《Run (LP Version)》歌词 — Collective Soul
听歌学英文I Just Wanna Run
跑步必备英文歌《I Just Wanna Run》，感觉全世界都是我的《I Just Wanna Run》是The Downtown Fiction乐团（美国维吉尼亚州的朋克流行乐队）在中国最广为传唱的一首歌，被选做“实况足球2011 ”，“新浪NBA”背景音乐。
I Just Wanna RunI just wanna run我只想逃离1.________ it away把它隐藏Run because they’re chasing me down 因为他们的追逐而奔跑I just wanna run我只想逃离2.________ it away把它丢弃Run before they’re finding me out在他们发现我之前逃走I just wanna run我只想逃离I just wanna run我只想逃离I’m out here all alone我独自一人离开I try to call your house我试着给你打电话Can’t 3.________ you on the phone 却无法接通I’ll gather up the nerv e我将鼓起勇气I’m 4.________ up my bag我将收拾行装It’s more than you deserve它比你值得Don’t treat me like a 5.________ 别把我看做累赘I’m feeling like I keep on talking我感觉我一直自言自语I’m repeating myself我不停地重复my words lost all 6.________我所说的话都变得毫无意义I keep talking I repeat myself但我仍不停地重复I just wanna run我只想逃离hide it away把它隐藏Run because they’re chasing me down 因为他们的追逐而奔跑I just wanna run我只想逃离7.__________ it away把它丢弃Ru n before they’re finding me out在他们发现我之前逃离I just wanna run (run, run, run)我只想逃离I just wanna run(run, run, run)我只想逃离Like a game of 8.______这就像一盘棋I predict your move我预测到你的下一步棋I think I know you better我想更了解你Better than you do比你更了解你自己I’m sick of feeling ________我的痛十分廉价Cheated and abused被欺骗，被辱骂Sick of losing sleep因疼痛失眠Thinking about you忽然想起你I’m feelin g like I keep on talking我感觉我一直自言自语I’m repeating myself我不停地重复my words lost all 9.________我所说的话都变得毫无意义I keep talking I repeat myself但我仍不停地重复I just wanna run我只想逃离hide it away把它隐藏Run because t hey’re 10._________ me down 因为他们的追逐而奔跑I just wanna run, 11._________ away我只想逃离Ru n before they’re finding me out在他们发现我之前逃走I just wanna run (run, run, run)我只想逃离I just wanna run (run, run, run）我只想逃离单词讲解Chase v. 追赶；追逐-My dog likes chasing rabbits. 我的狗喜欢追捕兔子。
林忆莲《Run》歌词
林忆莲《Run》歌词导读：Run - 林忆莲I'll sing it one last time for you我会为你最后一次歌唱Then we really have to go然后我们就真的要离开You've been the only thing that's right 你是我所做过的事情中In all I've done唯一正确的And I can barely look at you我几乎无法看着你But every single time I do但我每次这么做I know we'll make it anywhere我就知道我们去哪里都可以Away from here除了这儿那里都可以Light up light up振作起来振作起来As if you have a choice就像你有所选择Even if you cannot hear my voice就算你听不到我的声音I'll be right beside you dear我也会在你的身边亲爱的.To think I might not see those eyes 只要想到可能不再见到那双眼睛Makes it so hard not to cry想要不哭是那么的难And as we say our long goodbye当我们道别时I nearly do我几乎哭了出来Light up light up振作起来振作起来As if you have a choice就像你有所选择Even if you cannot hear my voice就算你听不到我的声音I'll be right beside you dear我也会在你的身边亲爱的Louder louder再大声一点再大声一点And we'll run for our lives我们将要逃命I can hardly speak I understand我几乎不能说明白Why you can't raise your voice to say你为何不大声地说Light up light up振作起来振作起来As if you have a choice就像你有所选择Even… even if even you cannot hear my voice 就算你听不到我的声音 (和音演唱)I'll be right beside you dear我也会在你的身边亲爱的Louder louder再大声一点再大声一点And we'll run for our lives我们将要逃命I can hardly speak I understand我几乎不能说明白Why you can't raise your voice to say你为何不大声地说【林忆莲《Run》歌词】1.林忆莲《克卜勒》歌词2.林忆莲伤痕歌词3.远走高飞林忆莲歌词4.林忆莲《多得他》歌词5.林忆莲远走高飞歌词6.林忆莲《崇拜》歌词7.林忆莲天亮之前主题曲的歌词8.方大同新歌《Run from Your Love》歌词上文是关于林忆莲《Run》歌词，感谢您的阅读，希望对您有帮助，谢谢。
电影专业词汇中英翻译
电影专业词汇中英翻译Names of Some Chinese and Foreign Movie Companies, Film Studios and Film Distribution Corporations 中外一些影业公司、电影制片厂和电影发行公司名称Agricultural Film Studio of China 中国农业电影制片厂August First Film Studio (中)八一电影制片厂Beijing Children’s Film Studio (中)北京儿童电影制片厂Beijing Film Studio (中)北京电影制片厂Central Newsreel and Documentary Film Studio (中)中央新闻纪录电影制片厂Changchun Film Studio (中)长春电影制片厂China Film Distribution and Exhibition Corporation 中国电影发行放映公司China Motion Picture Studio (中国台湾)中国电影公司Cinema International Corporation (美)新艺国际电影公司Cinema Television Ltd. (英)电影电视有限公司Emei Film Studio (中)峨嵋电影制片厂Pacific Audio and Video Corporation of China 中国太平洋影音公司Pearl River Film Studio, Zhujiang River Film Studio (中)珠江电影制片厂Radio Films (美)雷电华影片公司Shanghai Film Dubbing Studio (中)上海电影译制厂Shenzhen Film Enterprise (中)深圳影业公司Taiwan Film Studio (中)台湾电影制片厂20th Century Fox Fed. Inc. (美)二十世纪福斯影片公司Unique Films, Ltd. (美)比高电影有限公司United Artists (美)联艺影片公司Universal Picture Corporation (美)环球影片公司Warner Brothers (美)华纳影片公司Xi’an Film Studio (中)西安电影制片厂Xiaoxiang Film Studio (中)潇湘电影制片厂Youth Film Studio (中)青年电影制片厂Film Awards 电影奖Academy Awards, Oscar Awards (美)电影艺术科学院奖，奥斯卡奖best actor award 最佳男演员奖best art direction award 最佳艺术指导奖best cameraman award 最佳摄影奖best costume designing award 最佳服装设计奖best director award 最佳导演奖best documentary award 最佳纪录片奖best dubbing award 最佳配音奖best feature film award 最佳故事片奖best female supporting role award 最佳女配角奖best film editing award 最佳剪辑奖best foreign language film award 最佳外国影片奖best make up award 最佳化装奖best male supporting role award 最佳男配角奖best props award 最佳道具奖best recording award 最佳录音奖best scenarist award 最佳编剧奖best science film award 最佳科教片奖best science film award 最佳布景设计奖best sound effects award 最佳音响效果奖best special effects award 最佳特技奖Gary Cooper Prize (戛纳国际电影节)加菜·古柏奖Golden Bear (柏林电影节最高奖)金熊奖Golden Gate award (旧金山国际电影节)金门奖Golden Harvest (亚洲电影工作者联盟最佳奖)丰收奖Golden Rooster awards (中)金鸡奖Gold Horse Prize (中国台湾)金马奖Gold Lion award (威尼斯国际影展)金狮奖Grand Prix (电影比赛)大奖，最高奖Hong Kong Gold Statue awards 香港金像奖honorary award 荣誉奖Hundred Flowers awards (中)百花奖New York Film Critics’Award (美)纽约电影评论家奖outstanding film award 优秀影片奖special award 特别奖电影工业film industry cinematograph电影摄影机, 电影放映机cinema, pictures电影院(美作:movie theater) first-run cinema首轮影院second-run cinema二轮影院art theatre艺术影院continuous performance cinema循环场电影院film society电影协会,电影俱乐部(美作:film club) film library电影资料馆premiere首映式film festival电影节distributor发行人Board of Censors审查署shooting schedule摄制计划censor’s certificate审查级别release准予上映banned film禁映影片A-certificate A级(儿童不宜) U-certificate U级X-certificate X级(成人级) direction导演production制片adaptation改编scenario, screenplay, script编剧scene场景exterior外景lighting灯光shooting摄制to shoot 拍摄dissolve渐隐,化入,化出fade-out淡出fade-in淡入special effects特技slowmotion慢镜头editing, cutting剪接montage剪辑recording, sound recording录音sound effects音响效果mix, mixing混录dubbing配音postsynchronization后期录音合成studio制片厂,摄影棚(motion)film studio电影制片厂set, stage, floor场地properties, props道具dolly移动式摄影小车spotlight聚光灯clapper boards拍板microphone麦克风,话筒boom长杆话筒scenery布景影片类型films types film, motion picture影片,电影(美作:movie) newsreel新闻片,纪录片documentary (film)记录片,文献片filmdom电影界literary film文艺片musicals音乐片comedy 喜剧片tragedy悲剧片dracula movie恐怖片sowordsmen film武侠片detective film 侦探片ethical film伦理片affectional film爱情片erotic film黄色片western movies 西部片film d’avant-garde前卫片serial系列片trailer预告片cartoon (film)卡通片,动画片footage影片长度full-length film, feature film长片short(film)短片colour film 彩色片(美作:color film) silent film默片,无声片dubbed film配音复制的影片,译制片silent cinema, silent films无声电影sound motion picture, talkie有声电影cinemascope, CinemaScope 西涅玛斯科普型立体声宽银幕电影,变形镜头式宽银幕电影cinerama, Cinerama西涅拉玛型立体声宽银幕电影,全景电影title片名original version原著dialogue对白subtitles, subtitling字幕credits, credit titles对原作者及其他有贡献者的谢启和姓名telefilm电视片Film Actors, Screen Actresses 电影演员atmosphere person (电影)临时演员cast 演员班子character actor (电影)性格演员child actress 女童星cinemaster \ (美)，film star，movie star 电影明星Crowd film actor, film super 演配角的电影演员dubber, dubbing speaker 配音演员extra 特别客串演员(拍摄群众场面)临时演员film artist 电影表演艺术家film comedian 电影喜剧演员leading cinemactor, leading photo player 演主角的电影演员leading movie luminary 大牌电影明星leg artist “大腿”明星lip-synchronist 对口型录音者，配音演员matinee idol 受女观众欢迎的男明星money making movie star 所拍影片卖座的影星movie king 影帝movie queen 影后new star 新星regular film actor 基本演员semi star 二流演员sex goddess 受欢迎的性感女明星stand in 在拍摄前对光调整镜头的演员替身starlet 正在受训的小明星stunt girl 女明星的替身，替身中的女性stunt man 拍摄危险场面时的替身演员super-numerary (电影)无声配角演员superstar (电影)超级明星supporting cinemactress, supporting movie actress 演配角的电影女演员top screen star 最佳电影演员tragic star 悲剧明星ugly star 丑星young actress 年轻的女电影演员演员actors cast阵容film star, movie star电影明星star, lead主角double, stand-in替身演员stunt man特技替身演员extra, walker-on临时演员character actor性格演员regular player基本演员extra特别客串film star电影明星film actor男电影明星film actress女电影明星support配角util跑龙套工作人员technicians adapter改编scenarist, scriptwriter脚本作者dialogue writer对白作者production manager制片人producer制片主任film director导演assistant director副导演,助理导演cameraman, set photographer摄影师assistant cameraman摄影助理property manager, propsman道具员art director布景师(美作:set decorator) stagehand化装师lighting engineer灯光师film cutter剪辑师sound engineer, recording director录音师script girl, continuity girl场记员scenario writer, scenarist剧作家电影摄制filming shooting camera摄影机shooting angle拍摄角度high angle shot俯拍long shot远景full shot全景close-up, close shot特写,近景medium shot中景background背景three-quarter shot双人近景pan摇镜头frame, picture镜头still静止double exposure两次曝光superimposition叠印exposure meter 曝光表printing洗印放映projection reel, spool(影片的)卷,本sound track音带,声带showing, screening, projection放映projector放映机projection booth, projection room 放映室panoramic screen宽银幕Titles 电影字幕与标题art title 美术字幕bridging title 插入字幕Chinese title 中文字幕clip 新闻影片的标题credit title 工作人员名单(电影字幕)descriptive title 叙述字幕English captions 英文字幕explanatory title 说明字幕film name, film title 片名leader 片头部分，叙述字幕main title 主字幕side title 说明字幕，幻灯字幕spoken title 对白字幕sub-title 副字幕working title (美)影片的暂定名称，工作字幕G(General Audience) G级(此类影片男女老少均可观看) late show 午夜场packed house 爆满premiere, screen debut 电影的首映public show 公映Restricted (Restricted Under 17) R级(专为十七岁以下青年放映)Films, Magic Lamps, Lantern Slides, Screen Scripts 电影，影片，幻灯，幻灯片，电影剧本Pictures 电影，影片action film 情节电影added short 加映的短片adult Western 成年人看的西部电影adventure film, adventure story 惊险片affectional film, love story film 爱情片American movie 美国影片animated film 动画片anti-espionage film, anti-spy film 反特片，反谍片art film, artistic film 艺术片artistic documentary film 艺术纪录片athletic film, sports film 体育片audience picture 受一般观众欢迎的影片avant-garde picture (法)前卫派电影bang-bang, war film 战争片biographical film 传记片black and white film, black and white movie 黑白电影blue film, peep cinerama 黄色下流电影 B movie B 级片，水平不高的影片Cartoon and puppet films 美术片children's film, kid movie 儿童电影Chinese film 中国影片，汉语片cinema colour, colour film, colour movie 彩色影片Cinemascope 一种宽银幕电影(商标名)cinema verite, cineverite (法)实录电影cinemexploration 探险题材的影片，游记片cinepanoramic 全景宽银幕电影cinerama 宽银幕立体电影collective story film 集合故事片college film 学院片colour documentary film 彩色纪录片colour printing film 彩印片comedy film 喜剧片costume film 古装片cow-boy film 牛仔电影，美国西部电影cutting copy, sample film 样本，样片day-light movie 白昼电影deepie (口)，stereoscopic film, three-dimensional film 立体电影detective film 侦探片documentary