02 General Principles of Translation
General Principles2
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1. 自然界有各种不同的元素。 Nature has different elements. 2. 必须注意汽车的保养。 Must pay attention to the cars’ maintenance. 3不久，她提着篮子回来了。 Soon, she held a basket to came back. 4.只要看一眼这封信，你就会明白你上当了。 If only you look at this letter, you will understand that you were deceived. 5.当时，友谊商店只对外宾开放，不对中宾开放。 At that time, the friendship store was only open to foreign guests, and not to Chinese guest. 6.我要有个三长两短，你给玉山捎个话！ If I have three long and two short, you send a message to Yu Shan. 7. 我属蛇。I am a snake. 8. 航空公司在最后一刻取消航班，旅行团被迫取消了行程。 The airline cancelled the flight at the last minute, and the travel group was forced to change its schedule. 9.没有汽车、自行车或家畜，空气如此纯净清新。 No motorcars, bicycles or domestic animals, the air is exactly clean and fresh.
02 General Principles of Translation共90页文档
1.1 Semantic Analysis
• sophisticated:老练的，世故的，谈吐得体的， 高雅时髦的，有鉴赏力的，复杂的，精密 的，高级的，尖端的
• sophisticated columnist • sophisticated weapon • sophisticated electronic equipment • sophisticated woman • She is too sophisticated to believe your lie. • The fashion magazines show what the
事，事件，事情
Matter, event, affairs, job, duty, case, instance, incident……
我们对这件事当然有发言权。 真是想不到的事。 这本新书的出版是今年文化界的大事。 各族人民的代表共聚一堂，商讨国家大事。 这绝不是轻而易举的事。 从政治思想上关心学生是教师分内的事。 我已把事情讲清楚了。 我可以举出好几件事来证明。 这不是开玩笑的事。 那是件普通小事。
It’s the teacher’s duty to be concerned about the students’ life and study.
我已把事情讲清楚了。 I’ve already put the case clear. 我可以举出好几件事来证明。
I can cite quite a few instances to illustrate it.
这不是开玩笑的事。
This is no joke. 那是件普通小事。
Principles for Translation 英语翻译原则
增补法
The oak is a symbol of strength, the lion courage, the lamb weakness. Afraid of being cut off, they lose no time in turning back. A new type of plane—small, cheap, plane— pilotless— pilotless—is attracting increasing attention. A full moon hung high in the sky.
重复法 （1）为了明确
Big powers have their strategies while small countries also have their own lines. 参考译文 强国有强国的策略，小国有小国 的路线。 He hated failure; he had conquered it all his life，risen above it，despised it in life， it， others. 参考译文 他讨厌失败，他一生中曾战胜失 败，超越失败，并且藐视别人的失败。
We (you) should be cautious under that circumstance. She sat down, crossed her legs, and drew her skirt down over her knees.
减词法（省略法） （3）连词的省略
He looked gloomy and troubled. 参考译文 他看上去有些忧愁不安。 If winter comes，can spring be far behind? comes， 参考译文 冬天来了，春天还会远吗? 冬天来了，春天还会远吗?
基础笔译 Chapter 2 好的翻译
（《实用翻译教程》（1994）p37）
——范仲英
基础笔译
如何达到大致相同的感受？
思想内容 表现手法 文体风格 语言文字 传神达意
基础笔译
翻译的最高标准和最低标准
最高标准是翻译的理想境界，是翻译工 作的努力方向。最低标准是指译文起码应 该达到的水平， 低于这个水平就是不合 格的翻译， 失败的翻译。
（4）、表达失误
He is physically weak but mentally sound. 原译： 他身体虽弱，但思想健康。 改译： 他身体虽弱， 但精神尚佳。
（5）、词不搭配
And the body lay white and still beneath the pines…
绝对标准和具体标准
不合格的翻译
译文中若出现下列情况，译文读者得不 到与原文读者大致相同的感受，即属于不 合格的翻译。
（1）、错译
The clerk had to break off the conversation in order to wait on a customer.
