哈佛_论文引用格式!

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harvard文献引用格式

harvard文献引用格式根据Harvard文献引用格式，我们需要提供以下信息来构建参考文献的相关内容：作者的姓氏和名字的首字母、出版年、文章的标题、期刊的名称、期刊的卷号和期号、页码和出版商。

以下是一个例子：Barker, V. (2016). The effects of social media on self-confidence and self-esteem. In I. Suckling (Ed.), Social Media and the Self: Essays on Mediated Interpersonal Identity (pp. 123-145). London: Palgrave Macmillan.在上述参考文献中，我们提供了作者的姓氏和名字的首字母（Barker, V.）、出版年（2016）、文章的标题（The effects of social media on self-confidence and self-esteem）、书籍的编辑者（I. Suckling）、书籍的标题（Social Media and the Self: Essays on Mediated Interpersonal Identity）、具体章节的页码（pp. 123-145）以及出版商（London: Palgrave Macmillan）。

如果我们引用的是期刊文章，则参考文献的格式略有不同。

以下是一个例子：Smith, J., Johnson, A., & Brown, M. (2018). The impact of mindfulness meditation on stress reduction. Journal of Health Psychology, 20(5), 643-652.在这个参考文献中，我们提供了作者的姓氏和名字的首字母（Smith, J., Johnson, A., & Brown, M.）、出版年（2018）、文章的标题（The impact of mindfulness meditation on stress reduction）、期刊的名称（Journal of Health Psychology）、期刊的卷号和期号（20(5)）以及具体文章的页码（643-652）。

harvard文献引用

harvard文献引用哈佛文献引用是一种常用的学术引用格式，它通常用于引用学术论文、研究报告和其他学术出版物。

下面我将从多个角度全面介绍哈佛文献引用的要点。

首先，哈佛文献引用的基本格式是作者姓氏、出版年份和页码。

具体的引用格式如下：对于书籍引用：姓氏, 名字. (出版年). 书名. 版本. 出版地点: 出版社.对于期刊文章引用：姓氏, 名字. (出版年). 文章标题. 期刊名, 卷号(期号),页码.对于网页引用：姓氏, 名字. (出版年). 文章标题. 网站名. 可获取的URL.其次，当引用文献时，应该注意以下几点：1. 如果文献有多个作者，应该列出所有作者的姓氏和名字的首字母，用逗号分隔。