shorts, newsreel 新闻短片double feature 分上、下集之影片double feature movie 双题材故事片dracula movie 内容残酷、恐怖的电影dubbed film 译制片dubbed foreign film 译制的外国片duplicated film 复制片education film, educational film 教育片English film with Chinese captions 带中文字幕的英语影片English story film 英国故事片epic film 史诗片eroducion, erotic film, pornographic film, sex film, sexploiter 色情电影ethical film 伦理片experimental film 探索性影片fairy film 童话片feature film 故事片，长片，正片featurette 短故事片，短艺术片，教育影片featurization 特制片film colossus 规模很大的电影filmlet 短小的影片first run film 首轮放映的影片foreign film 外国影片full length record film 大型纪录片full length wide screen cartoon film 大型宽银幕动画片instruction film 教学片medical film 医学片military film 军事片movie-movie 真实的电影multi media show 多媒体电影original version 原版片，原文片popular science film 科普片preview, prevue(美) 预告片puppet film, puppetoon 木偶片science and education film 科教片science fiction, sci-fi film 科幻片serial 分集的影片，成套的影片silent film, silent picture 无声电影swordsmen film 武侠片titled film 片印字幕的影片topical film 时事片tragedy film 悲剧片trailer 广告性的电影预告片vitaphone 利用唱片放音的有声电影广播电视英语词汇broadcast, broadcasting 播送，播放，广播live broadcast 直接广播，直播rebroadcast 重播recorded broadcast, recorded transmission 录音后广播broadcasting station, transmitter 电台aerial 天线indoor aerial 室内天线network 广播网，电视广播网wave length 波长long wave 长波medium wave 中波short wave 短波kilocycle 千周echo chamber回响室recording studio录音棚sound recording 录音sound technician, sound engineer 录音师tape recorder 磁带录音机microphone 传声筒，话筒earphones 耳机loudspeaker 喇叭track 轨,声道recording head 录音磁头playback head 放音磁头erasing head 抹音磁头turntable 唱机转盘tone control音调控制tuner knob, tuning knob 调谐钮frequency modulation调频high fidelity, hi-fi 高保真interference 干扰valve 电子管（美作：tube）radio station 广播站radio engineering, radio-technology 无线电技术radio receiver, radio set, receiving set, wireless 收音机radio engineer 无线电工程师radio transmission 无线电广播radio transmitter 无线电广播发射机radio frequency 无线电广播频率dial 刻度盘to dial, to tune in调谐signature tune音调listener 听众VHF 甚高频，特高频UHF 超高频NTSC NTSC制式PAL PAL制式SECAM SECAM制式to televise, telecast, television broadcasting 电视播送colour television 彩色电视closed-circuit television 闭路电视telecommunication satellite 通信卫星television set, television receiver 电视接收机，电视机screen 屏幕the small screen 小屏幕channel selector 频道选择器definition清晰度cathode-ray tube 阴极射线管to scan, scanning 扫描scanning beam 扫描线contrast 对比度brightness 亮度chrome 色度hue 色调picture 画面test chart 调试卡，测试图framing 图像定位televiewer, viewer 电视观众television camera 电视摄像机cameraman 摄像师console 控制台relay 中继relay station 中继站video 视频的magnetoscope 验磁器kinescope 电视显像管to programme 制作节目（美作：to program）programming 节目制作（美作：programing）programmer 节目制作者（美作：programer）live programme 实况转播（美作：live program）production 制片to produce 录制，制片producer 制片人announcer 播音员news bulletin, newscast 新闻news flash 最后新闻newsroom 新闻编辑室to interview, interview 采访interviewer 采访记者TV play 电视剧TV play series 电视连续剧telefilm 电视片script剧本shooting, to shoot录制shot景close shot近景dolly 摄影推车set布景set designer布景师lighting engineering照明技术lighting engineer照明师lighting effects 灯光效果spotlight, spot聚光灯rehearsal试录makeup girl化妆师sound effects 音响效果background music 背景音乐special effects 特技效果广播电视英语词汇术语A Analog 模拟A/D Analog to Digital 模-数转换AAC Advanced Audio Coding 高级音频编码ABB Automatic Black Balance 自动黑平衡ABC American Broadcasting Company 美国广播公司Automatic Bass Compensation 自动低音补偿Automatic Brightness Control 自动亮度控制ABL Automatic Black Level 自动黑电平ABLC Automatic Brightness Limiter Circuit 自动亮度限制电路ABU Asian Broadcasting Union 亚洲广播联盟(亚广联)ABS American Bureau of Standard 美国标准局AC Access Conditions 接入条件Audio Center 音频中心ACA Adjacent Channel Attenuation 邻频道衰减ACC Automatic Centering Control 自动中心控制ACK Automatic Chroma Killer 自动消色器ACP Additive Colour Process 加色法ACS Access Control System 接入控制系统Advanced Communication Service 高级通信业务Area Communication System 区域通信系统ADC Analog to Digital Converter 模-数转换器Automatic Degaussirng Circuit 自动消磁电路ADL Acoustic Delay Line 声延迟线ADS Audio Distribution System 音频分配系统AE Audio Erasing 音频（声音）擦除AEF Automatic Editing Function 自动编辑功能AES Audio Engineering Society 音频工程协会AF Audio Frequency 音频AFA Audio Frequency Amplifier 音频放大器AFC Automatic Frequency Coder 音频编码器Automatic Frequency Control 自动频率控制AFT Automatic Fine Tuning 自动微调Automatic Frequency Track 自动频率跟踪Automatic Frequency Trim 自动频率微调AGC Automatic Gain Control 自动增益控制AI Artificial Intelligence 人工智能ALM Audio-Level Meter 音频电平表AM Amplitude Modulation 调幅AMS Automatic Music Sensor 自动音乐传感装置ANC Automatic Noise Canceller 自动噪声消除器ANT ANTenna 天线AO Analog Output 模拟输出APS Automatic Program Search 自动节目搜索APPS Automatic Program Pause System 自动节目暂停系统APSS Automatic Program Search System 自动节目搜索系统AR Audio Response 音频响应ARC Automatic Remote Control 自动遥控ASCII American Standard Code for Information Interchange 美国信息交换标准AST Automatic Scanning Tracking 自动扫描跟踪ATC Automatic Timing Control 自动定时控制Automatic Tone Correction 自动音频校正ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode 异步传输模式ATF Automatic Track Finding 自动寻迹ATS Automatic Test System 自动测试系统ATSC Advanced Television Systems Committee （美国）高级电视制式委员会A VC Automatic Volume Control 自动音量控制A VR Automatic Voltage Regulator 自动稳压器AWB Automatic White Balance 自动白平衡AZS Automatic Zero Setting 自动调零BA Branch Amplifier 分支放大器Buffer Amplifier 缓冲放大器BAC Binary-Analog Conversion 二进制模拟转换BB Black Burst 黑场信号BBC British Broadcasting Corporation 英国广播公司BBI Beijing Broadcasting Institute 北京广播学院BC Binary Code 二进制码Balanced Current 平衡电流Broadcast Control 广播控制BCT Bandwidth Compression Technique 带宽压缩技术BDB Bi-directional Data Bus 双向数据总线BER Basic Encoding Rules 基本编码规则Bit Error Rate 比特误码率BF Burst Flag 色同步旗脉冲BFA Bare Fiber Adapter 裸光纤适配器Brillouin Fiber Amplifier 布里渊光纤放大器BGM Background Music 背景音乐BIOS Basic Input／Output System 基本输入输出系统B-ISDN Broadband-ISDN 宽带综合业务数据网BIU Basic Information Unit 基本信息单元Bus Interface Unit 总线接口单元BM Bi-phase Modulation 双相调制BML Business Management Layer 商务管理层BN Backbone Network 主干网BNT Broadband Network Termination 宽带网络终端设备BO Bus Out 总线输出BPG Basic Pulse Generator 基准脉冲发生器BPS Band Pitch Shift 分频段变调节器BSI British Standard Institute 英国标准学会BSS Broadcast Satellite Service 广播卫星业务BT Block Terminal 分线盒、分组终端British Telecom 英国电信BTA Broadband Terminal Adapter 宽带终端适配器Broadcasting Technology Association (日本)广播技术协会BTL Balanced Transformer-Less 桥式推挽放大电路BTS Broadcast Technical Standard 广播技术标准BTU Basic Transmission Unit 基本传输单元BVU Broadcasting Video Unit 广播视频型(一种3/4英寸带录像机记录格式) BW BandWidth 带宽BWTV Black and White Television 黑白电视CA Conditional Access 条件接收CAC Conditional Access Control 条件接收控制CAL Continuity Accept Limit 连续性接受极限CAS Conditional Access System 条件接收系统Conditional Access Sub-system 条件接收子系统CA TV Cable Television 有线电视，电缆电视Community Antenna Television 共用天线电视CAV Constant Angular Velocity 恒角速度CBC Canadian Broadcasting Corporation 加拿大广播公司CBS Columbia Broadcasting System （美国）哥伦比亚广播公司CC Concentric Cable 同轴电缆CCG Chinese Character Generator 中文字幕发生器CCIR International Radio Consultative Committee 国际无线电咨询委员会CCITT International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Committee 国际电话电报咨询委员会CCR CCTV Central Control Room 中心控制室China Central Television 中国中央电视台CCS Close-Circuit Television 闭路电视CCU Center Central System 中心控制系统CCW Camera Control Unit 摄像机控制器CD Counter Clock-Wise 反时针方向CDA Compact Disc 激光唱片CD-E Current Dumping Amplifier 电流放大器CDFM CDG Compact Disc Erasable 可抹式激光唱片CD-ROM Compact Disc File Manager 光盘文件管理(程序)CETV Compact-Disc Plus Graphic 带有静止图像的CD唱盘CF Compact Disc-Read Only Memory 只读式紧凑光盘CGA China Educational Television 中国教育电视台CI Color Framing 彩色成帧CIE Color Graphics Adapter 彩色图形(显示)卡CII Common Interface 通用接口CIF Chinese Institute of Electronics 中国电子学会CIS China Information Infrastructure 中国信息基础设施CLV Common Intermediate Format 通用中间格式CM Chinese Industrial Standard 中国工业标准CMTS Constant Linear Velocity 恒定线速度CNR Colour Monitor 彩色监视器CON Cable Modem Termination System 线缆调制解调器终端系统Carrier-to-Noise Ratio 载噪比CPB Console 操纵台CPU Controller 控制器CRC Corporation of Public Broadcasting （美国）公共广播公司CRCC CRI Central Processing Unit 中央处理单元CROM Cyclic Redundancy Check 循环冗余校验CRT Cyclic Redundancy Check Code 循环冗余校验码CS China Radio International 中国国际广播电台CSC Control Read Only Memory 控制只读存储器CSS Cathode-Ray Tube 阴极射线管Communication Satellite 通信卫星CSU Color Sub-carrier 彩色副载波CT Center Storage Server 中央存储服务器CTC Content Scrambling System 内容加扰系统Channel Service Unit 信道业务单元Color Temperature 色温Cassette Tape Controller 盒式磁带控制器CTE Channel Traffic Control 通道通信量控制Counter Timer Circuit 计数器定时器电路CTV Counter Timer Control 计数器定时器控制CVD Cable Termination Equipment 线缆终端设备CW Customer Terminal Equipment 用户终端设备Color Television 彩色电视China Video Disc 中国数字视盘Carrie Wave 载波DAB Digital Audio Broadcasting 数字音频广播DASH Digital Audio Stationary Head 数字音频静止磁头DAT Digital Audio Tape 数字音频磁带DBMS Data Base Management System 数据库管理系统DBS Direct Broadcast Satellite 直播卫星DCC Digital Compact Cassette 数字小型盒带Dynamic Contrast Control 动态对比度控制DCT Digital Component Technology 数字分量技术Discrete Cosine Transform 离散余弦变换DCTV Digital Color Television 数字彩色电视DD Direct Drive 直接驱动DDC Direct Digital Control 直接数字控制DDE Dynamic Data Exchange 动态数据交换DDM Data Display Monitor 数据显示监视器DES Data Elementary Stream 数据基本码流Data Encryption Standard (美国)数据加密标准DF Dispersion Flattened 色散平坦（光纤）DG Differential Gain 微分增益DI Digital Interface 数字接口DITEC Digital Television Camera 数字电视摄像机DL Delay Line 延时线DLD Dynamic Linear Drive 动态线性驱动DM Delta Modulation 增量调制Digital Modulation 数字调制DMB Digital Multimedia Broadcasting 数字多媒体广播DMC Dynamic Motion Control 动态控制DME Digital Multiple Effect 数字多功能特技DMS Digital Mastering System 数字主系统DN Data Network 数据网络DNG Digital News Gathering 数字新闻采集DNR Digital Noise Reducer 数字式降噪器DOB Data Output Bus 数据输出总线DOCSIS DOC Data Over Cable Service Interface Specifications 有线数据传输业务接口规范DOS Drop Out Compensation 失落补偿DP Disc Operating System 磁盘操作系统Differential Phase 微分相位DPCM Data Pulse 数据脉冲DPL Differential Pulse Code Modulation 差值脉冲编码调制DSB Dolby Pro Logic 杜比定向逻辑DSC Digital Satellite Broadcasting 数字卫星广播DSD Digital Studio Control 数字演播室控制DSE Dolby Surround Digital 杜比数字环绕声DSK Digital Special Effect 数字特技DSP Down-Stream Key 下游键Digital Signal Processing 数字信号处理DSS Digital Sound Processor 数字声音处理器DT Digital Satellite System 数字卫星系统Digital Technique 数字技术Digital Television 数字电视Data Terminal 数据终端DTB Data Transmission 数据传输DTBC Digital Terrestrial Broadcasting 数字地面广播DTC Digital Time-Base Corrector 数字时基校正器DTS Digital Television Camera 数字电视摄像机Digital Theater System 