原译：为了给顾客服务， 职员门得擅长 交谈。
present there are complex elements. 改译： The situations are very complicated with the
students. And we have a lot of work to do.
（3）、马虎翻译
Try to be modest and prudent, guard against complacency.
Assignment: E-C Translation
《英语翻译基础》讲义及《样题和答案》
英语翻译基础讲义第一章翻译的基本原则1.Nature of Translation(翻译的性质)Translation is a science.Translation is an art.Translation is a craft.Translation is a skill.Translation is an operation.Translation is a language activity.Translation is communication2.Principles of Translation(翻译的原则)Three characters “信，达，雅”（faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance）———严复《天演论》Three characters “信，达，切”(faithfulness, expressiveness and closeness) ———刘重德《翻译十讲》Summary:忠实与通顺(1) Faithfulness of Translation (翻译的忠实)Strictly speaking, faithfulness is the generalization of the principles of translation. That’s to say, true translation demands that the translator be faithful to the content, language and style of the original at the same time.Eg. 1.War, pestilence and famine consumed one million people.战争，瘟疫和饥馑毁掉了一百万人。
该句译文从三个方面与原文都是一致的。
内容上，措辞完全对应；形式上，中英文都是陈述句，且语序相同。
第二章 翻译标准
第二章翻译标准翻译标准就是指翻译实践时译者所遵循的原则，也是翻译批评家批评译文时必须遵循的原则。
翻译是一种社会活动，翻译标准则是从中产生的。
由于社会活动受制于社会条件及译者个人等等因素，因此翻译标准也就打上了深深的社会和译者的烙印。
总的说来，翻译标准大体可分为以下四种：任何翻译实践总要遵循一定的翻译标准或原则，衡量一篇译文的好坏同样也离不开一定的翻译标准，因此翻译标准的确立对于指导翻译实践有着重要的意义。
然而由于人们看待翻译的角度不同，自然有了不同的翻译标准。
概括起来，它们大体可分为以下四类：一、以译出语或译入语为取向的翻译原则（the source-language-oriented or the target-language-oriented translation principle）以译出语为取向的翻译原则唯原文的形式是举，惟恐译文失真，有违原文作者的原意，因此翻译时完全采取词对词、句对句（word for word and line for line）的死译方法，而且常多用音译法。
例如把the Milky Way（银河）直译为"牛奶路"，把the apple of my eye(珍爱物；珍爱之人，宝贝)直译成"我眼的苹果"；把"Every dog has its day."译为"每只狗都有它的日子"（正确的译法应为"人人皆有得意之日"）。
持这种原则的翻译家为数不少，如中国西晋时期的佛经翻译家竺法护（约230-309）、15世纪德国翻译家尼古拉斯·封·维尔(Nicolas von Wyle,生卒年不祥)、近代的美国作家赛珍珠(Pearl Buck, 1892-1973)；而以译入语为取向的原则则是一味以译文读者的口味为准绳，完全采用归化的译法。
或是完全为了适合读者的口味而让译文归化，有时甚至不惜曲解原作，如把"When Greek meets Greek, then comes the tug of war."译作"张飞杀岳飞，杀得满天飞"（正确译法应为"两雄相遇，其斗必烈"），把Solomon(所罗门，古以色列国国王大卫之子，以智慧著称)意译成"诸葛亮"，把Spring, the sweet spring, is the year's pleasant king意译为"春，甘美之春，一年之中的尧舜"。
英语翻译常识
在做翻译时，芯芷总是记不清那些翻译常识，有10分的题型呢, 边做边找一些资料，分享给大家一。
莱特勒的“翻译三原则”Three Principles of Translation by Alexander Fraser Tytler十八世纪末的英国学者亚历山大·泰特勒(Alexander Fraser Tytler,1747-1814)。
