day ding pharmaceutical Co。

试论连锁零售企业的逆向物流管理

目前．我国一部分连锁零售企业开展了对商品 ” 换 ” 的承退
与正向物流相比．连锁零售企业逆向物流的特点表现为以下短商品回流时间．并且有利于收集掌握与回流商品相关的资讯，（）向不同．正向物流是从供应商．连锁企业的配送中心．１流
［键词］连锁零售企业关逆向物流管理
鞠巅麓夔
１提高顾客满意度．增加企业竞争优势．连锁零售企业要想在激烈的竞争中取胜，必须尽力满足消费
［摘要］本文总结了连锁零售企业逆向物流形成的原因和特点，论述了实施逆向物流管理对连锁零售企业发展的意
（）送中心因储存、管、输不当．造成商品损坏、变过逆向物流管理每年平均就可节约资金７３多美元。４配保运而亿
质．过期等．将部分商品退给供应商。
２．连锁零售企业逆向物流的特点
几个方面：
连锁零售企业实施逆向物流管理．对于供应商来说．能够缩连锁企业可以及时把退货信息传递给供应商，为供应商生产和销售产品提供指导。同时实施逆向物流管理能够降低双方的物流成三、我国连锁零售企业逆向物流管理存在的问题
随着零售业竞争的加剧．降低运营成本成为连锁零售企业竞
争的主要手段．而逆向物流管理是企业赢得生存空间的重要策略。每年可为企业降低销售总成本的０１～０３．％％。对连锁零售企业
小化状态，高企业的效益。同时其逆向物流网络还可用于为厂提

医药行业逆向物流发展的探讨

的退货逆向物流主要包括：１政府行政部门要求停止销售的医药同时，鼓励强化定点回收制度，开展定点回收过期药品制度，有利相关产品：２．顾客投诉：出现药品质量问题、如外观、色泽、口味等与于民众自觉参与回收工作。首先可以缓解药监部门大范围回收过
但对逆向物流的认识和重视程度不够。因此，大部分药品企应对措施，希望可以更好的促进医药行业逆向物流的蓬勃发展。业都缺乏一套行之有效的逆向物流系统，其中起关键作用的生产【关键词】逆向物流医药行业问题措施信息系统和运营管理系统尚不完善。有时候造成了退货和回收困
也使企业可以借助回收过期药品的契机，在正常药品有差异或者药品局部变质，药品超过有效期、说明书不期药品的压力。其次，规范等；３．配送中心或门店退回：药品配送运输过程中出现差错导社会上树立良好的企业信誉。致的货品短缺等；４．厂商主动要求撤回；如出现药品质量问题、更换４．药品企业采用逆向物流外包模式目前，ＵＰＳ、联邦快递等目前均开展了逆向物流业务，如果医包装或市场策略等５．商业退回：主要是药品经营公司因药品滞销积压。药生产企业将医药逆向物流外包给具有资质的并且是专业的第
难及混乱的局面，在药品退回到企业或回收后，如不能很好的对其进行管理，就会给企业造成较大的损失。企业整个药品逆向物
一
一
流系统不能得以有效的运行，亦难以达到挖掘新的利润源、增强个完整的供应链除了正向物流外，还有逆向物流。对“ 逆向客户满意度及提升企业形象等目的。