如果有超过三个作者，可以只列出第一个作者的姓氏和名字的首字母，然后加上"等"字。

2. 出版年份应该用括号括起来，并紧跟在作者名字之后。

3. 如果引用的是书籍，应该包括书名、版本、出版地点和出版社信息。

4. 如果引用的是期刊文章，应该包括文章标题、期刊名、卷号和期号。

5. 如果引用的是网页，应该包括文章标题、网站名和可获取的URL。

此外，还有一些特殊情况需要注意：1. 如果引用的是同一作者在同一年份发表的多篇文章，可以在出版年份后面用小写字母a、b、c等来区分。

2. 如果引用的是多个连续的页码，可以用短横线表示，例如，pp. 20-25。

3. 如果引用的是多个非连续的页码，可以用逗号分隔，例如，pp. 20, 30, 40。

最后，为了保证引用的准确性和规范性，建议使用参考文献管理软件来管理和生成引用。

常见的参考文献管理软件包括EndNote、Zotero和Mendeley等。

总结起来，哈佛文献引用是一种常用的学术引用格式，它包括作者姓氏、出版年份和页码。

在引用文献时，应该注意格式的准确性和规范性，同时使用参考文献管理软件可以提高引用的效率和准确性。

havard格式

havard格式
哈佛格式是一种参考文献写作格式，被广泛应用于学术界和出版界。

在哈佛格式中，参考文献按作者的姓氏和出版年份书写，并根据字母顺序排列在参考文献清单中。

这篇文章将介绍如何使用哈佛格式在中文文章中写作。

一、文献引用方式
在哈佛格式中，文献引用方式有两种：直接引用和间接引用。

直接引用需要将具体的句子或者段落用引号括起来，并注明出处；而间接引用则不需要使用引号，只需在引用后注明出处。

例如：直接引用
【原文】毛泽东说：“革命取得了胜利，万岁！”
【原文】毛泽东在中国革命时期领导了共产党和人民军队。

二、参考文献清单
在哈佛格式中，参考文献按照字母顺序排列，并按照以下格式书写：
1.图书
【作者】姓氏，名字。

【出版年】。

【书名】。

【出版城市】：【出版社】。

例如：
李白。

(1954). 白诗选。

北京：人民文学出版社。

2.期刊文章
【文章标题】。

【期刊名】，【卷数】（期数），【页码】。

王康。

(1979). “历史研究的新思路”。

文史哲，(5)，32-36。

3.学位论文
【毕业院校】。

陈志。

(2002). “论现代中文小说的叙述方法”。

硕士论文，华中师范大学。

三、总结
哈佛格式是一种常见的参考文献格式，其特点在于文献引用直接注明作者和出版年份，便于读者理解和查找。

对于需要写作中文文章的学者，掌握哈佛格式可以更好地规范自己
的论文写作，提高学术论文的质量。

如何引用参考文献哈佛格式

如何引用参考文献哈佛格式
在引用参考文献时，哈佛格式要求在文中引用处注明，并在全书或全文最后的参考书目处注明。

以下是一些具体的引用步骤：
1.在文中引用处注明：在文中引用处，需要提供作者姓名和出版年份。

如果作者姓名
已经在句子中出现，只需要在括号内给出出版年份。

如果作者姓名没有在句子中出现，需要先给出作者姓名，再在括号内给出出版年份。

2.在全书或全文最后的参考书目处注明：在全书或全文最后的参考书目处，需要按照
规定的格式提供更为详细的信息，包括作者姓名、发表年份、标题、出版社、页码等。

具体格式可能因不同的学科领域而有所差异，建议查阅相关领域的引用格式规范。

需要注意的是，哈佛格式要求参考文献列表中的引用按照作者姓氏的字母顺序排列。

如果同一作者有多个来源，按照发表时间顺序排列；如果同一来源在不同时间多次出版，按照版本的时间顺序排列；如果同一来源同时出版，按照标题的字母顺序排列。

以上信息仅供参考，具体情况可能会因具体领域和格式要求而有所不同，建议咨询相关人士获取帮助。

在引用参考文献时，哈佛格式要求在文中引用处注明，并在全书或全文最后的参考书目处注明。

以下是一些具体的引用步骤：。

哈佛参考文献格式具体写法

哈佛注释体系（Harvard System），也叫“作者－日期法”(Author-date method)。

根据哈佛体系，每一个引文，无论直接还是间接，都应分别在两处注明：在文中引用处注明；在全书或全文最后的参考书目（bibliography）处注明。

起源哈佛参考文献注释体系起源于美国，20世纪50、60年代开始流行，尤其在物理学和自然科学研究领域使用最多，近年来社会科学中也开始流行。

怎样呈现参考文献参考文献的呈现方式有一定的规范，本文仅就目前较为普遍使用的哈佛体系（Harvard System）作一介绍。

因为我们的学术研究中越来越多地参考英文文献，我们也通过在国外的刊物上发表我们的研究成果而使世界认识我们，这样我们就有必要熟悉它的要求并遵守其规范，否则当我们向国外的学术刊物投稿时，会由于参考文献的不合规范而不被录用，同时，也不能为国内外的读者提供进一步研究的信息。

哈佛注释体系（Harvard System），也叫“作者－日期法”（Author-date method）。

根据哈佛体系，每一个引文，无论直接还是间接，都应分别在两处注明：在文中引用处注明；在全书或全文最后的参考书目（bibliography）处注明。

在文中引用处的注释规范1．当作者姓名在句子中自然出现时，给出作者姓和出版年份，将出版年份放在小括号内。

比如，In a recent study Harvey （1993）argued that ...。

2．当作者姓名不在句子中自然出现时，姓和出版年份都放在括号中，比如，A recent study (Harvey,1993）shows that…。

3．被引用的作者在同一年中出版了两部以上著作或发表了两篇以上的论文，用小写字母 a.b.c等予以区别，放在年份后面，如，Johnson （1989a) discussed the subject…。