数字影院系统Digital Tuning System 数字调谐系统DVB Digital Television Standard 数字电视标准DVC Digital Video Broadcasting 数字视频广播DVE Digital Video Compression 数字视频压缩DVS Digital Video Effect 数字视频特技DVTR Desktop Video Studio 桌上视频演播(系统)Digital Video Tape Recorder 数字磁带录像机EA Extension Amplifier 延长放大器EB Electron Beam 电子束EBS Emergency Broadcasting System 紧急广播系统EBU European Broadcasting Union 欧洲广播联盟EC Error Correction 误差校正ECN Emergency Communications Network 应急通信网络ECS European Communication Satellite 欧洲通信卫星EDC Error Detection Code 错误检测码EDE Electronic Data Exchange 电子数据交换EDF Erbium-Doped Fiber 掺饵光纤EDFA Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier 掺饵光纤放大器EDL Edit Decision List 编辑点清单EDTV Extended Definition Television 扩展清晰度电视EE Error Excepted 允许误差EFM Eight to Fourteen Modulation 8-14调制EFP Electronic Field Production 电子现场节目制作EH Ethernet Hosts 以太网主机EIN Equivalent Input Noise 等效输入噪声EIS Electronic Information System 电子信息系统EISA Extended Industrial Standard Architecture 扩展工业标准总线EL Electro-Luminescent 场致发光EM Error Monitoring 误码监测EN End Node 末端节点ENG Electronic News Gathering 电子新闻采集EOT End of Tape 带尾EP Edit Point 编辑点Error Protocol 错误协议EPG Electronic Program Guides 电子节目指南EPS Emergency Power Supply 应急电源ERP Effective Radiated Power 有效辐射功率ES Elementary Stream 基本码流End System 终端系统ESA European Space Agency 欧洲空间局ETV Education Television 教育电视Enhanced Television 增强电视FA Facial Animation 面部动画FABM FAS Fiber Amplifier Booster Module 光纤放大器增强模块FC Fiber Access System 光纤接入系统Frequency Changer 变频器Fiber Channel 光纤通道FCC Film Composer 电影编辑系统FD Federal Communications Commission （美国）联邦通信委员会Frequency Divider 分频器FDCT Fiber Duct 光纤管道FDDI FDM Forward Discrete Cosine Transform 离散余弦正变换FDP Fiber Distributed Data Interface 分布式光纤数据接口FE Frequency-Division Multiplexing 频分复用Fiber Distribution Point 光纤分配点FF Front End 前端FG Framing Error 成帧误差FH Fast Forward 快进FIT Frequency Generator 频率发生器FN Frequency Hopping 跳频FOA Frame-Interline Transfer 帧一行间转移FOC Fiber Node 光纤节点Fiber Optic Amplifier 光纤放大器Fiber Optic Cable 光缆FOM Fiber Optic Communications 光纤通信FON Fiber Optic Coupler 光纤耦合器FOS Fiber Optic Modem 光纤调制解调器FOTC Fiber Optic Net 光纤网FS Factor of Safety 安全系数Fiber Optic Trunk Cable 光缆干线Frame Scan 帧扫描FT Frame Store 帧存储器FTP Frame Synchro 帧同步机FTTB France Telecom 法国电信FTTC File Transfer Protocol 文件传输协议FTTH FTTN Fiber-To-The-Building 光纤到楼FTTO Fiber-To-The-Curb 光纤到路边Fiber-To-The-Home 光纤到家Fiber-To-The-Node 光纤到节点Fiber-To-The-Office 光纤到办公室GA General Average 总平均值GB Gain Bandwidth 增益带宽GFC Generic Flow Control 一般流量控制GMT Greenwich Mean Time 格林威治标准时间GND Ground 接地GPC General Purpose Computer 通用接口GPIB General Purpose Interface Bus 通用接口总线GPS Global Positioning Satellite 全球定位卫星Global Positioning System 全球定位系统GSM Global System for Mobile Communication 全球移动通信系统GVFS General Video File Server 通用视频文件服务器HA Head Amplifier 前置放大器HB Head Bus 前端总线HC Hierarchical Coding 分层编码HCT Home Communication Terminal 家庭通信终端HD High Definition 高清晰度Horizontal Drive 水平驱动（脉冲）HDM High Density Modulation 高密度调制HDTV High Definition Television 高清晰度电视HDVS High Definition Video System 高清晰度视频系统HF High Frequency 高频HFC Hybrid Fiber Coaxial 光纤同轴电缆混合网HFCT Hybrid Fiber Concentric Twisted Pair Wire 混合光纤同轴双绞线HIS Home Information System 家庭信息系统Hi-Fi High-Fidelity 高保真(度)HPA High Power Amplifier 大功率放大器HPF HQAD High-Pass Filter 高通滤波器HS High Quality Audio Disc 高品位音频光盘HSC Horizon Scanner 水平扫描High Speed Camera System 高速摄像机系统HSDB High Speed Channel 高速信道HT High Speed Data Broadcast 高速数据广播HTT HTTP High Tension 高压HTU Home Television Theatre 家庭电视影院Hyper Text Transmission Protocol 超文本传输协议Home Terminal Unit 家庭终端单元IA Information Access 信息存取IB International Broadcasting 国际广播Interface Bus 接口总线Internal Bus 内部总线IBC Integrated Broadband Communication 综合宽带通信International Broadcasting Center 国际广播中心International Broadcasting Convention (欧洲)国际广播会议IBG Inter Block Gap 字组间隔IC Integrated Circuit 集成电路IDCT Inverse Discrete Cosine Transform 离散余弦逆变换IF Intermediate Frequency 中频IM Interface Module 接口模块IMTV Interactive Multimedia Television 交互式多媒体电视IN Integrated Network 综合网INFO INS Integrated Network Using Fiber Optics 光纤综合网IOCS Information Network System 信息网络系统IOD Input-Output Control System 输入/输出控制系统IP Information On Demand 点播信息Input Power 输入功率IPC Internet Protocol 因特网协议IPD Information Processing Center 信息处理中心IPTC Interactive Program Directory 交互式节目指南IRD International Press Telecommunication Council 国际新闻通信委员会IS Integrated Receiver/Decoder 综合接收机/解码器Information Superhighway 信息高速公路Interactive Service 交互业务ISA International Standard 国际标准ISAN Industry Standard Architecture 工业标准总线Integrated Service Analog Network 综合业务模拟网ISO ISRC International Standard Audiovisual Number 国际标准音视频编号ISSI International Standards Organization 国际标准化组织IT International Standard Recording Code 国际标准记录码ITS Inter-Switching System Interface 交换机间系统接口Interline Transfer 行间转移Insertion Test Signal 插入测试信号ITU Intelligent Traffic System 智能交通系统ITV International Telecommunication Service 国际电信业务International Telecommunications Union 国际电信联盟IU Industrial Television 工业电视IVCS Interactive Television 交互式电视IVDS Information Unit 信息单元IVOD Intelligent Video Conferencing System 智能视频会议系统IVS Interactive Video Data Service 交互视频数据业务Interactive Video On Demand 交互点播电视Interactive Video System 交互视频系统JB Junction Box 接线盒JCTA Japan Cable Television Association 日本有线电视协会JPEG Joint Photographic Experts Group 联合图片专家组JSB Japan Satellite Broadcasting Inc 日本广播卫星公司KB Keyboard 键盘LAN Local Area Network 局域网LBC Low Bit-rate Coding 低码率编码LC Lossless Coding 无损编码LCD Liquid Crystal Display 液晶显示器Light Coupled Device 光耦合器件LD Laser Diode 激光二极管LDTV Low Definition Television 低分辨率数字电视IED Light-Emitting Diode 发光二极管LF Low Frequency 低频LFE Low Frequency Response 低频响应LFO Low Frequency Oscillator 低频振荡器LI Level Indicator 电平指示器LMDS Local Microwave Distribution System 本地微波分配系统LNA Low Noise Amplifier 低噪声放大器LO Local Oscillator 本地振荡器LPF Low Pass Filter 低通滤波器LRC Longitudinal Redundancy Checking 纵向冗余校验LS Light Source 光源LSD Large Screen Display 大屏幕显示器LSI Large Scale Integrated Circuit 大规模集成电路LSN Local Supervision Network 本地监测网LTC Longitudinal Time Code 纵向时间码LVD Laser Vision Disc 激光电视唱片LVR Laser Video Recording System 激光视盘录制系统MAC Multiplexed Analog Components 复用模拟分量MAN Metropolitan Area Network 都市网MAPI Multimedia Application Programming Interface 多媒体应用编程接口MATV Master Antenna Television 共用天线电视MC Main Control 主控Media Composer 非线性媒体编辑系统Motion Compensation 运动补偿Multimedia Communication 多媒体通信MCI Media Control Interface 媒体控制接口MCPC Multi-Channel Per Carrier 多路单载波MCR Master Control Room 主控制室Mobile Control Room 转播车，移动控制室MD Magnetic Drum 磁鼓MDM Multimedia Data Management 多媒体数据管理MDOP Multimedia Data Operation Platform 多媒体数据操作平台MF Medium Frequency 中频MIC Microphone 传声器，话筒MIDI Musical Instrument Digital Interface 乐器数字接口MMDS Multi-Channel Microwave Distribution System 微波多点分配系统MODEM Modulator And Demodulator 调制解调器MOL Maximum Output Level 最大输出电平MON Monitor 监视器，监听器。
美剧摘录句子讲解
1.one should not defecate where one eat.兔子不吃窝边草2.I always take it literally.我总是按字面意思理解的3.Can you imagine seeing somebody all day long and then you are supposed to hang out with them after work?4.Top-notch idea 天才般的点子5.My phone is just as smart as you guys.6.I thought you said you were fine with it.7.You can not tell her what she can and can not do.不能对她颐指气使8.More and more sure.9.No backsies.不可返还10.How was the pajama party?11.As you wish .遵命12.The Nordic reputation for lack of humor is well-founded.北欧人没有幽默感的名声是真的。
13.Hand-holding ,hugging ...even on hot days.14.I am done with work.下班了15.Time with you is my number one priority.16.We are a couple .I like you for who you are .喜欢真实的你.17.I chose my words poorly.用词不当18.Bed-wetting尿床masturbation自慰jerk off 打飞机19.Which celebrity would you say i look most?20.That thing is riddled with plot holes.21.With the CPC committee at the helm在党中央的领导下22.The year 2103 has seen the groundbreaking of diplomacy under the central committee of communist party of china (CPC) with comrade Xi Jinping as general secretary.23.It is a great pleasure to join you here to bid farewell to the old year and usher in the new.很高兴同大家欢聚一堂，同辞旧岁，共迎新年。
Deep Chills—Run Free (feat. IVIE)—歌词
Run Free (feat. IVIE)2019-01-31I still rememberloving in the dangeryou set me on firewhen I’m by your sidetakin’ me higherI’ll follow you down if you go nowAnd you say you wanna get awayyou wanna take me all the waywhen you get burned if you get closerto the sun I want yawe can burn to get the fading into one another Oh don’t you knowJust love and call mebaby we could run freeif you do it just the way I likemaybe I could waste my timeon youNever mind all the world readsif you do it just the way I likemaybe I could waste my timeon youMy deepest secretstrust you to keep themhide in the words I can not sayI got what you wantedI got what you neededIt’s all in the waythat you say my namewhen you get burned if you get closerto the sun I want yawe can burn to get the fading into one another Oh don’t you knowJust love and call mebaby we could run freeif you do it just the way I likemaybe I could waste my timeon youNever mind all the world readsif you do it just the way I likemaybe I could waste my timeon youif you do it just the way I like maybe I could waste my time on youNever mind all the world reads if you do it just the way I like maybe I could waste my time on you。
RobertFull_2009[Robert Full][壁虎尾巴的学问]
![RobertFull_2009[Robert Full][壁虎尾巴的学问]](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/6102ea237cd184254b353547.png)
It's a story about beyond biomimetics, to something I'm calling biomutualism.
这个发现的领域超越了传统的仿生学， 我把它称 作Biomutualism。[00:25]
登山者;攀缘植物;尽力改善自己社会地位的人
Lynn Verinsky: Because of liability insurance. (Laughter) Narrator: With a mattress below and attached to a safety
rope,
Lynn Verinsky：因为我买了保险。 解说：在墙下 放好床垫并系上安全绳，[02:29]
Lynn began her 60-foot ascent.
Lynn开始了60英尺的攀登。[02:33]
Lynn made it to the top in a perfect pairing of Hollywood and Lynn在好莱坞与科学完美的结合下 成功到达了顶
science.
端。[02:36]
TED演讲者：Robert Full | Robert Full
演讲标题：Robert Full: Learning from the gecko.s tail | 壁虎尾巴的学问
内容概要：生物学家Rob强的攀爬能力。但是近日获 取的高速摄像影片却展现了壁虎在其尾巴的使用上也有着惊人的才能。 Robert Full studies cockroach legs and gecko feet. His research is helping build the perfect "distributed foot" for tomorrow.s robots, based on evolution.s ancient engineering.