医药行业逆向物流发展的探讨

到物流学者和企业经营管理者的重视，逆向物流运作的好坏直接影响到企业的社会信誉、服务水平以及企业的经营成本和效
益。按照逆向物流材料的物理属性分可分为钢铁和有色金属制
端如医院、药房、连锁药店等机构退回到厂家的过程。而零售终端将已购药物退货的过程还处于比较粗放的状态，没有达到普遍意义上的“ 逆向物流 ” 的地步，随意性较大。
中的资源消
㈠企业缺乏积极性
二十世纪九十年代后期，我国才开始
关注逆向物流管理的研究和实践，但是由于传统经济观念的影响及逆向物流引入时间较晚，故逆向物流管理观念淡薄，我国企业尤其是医药企业缺乏对逆向物流的足够重视，近几年发生的医药事件处理情况足以证明我国医药企业逆向物流的严重缺失。通常医药企业对逆向物流的错误认识有两种：一种观点认为逆向物流是一种环保理念，这种观点认为逆向物流不仅不能给企业带来经济利益，相反还会浪费企业资源和时间，增加企业的生产成本；另一种观点认为逆向物流是政府的事，与企业无关。产生以上错误认识主要是由于企业未能正确认识逆向物流管理，生态意识不强，没有看到逆向物流管理的潜在价值。事实上，逆向物流管理不仅能节约资源、减少环境污染，而且还能给企业
带来更好的收益。
几年，在经济全球化和电子商务日益完善的背景下，中国的物流行业从起步开始大踏步向前迈进，随着环保意识和可持续发展意识的深入人心，逆向物流社会化趋势加剧。逆向物流是与传统供应链反向，为价值恢复或处置合理而对原材料、中间库存、最终产品及相关信息从消费地到起始点的有效实际流动所进行的计划、管理和控制过程。尽管逆向物流管理比传统的供应链管理

我国连锁零售业的逆向物流管理现状分析

要的逆向物流管理系统和缺乏逆向物流管理合作等
关键词：锁零售；向物流连逆
流管理在我ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ还处于起步阶段，因此连锁零售企业在逆向物流的管理方面也存在着
种种问题。主要体现在如下几个方面：
在有效及适当成本下，原料、制品、对在成品和相关信息，消费点到原始产出点的从流动和储存，行规划、行与管制的过进执
尽管目前有些连锁零售企业为了树立
品牌形象，逐步开展了对商品“ 换 ” 也退的承诺，提高顾客的忠诚度，由于逆向物以但
以及自愿连锁３种形态。随着连锁零售业竞争的加剧，锁零连售业已成为低利润的行业，得对成本的使
流存在认识上的误区，有些领导认为逆向物流是运输和配送成本增加的主要来源，因此，尽可能减少逆向物流，等。主要表等现在以下几方面：一，锁零售企业对回第连收责任的意识淡薄，认为产品一旦售出，所承担的责任就结束；第二，业认为逆向企
个部分。
的一种企业经营制度，被广泛应用于零售业和服务业等众多行业，且出现了国际并化连锁经营的趋势。连锁零售企业的基本形态划分可按照不同的标准进行，一般是按所有权的不同分为联号连锁、许连锁特

医药行业逆向物流管理策略研究

李昕，祖峰（海学，宁锦１０）渤大辽州２１１３
Ｌｉ，ＺｅｇＩＸｎＵＦｎ
摘要：通过对我国医药行业逆向物流的应用现状的研究．发现我国医药行业逆向物流应用中存在运作复杂性高、管理困难、重视程度低、缺乏规模性、企业规模小、融资困
项标新立异的竞争战略。在以市场为导向的经济环境下，顾
中图分类号：Ｆ７２２
文献标识码：Ａ
文章编号：１０ — １０（０８５Ｏ０ — ２ｏ２３０２０）０一０３０
Ａｂｔａｔｈｓａｔｌ，ａｃｒｉｇｏｔｅａａｙｉｏｈｐｌｓｒｃ：Ｔｉｒｉｅｃｏｄｎｔｈｎｌｓｓｆｔｅａｐｉｃ－ｃｂｅｃｒｅｔｓｔａｉｎｎｒｓｒｅｏｉｔｓｍａａｅｎｏｈａｌｕｒｎｉｔｉｅｅｖｌｇｓｉｎｇｍｅｔｆｔｅｕｏｃｐａｍａｅｔａｉｄｓｒ，ｉｃｕｉｇｅｔｒｏｌａｅｏｅａｈｒｃｕｉｌｎｕｔｙｎｌｄｎｂｔｃｍｐｉｔｄｐｒ－ｃｅｃｔｎ、ｄｆｃｌｍａａｅｎ、ｎｔｎｉｎｔｅｌｔｃｌ、ｌｎｉｏｉｉｕｔｆｎｇｍｅｔｏａｔｔ、ｈｉｌｓａｅｅｄｅｏｔｅｍｏｅｄｆｃｌ、ｌｃｐｒｏｏｂｌｙｐｉｔｕｔｅｕｓｎｙｉｕｔａｋｅｓｎｆａｉｔ，ｏｎｓｉｉｏｔｈｑｅ－ｔｎｎｈｔｎｒｐｓｓｔｅｓｅｉｃａｄａｐｉａｌａｔ．ｉｓｉｔａ，ａｄｐｏｏｅｈｐｃｆｎｐｌｂｅｔｃｉｏｉｃｃＫｅｗｏｄ：ｒｓｒｅｌｇｓｉｓｔｅｐａｍａｅｔａｉｄｓｒ；ｙｒｓｅｅｖｏｉｔ；ｈｈｒｃｕｉｌｎｕｔｃｃｙｐａａｅｔａ；ｑｅｔｎｕｇｓｉｎｈｒｃｕｉｌｕｓｉ；ｓｇｅｔｍｃｏｏ