4．如果被引用著作有两位作者，要将两位作者的姓同时给出，如，Matthews and Jones （1992）have proposed that…。

论文哈佛大学引用标准格式

Harvard Referencing System GuideMotivation For This DocumentIn academic work, you are expected to follow certain rules of conduct in your study. Specifically, whenever you create an assignment, essay, presentation, group project, or other work which will be submitted for discussion or for evaluation, then your work needs to be of academic standard. Not doing so may cause your grade to be reduced significantly, perhaps even to the point of failure.“Academic standard” is quite a vague term and can be di fferent things to different people. However, for business students you can imagine that your work should try to emulate the work of other people in the field of business. In particular, this includes work which you see in professional journals, the work of your professors and the writers of your textbooks.Of course, you are not expected to be able to produce leading edge content in your work, but the format of your work should follow the same academic standard as professional writers in your field at least in terms of structure, referencing, and layout.This document only discusses the elements of referencing which are required for “Academic standard” work. Other elements of your work such as its structure and layout are also important, but these are not discussed here.Referencing can be done in many ways. For your programme, the standard method of referencing is the “Harvard System of References”. This system is very common world-wide, and is nearly universally understood. However in your professional career or in other other academic programmes, you may be required to use other systems of referencing. You are responsible for being aware of the local standards required in any work which you produce.In most reference systems, the idea is to leave the main text of your work uncluttered, but to still provide clear hints to the reader about where they can look for further information. Thus, most reference systems are actually implemented in two parts: a citation, and a bibliographic entry. A citation is just a shorthand marker that you insert into the body of your work to allow the reader to find a resource such as a book or an article or a television programme or whatever. The format for this is specified by the system of referencing you are using. In the case of the Harvard System, a citation looks like “Smith (2002)”. A bibliographic entry provides a complete description of the actual resource in a standard form. It contains just enough information for readers to find the resource for themselves. Again, the Harvard System of referencing has its own unique way of expressing this information.What This Document IsThis work is taken largely from an online guide to the Harvard System at the University of the West of England website (UWE, 2005).This is a guide to the Harvard System of References and is based on British Standards 1629:1989 and 5605:1990. As these standards do not yet include references to electronic resources we include our own recommendations for these below. These recommendations follow current common practice.This document provides a series of guidelines for citations (also known as attributions) and their accompanying bibliographic entries. These guidelines however are not completely rigid: you have some flexibility in how you do both citations and bibliographic entries. But it is important that you decide, within the flexibility allowed by the guidelines, your specific way of making them. Whatever that way is, you should be absolutely consistent within your work (i.e., within yourassignment/report/presentation). Inconsistency is sloppy and viewed as unprofessional. Of course, if your professor or supervisor imposes other constraints on you, then you should follow those as well.General Comments About Electronic ResourcesThe general recommendation for electronic resources is that you need to include all the usual information for print resources. In addition, you need to indicate that the resource is online, where it was found online, and when it was found online. Details of this are provided below.Furthermore, for any electronic resource which has a printed counterpart (e.g., an electronic book, or electronic newspaper, etc.), you should present the information in a similar way in both cases. For example, if your bibliographic entries to printed books includes the title of the book quoted and in italics (“like this”) then your bibliographic entry to electronic books should also present the title in the same way.Citation in the text of your work.IntroductionA citation is simply a reference to a resource. The resource could be a page in a book, a magazine article, a television programme, or even a telephone call. In the Harvard System, a citation is simply the author's name, plus the date of publication (though in the case of an authour who publishes more than one resource in a given year, you need to add an optional letter “a”, “b”, etc., to distinguish between these resources). This simple method lets you look up the bibliographic entry easily, and also lets you see directly who is being quoted or referenced. The full details of the resource (the title of the book and the publisher, for example) are provided in the bibliography section.Here is an example of a citation:...the work of Jones (1991a) shows that lipids are...When you write a report or give a presentation you include citations for a number of reasons:•As a shorthand method of allowing your readers to understand any background material which may be important in understanding your work.•As a way of giving credit to other people for their ideas, techniques, opinions, or theories•As a way of proving that statements you make have a foundation in reality (e.g., that your quotations were really made by some other persons, that the theories or results that you mention are really published somewhere, that the data you quote is real, etc.)•As a way of giving specific references to other data, ideas, techniques, opinions and theories which you are using in your work, so that other people can evaluate your work and/or compare it to the work of others.When do you create citations in your work? Here are some situations where you should create citations:•Whenever you mention a theory or a definition of a concept, you should provide a reference to the reader so that they can look up exactly what you mean. Ideallythe reference you choose would be one which provides further information onyour theory/concept, but perhaps also a general discussion of the area with othercompeting theories or alternative definitions.