FortiGate 80C-DC 快速安装指南说明书
FortiGate 80C-DCQuickStart GuidePackage ContentsFortinet’s consolidated security solutions provide an integrated set of core security and network services in a single, easy-to-manage, high-performance appliance that is capable of supporting a wide range of deployment scenarios.Your box contains the following:FortiGate 80C-DC QuickStart Guide Ethernet Cable Console Cable2 Rack-Mount Brackets 4 Rubber Feet Screws2 Rack-Mount 4 Rubbera) The modified work must itself be a software library.b) You must cause the files modified to carry prominent notices stating that you changed the files and the date of any change.c) You must cause the whole of the work to be licensed at no charge to all third parties under the terms of this License.d) If a facility in the modified Library refers to a function or a table of data to be supplied by an application program that uses the facility, other than as an argument passed when the facility is invoked, then you must make a good faith effort to ensure that, in the event an application does not supply such function or table, the facility still operates, and performs whatever part of its purpose remains meaningful.These requirements apply to the modified work as a whole. 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HKSuperstar（电影《速度与激情6》插曲）歌词-欧阳靖吴彦祖
HK Superstar(电影《速度与激情6》插曲)歌词-欧阳靖/吴彦祖这首《HK Superstar》的名字也叫香港Superstar，是电影《速度与激情6》里面的一首插曲，由欧阳靖和吴彦祖一起合作演唱。
下面是小编整理的HK Superstar歌词，分享给大家!HK Superstar歌词HK Superstar (《速度与激情6》电影插曲) - 欧阳靖/吴彦祖词：欧阳靖曲：Allen Sung/Kevin Nishimura/James Roh/Jae Choung/Stefon Taylor靖：ABCABCABC各位观众有请Hong Kong Superstar做明星我真系想最受欢迎新人奖畀我攞多谢晒未算到至高境界影相签名有我份海报广告等等狗仔队实唔放过越出名是非越多经理人都四五个签合同包冇搞错有咁巧得咁巧我个Friend系明星等佢自己介绍我系Daniel Wu边个够我Cool我系Daniel Wu边个够我Cool我系欧阳靖理想做明星冇错冇错我想做个Hong Kong Superstar好朋友就要珍惜唔理系旧定系新识睇清楚慢慢分析欧阳震华系我亲戚错佢大把剧集做我得个小小知名度Fans见到都围住晒逢系靓仔就偶像派我靠实力你捧我场咪当我系孔庆祥虽然好话唔好听发噩梦都梦见到She Bang She Bang我系Daniel Wu边个够我Cool我系Daniel Wu边个够我Cool我系欧阳靖理想做明星冇错冇错我想做个Hong Kong Superstar做明星好食好住就算刀仔锯大树点都系要搏一舖但系唔好太风骚无论男女高矮肥瘦都可以就只要你有信心爆棚冇错唔系我就系你唔系你就系我每人个目的唔同佢话你发紧白日梦你就笑哈哈大声跟佢哋讲我系Hong Kong Superstar祖：我系Daniel Wu边个够我Cool 我系Daniel Wu边个够我Cool 靖：我系欧阳靖理想做明星冇错冇错我想做个Hong Kong Superstar呢位同学你贵姓吴彦祖同欧阳靖呢个实验最紧要系记性最紧要系记性呢位同学你贵姓吴彦祖同欧阳靖呢个实验最紧要系记性最紧要系记性合：竹昇仔ABCThat's you and meHong Kong SuperstarDaniel Wu靖：喂你系有戏拍记住揾我呀剧集戏广告电视电玩底裤底横你你总之就揾我啦我唔介意我真系唔介意啊你想我卖乜都得女人的胸围我都唔介意我可以做我可以做帮女朋友买胸围喺广告里面我真的想做呀Hong Kong Superstar欧阳靖歌手简介外文名：MC Jin，Jin tha MC，Jin The Emcee100，Grand Jin ABC Jin国籍：美国出生地：美国生日：1982年6月4日职业：演员，歌手代表作：《依家有喜》，《潜行狙击》，《雷霆扫毒》简介：欧阳靖(Mcjin)，1982年6月4日出生于美国，演员、歌手。
必修四 Unit 2 Working the land 2021届高考英语一轮复习能力提升题
必修四Unit 2 Working the land能力提升一、根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。
选项中有两项为多余选项。
（2019福州高三质量检测）We need to vent(发泄) about the place we work sometimes. Whether it is the long hours you put in, an unreasonable boss, or lack of recognition for your efforts—every workplace has enough fuel to lighten the frustration (挫折).__1__. And it is good to the productivity in the office, too. Vanessa Pouthier, a researcher at the University of Melbourne in Australia, studied a team of nurses and health professionals at a hospital in the United States. __2__. Pouthier observed the joking and complaining that went on for 12 months and realized “it helps people to process stress and frustration，”Pouthier told ABC Radio Perth.__3__，there will always be a corner of the office or the lunch room, where a small or large collective of employees are venting to some degree. “Generally, people don't think there is any value to it，”Pouthier says. __4__，so she had to look into other fields, such as linguistics, to better understand its functions.Whether it's politely debating the effectiveness of how an office runs, or complaining about the bosses, Pouthier found that the complaining session served as a bonding function. __5__．“It allows people to recognize how similar they are in the challenges they are facing every day and how they feel about them，” she says.A. However, few people know how this happensB. No matter what kind of environment you work inC. It can even help staff to work through their negative feelingsD. Whether bosses accept complaints from their employees or notE. But this common activity in every workplace was so underresearchedF. It was found that there were actually benefits of these kinds of complaining sessionsG. Good news is that this workplace complaining is actually beneficial to your mental wellbeing【主题语境】人与社会【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了工作场所的抱怨的益处。
2021年Dream It Possible 歌词
*欧阳光明*创编 2021.03.07Dream It Possible欧阳光明（2021.03.07）I will run, I will climb, I will soar我奔跑，我攀爬，我会飞翔I’m und efeated永不言败Jumping out of my skin, pull the chord跳出我的皮肤，拨弄琴弦Yeah I believe it哦，我相信。
The past, is everything w e were don’t make us who we are往昔，逝去的光阴不会决定现在So I’ll dream, until I make it real, and all I see is stars所以我们梦想，直到变成真，看到满天星光Its not until you fall that you fly不怕跌倒，所以飞翔When your dreams come alive you’re unstoppable当你的梦想成真，你是不可阻挡Take a shot, chase the sun, find the beautiful挥着翅膀，追逐太阳，寻找美丽We will glow in the dark turning dust to gold在黑暗中闪耀点石成金And we’ll dream it possible我们会梦想成真I will chase, I will reach, I will fly我追逐，我奔驰，我要飞翔U ntil I’m breaking, until I’m breaking直到坠落，直到崩溃Out of my ca ge, like a bird in the night走出我的囚笼，像在黑夜里的莺I know I’m changing, I know I’m changing我知道我在变化，在蜕变In, into som ething big, better than before变成无比强大，从未有过And if it takes, takes a thousand lives如果需要牺牲，需要无数的生命Then It’s wort h fighting for那值得去奋斗Its not until you fall that you fly不怕跌倒，所以飞翔When your dreams come alive you’re unstoppable当你的梦想成真，你是不可阻挡Take a shot, chase the sun, find the beautif ul挥着翅膀，追逐太阳，寻找美丽We will glow in the dark turning d ust to gold在黑暗中闪耀点石成金And we’ll dream it possible我们会梦想成真From the bottom to the top从山谷到巅峰We’re sparking wil d fire’s我们正在迸发野火Never quit and never stop永不放弃，永不停止The rest of our lives点燃未来From the bottom to the top从山谷到巅峰We’re sparking wild fire’s我们正在迸发野火Never quit and n ever stop永不放弃，永不停止Its not until you fall that you fly不怕跌倒，所以飞翔When your dreams come alive you’re unstoppable当你的梦想成真，你是不可阻挡Take a shot, chase the sun, find the beautif ul挥着翅膀，追逐太阳，寻找美We will glow in the dark turning dust to gold在黑暗中闪耀点石成金And we’ll dream it possible possible我们会梦想成真*欧阳光明*创编 2021.03.07。
艾薇儿《RockNRoll》的英文和中文歌词
艾薇儿《Rock N Roll》的英文和中文歌词《Rock N Roll》是加拿大女歌手艾薇儿·拉维尼(Avril Lavigne)收录于第五张录音室同名专辑《Avril Lavigne》的第二支单曲。
于7月19日官方放出试听视频。
于2013年8月27日正式发行。
2014年4月15日，艾薇儿凭借该曲获得第二届音悦V榜年度盛典欧美最佳女歌手奖。
《Rock N Roll》歌曲歌词中英歌词Let 'em know that we're still rock 'n roll 让他们知道，摇滚就是我们的态度I don't care about my make-up 不在乎脸上妆花了没有I like it better with my jeans all ripped up 破烂牛仔裤才是我的最爱Don't know how to keep my mouth shut 老是学不会该要何时闭嘴You say, "So what (what)?" 你说，那又怎样I don't care if I'm a misfit 不在乎是否和大家格格不入I like it better than the hipster bullshit 我比什么潮痞人士都更劲酷[Regular version:]I am the mother freaking princess[Music video version:]I am the motherfuckin' princess 因为我是你酷翻天的的摇滚公主You still love me 你就是喜欢Some-somehow 不知道怎么回事It's a little different when 当我跟你在一起I'm with you 好像哪里不一样You know what I really am 我的本色你都了解All about 你知道我的本质You know how it really goes 我说的话你一清二楚Oh, oh, oh, oh, yeahSome some way 一定有办法We'll be getting out of this 我们会离开这个小城镇town one day 总有一天You're the only one that I want with me 你是唯一我想要的You know how the story goes 我们的摇滚故事，现正进行中Oh, oh, ohWhen it's you and me 只要是你和我We don't need no one to tell us who to be 不需要任何人来告诉我们该怎么做We'll keep turning up the radio 把电台音量开到爆表就好What if you and I 就是你和我Just put up a middle finger to the sky 向天空比出中指Let 'em know that we're still rock 'n roll 让他们知道，摇滚就是我们的态度Rock 'n roll摇滚万岁Hey hey heyRock 'n roll摇滚万岁Hey hey heyCall it a bad attitude dude 不要给我摆脸色，老兄I'm never gonna cover up that tattoo 我绝对不会遮住那个刺青I might have a couple issues 或许我有一些问题You say, "Me too." (yeah) 你说，“我也是”Don't care about a reputation 我不在乎有没有好名声Must be living in the wrong generation 大概是生错了时代This is your invitation 这是我给你的邀请函Let's get wasted(yeah)让我们一醉方休Some-somehow 不知道怎么回事It's a little different when 当我跟你在一起I'm with you 好像哪里不一样You know what I really am 我的本色你都了解All about你知道我的本质You know how it really goes 我说的话你一清二楚Oh, oh, ohWhen it's you and me 只要是你和我We don't need no one to tell us who to be 不需要任何人来告诉我们该怎么做We'll keep turning up the radio 把电台音量开到爆表就好What if you and I 就是你和我Just put up a middle finger to the sky 向天空比出中指Let 'em know that we're still rock 'n roll 让他们知道，摇滚就是我们的态度Rock 'n roll 摇滚万岁Hey hey heyRock 'n roll 摇滚万岁Hey hey heyRock 'n roll, yeah 摇滚万岁Oh, oh, oh, oh, yeahWhen it's you and me 只要是你和我We don't need no one to tell us who to be 不需要任何人来告诉我们该怎么做We'll keep turning up the radio 把电台音量开到爆表就好What if you and I 就是你和我Just put up a middle finger to the sky 向天空比出中指Let them know that we're still rock 'n roll 让他们知道，摇滚就是我们的态度When it's you and me 只要是你和我We don't need no one to tell us who to be 不需要任何人来告诉我们该怎么做We'll keep turning up the radio 把电台音量开到爆表就好What if you and I 就是你和我Just put up a middle finger to the sky 向天空比出中指Let 'em know that we're still rock 'n roll 让他们知道，摇滚就是我们的态度Rock 'n roll 摇滚万岁Hey hey heyRock 'n roll 摇滚万岁Hey hey hey《Rock N Roll》歌曲MV《Rock N Roll》的MV于2013年7月25日在洛杉矶开始拍摄，导演为Chris Marrs Piliero，而后分别于同年8月13、16、18、19日分别释出片段，最终于20日发表完整版乐录像带。
英语语法一个让我头疼的问题的作文130词
英语语法一个让我头疼的问题的作文130词全文共6篇示例，供读者参考篇1A Grammar Problem That Gives Me a HeadacheOh boy, English grammar can be really tricky sometimes! There's this one problem that always makes my head spin – the difference between "its" and "it's". They sound exactly the same, but they mean totally different things! How am I supposed to keep them straight?"Its" is the possessive form, like "The dog wagged its tail." But then you have "it's" which is the contraction of "it is", like "It's going to rain today." Seems simple enough, right? But I mix them up all the time!Like the other day, I wrote "The flower lost it's petals" in my story. My teacher circled it and said it should be "its" without the apostrophe because I was talking about the flower's petals, not "it is petals". Ugh, I felt so silly!It's just one of those grammar rules that doesn't want to stick in my brain no matter how many times I practice it. I reallyhave to focus and think carefully about whether I mean "it is" or if I'm talking about possession. Otherwise, I'll put the wrong one and get marked off again.I know it's important to get this right, especially as I get older and have to write bigger assignments and papers. Maybe I'll make up a silly song or rhyme to help me remember the difference. "If it's 'it is', use an apostrophe, but for possession, just 'its' will be!" Yeah, that could work! Anything to stop this grammar gremlin from giving me such a headache.At least there are lots of other fun parts of English class, like reading cool stories and learning new vocabulary words. I'll just have to keep practicing "its" vs "it's" until it finally clicks. One day, I'll be an "its" and "it's" master! But until then, I'll try not to let this one tricky grammar rule get me too frustrated. I've got this!篇2Here's an essay about a grammar issue that causes headaches, written in a tone appropriate for an elementary school student, with a length of around 2,000 words:English Grammar: A Headache-Inducing ProblemHi there! My name is Emma, and I'm a 10-year-old student who loves learning new things. However, there's one thing that always gives me a massive headache: English grammar! Don't get me wrong, I enjoy studying English, but some of the grammar rules are just so confusing and complicated.The issue that drives me absolutely bonkers is the use of apostrophes. You know, those little punctuation marks that look like tiny commas hanging in the air ('). At first glance, they seem harmless, but let me tell you, they can be a real pain in the neck!Let me give you an example of the confusion these little guys can cause. Imagine you're writing about a group of friends, and you want to talk about something that belongs to them. Do you write "the friends' ball" or "the friends's ball"? See what I mean? It's enough to make your head spin!And that's not even the worst part. What if you're talking about just one friend? Is it "the friend's ball" or "the friends' ball"? Ugh, I can feel the headache coming on just thinking about it!But wait, there's more! What if you're talking about something that belongs to a group with a name, like "the Smith family"? Do you write "the Smith family's house" or "the Smith families' house"? It's enough to make even the smartest kid want to pull their hair out!Of course, there are rules to follow, but sometimes they seem so complicated that it's easier to just avoid using apostrophes altogether. But then your teacher gets mad at you for not following proper grammar, and it's just a vicious cycle of confusion and frustration.I've asked my parents and teachers for help, but even they sometimes get confused when trying to explain the apostrophe rules to me. It's like they're speaking a different language or something!Despite all the headaches and hair-pulling, I'm determined to master the use of apostrophes one day. I figure, if I can conquer this grammar nightmare, I can conquer anything! Who knows, maybe I'll even become an apostrophe expert and write a book about it. "Emma's Guide to Apostrophes: No More Headaches!"Until then, I'll just keep practicing and trying my best to follow the rules, even if they don't always make sense to me. After all, learning English is important, and a little headache here and there is a small price to pay for becoming a grammar whiz!So, there you have it, my fellow students. The next time you're struggling with apostrophes, just remember: you're not alone! We're all in this together, fighting the good fight againstconfusing grammar rules. And who knows, maybe one day we'll emerge victorious, with no more headaches in sight!篇3A Grammar HeadacheEnglish grammar can be super confusing sometimes! There's one rule that really makes my head spin - when to use "lie" and when to use "lay." They sound so similar, but they mean totally different things!Like, if I want to put something down, I lay it down. "I lay the book on the table." But if I want to rest or recline myself, I lie down. "I lie on my bed to read." Aahhh, it's all backwards!And then there are the past tense versions - laid and lay. I laid the pencils over there, but yesterday I lay on the couch. My brain gets all twisted up trying to keep it straight!I really have to concentrate to use lie and lay correctly. I don't want my teacher to catch me misusing them on my writing assignments. Maybe someday the rule will click and not seem so nutty. Until then, it's just one big grammar headache!篇4An English Grammar Problem That Makes My Head HurtEnglish grammar is really hard for me sometimes. There are so many rules to remember and exceptions to the rules. But one thing that really makes my head spin is the difference between the words "its" and "it's". They sound exactly the same but mean totally different things!"Its" with no apostrophe means "belonging to it". Like "The dog wagged its tail." But "it's" WITH an apostrophe means "it is". Like "It's raining outside." I mix them up all the time in my writing and then my teacher circles them and I get points taken off. Ughh, it's so frustrating!I try to remember that "its" shows possession with no apostrophe, kind of like "his" or "hers". And "it's" is a contraction that needs the apostrophe, like "can't" or "didn't". But I still get them mixed up a lot. Maybe if I keep practicing I'll get better at using "its" and "it's" correctly. For now though, this little grammar rule gives me a massive headache. Why can't English be easier sometimes?! Those two words are its worst problem in my opinion. Oops, I mean "it's" worst problem!