他在《论翻译的原则》(Essay on the Principles of Translation)一书中提出了着名的翻译三原则：（1）译文应完全复写出原作的思想（A translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work.）（2）译文的风格和笔调应与原文的性质相同(The style and manner of writing should be of the same character as that of the original.)（3）译文应和原作同样流畅(A translation should have all the ease of the original composition.）二。
严复清代的翻译家天演论的作者EEO Evolution and Ethics and Other essays提出翻译要信,达,雅这个原则（最看中的是雅，最不看中的是信。
）1912年严复被任命为北大校长，体现了严复在当时思想界和学术界的令人信服的显赫地位三。
林纾林纾自幼嗜书如命，五岁时在私塾当一名旁听生，受孰师薛则柯的影响，深爱中国传统文学，从此与文学结下不解之缘。
但由于家境贫寒、且遇乱世，他不得不为生计终日奔波。
闲时他也不忘苦读诗书，13岁至20岁期间校阅残烂古籍不下两千余卷。
1882年对于林纾来说是关键而又具转折性意义的一年-----从一个穷秀才一跃成为江南赫赫有名的举人。
02 General Principles of Translation
事，事件，事情 Matter, event, affairs, job, duty, case, instance, incident……
我们对这件事当然有发言权。 真是想不到的事。 这本新书的出版是今年文化界的大事。 各族人民的代表共聚一堂，商讨国家大事。 这绝不是轻而易举的事。 从政治思想上关心学生是教师分内的事。 我已把事情讲清楚了。 我可以举出好几件事来证明。 这不是开玩笑的事。 那是件普通小事。
1.3 Style Analysis
My dear parent has joined the heavenly choir. My dear father has passed away. My father has died. My old man has just kicked the bucket.
各族人民的代表共聚一堂，商讨国家大事 。 Representatives from different nationalities gather in the same hall to discuss affairs of the state. 这绝不是轻而易举的事。 It’s certainly no easy job. 关心学生的学习和生活是教师分内的事。 It’s the teacher’s duty to be concerned about the students’ life and study.
我已把事情讲清楚了。 I’ve already put the case clear. 我可以举出好几件事来证明。 I can cite quite a few instances to illustrate it. 这不是开玩笑的事。 This is no joke. 那是件普通小事。 That is an ordinary incident.
General Principles2PPT课件
B:早期的科学家认为，随着年 龄的增长，人脑的机能也渐 渐衰退。
Cultural background
History:
I’m a Dutchman if the picture is an authentic one. ( English)
译文三：没办法，我只好
硬着头皮推门进
去。
Avoid misunderstanding the meaning of each word
Have a thorough knowledge of original structure.
Have adequate background knowledge.
Religion God/老天爷
Black Friday/13
Speak of angels, and you will hear their wings; talk of the devil, and he’s sure to appear.
Geography Lovely weather, isn’t it? West wind /East wind Carry coals to Newcastle. Big Apple
Avoid misundeFra bibliotekstanding the meaning of each word
I was late for class yesterday. I had to open the door and go in before everybody.
Have a thorough knowledge of
Customs Thank you Green-eyed You look darker after the holidays.