医疗药品逆向物流优化模式的分析

口ＹＵＡＮａＸｉｏ—ｘａ，ＩｉＬＡＮＧｅＬｅ—ｌｎＷｎ，ＩＺｏｇ
（ｎｕＵｎｅｓｙＨｆｉ３６１ＣｈａＡｈｉｉｒｉ，ｅｅ２００，ｉ）ｖｔｎ
【ｂｔｃ】ｎｒｅｔｅｓｈａｈｓｅａｅｍｎｃａｉｌｉｐｒｎｉｍｄｍｌｉｏｏｉｄｖｌｍｎ，ＡｓａｔＩｅｎｙａ，ｅｔｉｕｓｌｂｃｉｉｒｓｇｏａｔｏｅｆｗｔｅｎｍｃｅｅｐｅｔｎｒｃｒｌｓｅｏｇｎｅｎｙｍｔｎｉｈｃｅｏｉ
２１０２年第５期第３４卷总第２５期１
物流工程与管理
ＬｏＧＩＴＩＳＣＳＮＧＩＥＮＥＥＲＩＮＧＡＮＤＭＡＮＡＧＥＭＥＮＴ
物流论坛
ｄｉ０３６／．ｓ．６４－９３２１．５０７ｏ：．９９ｊｉｎ１７４９．０２０．０１ｓ
扰乱了药品市场正常的流通秩序。同时，国家十二五规划纲要提出以信息化带动现代医药
用药安全带来隐患；若作生活垃圾处理，会造成环境的化学污
染；倘若被非法药贩得到，会带来更大的社会隐忧。
１１废弃药品污染环境．
物流发展，实现药品从生产、流通到使用全过程的信息共享和
ｒｖｒｅｌｇｓｉｓｅｅｓｏｉｔｃ．
【ｅｏｄ】ｅｉｒｓ；ｅｅｅｏｓｃｏｔｉｔｎｏｅＫｙｒｓｍｄａｄｇｒｒｇｔｓ；ｐｍｚｉｄｌｗｃｕｌｖｌｉｓｉｉａｏｍ