篇5Ugh, grammar is so hard sometimes! There's this one rule that just doesn't make sense to me no matter how many times my teacher explains it. It's about when to use "lay" and when to use "lie". They sound so similar but they're completely different words!"Lay" is what you do to an object, like lay a book on the table. But "lie" is what you do yourself, like lie down on the bed. But then why is it "The dog lays on the rug" instead of "lies"? And what about saying "I laid on the couch yesterday" instead of "lay"? It's all so confusing!I've tried learning the rule over and over but I still mix them up all the time. Maybe if I just keep practicing I'll get it eventually. But for now, this grammar rule is definitely making my brain hurt!The English version:Ugh, grammar is so hard sometimes! There's this one rule that just doesn't make sense to me no matter how many times my teacher explains it. It's about when to use "lay" and when to use "lie". They sound so similar but they're completely different words!"Lay" is what you do to an object, like lay a book on the table. But "lie" is what you do yourself, like lie down on the bed. But then why is it "The dog lays on the rug" instead of "lies"? And what about saying "I laid on the couch yesterday" instead of "lay"? It's all so confusing!I've tried learning the rule over and over but I still mix them up all the time. Maybe if I just keep practicing I'll get it eventually. But for now, this grammar rule is definitely making my brain hurt!I really struggle with understanding when to use "lay" versus "lie" and all their different tenses and forms. The examples my teacher gives me never seem to stick in my head.I'll keep working on it though, because I know it's an important rule to learn. Hopefully one day it will finally click and make sense. Until then, I'll just have to deal with the headache this grammar problem causes me. It's definitely one of the trickier parts of learning English for me. But I'm not giving up - I'll keep studying and eventually I'll conquer "lay" vs "lie"! Even if it takes me a really long time, I won't let this silly grammar rule defeat me. My determination is strong, even if my understanding of this rule is not! With enough practice and repetition, I'm confident it will start to make sense. At least I really hope so, because having grammar rules I can't grasp is just the worstfeeling. But I won't let it get me down forever. This little grammar nerd will prevail!篇6English Grammar: My Biggest HeadacheOh boy, English grammar is just the worst! There's one thing that really makes my brain hurt - subject-verb agreement. You know, when the subject and verb have to agree with each other? Like "I am" but "They are". Ugh, it's so confusing!It seems simple enough at first. If the subject is singular like "the dog" then you use a singular verb like "runs". But if it's plural like "the dogs" then you use a plural verb like "run". Easy peasy, right? Wrong!There are so many exceptions and weird rules that make it super hard. Like with indefinite pronouns - some are singular, some are plural. How am I supposed to remember that? And then there are collective nouns like "family" or "team" that can be singular or plural depending on the context. My head is spinning just thinking about it!And don't even get me started on phrases between the subject and verb. Like "A box of crackers is..." or "A box ofcrackers are..." Ahhhh! I can never keep it straight. It's all so contradictory and illogical.Subject-verb agreement is definitely the grammar rule that gives me the most trouble. I mix it up constantly on homework and tests. Why can't the rule just be straightforward without a million exceptions? Is that too much to ask?I dread every time we go over it in class. Mrs. Patterson tries to explain it clearly, but my brain just tunes out. It's like she's speaking another language. All I hear is "Blah blah singular blah blah plural blah blah blah exception blah blah..."Maybe I'll get the hang of it someday, but for now subject-verb agreement continues to be my biggest grammar headache. I wish I could just take some magic pills to make it all make sense! Is there a cure for the subject-verb agreement struggle out there? Because I really need it!。
萨缪尔僧,索洛,菲利普斯曲线 Analytical aspects of anti-inflation policy
Just as generals are said to be always fighting the wrong war, economists have been accused of fighting the wrong inflation. Thus, at the time of the 1946-48 rise in American prices, much attention was focused on the successive rounds of wage increases resulting from collective bargaining. Yet probably most economists are now agreed that this first postwar rise in prices was primarily attributable to the pull of demand that resulted from wartime accumulations of liquid assets and deferred needs. This emphasis on demand-pull was somewhat reinforced by the Korean war run-up of prices after mid-1950. But just by the time that cost-push was becoming discredited as a theory of inflation, we ran into the rather puzzling phenomenon of the 1955-58 upward creep of prices, which seemed to take place in the last part of the period despite growing overcapacity, slack labor markets, slow real growth, and no apparent great buoyancy in over-all demand. It is no wonder then that economists have been debating the possible causations involved in inflation: demand-pull versus cost-push; wagepush versus more general Lerner "seller's inflation"; and the new Charles Schultze theory of "demand-shift" inflation. We propose to give a brief survey of the issues. Rather than pronounce on the terribly difficult question as to exactly which is the best model to use in explaining the recent past and predicting the likely future, we shall try to emphasize the types of evidence which can help decide between the conflicting theories. And we shall be concerned with some policy implications that arise from the different analytical hypotheses. History of the Debate: The Quantity Theory and Demand-Pull. The preclassical economists grew up in an environment of secularly rising prices. And even prior to Adam Smith there had grown up the belief in at least a simplified quantity theory. But it was in the neoclassical thought of Walras, Marshall, Fisher, and others that this special version of demand determination of the absolute level of money prices and costs reached its most developed form.
KeynesianRevolutionandneo-liberal
Extrait du CADTM/Keynesian-Revolution-and-neoSeries: A Glance in the Rear View Mirror to Understandthe Present (Part 5)Keynesian Revolution and neo-liberalCounter-revolutionDate de mise en ligne : Wednesday 15 July 2009CADTMAs a result of the depression of the 1920s and 1930s, a new wave of critics tackled the neo-classical creed on a largely pragmatic basis. This new wave was international and involved political leaders and economists from differing belonging to various currents backgrounds: enlightened bourgeois thinkers, socialists and Marxists. In a context of mass unemployment and depression, proposals came forward for major public works, for anti-cyclical injections of public money, and even for bank expropriations. Such proposals came from a wide variety of sources: Germany's Doctor Schacht; the Belgian socialist Deman; the founders of the Stockholm School, backed by the Swedish social democrats; Fabian socialists and J.M. Keynes in Britain; J. Tinbergen in the Netherlands; Frisch in Norway; the Groupe X-crise in France; Mexican president Lazaro Cardenas (1935-1940); adepts of Peronism in the Argentina of the 1930s; US president Roosevelt (elected in November 1932) and his New Deal.The entire range of proposals and pragmatic policies was partially summed up in Keynes's 1936 work General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money.The Keynesian revolutionThe preparatory work carried out by Keynes (1883-1946), laying the groundwork for the General Theory, was fuelled by the need to find a solution to the spreading crisis of the capitalist system. Moreover, this solution had to be compatible with the continued survival of the system. The work was partially the result of a wide-ranging collective process wherein groups and individuals ended up in different Keynesian camps, often very much at odds with one another. Some leaned more towards Marxist positions, such as the Briton Joan Robinson and the Pole M. Kalecki, who had actually formulated the key components of the General Theory before Keynes. Others grew progressively closer to the very tenets of liberalism and neo-classical economics that Keynes decried.In one of his works, Keynes pays homage to the English philosopher George Edward Moore, whom he credits with having freed him from the prevailing morality of the day and having 'protected us all from that final reductio ad absurdum of Benthamism known as Marxism |1|.Keynes had been politically active since the First World War. As an employee of the British Exchequer, he actively participated in negotiations on the Treaty of Versailles, which marked the end of the War in 1918. He resigned from the British delegation in protest against the scale of reparations imposed on Germany. Soon after, he wrote The economic consequences of the peace (Keynes, 1919).In the 1926 pamphlet The end of laissez-faire, he writes: 'It is in no way accurate to deduce from the principles of political economy that enlightened personal interest always works in favour of the general interest |2|. In the 1920s, Keynes condemned the policies of Winston Churchill's Tory government. He opposed the liberal (neo-classical) policies that provoked the miners' strike, followed by the 1926 general strike.Thereafter, he called for a policy of major public investment. He supported the Liberal Party while maintaining friendly ties with the Labour Party. In 1929, in the wake of Tory and the liberals' defeat, the new Labour government appointed him to the McMillan Commission on the economic situation. In 1930, he became an advisor to the same government.The economic crisis deepened following the 1929 Wall Street crash, leading Keynes to produce an analysis of employment, interest and money which strengthened his conviction that there should be increased state intervention. To compensate for the shortfall in demand, the state should increase spending in order to give a boost to the economy and employment.Thereafter he became involved in a major debate with Hayek. Although, like Keynes, Hayek had come to reject a number of the ideas of Smith, Ricardo, Walras and Jevons, with Ludwig von Mises (1881-1973) he fashioned a set of ultraliberal ideas which fiercely opposed (standing in fierce opposition to) the main tenets of the Keynesian revolution.Whereas Keynes and his fellow economists were convinced that the Great Depression had been caused by the collapse in investment, Hayek and his supporters saw over-investment rooted in slack monetary policies as the cause. For Keynes, consumption and investment had to be sparked by strong state intervention. For Hayek, state intervention reduced the funds available for private investment. For Keynes, wages had to be increased to stimulate consumption. For Hayek, they had to be lowered to ensure renewed full employment. The debate (polemic) hit the pages of the British press in 1932 (Times, 17 and 19 October 1932).Keynes believed that economic policy should be geared towards reducing the high unemployment rate and distributing revenues in a more egalitarian manner. If the government did not pursue the objectives of full employment and greater equality, he argued, there was a serious danger that either fascism or Bolshevik communism would win the day. Government policy had to be aimed at reducing high interest rates, which channelled vital resources into the financial sector. By lowering interest rates, the aim was to favour the destruction of the rentier class (living on unearned income), the scourge of the capitalist system. At the same time, however, Keynes states quite clearly that the consequences of his theory are 'moderately liberal':'[...] while it highlights the vital importance of establishing certain central controls in fields that today remain completely in the hands of private initiative, it also leaves a great many fields of activity in private hands [...] It does not actually call for a system of state socialism that would subject most of the community's economic life to its control |3|.Keynes's prescriptions were put into practice in many regions of the world right up until the 1970s. They also strongly influenced a number of economists, such as Samuelson, Galbraith, Tobin and Prebisch.Preparing the neo-liberal counter-revolutionThere was a swift reaction to the policies of state intervention aimed at boosting demand and moving towards full employment. From the beginning of the 1930s, Hayek and von Mises set out to demolish Keynes's proposals.'Since 1945, in various academic and business circles, different projects have emerged simultaneously to bring together the qualified defenders of liberalism (neo-classical economics) with the aim of organising a joint response to the advocates of state intervention and socialism. Three centres where this post-War resistance was organised were: the Institut universitaire de hautes études internationales (IUHEI) in Geneva, the London School of Economics (LSE) and the University of Chicago |4|.At the end of the Second World War, Hayek was teaching at the LSE. In 1947, he and Von Mises founded theSociété du Mont-Pèlerin. The first meeting was held in April 1947 and brought together 36 liberal luminaries at theHôtel du Parc at Mont-Pèlerin near Vevey in Switzerland. The gathering was financed by Swiss bankers and industrialists. Three major US publications (Fortune, Newsweek and Reader's Digest) sent delegates. In fact, Reader's Digest had just run an abridged version of one of Hayek's main works, The Road to Serfdom. Among other things, that book said:'In the past, man's submission to the impersonal forces of the market made possible the development of a civilisation which otherwise would not have emerged. It is through submission that we participate everyday in the building of something much bigger than what we can all fully understand |5|.Right-wing economists and philosophers from different 'schools of thought' participated in the gathering.'At the end of the meeting, the Société du Mont-Pèlerin was founded - a kind of neo-liberal Freemasonry, very well organised and devoted to the dissemination of the neo-liberal creed, with regular international gatherings |6|.Among the organisation's most active members were Hayek, von Mises, Maurice Allais, Karl Popper and Milton Friedman. It became a think tank for the neo-liberal counter-offensive. Many of its members went on to win the Nobel Prize in economics (Hayek in 1974, Friedman in 1976 and Allais in 1988).Translated by Vicki Briault, Francesca Denley and Raghu Krishnan.Bibliography :Adda, Jacques. 