•Whenever you quote data that you did not gather yourself through primary research, then you need to say where you got it from, and you do this by citing the source of the data which you mention.•Whenever you mention an opinion or quotation of somebody else, you should provide a reference to the reader so they can look it up.Where do you create citations in your work? The citations you provide in your work are put into the text just after the place where the theory/concept/data/quotation/opinion (or whatever it is that needs explanation)It is important to note that every citation in your work should be linked to a corresponding bibliographic entry at the end of your work. In general, if you wish to cite a particular book at several places in your work (e.g, you reference a theory on p.17 of the book, a quotation from p.39 of the book, and some data from p.82 of the book), then you should:•make individual citations at each place in your work, and noting the page number in the book. e.g.,•...according to the theory of Smith (Smith, 1996, p.17)...•...and Smith (1996, p.39) stated: “economics is a pure science”, by which...•...but other data indicates that only 0.9% (Smith, 1996, p.82) of...•Make a single bibliographic entry describing the book. e.g.,•Smith, J. 1996. “Economics”. Toronto. University of Toronto Press. In general, don't duplicate your references.Primary Resources（第一手资料）Almost all of the time you will reference primary resources. “Primary resources” are simply resources which you have actually seen/heard/read. In the text of your work you make a reference to a primary resource simply by using the author's surname and year of publication. There are a number of equivalent ways to do this, depending on the style you wish to employ.If the author's name occurs naturally in a sentence, then just give the year in brackets:...as defined by Mintzberg (1983)If not, then both name and year are shown in brackets:In a recent study (Handy, 1987) management is described as..If the same author has published more than one cited document in the same year these are distinguished by lower case letters attached to the year of publication:Drucker (1989a)If there are two authors both names should be given before the date:Gremlin and Jenking (1981)...If there are three or more authors only the surname of the first author should be given, followed by 'et al.' (which is the short form of a phrase meaning, “and others”): Kotler et al. (1987)If the author is unknown, use ‘Anon.’ to indicate “anonymous author”:Anon. (1967)Secondary Resources（二手资料）In some cases you may wish to quote some resource that has been referred to in something you have read. This generally happens when the original resource is not available to you. Such resources are called “secondary resources”. Secondary resources should be avoided if at all possible.The general principle to follow in this case is that you must create a bibliographic entry to describe the primary resource (i.e., to the book which you have read). This bibliographic entry is done in the normal way. However, the citation in the body of your work will be a little different: you must cite both the secondary resource and the primary resource you have read.Here are some examples which will make this clearer:Examples:Rowley (1991) cites the work of Melack and Thompson (1971) whodeveloped the McGill Archaeology questionnaire.Melack and Thompson (1971, cited by Rowley 1991) developed the McGill Archaeology questionnaire.Rowley (1991, citing Melack and Thompson 1971) refers to the McGillArchaeology questionnaire.In each of these cases, in your list of references the work by Rowley would be the only one included.Creating Bibliographic References.（建立参考书目格式）Every citation in your work will link to exactly one bibliographic entry. However, onebibliographic entry might be linked to many citations.Where do you put your bibliographic entries? In the Harvard System, they are all placed in one sectio n of your work, usually titled something like “Bibliography” or “References”. The Bibliography section follows the main body of your work.Format of the Bibliography Section（参考书目的格式）The format of the bibliography section is quite simple. It begins with something which announces that this is the bibliography section. For example, a title at the top of the first page, “Bibliography” which is in larger type and centred on the page. Or, a separate page with the title “References” in large type and centre d on the page. In either case, following this section heading are the bibliographic entries.In the Harvard System, the bibliographic entries are listed in sorted order. The sorting is done based on the following elements, in order of importance:•the first author's surname.•The first author's initials.•The date of publication.•An optional letter (a,b,c,d,...) distinguishing different publications by the same author in the same year.You will note that these elements are the same ones which make up the citation which you will use in the body of your work. This makes a clear link between any citation in the body of your work, and the bibliographic entries. Some examples will make this clear:Anderson, B. 2005. “...”Jones, H. 2004. “...”Jones, Q. 1996. “...”Jones, Q., 1999. “...”Jones, Q., 1999a. “...”Jones, Q., 1999b. “...”Smith, A. 1762. “...”Between each bibliographic entry you should normally insert a little space to allow the reader to see where one entry ends and another one begins. For example, a blank line or blank half line between entries would make your bibliography easier to read. All modern word processing software can do this for you.When you are doing research, you should collect references to each kind of material in a consistent way. If there is a resource to which you wish to make a reference, but is of a kind which is not mentioned here, then you should consult a more detailed source. There are many such sources available on the internet.Individual Bibliographic Entries（建立可供读者查阅的参考书目格式）The most important principle in making references is that the reader should be able tolocate the resource solely from the bibliographic information that you have provided. The rest of this section describes what information needs to be provided when creating bibliographic references for different kinds of resources.Note that electronic versions of resources (e.g., electronic books or articles) which can be also found in other media (e.g., printed) are referenced through bibliographic entries which are identical to their non-electronic counterparts, but with a somewhat standard additional part. Thus, an online book would be referenced as for a printed book, but would have in addition to the information needed for a printed book the following: After Title:“[online]”After Remainder of Bibliographic Entry:“Available from:” URLAccessed date.Reference to a book or a report.