我国医药逆向物流发展的问题及其对策

我国医药逆向物流发展的问题及其对策，不少于1000字随着医药行业的快速发展，逆向物流也日渐重要起来。

逆向物流是指从消费者或者销售终端逆向流向生产或者供应者的物流活动。

医药逆向物流主要指医药生产商或批发商回收过期、失灵、残次药品、机具设备等产品，或是通过药店、医院及其他渠道回收废旧设备和药品、医疗器械等。

医药企业或经销商通过逆向物流收回产品并对其进行现货或零售出售，不仅能够减少企业的财务损失和环境污染，而且增强了企业与消费者的联系和服务。

然而，我国医药逆向物流发展仍然面临着一些问题：一是法律政策的滞后。

相关的逆向物流法规还不够完善，存在漏洞和空白，使得企业间合法逆向物流的合规运作受到影响。

二是回收收购渠道不畅。

回收收购渠道的不畅以及回收物流方式不科学，导致回收的药品被浪费或者流入非法市场。

三是物流成本高，管理难度大。

医药逆向物流涉及到药品的安全性和生命健康，需要进行严格的质量管理和监管，使得物流成本和管理难度都很高。

针对这些问题，我们需要采取以下对策：一是加强法规建设。

政府应加强对逆向物流领域的管理和监督，建立健全逆向物流法规，规范逆向物流事务的合法经营。

二是拓宽回收渠道。

在回收渠道上，应当开设回收收购点、购回点，引导消费者进行回收，聘请专业回收服务公司进行回收药品、废旧设备等物品。

三是建立信息管理平台。

针对医药逆向物流管理中存在的问题，建立医药逆向物流物品流与信息流的管理平台，降低物流和信息成本，提高运作流程的效率和安全性。

四是促进医药逆向物流行业的合作发展。

医药企业、药店、医疗机构等不同的相关行业可以建立合作关系，改善医药逆向物流的市场环境和操作。

总之，医药逆向物流是医药行业作为现代服务业的一个重要环节。

我国应积极应对逆向物流环节所面临的问题，加强政策法规建设，增加回收物品的渠道，同时建立信息化管理平台，促进合作发展，推动医药逆向物流行业的正规化、规范化、可持续发展。

医药行业逆向物流管理策略研究

医药行业逆向物流管理策略研究作者：李昕祖峰来源：《物流科技》2008年第05期摘要：通过对我国医药行业逆向物流的应用现状的研究，发现我国医药行业逆向物流应用中存在运作复杂性高、管理困难、重视程度低、缺乏规模性、企业规模小、融资困难、逆向物流人才匮乏等问题，并就这些问题提出了相应的解决方案。

关键词：逆向物流；医药行业；药品；存在问题；发展策略中图分类号：F272文献标识码：A文章编号：1002-3100(2008)05-0003-02Abstract: This article, according to the analysis of the applicable current situation in reserve logistics management of the pharmaceutical industry, including better complicated operation、difficult management、no attention、the little scale、lend money difficult、lack person of ability, points out the questions in that, and proposes the specific and applicable tactic.Key words: reserve logistics; the pharmaceutical industry; pharmaceutical; question; suggestion 1逆向物流的内涵逆向物流是对原材料、加工库存品、产成品，从消费地到起始地的相关信息的高效率、低成本的流动而进行规划、实施和控制的过程。

逆向物流涉及的范围较广，最主要的流动为废、次产品及包装材料从顾客、医院及其他组织部门、群众向分销商或生产制造商的逆向流动。

必须设计一个逆向物流系统，以保证这些废、次品的回收，并恢复其使用价值。

医药行业逆向物流管理策略研究

只有这样，才能提高我国医药行业物流渠道的效率和质量，推动整个行业的健康发展。
一、引言
中国医药行业在近年来经历了快速发展，成为全球最大的药品市场之一。随着市场的不断扩大和需求的不断变化，物流运营在医药行业中的地位逐渐凸显。本次演示旨在研究中国医药行业的物流运营模式，分析其现状、问题和未来发展趋势。
2、智能化物流：借助物联网、大数据等技术手段，实现药品的实时追踪、预测分析和智能调度，提高物流运营的智能化水平。
3、多元化服务：为了满足市场多样化的需求，医药行业的物流运营将趋向于提供多元化服务，包括药品配送、库存管理、信息服务等多方面。
4、国际化发展：随着中国医药市场的不断开放和国际化进程的加快，医药行业的物流运营将逐渐走向国际化。与国际物流公司合作，实现药品在全球范围内的流通。
三、结果与讨论
1、物流渠道模式分析
我国医药行业物流渠道模式主要包括以下几种：
（1）直销模式：医药生产企业通过自己的销售团队或第三方物流公司，将药品直接销售给医疗机构或零售药店。这种模式的优点是能够减少中间环节，提高销售效率，但需要庞大的销售团队或物流网络作为支撑，规模效应难以实现。
（2）分销模式：医药生产企业通过分销商将药品销售给医疗机构或零售药店。这种模式的优点是能够覆盖更广泛的区域和市场，但需要加强对分销商的管理和控制，避免价格混乱和市场失序。
五、结论
中国医药行业物流运营模式在不断发展和完善中，未来将更加注重绿色、智能化和多元化服务。通过不断创新和改进，中国医药行业的物流运营将有望实现更高的效率和更低的成本，为行业发展提供有力支撑。
感谢观看
结果与讨论
通过对文献的回顾和案例分析，可以得出以下结论：
1、现有研究主要集中在管理模式、策略和政策方面，取得了一定的成果，但仍存在局限性。例如，现有管理模式和策略主要提高处理效率，而忽视了环保和社会责任等方面；政策法规尚不完善，执行力度有待加强等。