1996. La Mondialisation de l'économie, 1 et 2, La Découverte, « Repères », Paris, 2000, 125 p. et 126 p.Anderson, Perry. 1996. « Histoire et leçons du néo-libéralisme: La construction d'une voie unique », Page Deux, octobre 1996.Beaud, Michel et Dostaler, Gilles. 1993. La Pensée économique depuis Keynes, Seuil, Paris, 1996, 444p.Dewey, John. 1935. « The Future of Liberalism », The Journal of Philosophy, XXII, N°9, p. 225-230.Friedman, Milton. 1970. The Counter-Revolution in Monetary Theory, London of Economic Affairs.Greenspan, Alan. 2007. The age of turbulence: Adventures in a new world. Penguin Books Edition, 2007.Hayek von, Friedrich August. 1944. The Road to Serfdom, Routledge Press, UKKeynes, John. M. 1936. The General Theory of Employment Interest and Money, MacMillan, London, 1964, 403 p. Malthus, Thomas-Robert. 1798. An essay on the principle of population , J Johnson, Paris.Marx, Karl. 1867. Capital, Volume I, Penguin Classics, 1993.Marx, Karl. 1869-1879. Capital, Volume II, Penguin Classics, 1993.Capital Volume III, Penguin Classics, 1993.Prebisch, Raúl. 1981. Capitalismo periférico, Crisis y transformación, Fondo de Cultura Económica, Mexico, 1984, 344 p.Ricardo, David. 1817. On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation, 1950, Cambridge University Press, LondonSmith, Adam. 1776. An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations./smith/Tobin, J. 1978. « A Proposal for International Monetary Reform », The Eastern Economic Journal, juillet-octobre 1978.Tobin, J. et autres. 1995a. « T wo cases for sand in the wheels of internatio-nal finance », in « P olicy forum: sand in the wheels of international finance », The Economic Journal, 105, janvier 1995.Udry, Charles-André. 1996. "Los Origenes del neoliberalismo: F von Hayek : el apostol del neoliberalismo", Desde los Cuatro Puntos, n°1, Mexico, 1997.Zinn, Howard. 1966. New Deal Thought, Hackett Publishing Company, Indianapolis, 2003, 431 p.Post-scriptum :The first part of this series 'A Glance in the Rear View Mirror to Understand the Present' was posted on the CADTM website on 12 June 2009 under the title 'Adam Smith is closer to Karl Marx than to those who sing his praise' /spip.php?artic...; was posted on June 13 th under the title: "Neo-liberal ideology is a hard nut to crack" /spip.php?artic...; the third part was posted on the 19 June 2009 : ÝThe 1930s to the 1970s: liberalism eclipsed" /spip.php?artic...; the fourth part was posted on the 25th June 2009: "The 1970s: Liberal ideology returned with a vengeance" /spip.php?artic...|1| Quoted in Beaud and Dostaler, 1995, p.37|2| Quoted in Beaud and Dostaler, 1995, p.40. |3| Keynes, 1936, Final Notes, Spanish ed p 362 |4| Udry, 1996|5| Von Hayek, 1944|6| Anderson, 1996。
binr包的中文名称：将数值分组为均匀分布的数组说明书
Package‘binr’October12,2022Title Cut Numeric Values into Evenly Distributed GroupsVersion1.1.1Author Sergei IzrailevMaintainer Sergei Izrailev<****************************>Description Implementation of algorithms for cutting numerical valuesexhibiting a potentially highly skewed distribution into evenly distributedgroups(bins).This functionality can be applied for binning discretevalues,such as counts,as well as for discretization of continuous values,for example,during generation of features used in machine learningalgorithms.URL https:///jabiru/binrDepends R(>=2.15),License Apache License(==2.0)Copyright Copyright(C)Collective,Inc.|file inst/COPYRIGHTSNeedsCompilation noRepository CRANDate/Publication2022-06-2606:58:08UTCR topics documented:binr (2)bins (3)bins.greedy (5)bins.optimize (6)bins.quantiles (8)Index912binr binr Cut Numeric Values Into Evenly Distributed Groups(bins).DescriptionPackage binr(pronounced as"binner")provides algorithms for cutting numerical values exhibitinga potentially highly skewed distribution into evenly distributed groups(bins).This functionality canbe applied for binning discrete values,such as counts,as well as for discretization of continuous values,for example,during generation of features used in machine learning algorithms. MaintainerSergei IzrailevCopyrightCopyright(C)Collective,Inc.;with portions Copyright(C)Jabiru Ventures LLCLicenseApache License,Version2.0,available at /licenses/LICENSE-2.0URL/jabiru/binrInstallation from githubdevtools::install_github("jabiru/binr")Author(s)Sergei IzrailevSee Alsobins,bins.quantiles,bins.optimize,bins.greedybins3 bins Cut Numeric Values Into Evenly Distributed Groups(Bins)Descriptionbins-Cuts points in vector x into evenly distributed groups(bins).bins takes3separate ap-proaches to generating the cuts,picks the one resulting in the least mean square deviation from the ideal cut-length(x)/target.bins points in each bin-and then merges small bins unless excat.groups is TRUE The3approaches are:e quantiles,and increase the number of even cuts up to max.breaks until the number ofgroups reaches the desired number.See bins.quantiles.2.Start with a single bin with all the data in it and perform bin splits until either the desirednumber of bins is reached or there’s no reduction in error(the latter is ignored if exact.groups is TRUE).See bins.split.3.Start with length(table(x))bins,each containing exactly one distinct value and merge binsuntil the desired number of bins is reached.If exact.groups is FALSE,continue merging until there’s no further reduction in error.See bins.merge.For each of these approaches,apply redistribution of points among existing bins until there’s no further decrease in error.See bins.move.bins.getvals-Extracts cut points from the object retured by bins.The cut points are always between the values in x and weighed such that the cut point splits the area under the line from(lo, n1)to(hi,n2)in half.bins.merr-Partitioning the data into bins using splitting,merging and moving optimizes this error function,which is the mean squared error of point counts in the bins relative to the optimal number of points per bin.Usagebins(x,target.bins,max.breaks=NA,exact.groups=F,verbose=F,errthresh=0.1,minpts=NA)bins.getvals(lst,minpt=-Inf,maxpt=Inf)bins.merr(binct,target.bins)Argumentsx Vector of numberstarget.bins Number of groups desired;this is also the max number of groups.max.breaks Used for initial cut.If exact.groups is FALSE,bins are merged until there’s no bins with fewer than length(x)/max.breaks points.In bins,one ofmax.breaks and minpts must be supplied.exact.groups if TRUE,the result will have exactly the number of target.bins;if FALSE,the result may contain fewer than target.bins bins4binsverbose Indicates verbose output.errthresh If the error is below the provided value,stops after thefirst rough estimate of the bins.minpts Minimum number of points in a bin.In bins,one of max.breaks and minpts must be supplied.lst The list returned by the bins function.minpt The value replacing the lower bound of the cut points.maxpt The value replacing the upper bound of the cut points.binct The number of points falling into the bins.DetailsThe gains are computed using incremental analytical expresions derived for moving a value from one bin to the next,splitting a bin into two or merging two bins.ValueA list containing the following items(not all of them may be present):•binlo-The"low"value falling into the bin.•binhi-The"high"value falling into the bin.•binct-The number of points falling into the bin.•xtbl-The result of a call to table(x).•xval-The sorted unique values of the data points x.Essentially,a numeric version of names(xtbl).•changed-Flag indicating whether the bins have been modified by the function.•err-Mean square root error between the resulting counts and ideal bins.•imax-For the move,merge and split operations,the index of the bin with the maximum gain.•iside-For the move operation,the side of the move:0=left,1=right.•gain-Error gain obtained as the result of the function call.bins.getvals returns a vector of cut points extracted from the lst object.See Alsobinr,bins.greedy,bins.quantiles bins.optimizeExamples##Not run:#Seriously skewed x:x<-floor(exp(rnorm(200000*1.3)))cuts<-bins(x,target.bins=10,minpts=2000)cuts$breaks<-bins.getvals(cuts)cuts$binct#[0,0][1,1][2,2][3,3][4,4][5,5][6,7][8,10]bins.greedy5 #1298686661128039137577595455046232791#[11,199]#2166#Centered x:x<-rep(c(1:10,20,31:40),c(rep(1,10),100,rep(1,10)))cuts<-bins(x,target.bins=3,minpts=10)cuts$binct#[1,10][20,20][31,40]#1010010##End(Not run)bins.greedy Greedy binning algorithm.Descriptionbins.greedy-Wrapper around bins.greedy.impl.Goes over the sorted values of x left to right andfills the bins with the values until they are about the right size.bins.greedy.impl-Implementation of a single-pass binning algorithm that examines sorted data left to right and builds bins of the target size.The bins.greedy wrapper around this function provides a less involved interface.This is not symmetric wrt direction:symmetric distributions may not have symmetric bins if there are multiple points with the same values.If a single value accounts for more than thresh*binsz points,it will be placed in a new bin.Usagebins.greedy(x,nbins,minpts=floor(0.5*length(x)/nbins),thresh=0.8,naive=FALSE)bins.greedy.impl(xval,xtbl,xstp,binsz,nbins,thresh,verbose=F)Argumentsx Vector of numbers.nbins Target number of bins.minpts Minimum number of points in a bin.Only used if naive=FALSE.thresh Threshold fraction of bin size for the greedy algorithm.Suppose there’s n< binsz points in the current bin already.Also suppose that the next value V isrepresented by m points,and m+n>binsz.Then the algorithm will check if m>thresh*binsz,and if so,will place the value V into a new bin.If m is belowthe threshold,the points having value V are added to the current bin.naive When TRUE,simply calls bins.greedy.impl with data derived from x.Other-wise,makes an extra step of marking the values that by themselves take a wholebin to force the algorithm to place these values in a bin separately.xval Sorted unique values of the data set x.This should be the numeric version of names(xtbl).xtbl Result of a call to table(x).xstp Stopping points;if xstp[i]==TRUE,the i-th value can’t be merged to the (i-1)-th one.xstp[1]value is ignored.binsz Target bin size,i.e.,the number of points falling into each bin;for example, floor(length(x)/nbins)verbose When TRUE,prints the number of points falling into the bins.ValueA list with the following items:•binlo-The"low"value falling into the bin.•binhi-The"high"value falling into the bin.•binct-The number of points falling into the bin.•xtbl-The result of a call to table(x).•xval-The sorted unique values of the data points x.Essentially,a numeric version of names(xtbl).See Alsobinr,bins,bins.quantiles bins.optimizebins.optimize Algorithms minimizing the binning error function bins.merr.Descriptionbins.move-Compute the best move of a value from one bin to its neighborbins.split-Split a bin into two bins optimally.bins.merge-Merges the two bins yielding the largest gain in error reduction.bins.move.iter-Apply bins.move until there’s no change.Can only reduce the error.bins.split.iter Iterate to repeatedly apply bins.split.bins.merge.iter Iterate to repeatedly apply bins.merge.Usagebins.move(xval,xtbl,binlo,binhi,binct,target.bins,verbose=F)bins.split(xval,xtbl,binlo,binhi,binct,target.bins,force=F,verbose=F)bins.merge(xval,xtbl,binlo,binhi,binct,target.bins,force=F,verbose=F)bins.move.iter(lst,target.bins,verbose=F)bins.split.iter(lst,target.bins,exact.groups=F,verbose=F)bins.merge.iter(lst,target.bins,exact.groups=F,verbose=F)Argumentsxval Sorted unique values of the data set x.This should be the numeric version of names(xtbl).xtbl Result of a call to table(x).binlo The"low"value falling into the bin.binhi The"high"value falling into the bin.binct The number of points falling into the bin.target.bins Number of bins desired;this is also the max number of bins.verbose When TRUE,prints resulting binct.force When TRUE,splits or merges bins regardless of whether the best gain is positive.lst List containing xval,xtbl,binlo,binhi,binct.exact.groups If FALSE,run until either the target.bins is reached or there’s no more splits or merges that reduce the error.Otherwise(TRUE),run until the target.bins isreached,even if that increases the error.ValueA list containing the following items(not all of them may be present):•binlo-The"low"value falling into the bin.•binhi-The"high"value falling into the bin.•binct-The number of points falling into the bin.•xtbl-The result of a call to table(x).•xval-The sorted unique values of the data points x.Essentially,a numeric version of names(xtbl).•changed-Flag indicating whether the bins have been modified by the function.•err-Mean square root error between the resulting counts and ideal bins.•imax-For the move,merge and split operations,the index of the bin with the maximum gain.•iside-For the move operation,the side of the move:0=left,1=right.•gain-Error gain obtained as the result of the function call.8bins.quantilesSee Alsobins,binr,bins.greedy,bins.quantilesbins.quantiles Quantile-based binningDescriptionCuts the data set x into roughly equal groups using quantiles.Usagebins.quantiles(x,target.bins,max.breaks,verbose=FALSE)Argumentsx A numeric vector to be cut in bins.target.bins Target number of bins,which may not be reached if the number of unique values is smaller than the specified value.max.breaks Maximum number of quantiles;must be at least as large as target.bins.verbose Indicates verbose output.DetailsBecause the number of unique values may be smaller than target.bins,the function gradually in-creases the number of quantiles up to max.breaks or until the target.bins number of bins is reached. See Alsobinr,bins,bins.greedy,bins.optimizeIndex∗64-bitbinr,2∗bigintbinr,2∗csvbinr,2∗delimitedbinr,2∗filebinr,2∗integer64binr,2∗read.csvbinr,2binr,2,4,6,8binr-package(binr),2bins,2,3,6,8bins.greedy,2,4,5,8bins.merge,3bins.merge(bins.optimize),6bins.move(bins.optimize),6bins.optimize,2,4,6,6,8bins.quantiles,2–4,6,8,8bins.split,3bins.split(bins.optimize),69。
02专八阅读