（书、报告）You need to provide the following information, in order:List of Author(s)for each author: Author's surname, followed by Author's initials.Year of publication.Title. (in italics and/or quoted and/or underlined).Edition. (if not the first).Publisher.Place of publication.Plus for electronic resources the following phrases and data:After Title:“[online]”After Place of Publication:“Available from:” URLAccessed date.Example:（书）HEMINGWAY, E., 2003. Better reading French: a reader and guide toimproving your understanding of written French. : McGraw-Hill.DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH. 2002. National service framework fordiabetes: delivery strategy. : Department of Health.Online Examples:HEMINGWAY, E., 2003. Better reading French: a reader and guide toimproving your understanding of written French [online]. : McGraw-Hill.Available from: [Accessed 25 August 2004].DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH. 2002. National service framework fordiabetes: delivery strategy [online]. : Department of Health. Available from: /assetRoot/04/03/28/23/04032823.pdf [Accessed 5May 2004].For books without individual authors use ANON.Example:ANON. 1991. Turbo assembler: users' guide version 2.0. , CA: Borland. Reference to a contribution in a book.（注释）The reader needs to know:List of Author(s)for each author: Author's surname, followed by Author's initials.Year of publication.Title of Contribution.“eds.” List o f Editor(s)for each editor: Editor's surname, followed by Editor's initials “in” Title of Book (in italics and/or quoted and/or underlined).Edition. (if not the first).Publisher.Place of publication.Page numbers of contribution.Plus for electronic resources:After Title:“[online]”After Page Numbers:“Available from:” URLAccessed date.Example:（注释）SMITH, C.,1980. Problems of information studies in history. In: S. STONE, ed. Humanities information research. : CRUS, 1980, pp 27-30.WESTMORLAND, L., 2000. Taking the flak: operational policing, fear and violence. In: G. LEE-TREWEEK, ed. Danger in the field: risk and ethics in social research [online]. : Routledge, pp 26-42. Available from:/ [Accessed 25 May 2004].NOTE: When referring to specific pages in a book 'pp' is used. Use 'p' if referring to a single page.Reference to a journal article.（期刊）Some journal articles are published in print only, some in print and online (of which someare exact copies and some will appear in a different format), and some online only. In all cases, the version you cite should be the version that you have seen.The reader needs to know:List of Author(s)for each author: Author's surname, followed by Author's initials.Year of publication.Title of Article.Title of Journal.(in italics and/or quoted and/or underlined).Volume NumberPart Number. (in brackets).Page numbers. (optional)Plus for electronic resources:After Title:“[online]”After Page Numbers:“Available from:” URLAccessed date.Example:（期刊）NICOLLE, L.,1990. Data protection: laying down the law. ManagementComputing, 13(12), pp 48-49, 52.CHRISTENSEN, P., 2004. The health-promoting family: a conceptualframework for future research. “Social Science and Medicine” [online],59(2), pp 223-243. Available from:/science/journal/02779536 [Accessed 5 May 2004].SANDLER, M.P., 2003. The art of publishing methods. “Journal of Nuclear Medicine” [online], 44, pp 661-662. Available from:/content/vol44/issue5/index.shtml [Accessed 5May 2004].C.M., KROESEN, K., et al., 2004. Complementary and alternativemedicine: a concept map. “BMC Complementary and AlternativeMedicine” [online] 4:2 (13 February 2004). Available from:/content/pdf/1472-6882-4-2.pdf [Accessed 5 May 2004].Reference to a newspaper article.（报纸）The reader needs to know:List of Author(s)for each author: Author's surname, followed by Author's initials.Year of publication.Title of Article.Title of Newspaper.(in italics and/or quoted and/or underlined).Date Published.Page numbers. (optional)Plus for electronic resources:After Title:“[online]”After Page Numbers:“Available from:” URLAccessed date.Example:（报纸）BOOTH, J., 2004. Blair plans annual UK-China summit. Guardian [online]11 May, p 6. Available from:/guardian/2004/05/11/pdfs/gdn_040511_brd_6 _2263446.pdf [Accessed 25 May 2004].HASSELL, N., 2004. Gilts investors take profits. Times [online] 10 August.Available from: /xchange-international[Accessed 8 August 2004].Reference to a conference paper.（会议论文）The reader needs to know:List of Author(s)for each author: Author's surname, followed by Author's initials.Year of contribution“in” (in italics)List of Editor(s) of the Conference Proceedingsfor each editor: Editor's surname, followed by Editor's initials.Title of Conference Proceedings.(in italics and/or quoted and/or underlined).Date of Conference.Place of Conference.Publisher (if known)Page numbers.Plus for electronic resources:After Title:“[online]”After Page Numbers:“Available from:” URLAccessed date.Example:（会议论文）SILVER, K.,1989. Electronic mail the new way to communicate. In: D.I.RAITT, ed. 9th International Information Meeting, 3-5 December 1988. :Learned Information, pp 323-330.Reference to an Act of Government.（政府法案）Reader needs to know:Name of Issuing BodyYear of PublicationName of Act (in italics and/or underline and/or quoted)Other Identifier Numbers/Codes/Chapter NumbersPlace of PublicationPublisher.Example:（政府法案）Parliament. 2002. Football (disorder) (Amendment) Act 2002. Chapter 12. : The Stationery Office.Reference to a Command paper.（行政公文）Reader needs to know:Name of Committee/Department/Working Group/CommissionYear of PublicationTitle (in italics and/or underlined and/or in quotes)Place of PublicationPublisher.Other Identifying Codes, if any, in brackets.Example:（行政公文）Department of Trade and Industry. 2001. Productivity and enterprise: aworld class competition regime. : The Stationery Office. (Cm 5233). Reference to a thesis.（论文）Use similar method to a book.Example:LEVINE, D.,1993. A parallel genetic algorithm for the set partitioningproblem. Ph.D. thesis, Illinois Institute of Technology.Reference to a film, video and television broadcast.（电影、视频和电视广播）The reference for films and videos should include: title, year, material designation, subsidiary originator (director is preferred), production details - place: organisation. Example:。