第二章翻译的标准、过程以及对译作的要求
第二章翻译的标准、过程以及对译作的要求张培基《英汉翻译教程》第二章翻译的标准、过程以及对译作的要求翻译虽为个体所承作，却是一种社会活动，一门综合性很强的学科。
它既有很强的理论性又有丰富的实践内涵。
就前者而言，翻译经过千百年来各国翻译家的共同努力，已经在语言学、文学、文化、心理学、人类学、哲学和教育学等学科的基础上初步建立了一套理论体系，并在具体实践中总结出了一套行之有效的跨文化和语言转换模式。
随着科学的日益进步，这种体系和模式正处在不断地完善之中。
就后者而言，翻译是人类社会活动的产物，具有很强的实践性。
翻译理论与实践的关系是辨证的；翻译理论产生于翻译实践，反过来又指导实践，实践转过来又丰富翻译理论。
可以说，没有社会实践就不会有翻译理论的产生；没有翻译理论作为指导，翻译实践就会难免走弯路。
因此，学好翻译既要重视翻译理论的学习，又要加强翻译实践；理论联系实际，这是我们学好翻译的必由之路。
第一节翻译的标准所谓翻译标准，亦曰翻译原则，即指导翻译实践、评价译文质量的尺度。
翻译标准的确立，对于建立科学的翻译理论体系具有重要意义。
一、严复的三字标准中国清末思想家严复的三字标准“信、达、雅”（Faithfulness, Expressiveness and Elegance）。
1898年，严复在《天演论》的《译例言》中说：“译事之难：信、达、雅。
求其信，已大难矣！顾信矣，不达，虽译，犹不译也，则达尚焉。
”后来一般就把“信、达、雅”当作翻译的标准。
用今天的话来说，“信”就是忠实准确，“达”就是通顺流畅，“雅”就是文字古雅。
严复的“信、达、雅”被公认为翻译标准，其影响深远。
它对商务英语的翻译同样指导作用，商务英语要求语言严谨、准确就要做到“信”，同时在“信”的基础上追求“达、雅”。
严复的三字标准在中国翻译界讨论翻译标准时，几乎无不提及。
正是在三字标准的基础上，许多学者和翻译家结合自己的丰富经验，提出了自己的独特见解，从而进一步推动了我国的翻译研究和实践。
generalrinciples连淑能《英译汉教程》
❖ “翻译，的确可以帮助我们造出许多新的 字眼，新的句法，丰富的词汇和细腻的 精密的正确的表现。因此，我们既然进 行着创造中国现代的新的言语的斗争， 我们对于翻译，就不能够不要求：绝对 的正确和绝对的中国白话文。”
❖opens a new era for modern translation studies.
❖ 鲁迅&瞿秋白 vs. 赵景深
❖ dichotomy between “faithfulness” and “smoothness”
❖ The focus of the debate was which principle should take priority in translating.
❖Function of the three-character principle by Yan Fu
❖a milestone in China’s translation history
❖extracts the essence from Buddhist translation studies of the Han and Tang Dynasties;
1. languages involved
translation from native language into a foreign language and vice versa.
2. working style oral translation/ interpreting 口译
(consecutive interpreting CI交替传译; simultaneous interpreting SI同声传译 ) ;
Chapter 1 General Principles
翻译原则1
• 这类翻译标准或原则的共同特点是：翻译既要"忠实"又要"通 顺"，即译文必须既要考虑到原作者又要考虑到译文的读者。
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三、以美学为取向的翻译原则。
• 这类翻译原则主要为文学翻译家所提倡。如美 国的意象派诗人庞德（Ezra Pound,1885-1975）, 前苏联的加切奇拉泽（1914-1974），我国的傅 雷、钱钟书和许渊冲。
持这种原则的翻译家为数不少，如中国西晋时期的佛经翻 译家竺法护（约230-309）、15世纪德国翻译家尼古拉斯· 封·维尔(Nicolas von Wyle,生卒年不祥)、近代的美国作家 赛珍珠(Pearl Buck, 1892-1973)。
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2.以译入语为取向的翻译原则
•而以译入语为取向的原则则是一味以译文读者的口味为
和"意译"作为两种具体翻译方法完全有着自己存在的价值
（如直译常用来翻译科技文献等作品，意译常用来翻译广告、
影视等文本），但如果将二者当中的任何一个视为指导翻译
实践的唯一原则，显然是过于绝对化，难以指导出好的译作
来
。
导致采用译出语为取向的翻译原则和以译入语为取向的翻译原则的因素主要有：
a. 原文文化过于强盛时译者往往采用译出语为取向的翻译原则，译文文化过于强 盛时译者往往采用译入语为取向的翻译原则； b.学习和借鉴原文文化时译者往往采用译出语为取向的翻译原则，藐视或贬低原 文文化时常常采用译入语为取向的翻译原则； c. 译 者 个 人 能 力 或 爱 好 常 常 影 响 着 对 这 两 种 翻 译 原 则 的 选 择 。
02 General Principles of Translation
analysis
proofread
transfer
restructure
Ⅰ Comprehension/understanding
•
• • • •
Semantic analysis (语义分析) Grammatical analysis (语法分析) Style analysis (语体分析) Discourse analysis (语篇分析) Analysis of literary quotation, jargon, etc ( 对典故,术语等的分析)
1.1 Semantic Analysis
• sophisticated:老练的，世故的，谈吐得体的， 高雅时髦的，有鉴赏力的，复杂的，精密 的，高级的，尖端的 • sophisticated columnist • sophisticated weapon • sophisticated electronic equipment • sophisticated woman • She is too sophisticated to believe your lie. • The fashion magazines show what the sophisticated woman is wearing this ncis Bacon Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Their chief use for delight, is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgment and disposition of business. • 王佐良：读书足以怡情，足以傅彩，足以长才。 其怡情也，最见于独处幽居之时；其傅彩也，最 见于高谈阔论之中；其长才也，最见于处世判事 之际。 • 廖运范： 读书能给人乐趣、文雅和能力。人们独 居或隐退的时候，最能体会到读书的乐趣；谈话 的时候，最能表现出读书的文雅；判断和处理事 务的时候，最能发挥由读书而获得的能力。