PART ⅢREADING COMPREHENSION ［40 min］SECTION A READING COMPREHENSION ［30min］In this section there are four reading passages followed by a total of fifteen multiple-choice questions. Read the passages and then mark your answers on your COLOURED ANSWER SHEET.TEXT ADo you ever feel as though you spend all your time in meetings?Henry Mintzberg, in his book The Nature of Managerial Work, found that in large organizations managers spent 22 per cent of their time at their desk, 6 per cent on the telephone, 3 per cent on other activities, but a whopping 69 per cent in meetings. There is a widely-held but mistaken belief that meetings are for "solving problems" and "making decisions". For a start, the number of people attending a meeting tends to be inversely proportional to their collective ability to reach conclusions and make decisions. And these are the least important elements. Instead hours are devoted to side issues, playing elaborate games with one another. It seems, therefore, that meetings serve some purpose other than just making decisions. All meetings have one thing in common:role-playing. The most formal role is that of chairman. He sets the agenda, and a good chairman will keep the meeting running on time and to the point. Sadly, the other, informal, role-players are often able to gain the upper hand. Chief is the "constant talker", who just loves to hear his or her own voice. Then there are the "can t do" types who want to maintain the status quo. Since they have often been in the organization for a long time, they frequently quote historical experience as an excuse to block change: "It won t work, we tried that last year and it was a disaster." A more subtle version of the "can't do" type, the "yes, but ……", has emerged recently. They have learnt about the need to sound positive, but they still can t bear to have things change. Another whole sub-set of characters are people who love meetings and want them to continue until 5∶30 pm or beyond. Irrelevant issues are their speciality. They need to call or attend meetings, either to avoid work, or to justify their lack of performance, or simply because they do not have enough to do. Then there are the "counter-dependents", those who usually disagree with everything that is said, particularly if it comes from the chairman or through consensus from the group. These people need to fight authority in whatever form. Meetings can also provide attenders with a sense of identification of their status and power. In this case, managers arrange meetings as a means of communicating to others the boundaries of their exclusive club: who is "in", and who is not. Because so many meetings end in confusion and without a decision, another game is played at the end of meetings, called reaching a false consensus. Since it is important for the chairman to appear successful inproblem solving and making a decision, the group reaches a false consensus. Everyone is happy, having spent their time productively. The reality is that the decision is so ambiguous that it is never acted upon, or, if it is, there is continuing conflict, for which another meeting is necessary. In the end, meetings provide the opportunity for social intercourse, to engage in battle in front of our bosses, to avoid unpleasant or unsatisfying work to highlight our social status and identity. They are, in fact, a necessary though not necessarily productive psychological sideshow. Perhaps it is our civilized way to moderating, if not preventing, change.16. On role-playing, the passage seems to indicate that chairman ______.〔A〕talks as much as participants〔B〕is usually a "constant talker"〔C〕prefers to take the role of an observer〔D〕is frequently outshone by participants17. Which of the following is NOT a distinct characteristic of the three types of participants?〔A〕Submissiveness.〔B〕Stubbornness.〔C〕Disobedience.〔D〕Lack of focus.18. The passage suggests that a false consensus was reached at the end of a meeting in order to ______.〔A〕make room for another meeting〔B〕bring an illusory sense of achievement〔C〕highlight the importance of a meeting〔D〕go ahead with the agreed programmeTEXT BCooperative competition. Competitive cooperation. Confused? Airline alliances have travellers scratching their heads over what s going on in the skies. Some folks view alliances as a blessing to travellers, offering seamless travel, reduced fares and enhanced frequent-flyer benefits. Others see a conspiracy of big businesses, causing decreased competition, increased fares and fewer choices. Whatever your opinion, there's no escaping airline alliances: the marketing hype is unrelenting, with each of the twomega-groupings, Oneworld and Star Alliance, promoting itself as the best choice for all travellers. And, even if you turn away from their ads, chances are they will figure in any of your travel plans. By the end of the year, Oneworld and Star Alliance will between them control more than 40% of the traffic in the sky. Some pundits predict that figure will be more like 75% in 10 years.But why, after years of often ferocious competition, have airlines decided to band together? Let's just say the timing is mutually convenient. North American airlines, having exhausted all means of earning customer loyalty at home, have been looking for ways to reach out to foreign flyers. Asian carriers are still hurting from the region-wide economic downturn that began two years ago-just when some of the airlines were taking delivery of new aircraft. Alliances also allow carriers to cut costs and increase profits by pooling manpower resources on the ground （rather than each airline maintaining its own ground crew）and code-sharing-the practice of two partners selling tickets and operating only one aircraft.So alliances are terrific for airlines-but are they good for the passenger? Absolutely, say the airlines: think of the lounges, the joint FFP（frequent flyer programme）benefits, the round-the-world fares, and the global service networks. Then there's the promise of "seamless" travel: the ability to, say, travel from Singapore to Rome to New York to Rio de Janeiro, all on one ticket, without having to wait hours for connections or worry about your bags. Sounds utopian? Peter Buecking, Cathay Pacific's director of sales and marketing, thinks that seamless travel is still evolving. "It's fair to say that these links are only in their infancy. The key to seamlessness rests in infrastructure and information sharing. We're working on this." Henry Ma, spokesperson for Star Alliance in Hong Kong, lists some of the other benefits for consumers: "Global travellers have an easier time making connections and planning their itineraries." Ma claims alliances also assure passengers consistent service standards.Critics of alliances say the much-touted benefits to the consumer are mostly pie in the sky, that alliances are all about reducing costs for the airlines, rationalizing services and running joint marketing programmes. Jeff Blyskal, associate editor of Consumer Reports magazine, says the promotional ballyhoo over alliances is much ado about nothing. "Idon't see much of a gain for consumers: alliances are just a marketing gimmick. And as far as seamless travel goes, I'll believe it when I see it. Most airlines can't even get their own connections under control, let alone coordinate with another airline."Blyskal believes alliances will ultimately result in decreased flight choices and increased costs for consumers. Instead of two airlines competing and each operating a flight on the same route at 70% capacity, the allied pair will share the route and run one full flight. Since fewer seats will be available, passengers will be obliged to pay more for tickets.The truth about alliances and their merits probably lies somewhere between the travel utopia presented by the players and the evil empires portrayed by their critics. And how much they affect you depends on what kind of traveller you are.Those who've already made the elite grade in the FFP of a major airline stand to benefit the most when it joins an alliance: then they enjoy the FFP perks and advantages on any and all of the member carriers. For example, if you re a Marco Polo Club "gold" member of Cathay Pacific s Asia Miles FFP, you will automatically be treated as a valuable customer by all members of Oneworld, of which Cathay Pacific is a member-even if you've never flown with them before.For those who haven t made the top grade in any FFP, alliances might be a way of simplifying the earning of frequent flyer miles. For example, I belong to United Airline s Mileage Plus and generally fly less than 25, 000 miles a year. But I earn miles with every flight I take on Star Alliance member-All Nippon Airways and Thai Airways.If you fly less than I do, you might be smarter to stay out of the FFP game altogether. Hunt for bargains when booking flights and you might be able to save enough to take that extra trip anyway. The only real benefit infrequent flyers can draw from an alliance is an inexpensive round-the-world fare.The bottom line: for all the marketing hype, alliances aren't all things to all people-but everybody can get some benefit out of them.19. Which is the best word to describe air travellers reaction to airline alliances?〔A〕Delight.〔B〕Indifference.〔C〕Objection.〔D〕Puzzlement.20. According to the passage, setting up airline alliances will chiefly benefit ______.〔A〕North American airlines and their domestic travellers〔B〕North American airlines and their foreign counterparts〔C〕Asian airlines and their foreign travellers〔D〕Asian airlines and their domestic travellers21. Which of the following is NOT a perceived advantage of alliances?〔A〕Baggage allowance.〔B〕Passenger comfort.〔C〕Convenience.〔D〕Quality.22. One disadvantage of alliances foreseen by the critics is that air travel may be more expensive as a result of ______.〔A〕less convenience〔B〕higher operation costs〔C〕less competition〔D〕more joint marketing23. According to the passage, which of the following categories of travellers will gain most from airline alliances?〔A〕Travellers who fly frequently economy class.〔B〕Travellers who fly frequently business class.〔C〕Travellers who fly occasionally during holidays.〔D〕Travellers who fly economy class once in a while.TEXT CIt is nothing new that English use is on the rise around the world, especially in business circles. This also happens in France, the headquarters of the global battle against American cultural hegemony. If French guys are giving in to English, something really big must be going on. And something big is going on.Partly, it s that American hegemony. Didier Benchimol, CEO of a French e-commerce software company, feels compelled to speak English perfectly because the Internet software business is dominated by Americans. He and other French businessmen also have to speak English because they want to get their message out to American investors, possessors of the world s deepest pockets.The triumph of English in France and elsewhere in Europe, however, may rest on something more enduring. As they become entwined with each other politically and economically, Europeans need a way to talk to one another and to the rest of the world. And for a number of reasons, they've decided upon English as their common tongue.So when German chemical and pharmaceutical company Hoechst merged with French competitor Rhone-Poulenc last year, the companies chose the vaguely Latinate Aventis as the new company name- and settled on English as the company's common language. When monetary policymakers from around Europe began meeting at the European Central Bank in Frankfurt last year to set interest rates for the new Euroland, they held their deliberations in English. Even the European Commission, with 11 official languages and traditionally French-speaking bureaucracy, effectively switched over to English as its working language last year.How did this happen? One school attributes English s great success to the sheer weight of its merit. It s a Germanic language, brought to Britain around the fifth century A.D. During the four centuries of French-speaking rule that followed Norman Conquest of 1066, the language morphed into something else entirely. French words were added wholesale, and most of the complications of Germanic grammar were shed while few of the complications of French were added. The result is a language with a huge vocabulary and a simple grammar that can express most things more efficiently than either of its parents. What's more, English has remained ungoverned and open to change-foreign words, coinages, and grammatical shifts-in a way that French, ruled by the purist Academic Francaise, had not.So it's a swell language, especially for business. But the rise of English over the past few centuries clearly owes at least as much to history and economics as to the language's ability to economically express the concept win-win. What happened is that the competition-first Latin, then French, then, briefly, German-faded with the waning of the political, economic, and military fortunes of, respectively, the Catholic Church, France, and Germany. All along, English was increasing in importance: Britain was the birthplace of the Industrial Revolution, and London the world's most important financial centre, which made English a key language for business. England s colonies around the world also made it the language with the most global reach. And as that former colony the U.S. roseto the status of the world's preeminent political economic, military, and cultural power, English became the obvious second language to learn.In the 1990s more and more Europeans found themselves forced to use English. The last generation of business and government leaders who hadn't studied English in school was leaving the stage. The European Community was adding new members and evolving from a paper-shuffling club into a serious regional government that would need a single common language if it were ever to get anything done. Meanwhile, economic barriers between European nations have been disappearing, meaning that more and more companies are beginning to look at the whole continent as their domestic market. And then the Internet came along.The Net had two big impacts. One was that it was an exciting, potentially lucrative new industry that had its roots in the U.S., so if you wanted to get in on it, you had to speak some English. The other was that by surfing the Web, Europeans who had previously encountered English only in school and in pop songs were now coming into contact with it daily.None of this means English has taken over European life. According to the European Union, 47% of Western Europeans （including the British and Irish）speak English well enough to carry on a conversation. That's a lot more than those who can speak German （32%）or French （28%）, but it still means more Europeans don't speak the language. If you want to sell shampoo or cell phones, you have to do it in French or German or Spanish or Greek. Even the U.S. and British media companies that stand to benefit most from the spread of English have been hedging their bets-CNN broadcasts in Spanish; the Financial Times has recently launched a daily German-language edition.But just look at who speaks English: 77% of Western European college students, 69% of managers, and 65% of those aged 15 to 24. In the secondary schools of the European Union's non-English-speaking countries, 91% of students study English, all of which means that the transition to English as the language of European business hasn't been all that traumatic, and it s only going to get easier in the future.24. In the author s opinion, what really underlies the rising status of English in France and Europe is ______.〔A〕American dominance in the Internet software business〔B〕a practical need for effective communication among Europeans〔C〕Europeans eagerness to do business with American businessmen〔D〕the recent trend for foreign companies to merge with each other25. Europeans began to favour English for all the following reasons EXCEPT its______.〔A〕inherent linguistic properties〔B〕association with the business world〔C〕links with the United States〔D〕disassociation from political changes26. Which of the following statements forecasts the continuous rise of English in the future?〔A〕About half of Western Europeans are now proficient in English.〔B〕U.S. and British media companies are operating in Western Europe.〔C〕Most secondary school students in Europe study English.〔D〕Most Europeans continue to use their own language.27. The passage mainly examines the factors related to ______.