医药行业中的逆向物流文献翻译

医药行业中的逆向物流文献翻译毕业论文中的外文文献及翻译医药行业中的逆向物流外文文献：Reverse Logistics in Pharmaceutical IndustryAbstract:This study looks into detailed aspects of reverse logistics on the issues that pharmaceutical organizations face. Reverse logistics is now following a trend where it is seen as a competitive advantage and a source of potential revenue. The perception is changing from the tradition of returns being a barrier to profits and a cost burden. Also the sustainability issue being addressed by reverse logistics is beneficiary to pharmaceutical organizations with end-of life products. The discussion contributed to the market perspective and to back up the misconception of returns being a cost issue, when it maintains market share by retaining quality. The perception of those industry practices on the environment and sustainability practiced by organizations has shown less enthusiasm than once thought.Keywords-Supply chain management, reverse logistic, pharmaceutical logistics, pharmaceutical reverse logistic.1.IntroductionIn common scenario a product or service is developed to be manufactured or created and go through the supply chain (e.g. manufacturer-wholesaler-retailer) to be sold to a consumer. Supply chain is integrating more activities than those concerned with supply chain alone like including service and product recovery. Here we will focus on especially reverse logistics, i.e. the handling of products back to manufacturer’s or producer’s end. The objective is to minimize the handling cost whilemaximizing the value from the goods, or proper disposal. Essentially, reverse logistics is the opposite of logistics management. Goods or materials move in the opposite direction of the supply chain, that is, from the customer back to the supplier. Products are returned to the manufacturer or retailer for any number of reasons. Some of the more common reasons are warranty failures, damaged products, product recalls, incorrect product orders/shipment, exchange of impaired products for functional ones, reusable packaging materials, product upgrading and so on. Whatever the reason, returned goods have to be processed in the best manner possible. Reverse Logistics has become a fairly serious issue in recent times primarily because retailers have been forced, due to increased competition, many forces drive reverse logistics, like, competition and marketing motives, direct economic motivesand concerns with the environment. Whatever the reason, returned goods have to be processed in the best manner possible.Reverse logistics in the pharmaceutical industry is extreme important, not only from the economic point of view, but also from the environment as well as regulatory point of view. The pharmaceutical returns industry is worth US$2.5 billion. There is also an estimated reverse flow of goods worth US$5 billion. Some important considerations for the industry when it comes to reverse logistics are the security of the returned goods, keeping the cost low with the help of automation, traceability of the goods returned from the customer to the final stage of disposition.2.Literature ReviewDuring the last decade, reverse logistics has obtained focus in research and practice both. In early nineties, the Council ofLogistics Management published two studies on reverse logistics. In 1992 Stock first recognize the field of reverse logistics as relevant for business and society generally. Rogers and Tibben-Lembke in 1999 presented a broad collection of reverse logistics business practices, but they had given special attention to the US experience. They found that four in ten logistics managers consider reverse logistics relatively unimportant compared to other company issues. During the last years, many articles dedicated to the optimization and management of reverse logistics appeared, like Guide et al. (2000) on the characteristics of reverse logistics for remanufacturing systems.In terms of resource recovery, the most often described option was recycling and re-use/redistribution (De Koster et al., 2001). Products, components, materials, equipment and even complete technical systems may go backwards in the supply chain (for convenience we will use the term products to refer to all of them).For some time we have been familiar with products being reworked during manufacturing due to unsatisfactory quality, or with good materials or components being returned from the production floor because they were leftover after production (manufacturing returns).Defective products may be detected after they have entered the supply chain resulting in a pull back of products through the chain (product recalls).3.MethodologyThe methods to be used will be conducting a literature review throughout all the sections,researching websites, books and academic journals.4.Discussion on Different Reverse Logistics4.1Pharmaceutical Industry ScenarioPharmaceutical producers combine ingredients precisely, under specific conditions, while negotiating a maze of stringent regulations and quality controls. Companies that manufacture, move or store pharmaceutical products must meet similar demands. Many drugs are highly sensitive to temperature; some are extremely valuable; and all are subject to a complex array of government and international regulations. In the pharmaceutical supply chain, every detail counts. Pharmaceutical logistics is such a specialized discipline that drug manufacturers have long been reluctant.But some recent industry trends are making drug manufacturers rethink their strategies. One trend is that some popular drugs are coming off patent. Without popular products to boost their bottom lines, manufacturers try to make up the difference by cutting costs. One way they do this is through cutting cost in logistics operations. In country like India, Bangladesh many drug makers still manage some or all of their supply chains internally. Whichever strategy a company chooses, its supply chain team wrestles with some highly specific challenges.Pharmaceuticals are not like other common products. When those products are recalled or returned, they can be repaired, resold, or donated. Pharmaceuticals, in contrast, are destroyed. The need for destruction relates to the inability or difficult constraint of regulated facilities of manufacturers to ensure pharmaceuticals were handled properly after leaving their control and to ensure a secure chain of custody.4.2Streamlined ReturnsTraditionally, when