Essay on the principles of translation 泰勒的翻译三原则
Essay on the principles of translation 泰勒的翻译三原则Essay on the principles of translationAlexander Fraser TytlerLord WoodhouseleeFirst Edition, 1791The impulse for the essay certainly does not seem to have come from any preoccupation with theoretical statements about the translation process, for Tytler appears to have had a rather spotty and accidental knowledge of that tradition. Instead, he seems to have been moved to write on translation by reading, in his voracious but rather unsystematic manner, a wide variety of literature in the original and translation, and by his own efforts as a translator of Petrarch and Schiller.Third Edition, 1813Tytler had, too, become somewhat more overt about his philosophical foundations, claiming for the first time that his principles were “founded in nature and huamansense”. He notes that what he feels to be a lack of decent commentary on the process translation, even among the ancient authors. Tytler’s approach is that of theantiquarian, reading whatever comes readily to hand, rather than that of te though scholar seeking copiousness. There was before him notreatise that discussed at length the problems of and solutions to the translation dilemma and the more interesting od the explicit statements on the questions scattered about in the introductions to the various translations.While such has been our ignorance of the principles of this art, it is not at all wonderful, that a midst the numberless translation which everyday appear, both of the works of the ancients and the moderns, there should be so few that are possessed of real merit. The utility of translations is universally felt, and therefore there is a continual demand for them. But this very circumstance has thrown the practice of translation into mean and mercenary hands.(7-8)General law of translationIt is the duty of a translator to attend only to the sense andspirit of his original, to make himself perfectly master of hisauthor’s ideas, and to communicative them inthose expressions which he judges to be best suited to convey them. It has, on the other hand, been maintained, that, in order to constitute a perfect translation, it is not only requisite that the ideas and sentiments of the original author should be conveyed, but likewise his style and manner of writing, which, it is supposed, cannot be done with a strict attention to the arrangement of his sentences, and even totheir order and construction. According to the former idea of translation, it is allowable to improve and to embellish; according to the latter, it is necessary to preserve even blemishes and defects; andto these must likewise be superadded the harshness that must attend every copy in which the artist scrupulously studies to imitate the minutest lines or traces of his original. (14-15)Tytler claims to choose a middle position.He then supplies a characterization of what he considers a good translation to be: that. In which the merit of the original work is so completely transfused into another language, as to be distinctly apprehended, and as strongly felt, by a native of the country to which that