〔A〕the rising status of English in Europe〔B〕English learning in non-English-speaking E.U. nations〔C〕the preference for English by European businessmen〔D〕the switch from French to English in the European CommissionTEXT DAs humankind moves into the third millennium, it can rightfully claim to have broken new ground in its age-old quest to master the environment. The fantastic achievements of modern technology and the speed at which scientific discoveries are translated into technological applications attest to the triumph of human endeavour.At the same time, however, some of these applications threaten to unleash forces over which we have no control. In other words, the new technology Man now believesallows him to dominate this wider cosmos could well be a Frankenstein monster waiting to turn on its master.This is an entirely new situation that promises to change many of the perceptions governing life on the planet. The most acute challenges facing the future are likely to be not only those pitting man against his fellow man, but those involving humankind's struggle to preserve the environment and ensure the sustainability of life on earth.A conflict waged to ensure the survival of the human species is bound to bring humans closer together. Technological progress has thus proved to be a double-edged sword, giving rise to a new form of conflict: a clash between Man and Nature.The new conflict is more dangerous than the traditional one between man and his fellow man, where the protagonists at least shared a common language. But when it comes to the reactions of the ecosystems to the onslaught of modern technology, there is no common language.Nature reacts with weather disturbances, with storms and earthquakes, with mutant viruses and bacteria-that is, with phenomena having no apparent cause and effect relationship with the modern technology that supposedly triggers them.As technology becomes ever more potent and Nature reacts ever more violently, there is an urgent need to rethink how best to deal with the growing contradictions between Man and Nature.For a start, the planet, and hence all its inhabitants, must be perceived as an integral whole, not as a dichotomous mass divided geographically into the rich and developed and the poor and underdeveloped.Today, globalization encompasses the whole world and deals with it as an integral unit. It is no longer possible to say that conflict has shifted from its traditional east-west axis to a north-south axis. The real divide today is between summit and base, between the higher echelons of the international political structure and its grassroots level, between government and NGOs, between state and civil society, between public and private enterprise.The mesh structure is particularly obvious on the Internet. While it is true that to date the Internet seems to be favouring the most developed sectors of the international community over the less developed, this need not always be the case. Indeed, it could eventually overcome the disparities between the privileged and the underdeveloped.On the other hand, the macro-world in which we live is exposed to distortions because of the unpredictable side-effects of a micro-world we do not and cannot totally control.This raises the need for a global system of checks and balances, for mandatory rules and constraints in our dealings with Nature, in short, for a new type of veto designed to manage what is increasingly becoming a main contradiction of our time: the one between technology and ecology.A new type of international machinery must be set in place to cope with the new challenges. We need a new look at the harnessing of scientific discoveries, to maximize their positive effects for the promotion of humanity as a whole and to minimize their negative effects. We need an authority with veto powers to forbid practices conducive to decreasing the ozone hole, the propagation of AIDS, global warming, desertification-an authority that will tackle such global problems.There should be no discontinuity in the global machinery responsible for world order. The UN in its present form may fall far short of what is required of it, and it may be undemocratic and detrimental to most citizens in the world, but its absence would be worse. And so we have to hold on to the international organization even as we push forward for its complete restructuring.Our best hope would be that the functions of the present United Nations are gradually taken over by the new machinery of veto power representing genuine democratic globalization.28. The mention of Man s victory over Nature at the beginning of the passage is to highlight ______.〔A〕a new form of conflict〔B〕Man s creative powers〔C〕the role of modern technology〔D〕Man s ground-breaking work29. According to the passage, which is NOT a responsibility of the proposed international authority?〔A〕Monitoring effects of scientific discoveries.〔B〕Dealing with worldwide environmental issues.〔C〕Vetoing human attempts to conquer Nature.〔D〕Authorizing efforts to improve human health.30. When commenting on the present role of the UN, the author expresses his ______.〔A〕dissatisfaction〔B〕disillusionment〔C〕objection〔D〕doubt。
NVIDIA Collective Communication Library (NCCL) 安装指
DU-08730-210_v01 | May 2018 Installation GuideTABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1. Overview (1)Chapter 2. Prerequisites (3)2.1. Software Requirements (3)2.2. Hardware Requirements (3)Chapter 3. Installing NCCL (4)3.1. Ubuntu 14.04 LTS And Ubuntu 16.04 LTS (4)3.2. Other Distributions (5)Chapter 4. Using NCCL (6)Chapter 5. Migrating From NCCL 1 T o NCCL 2 (7)Chapter 6. Troubleshooting (9)6.1. Support (9)The NVIDIA® Collective Communications Library ™ (NCCL) (pronounced “Nickel”) is a library of multi-GPU collective communication primitives that are topology-aware and can be easily integrated into applications.Collective communication algorithms employ many processors working in concert to aggregate data. NCCL is not a full-blown parallel programming framework; rather, itis a library focused on accelerating collective communication primitives. The following collective operations are currently supported:‣AllReduce‣Broadcast‣Reduce‣AllGather‣ReduceScatterTight synchronization between communicating processors is a key aspect of collective communication. CUDA® based collectives would traditionally be realized through a combination of CUDA memory copy operations and CUDA kernels for local reductions. NCCL, on the other hand, implements each collective in a single kernel handling both communication and computation operations. This allows for fast synchronization and minimizes the resources needed to reach peak bandwidth.NCCL conveniently removes the need for developers to optimize their applications for specific machines. NCCL provides fast collectives over multiple GPUs both within and across nodes. It supports a variety of interconnect technologies including PCIe, NVLink™, InfiniBand Verbs, and IP sockets. NCCL also automatically patterns its communication strategy to match the system’s underlying GPU interconnect topology.Next to performance, ease of programming was the primary consideration in the design of NCCL. NCCL uses a simple C API, which can be easily accessed from a variety of programming languages. NCCL closely follows the popular collectives API defined by MPI (Message Passing Interface). Anyone familiar with MPI will thus find NCCL API very natural to use. In a minor departure from MPI, NCCL collectives take a “stream”argument which provides direct integration with the CUDA programming model. Finally, NCCL is compatible with virtually any multi-GPU parallelization model, for example:Overview‣single-threaded‣multi-threaded, for example, using one thread per GPU‣multi-process, for example, MPI combined with multi-threaded operation on GPUs NCCL has found great application in deep learning frameworks, where the AllReduce collective is heavily used for neural network training. Efficient scaling of neural network training is possible with the multi-GPU and multi node communication provided by NCCL.2.1. Software RequirementsEnsure your environment meets the following software requirements:‣glibc 2.19 or higher‣CUDA 8.0 or higher2.2. Hardware RequirementsNCCL supports all CUDA devices with a compute capability of 3.0 and higher. For the compute capability of all NVIDIA GPUs, check: CUDA GPUs.In order to download NCCL, ensure you are registered for the NVIDIA Developer Program.1.Go to: NVIDIA NCCL home page.2.Click Download.plete the short survey and click Submit.4.Accept the Terms and Conditions. A list of available download versions of NCCLdisplays.5.Select the NCCL version you want to install. A list of available resources displays.Refer to the following sections to choose the correct package depending on theLinux distribution you are using.3.1. Ubuntu 14.04 LTS And Ubuntu 16.04 LTSInstalling NCCL on Ubuntu requires you to first add a repository to the APT system containing the NCCL packages, then installing the NCCL packages through APT. There are two repositories available; a local repository and a network repository. Choosing the later is recommended to easily retrieve upgrades when newer versions are posted.1.Install the repository.‣For the local NCCL repository:sudo dpkg -i nccl-repo-<version>.deb‣For the network repository:sudo dpkg -i nvidia-machine-learning-repo-<version>.deb2.Update the APT database:sudo apt updateInstalling NCCL3.Install the libnccl2 package with APT. Additionally, if you need to compileapplications with NCCL, you can install the libnccl-dev package as well: If you are using the network repository, the following command will upgradeCUDA to the latest version.sudo apt install libnccl2 libnccl-devIf you prefer to keep an older version of CUDA, specify a specific version, forexample:sudo apt-get install libnccl2=2.0.0-1+cuda8.0 libnccl-dev=2.0.0-1+cuda8.0 Refer to the download page for exact package versions.3.2. Other DistributionsDownload the tar file package. For more information see Installing NCCL.1.Extract the NCCL package to your home directory or in /usr/local if installed asroot for all users:# cd /usr/local# tar xvf nccl-<version>.txz2.When compiling applications, specify the directory path to where you installedNCCL, for example /usr/local/nccl-<version>/.Using NCCL is similar to using any other library in your code. For example:1.Install the NCCL library onto your system.For more information, see Downloading NCCL.2.Modify your application to link to that library.3.Include the header file nccl.h in your application.4.Create a communicator.For more information, see Creating a Communicator in the NCCL Developer Guide.5.Familiarize yourself with the NCCL API documentation to maximize your usageperformance.If you are using NCCL 1.x and want to move to NCCL 2.x, be aware that the APIs have changed slightly. NCCL 2.x supports all of the collectives that NCCL 1.x supports, but with slight modifications to the API.In addition, NCCL 2.x also requires the usage of the Group API when a single thread manages NCCL calls for multiple GPUs.The following list summarizes the changes that may be required in usage of NCCL API when using an application has a single thread that manages NCCL calls for multiple GPUs, and is ported from NCCL 1.x to 2.x:InitializationIn 1.x, NCCL had to be initialized using ncclCommInitAll at a single thread or having one thread per GPU concurrently call ncclCommInitRank. NCCL 2.x retains these two modes of initialization. It adds a new mode with the Group API where ncclCommInitRank can be called in a loop, like a communication call, as shown below. The loop has to be guarded by the Group start and stop API. ncclGroupStart();for (int i=0; i<ngpus; i++) {cudaSetDevice(i);ncclCommInitRank(comms+i, ngpus, id, i);}ncclGroupEnd();CommunicationIn NCCL 2.x, the collective operation can be initiated for different devices by making calls in a loop, on a single thread. This is similar to the usage in NCCL 1.x. However, this loop has to be guarded by the Group API in 2.x. Unlike in 1.x, the application does not have to select the relevant CUDA device before making the communication API call. NCCL runtime internally selects the device associated with the NCCL communicator handle. For example:ncclGroupStart();for (int i=0; i<nLocalDevs; i++) {Migrating From NCCL 1 T o NCCL 2ncclAllReduce(..., comm[i], stream[i];}ncclGroupEnd();When using only one device per thread or one device per process, the general usage of API remains unchanged from NCCL 1.x to 2.x. Group API is not required in this case.CountsCounts provided as arguments are now of type size_t instead of integer.In-place usage for AllGather and ReduceScatterFor more information, see In-Place Operations in the NCCL Developer Guide. AllGather arguments orderThe AllGather function had its arguments reordered. The prototype changed from:ncclResult_t ncclAllGather(const void* sendbuff, int count,ncclDataType_t datatype,void* recvbuff, ncclComm_t comm, cudaStream_t stream);to:ncclResult_t ncclAllGather(const void* sendbuff, void*recvbuff, size_t sendcount,ncclDataType_t datatype, ncclComm_t comm, cudaStream_tstream);The recvbuff argument has been moved after the sendbuff argument to be consistent with all the other operations.DatatypesNew datatypes have been added in NCCL 2.x. The ones present in NCCL 1.x did not change and are still usable in NCCL 2.x.Error codesError codes have been merged into the ncclInvalidArgument category and have been simplified. A new ncclInvalidUsage code has been created to cover new programming errors.6.1. SupportRegister for the NVIDIA Developer Program to report bugs, issues and make requests for feature enhancements. For more information, see: https:/// developer-program.NVIDIA Collective Communication Library (NCCL)DU-08730-210_v01 | 9NoticeTHE INFORMATION IN THIS GUIDE AND ALL OTHER INFORMATION CONTAINED IN NVIDIA DOCUMENTATION REFERENCED IN THIS GUIDE IS PROVIDED “AS IS.” NVIDIA MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESSED, IMPLIED, STATUTORY, OR OTHERWISE WITH RESPECT TO THE INFORMATION FOR THE PRODUCT, AND EXPRESSL Y DISCLAIMS ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF NONINFRINGEMENT, MERCHANTABILITY, AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. 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精品解析：广东省揭阳市普宁市勤建学校2022-2023学年高一下学期期末模拟英语试题(解析版)
第一节阅读理解
A
It can be really hard to learn a language well without living in a country full of native speakers! You have to find something interesting! Here’s the solution: TV Series.
4.Which of the following best describes Sivan’s daily delivery journey?
A.Awkward.
fortable.
C.Adventurous.
D.Uneventful.
5.What do the underlined words “his friends” in paragraph 2 refer to?
1.Which of the following has an unexpected ending?
A.Friends.B.Sherlock.C.Games of Thrones.D.How J Met Your Mother.
2.What can audience learn from bothSherlockandFriends!
As the years rolled by, emails started replacing letter writing. And as more and more people moved from the Nilgiri hills to the plains-the towns of Mettupalayam and Coimbatore, Sivan’s bag became lighter and lighter every day. Many weeks he ended up carrying just 3-4 letter to each village.