参考文献harvard格式

参考文献harvard格式参考文献是任何学术论文的必要组成部分。

在学术写作中，参考文献被用来证明你的论点，支撑你的观点，以及为论文提供更多的上下文和信息。

正确的参考文献格式对学术研究的成果和文献传递至关重要。

本文将介绍参考文献 Harvad 格式，并提供相关参考文献的示例。

一、什么是 Harvad 格式Harvad 格式是一种常用的参考文献格式，在学术界使用广泛。

它不仅提供了对作者、出版日期、标题等重要信息的引用，也提供了书籍、文章、电影等不同类型的文献来源的引用方法。

Harvad 格式包括在正文引用时使用括号，以及在参考文献列表中给出更完整的引用。

二、如何使用 Harvad 格式使用 Harvad 格式时，你需要在正文中引用文献，然后在文末提供更完整的引用详细信息。

引用的一般格式是：作者姓氏，出版年份，文章标题，出版物信息。

在正文中，你需要使用如下格式引用文献：（作者姓氏，出版年份）例如：在一篇论文中，你引用了威尔逊（1999）的研究，你的正文引用应该是这样的：“威尔逊（1999）在他的研究中指出……”在参考文献列表中，你需要提供更完整的引用信息，常见的格式包括：1. 书籍：作者姓氏，名字。