language belongs, as it is by those who speak the language of the original work. (15-16)Three general law:1) That the translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work.2) That the style and manner of writing should be of the same character with that of the original.3) That the translation should have all the ease of the original composition.The translator’s privilege to alter the originalThe issue to which Tytler devotes the majority of his discussion and the one for which many reviewers took him to task is the question of the translator’s liberty to add to,delete from, or in other ways alter the character of his original. Suppression is deemed proper when there is a careless inaccurate expression of the original, where that inaccuracy seems materiallyaffect the sense. (54) and when something offends against the dignity of the native. (55)“An ordinary translator sinks under the energy of his original: of man of genius(42) frequently rises above it”Evaluation and ConclusionAs a result, we cannot expect to find his principles set into afully articulated general framework, whether rhetorical or linguistic. In another way, however, the essay is a modern book, for we find in it no slavish adherence to a classical theory or ancient authority, nor is there a mere categorization on the model of the encyclopedia. Tytler seems to have felt no need to discover a tradition, a usable past which must be assumed as a foundation for a workable present.。
The Principles of Translation
翻译理论实践班级：英语2班姓名：杭丽学号：20111031207The Principles of Translation摘要：翻译理论的实际应用、在不同环境中的不同翻译原则。
There are some principles about translation, such as to be faithful, expressive, and elegant. That means to be faithful to the content of the original, to be as expressive as the original, and to be as close to the original style as possible.一般来说，“信、达、雅”被看作是翻译的基本原则。
也就是说，在翻译时我们讲求的是通俗易懂，忠实原文。
但是，做到这一点受到很多因素的限制。
其中，不同的文化背景是主要的因素。
“John can be relied on. He eats no fish and plays the game.”不考虑文化背景，我们可以直译为“约翰很可靠。
他不吃鱼，也不玩游戏。
”但是我们知道，在英国历史上宗教斗争激烈，旧教规定斋日只许吃鱼，新教推翻了旧政府后，新教徒拒绝在斋日吃鱼，以表示终于新教，“不吃鱼”变为了忠诚的象征。
“玩游戏”需要遵守游戏规则，于是玩游戏变为了遵守规则。
所以根据文化背景，此句话就翻译为：他忠实得斋日不吃荤，凡事都循规蹈矩。
同时，我们还要注意不同语言的语言偏差，语义等的差异。
无论是直译还是意译，我们都要根据不同的情况来做翻译。
在不同的语境正确使用准确的辞藻，让翻译出来的译本忠实于原文。
下面以一些词语来举例说明：bus boy,直译就是公交车上的小男孩，也可以理解为售票员。
但是，从另一个角度来说，它是指餐馆打零工的。
Sport house，直译为运动场上的房子，更多的它是指妓院的意思。
连淑能《英译汉教程》General Principles(概论)【圣才出品】
第1章General Principles（概论）1.1 复习笔记一、Definitions of Translation（翻译的定义）Translation can be roughly defined as a reproduction or recreation in one language of what is written or said in another language.翻译即用一种语言来再现另一种口头或书面的语言文本所传达的意义。
1. Linguistic Views on Translation（语言学视角）Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. (Nida & Taber, 1969:12)翻译就是在译语中用最贴切而又最自然的对等语再现原语的信息，首先是语义，其次是文体。
2. Cultural Views on Translation（文化视角）翻译不仅涉及语言问题，也涉及文化问题。
译者不仅要了解外国的文化，还要深入了解自己民族的文化。
（王佐良，1989）Translation is a process which occurs between cultures rather than simply between languages. (Shuttleworth & Cowie, 1997:35)翻译是一个发生在不同文化之间的过程，而不仅仅是语言之间的过程。
3. Literary Views on Translation（文学视角）文学翻译的任务是要把原作中包含的一定社会生活的影响完好无损地从一种语言移注到另一种语言中。
Chapter 2 Principles of Translation
300个英文单词 • 翻译公司，一般每个翻译人员的黄金作业
量为500字/小时，一般的翻译速度为30005000字/天
What are the common translation criteria ?