returns arrive at a distributor, thedistributor applies the manufa cturer’s retailer p olicies and pricing to ensure the pharmacy, hospital, or wholesaler receives credit for the return. Then, the distributor sends the returns to a third party returns processor for destruction. Returns arrive at distributor or manufacturer are validated, policy and pricing policies are applied, accounts are reconciled, reports are filed online for the manufacturer and the shipper, and the pharmaceuticals are destroyed. Documented proof of destruction must have to be kept for regulatory purpose. Here process has to be made to ensure the elimination of errors, duplicate processing and diverted shipment.Not all returns are credited. But, when manufacturers do credit returns, reverse logistics have the additional challenge of ensuring that returns are authorized, quantities are validated and returns data for lot or batch number and shipper are matched against the original documentation. Returns for credit, primarily, are made by retail pharmacies or wholesalers and typically involve drugs that are three to six months from expiration, explains Larry Hruska, president at GENCO Pharmaceutical Services.“Consolidated returns tend to arrive from a pharmacy odelivery route in a box with a few hundred bottles of all shapes and sizes,” he explains.4.3RecallsProduct recalls are similar to returns but require additional identification and have a greater sense of urgency. Recalls and returns differ mainly because of the notification aspects; there should be protocols for notification, including business reply cards. Information regarding what has been returned need to be stored and documented for FDA and other regulated marketcomplian ce purposes. There’s also more regulatory oversight. For example, Pharmaceuticals may need to be held for inspection by regulators. Pharmaceutical manufacturers also may need to examine samples.“Particularly as pharmaceutical manufacturers move into the developing world—mainly Latin America and Asia—they are establishing in-country collection strategies and are consolidating shipments,” Smith s ays. Because these compounds are returned for destruction, the requirements for temperature control and express delivery that are present on their outbound transit are non-existent for their return. Consequently, some customers using cheaper ways of carriage, substituting ocean freight for air freight in some instances. Consolidating pharmaceuticals returns has inherent risks, however. Every handoff and each delay in the supply chain increases the chance that criminals will divert the drugs into the black market where expired products will be diluted and labeled as saleable. The risk depends upon the location of the facility and the drug.Some 3PL logistics company handles recall solutions for medical devices, applying best practices learned in the information technology sector. They had seen several recalls that often were inefficient and poorly organized, so we built a solution for our customers to handle recalls in a more structured way. That solution consists of Recall Alliance and Recall Action, With Recall Alliance; work with customers to build knowledge around their products and the most efficient recall procedures. The most basic level focuses on industry best practices, systems, and management. The premium level also includes readiness, audits, and certifications. Recall Alliance is in the initial stages oflaunch. It debuted in Europe and launches in Asia and America in 2012. Recall Action is the execution arm, ensuring access to the right logistics. There's no magic pill for dealing with those issues, but the industry has developed some effective solutions. Here'sa look at the state of pharmaceutical reverse logistics today.4.4One Batch at a TimeIn a typical batch process associated with pharmaceutical reverse distribution, the reverse distributor consolidates and ships returns from pharmacies that have nothing in common other than the wholesaler they purchase products through. These products are then sent back to the pharmaceutical manufacturers in one consolidated shipment that might contain several hundred products from several hundred different pharmacies. It’s much more efficient for the wholesalers, manufacturers and reverse distributors to handle the returns this way.4.5Managing RegulationsThe interesting part of regulation is you have to maintain it all through the value chain. So when products are in their backward journey even it is for destruction it has to be regulated. In highly regulated market in addition to requiring drug makers to ship their products in country and across borders and over long distances, the pharmaceutical industry's nature stymies manufacturers with a complicated array of regulations governing transporting drugs in different countries.The industry is also seeking global standards for tracking drug pedigrees. Different countries and U.S. states have established their own requirements for serializing drugs. This typically involves attaching a two-dimensional bar code or other device that uniquely identifiesa unit of the product so it can be tracked throughout thesupply chain.5.ConclusionReverse logistics in the pharmaceuticals industry works differently from many other industries. Drugs or products returned in a pharmaceutical industry are seldom repaired or resold. Instead, they need to be destroyed and disposed properly. There are various considerations to be taken into account such asNeed for accurate tracking and visibilityBatches and Expiry controlCold Chain requirementsProper storage and disposalPedigree reportingAnti-counterfeiting and so on.Reverse logistics is considered a bullet in company’s profits and an expensive process most times. Yet, it is an imperative process in modern times due to various reasons such as government regulations, growing environmental concerns, growing consumerism, and competitive advantage. An important consideration for companies is to perform the operations in reverse logistics effectively so that it reduces the cost involved.When it comes to legal complexities, especially in the global context, the regulation states that, goods once sold by the manufacturer can be brought back only through declaration to excise authorities and proper documentation. This process is cumbersome and takes time. Non-compliance also leads to legal actions.中文译文：医药行业中的逆向物流摘要：这份报告详细探讨了在医药物流各个层面上的问题。

