农村土地承包经营权的确认

农村土地承包经营权的确认摘要农地是人类从事农业生产、创造社会财富、生产食物以满足基本生存需要的物质基础，而土地承包经营权作为农民最基本、最重要的一项土地财产权，在农村土地使用制度中处于核心地位。

农村土地承包经营权流转的理论深化与制度完善不仅与我国广大农民收入结构的改善、创富能力的提高、社会地位的转变及其基本生活的保障息息相关，而且对我国农业产业结构的转型、农村乃至全社会市场化经济的发展、社会公平的实现以及社会秩序的稳定，均具有意义深远的影响。

本文从对基本概念的剖析入手，回顾学者对于土地承包经营权的称谓使用及所下定义，梳理相关立法对土地承包经营权概念的确认，从而准确把握土地承包经营权的基本属性及特征，这为进一步探寻土地承包经营权流转之法律意涵奠定了基础。

“土地承包经营权流转”是我国立法上的创造，并非传统民法中的概念，必须通过阐释其确切的法律意涵方可转化为意义明确的法律概念，阐释的焦点在于“流转”二字。

将土地承包经营权流转的法律内涵诊释为:土地承包经营权因土地承包经营权人的处分行为而发生物权变动或因土地承包经营权人的负担行为而使其一定期间内的使用收益权被以债权方式让渡给他人的法律现象。

土地承包经营权流转的外延为转让、互换、入股、抵押、出租、转包。

然后，从土地承包经营权流转实例的分析和提炼入手，指出土地权利的流转并不取决于政府的意愿或法律的强制，而是取决于真正从事农业生产的广大农民的实际需要。

由于农业生产的经营模式、外部经济状况、制度条件这些关键性因素共同影响着农民的实际需要和诉求，因此我国未来的土地承包经营权流转制度必须以一个宽松、灵活的方式与上述关键性因素相契合，为其提供可自由选择的法律工具手段。

最后，通过对发达国家农地流转制度及相关理论的梳理，为我国农村土地承包经营权流转制度的完善提供经验借鉴。

土地承包经营权流转的方式是土地承包经营权流转这一抽象概念的具体化，是对流转之法律意涵的自然延伸。

科学整理、筛选、界定土地承包经营权流转的具体方式，是建立、健全我国农村土地承包经营权流转制度体系的重要前提。

本文一方面对具有争议的几种土地承包经营权流转方式作详尽阐述，一方面从以往学界观点及现行立法出发，选取适当的划分标准对土地承包经营权流转的各种方式做类型化分析。

在详细阐述土地承包经营权转让，抵押，入股，出租，转包等流转方式的同时，以土地承包经营权流转中法律行为及其所引发的法律效果之性质为标准，将土地承包经营权流转划分为土地承包经营权物权性流转和土地承包经营权债权性流转。

前者指土地承包经营权人依据其对土地承包经营权的处分行为而产生土地承包经营权移转于他人，或被设定权利负担的物权变动效果的土地承包经营权流转形态。

后者是指土地承包经营权人通过签订债权契约而将土地承包经营权一定期间内的“债权性质的对承包地的使用、收益权能”设定给他人享有并收取土地使用租金的土地承包经营权流转形态。

在对土地承包经营权流转之基本理论和具体方式做系统研究的基础上，进一步深入到土地承包经营权流转法律关系的内部，探寻土地承包经营权流转的权利基础，分析该权利的运行规则，通过阐述权利的运行规则为土地承包经营权找到理论支撑。

土地承包经营权物权性流转的权利基础是得将土地承包经营权进行法律上处分的处分权，处分权的行使须具备一定的形式要件，即以书面形式作出。

土地承包经营权债权性流转，必须以流转双方当事人之间就流转的法律效果，及当事人双方各自的权利义务达成土地承包经营权债权性流转合同为前提，即合同债权的设定是土地承包经营权债权性流转的权利基础。

土地承包经营权物权性流转的当事人在土地承包经营权发生变动后即实现其目的，而土地承包经营权债权性流转中各方当事人之间债权债务关系的设定或者说合同的生效仅是为债权性土地承包经营权的流转提供了一个权利基础或法律依据，而只有当合同各方当事人均按照土地承包经营权流转合同全面、适当地履行其各自的给付义务时，土地承包经营权债权性流转的目的方可实现。

面对土地承包经营权流转制度的诸多环节还没能按照既定的目标轨迹推进的现状，将其归因于土地承包经营权流转的基础性制度及相关理论体系仍存在着不可忽视的缺陷。

从土地承包经营权的物权性质、土地承包经营权流转的方式、土地承包经营权流转之法律规则体系等多个角度将制度的弊端一一呈现，进而提出应强化土地承包经营权的内容法定，贯彻土地承包经营权的支配力和对世效力;推进土地承包经营权流转方式的类型化研究;完善我国农村土地承包经营权流转方式的内容;整合我国农村土地承包经营权流转的法律规范体系;将登记作为土地承包经营权统一的公示方法，全面推行土地承包经营权流转合同管理及证书发放等一系列建议。