Faithfulness ,smoothness and expressiveness
enjoyed every day. • 幸福犹如甘露，要天天采集才能日日享用。 • 幸福似甘露，日日可享用。
• Multiple and Complementary translation criteria 翻译标准多元互补论
• 辜正坤教授在全国首届翻译理论研讨会上提出了 “翻译标准多元互补论”。
• To preserve the content of the message the form must be changed.
• Nida: “the translator must strive for equivalence rather than identity. ”
（The Theory and Practice of Translation ,1982） • functional equivalence
Principles of Translation
１译作应完全复写出原作的思想； ２译作的风格和手法应和原作一致； ３译作应具备原创作品的通顺
• 2 Euegene A. Nida
• Each language has its own genius（特点）.
• To communicate effectively one must respect the genius of each language.
大学翻译理论与实践 Lecture 2 Principles of Translation
返回章重点
6．Your loss is nothing to mine. A．你的损失与我无关。 B．你的损失和我的（损失）比较起来算不 了什么。 7．The patient is waiting to cross the Styx. A．这个病人正等着过斯蒂克斯河。 B．这个病人已经等死了。
Lecture 2 Principles/Criteria of Translation (翻译标准/原则)
2.1 关于翻译标准的争议
(Controversy on Principles of Translation)
Criteria
in China ：
严复(1853-1921)：信、达、雅 Triple Principle of Translation ⊙Faithfulness（忠实于原文/忠实准确） ⊙Expressiveness（文笔流畅/通顺流畅） ⊙Elegance(文风典雅/文字古雅<士大夫> --保持原文的风格)
16
返回章重点
再如：
Talent Professor Smith has. Money Professor Smith has not.
【译文】才能，史密斯教授有。钱，史密斯教授 没有。
Contrast is the spice of life. There can be no joy without sorrow, no summer without winter, no love without hate.
6
返回章重点
要达到完全的“信、达、雅” 或 “等值
（效果）” 只能是一种美好的理想或愿望。能 达七八成或八九成之忠实，已是十分的不错了。 因为任何一种文字都是有其声音之美，有其意 义之美，有其传神之美，有其文气文体形式之
第二章-翻译的原则,过程及对译者的要求
鲁迅先生的“兼顾两面” 论
“宁信不顺”
“凡是翻译，必须兼顾着两
面，一当然力求其易解， 一则保存着原作的丰姿。”
傅雷：神似similarity in spirit “形似神似”
Other scholars’ theories
茅盾----“忠实”、“通顺”准则 林语堂----“忠实标准、通顺标准、美
好标准” “忠、顺、美”
张培基----忠实faithfulness,通顺 smoothness
瞿秋白----信顺统一
• 中国翻译史上的论争：
• 鲁迅：宁信而不顺---rather to be faithful than smooth。
“以效果而论，翻译 应当像临画一样， 所求的不再形似而 在神似
----《高老头重译 序》
钱钟书:“化境” “入化境界”
钱钟书的“化境”(perfection; sublimation; consummation) 说：
----译作被比作原作的“投胎 转世”（the transmigration of souls）
That the style and manner of writing should be of the same character with that of the original. 译文风格、笔调应与原文的性质相同
That the translation should have all the ease of the original composition.
译文应像原文一样流畅自然
3.The Process of Translation
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analysis
proofread
transfer
restructure
Ⅰ Comprehension/understanding
•
• • • •
Semantic analysis (语义分析) Grammatical analysis (语法分析) Style analysis (语体分析) Discourse analysis (语篇分析) Analysis of literary quotation, jargon, etc ( 对典故,术语等的分析)
我已把事情讲清楚了。 I‟ve already put the case clear. 我可以举出好几件事来证明。 I can cite quite a few instances to illustrate it. 这不是开玩笑的事。 This is no joke. 那是件普通小事。 That is an ordinary incident.
• • • • • • •
Drivers‟ license is good for six year now. She has brought me good news. Is this a good dress for the ball? The milk is still good. I‟m moving to Hong Kong for good. Be good when we are not in. (a mother to her children) I‟m telling you this for your own good.