医药行业逆向物流的现状及发展分析

（三）逆向物流更加依赖于电子商务
Kokkinaki A I，Dekker R，van—Nunen J，PappisC于2000年指出：电子商务是逆向物流的重要激励因素，但现有的电子商务模型具有很大的局限性或只是常用模型的移植；Beth Enslow于2002年：“IT技术、移动通信、无线设备和动态优化技术的相互作用和补充，促使物流业务流程的重构发生了巨大的变化。”因此，能否借助现代信息技术的迅速发展和Internet网络的广泛拓展，对网络环境下的逆向物流进行重构和业务重组，对企业的可持续发展战略具有十分重要的意义。
（一）回收网络从闭环结构向开环结构发展
闭环结构是指将已用物资返还并交由制造者处理的回收网络结构。制造商对返回的产品、其中任意一个部件和任何可以再次使用的产品零件进行再利用。开环结构是指物资和产品由制造商回收，但由其他公司来进行处理的回收网络结构。最终的产品和物资不再由生产者使用。
在开环结构中，由于逆向物流渠道与正向物流渠道不同，整合这两种渠道的可能性很小，故一般构建一个独立的回收系统。同时，回收中心一般把回收物品当成传统供应链的原材料投入，所以只要稍加修改传统的物流系统网络模型就可为逆向物流系统所用。
医药行业逆向物流的现状及发展分析
摘要
现今我国很多医药企业对药品的正向物流投入了大量的人力和物力，而对药品的逆向物流却重视不够，对其缺乏正确的认识，因而给企业的质量工作和经济效益以及整个社会福利埋下了隐患。药品回收不仅关系到环境问题,更涉及患者的生命安全,而对处方药的回收还能为社会带来巨大的经济效益。我国的医药物流落后，逆向物流尚未引起重视。本文通过对我国药品回收的现状与国外物流发达国家的药品回收模式进行对比，找出差距，以借鉴国外的先进经验，促进我国药品回收物流的发展。
关键词：逆向物流；医药行业；供应链；分析