这一系列的建议将为未来修正和根除我国土地承包流转制度目前存在的种种弊端提供充分的智力支持。

通过对我国农村土地承包经营权流转之现实情况的认真观察和系统阐出农地制度是一项极为复杂、多变的法律制度，它往往与多项法律制度相套。

任何一项相关制度的缺失或虚置都会直接影响其它制度运行的实效，些法律制度共同运转的合力而非某一单项制度引发秩序的形成。

进而提出会保障体制改革应走出与小农经济相配合的土地保障模式，实现由土地保会保障的转型，在现有改革成果的基础上进一步推进城乡一体化的社会系;在土地承包经营权流转的制度运作中，既要规范地方政府土地行政管的监管职能，还要强化地方政府为土地承包经营权流转市场的发展提供必和保障的服务职能;提出一系列司法体制改革方案以充分发挥司法救济机地承包经营权流转纠纷中的应有作用，同时应注意调解、仲裁等权利救济司法救济之间的分工，搭建多种救济机制相互配合、扬长避短的多元化、的权利救济体系。

关键词:农村土地，承包经营权，流转，运行规则，完善AbstractFarmland is the material basis of human engaging in agricultural production, creating social wealth and producing food so as to meet the fundamental existence needs. While as the most basic and significant land property right, the contractual right of land is in the core position of rural land use system. The theoretical deepening and system perfection of rural contractual right of land circulation are not only closely linked with the improvement of the large farmers' income structure in our country, the elevation of wealth creating ability, the transformation of social status and the guarantee of basic life, but also have meaningful influence on the transformation of agricultural industry structure in our country, the economic development of marketization in country even the whole society, the achievement of social equity and the stability of social order.Studying an issue we should start from the most basic concept, only understanding the basic one, we can find a logical point to analyze and solveproblems.As for the contractual right of land circulation, the concept of land circulation and transformation are the most basic ones. Reviewing the scholars' definition and analyze the legislation of the boundary of the institutional system of contractual right of land which plays very important role in deep understanding of the issue. Respectively classify the normative texts of "legislation presentation, basic principle and restricted condition of contractual right of land circulation" in the present contractual right of land circulation system according to certain logical framework so as to exhibit the basic current situation of contractual right of land circulation system and enlighten the orientation of system development.Recently how many contractual right of land are there, what are the involving basic principles of each right and concrete implicational problem, all of them need the scholars study deeply. Start from the object and main body of contractual right of land circulation, combine the social economic background produced by contractual right of land, review scholars’use and definition of contractual right of land, classify the definition of related legislations to the contractual right of land and extract the basic properties and features of contractual right of land. In consideration of "detailed depict the essential attributes of different legal relation forms in contractual right of land circulation and establish corresponding regulation system so as to achieve different regulation purposes", take "the law behaviors of contractual right of land circulation and the characters of law effects triggered by it" as classification criterion, and divide contractual right of land circulation as property contractual right of land circulation and bond contractual right of land circulation.Under the systematic study foundation of law implication and basic types of contractual land of right circulation, further deepen into the interior of law relations of contractual right of land circulation, explore the right foundation of contractual right of land circulation, analyze the contents and properties of this right, and detailed explain conditions and law procedures which accord with the acquisition, exertion and operation of right. Point out that the right foundation of property contractual right of land circulation is the disposition right which punishes contractual right of land in law,and the exertion of disposition right must have certain form conditions, namely,present it in written form; the bond contractual right of land circulation must take the circulated legal effect between both circulation parties and bond contractual right of land circulation contract achieved under both parties' rights and obligations as preconditions.In recent years, although our country has developed the circulation of contractual right of land rapidly, there are still many limitations and difficulties. The rural collective land ownership is meaningless, causing difficulties to the transfer of land contract and management rights. What is farmers' legal nature of the right to land contractual management? The legislation has no answer. Similarly, the excessive restriction of contractual operation right of rural land is in the circulation of rural land contracted management right, the real right nature is fuzzy, the state of ownership of land contract management right is not clear and causes damage to interests of the parties to the transfer of land disputes everywhere, which seriously restrict the rural land contractual management right run smoothly and orderly, and influence the stability of rural society, hinder the rural economy. So, we should clear the main rural land contracting right of management, regression collective economic organizations, cancel the constraints of the current law, determine the land contractual management rights, the nature and form，strengthen the right of land property enhancement.The relevant system is not easily carried out and the related guarantees are not perfect. During the application in the Chinese countryside, the system of contractual right of land circulation is blocked in legal implementation part. Putting forward the effective operation of contractual right of land circulation system depends on the social guarantee system of unified design between the city and the countryside, the function implementation of land administrative management department in local government,the right relief mechanism of contractual right of land circulation dispute, and the perfection of many mating systems. The deficiency or invalidity of any relevant mating system will directly influence the function exertion of contractual right of land circulation system. The rural social security system reformation should walk out the land guarantee model corresponding to peasant economy and achieve transformation from land guarantee to social guarantee; in operation of contractualright of land circulation system, both the land administrative management department in local government should regulate its supervision function and local government should strengthen its service function to offer necessary condition and guarantee for the development of contractual right of land circulation market; put forward a series of judicial structure reform proposals to fully exert judicature relief mechanism's due function in contractual right of land circulation disputes, and establish diverse and three-dimensional right relief system of cooperating with each other and fostering strengths and circumventing weaknesses.Keywords:rural land，contractual right of land, circulation, operating rules, complete1.1 农村土地承包经营权的概念“土地承包经营权”规定在《民法通则》中的“民事权利”一章，通则中规定其是一种具有财产权属性的权利类型，是一种新型的财产权利。