那年10月19日，正好也是星期五。那是 个秋日的下午，天色朦胧，埃德加 斯诺 骨灰的一部分运回到了北京大学校园并 永远地安放在这里；他年轻时曾在这里 的新闻系任教，当时北京大学还叫“燕 京大学”。
1.5 Analysis of Literary Quotation, Jargon, etc
John can be relied on; he eats no fish and plays the game. Thereafter Grandpa was in the doghouse for days, and I was not allowed to be alone with him at all. I‟ve got enough! Stop pulling my leg!
1.4 Discourse Analysis
• Analysis of speech units larger than the sentence and of their relationship to the contexts in which they are used.
example
On Friday, October 19 of this year, when the afternoon sun was misty in an autumn sky, a part of Edgar Snow returned forever to the campus of Beijing University; as a young man, he had taught in the department of journalism on these same grounds, at what was then called Yenching.
事，事件，事情 Matter, event, affairs, job, duty, case, instance, incident……
我们对这件事当然有发言权。 真是想不到的事。 这本新书的出版是今年文化界的大事。 各族人民的代表共聚一堂，商讨国家大事。 这绝不是轻而易举的事。 从政治思想上关心学生是教师分内的事。 我已把事情讲清楚了。 我可以举出好几件事来证明。 这不是开玩笑的事。 那是件普通小事。
• Reading maketh a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man. And therefore, if a man write little, he had need have a great memory; if he confer little, he had need have a present wit; and if he read little, he had need have much cunning, to seem to know that he doth not. 王：读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，笔记使人准确。因此 不常做笔记者须记忆力特强，不常讨论者须天生聪颖，不 常读书者须欺世有术，始能无知而显有知。 • 廖：读书使人渊博，辩论使人机敏，写作使人精细。如果 一个人很少写作，他就需要有很强的记忆力；如果他很少 辩论，就需要有急智；如果他很少读书，就需要很狡猾， 对自己不懂的事情，假装知道。
我们对这件事当然有发言权。 Of course we have a say in this matter. 真是想不到的事。 What a surprise! 这本新书的出版是今年文化界的大事。 The publication of the new book was a cultural event of the year.
1.2 Grammatical Analysis
Having discovered an unknown island, they wintered upon it.
他们发现了一个无名小岛后，便住了下来，在那 里过冬。 John is now with his parents in New York City; it is 3 years since he was a bandmaster. 约翰现同父母住在纽约市；他不担任乐队指挥已 经三年了。
1.3 Style Analysis
My dear parent has joined the heavenly choir. My dear father has passed away. My father has died. My old man has just kicked the bucket.
• Three Stages of Translation Comprehension（理解） Representation/Reproduction（表达） Proofreading/Revision/polishing（审校）
Source language text
Target language text
• Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend. • 王：读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学使人周 密，科学使人深刻，伦理学使人庄重，逻辑修辞 之学使人善辩；凡有所学，皆成性格。 • 廖：历史使人明智，诗歌使人富于想象， 数学使 人精确，自然哲学使人深刻，伦理学使人庄重， 逻辑学和修辞学使人善辩。
• • • • • • • • •
He is a good man. He is a good student. This is a good book. You have good teeth. She is a good friend of mine. Dogs are often regarded as man‟s good friends. good looks a good dollar bill It is a good mile from here.
• OF STUDIES Francis Bacon Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Their chief use for delight, is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgment and disposition of business. • 王佐良：读书足以怡情，足以傅彩，足以长才。 其怡情也，最见于独处幽居之时；其傅彩也，最 见于高谈阔论之中；其长才也，最见于处世判事 之际。 • 廖运范： 读书能给人乐趣、文雅和能力。人们独 居或隐退的时候，最能体会到读书的乐趣；谈话 的时候，最能表现出读书的文雅；判断和处理事 务的时候，最能发挥由读书而获得的能力。