困扰医药物流业的“逆向物流

困扰医药物流业的“逆向物流逆向物流随着物流产业进入国家产业振兴规划，预期医药产业在未来相当长一段时期内获得较大的政策支持。

而长期以来困扰医药物流业的“逆向物流”，也有望逐步得到规范。

目前，我国药品流通领域的逆向物流主要指的是药品从零售终端如医院、药房、连锁药店等机构退回到厂家的过程。

而病患个人将已购药物退货的过程还处于比较粗放的状态，没达到普遍意义上的“逆向物流”的地步，随意性比较大。

药品零售机构向上游厂商的退货是逆向物流的主要部分，而药品退回则涉及两个层面：一种是老百姓的日常退货，此类退货的发生具有典型的不可预见性，而且也没形成固定的衡量标准，大多数是包装破损、价格高、买错药（中老年人为主），退货是否成功既与药店的政策有关，也与店员的个人喜好因素有关；另一种是零售药店面向上游厂家、商家的采购退货，此类退货有一定的计划性，但是退货原因也未固化，往往以包装破损、上游把货物少配或错配等为主。

第二种退货原因由于药店在药品流通供应链中越来越处于强势地位，因此目前比较普遍，也急需医药流通行业解决和规范。

功能广泛笔者认为，所谓逆向物流，应该是产品在流通供应链中，实物从消费终端反向回到经销、生产节点的流动过程。

逆向物流不但包含一般意义上的货品物理移动，也包括关联的信息流、单据流，涉及资金的流动和货品所有权的转移。

因此，逆向物流的操作难度往往比正向物流要大得多。

逆向物流一般承担着降低货损、提高服务质量、降低产品质量风险、回收有效市场信息等功能。

在国内外，许多手机厂商利用逆向物流对残次手机进行修复和处逆向物流理，往往能有效降低货损风险。

而厂家对药品的召回，其实也是利用商业和连锁逆向物流体系，以降低药品进一步的质量风险。

因此在医药行业，尤其是对规模药企而言，逆向物流的规范、有序运行，是降低货损、降低药品质量风险的重要途径和办法。

在我国医药行业，能够纳入有序“逆向物流”范畴的大多是突发性的大规模药品召回事件，但这种逆向物流行为往往是一种事后的“补救”措施，失去了逆向物流事先降低风险、降低货损的功能。

医药逆向物流运作模式探讨

1绪论1.1医药逆向物流发展现状长期以来，逆向物流的价值并未引起我国医药企业的重视，但是近年来，随着经济社会的发展、法律法规的完善，逆向物流越来越多地运用于医药企业，并受到业内人士的关注。

通过比较我国医药商业与国外医药商业的发展，可以发现我国医药商业经营成本一直居高不下，费用率高达12%以上，利润率却不到1%；而国外一般费用率在3%左右，利润率却在1.5%以上。

我国的医药企业经常在生存的压力下，采取压低进价、抬高批发价和零售价等不正当竞争手段促进销售，而非通过物流改造等正常渠道降低成本。

随着我国医药商业经营竞争的日益激烈，通过物流改造，降低经营成本，建设现代医药物流体系，成为医药商业竞争的当务之急。

盘点中国近年来兴起之势最为火热的物流中心，医药物流中心高居榜单前列。

但纵观我国的医药物流中心，存在许多问题，出现许多单靠企业自身较难解决的困局。

医药逆向物流主要包括退货逆向物流和回收逆向物流。

药品的退货逆向物流包括：(1)政府行政部门要求停止销售的医药相关产品。

如淘汰、禁止或停止使用、撤销生产批文、质量检验不合格、有严重不良反应事件。

进货渠道不符合相关药品法规和《药品经营质量管理规范》、广告宣传不符合法律法规要求、商标专利侵权等；(2)药品配送运输过程中出现差错导致的货品短缺，出现药品质量问题、如外观、色泽、口味等与正常药品有差异或者药品局部变质，药品超过有效期、说明书不规范等；(3)药品供应商主动要求撤回，如出现药品质量问题、更换包装或市场策略等；(4)商业退回，主要是药品经营公司因药品滞销积压，而将库存药品退回供应商。

目前在我国并没有有效的机制，促使企业在将药品销售出去后，发现其有质量问题时,紧急从零售商和消费者手中回购可能有问题的产品,进行集中处理，迅速控制问题产品的扩散和使用。

另外，在药品退货物流中，缺乏完善的信息系统及较完备的运营管理系统，一方面造成了消费者退货及厂商主动要求把货退回困难；另一方面．也对消费者和企业造成了很大的损失。