出版年份。

标题。

出版地：出版社。

例如：赵明。

2005年。

《小说创作手记》。

北京：人民文学出版社。

2. 文章：作者姓氏，名字。

发表年份。

文章标题。

期刊名，期号，页码。

例如：王东，朱洪涛。

2010年。

《激光在石油钻采中的应用》。

石油学报，31(3)，345-350。

3. 报告：组织。

发表年份。

报告名称。

发表地：发表机构。

例如：国家教育部。

2012年。

《2011年全国教育发展统计公报》。

北京：中国教育出版社。

三、参考文献 Harvad 格式的优点1. 简单易学：Harvad 格式的引用通常简短明了，容易掌握。

2. 资料类型广泛：Harvad 格式可以引用各种类型的参考文献，从书籍到文章、报告和网站等。

3. 规范明确：Harvad 格式提供了明确的格式要求，避免了格式繁琐或者不规范的问题。

哈佛_论文引用格式

A brief guide to the Harvard System∙ A bibliographical reference should contain sufficient information for you or someone else to trace the information sources you have used.∙It indicates that you have considered appropriate authorities and evidence in your work∙It acknowledges the work of others in contributing to your work.∙The same set of rules and grammar (colons and commas) should be followed every time you cite a reference (consistency).∙Note – you ought to follow the convention of referencing dictated by your school or tutor, normally the Harvard system.The Harvard system has two main components. Firstly there is the in-text reference. Fore each item of evidence that you use from an external source (a book, a journal article etc.) there is an entry that includes t he author‟s family name and the y ear of the publication (source) that the information comes from. Note that for a quotation there will also be the page number for the page that the quotation came from.This works in conjunction with the second element which is known as a reference list (sometimes known as a Bibliography). This is an alphabetical list (by the author‟s last name) which includes the full bibliographical details of the book which would enable the reader to find that source if they so wished. The in-text reference to the autho r‟s last name can be looked up in this list and the full detail found. As you can see then, the system requires both element of in-text reference and reference list to work. Examples of how to do both elements are shown below.∙All material taken from another writer‟s work should be acknowledged, whether the work is directly quoted, paraphrased or summarised.∙Not referencing = Plagiarism∙Plagiarism = a fancy word for stealingCitations in the text should give th e author‟s name with the year of publication, then all references should be listed in alphabetical order at the end of thepaper/dissertation as laid out below.For a single authorIn a study by Murthoo (1999) treatment compliance was examined…..In a study (Seedhouse, 1997) treatment compliance was examined ….When an author has published more than one cited document in the same year these are differentiated by adding lower cased letters after the year within the brackets.Beattie (2000a) argued that public health issues were igno red…Two authors:In the book by Kearney and Rainwater (2001) ….More than two authors:Singer et al (1996) contend that ….只写一个作者，其余省略If more than one citation is referred to within a sentence, list them all in the following form, by date and then alphabetically:There are indications that childhood poverty is a strong predictor of later morbidity (Wybourn and Hudson, 2002; Acheson, 1998; Lewis 1998)Online sources:When referencing a web page in your text it should be the Author and Year that you put in brackets and not the web page address or URL. Sometimes the author may be the organisation that publishes the web page, for example the Department of Health: According to the Department of Health (2006) the quality of access to health care is one of their fundamental responsibilities.Use quotation marks and acknowledge the author‟s name, year of publication and page number of the quote in brackets.Short quotations (up to 2 lines) can be included in the body of the text:- Wybourn (1999) states that “being an undergraduate can be a pain” (p.19).Longer quotations should be indented in a separate paragraph:-Smaje (1995) when commenting on transcultural care comments that:“Whereas multiculturalism tends to emphasise the existence of different cultural traditions in contemporary Britain and promotes tolerance and understanding, anti-racism places a more political emphasis on the forces that structure and determine access to power in society”If part of the quotation is omitted then this can be indicated using three dots:- Smaje (1995) states “…the existence of different cultur al traditions in contemporary Britain and promotes tolerance and understanding…” (p.17)Secondary referencingWhere one author is referring to the work of another and the primary source is not available.You should cite the primary source and the source you have read eg Vygotsky and Piaget, 2002, cited in Wybourn, 2003.∙Secondary referencing should be avoided where possible. Find the original if you can.∙List in alphabetical order by author‟s name and then by date (earliest first),∙If more than one item has been published during a specific year by letter (1995a, 1995b etc.)∙Take information from the title page of a publication and not from the front cover, which may be different.∙Include the elements and punctuation given in the examples below.∙Author‟s forenames can be included if given on the title page but this is not necessary.∙The title of the publication should either be in italics or underlined.A book by a single author:Baggini, J (2002) Making Sense: Philosophy behind the headlines. Oxford:Oxford University Press.A book by two authors:Searle, John and Chomsky, N (1997) The meaning of sense: critique &arguments. 105th edn. London: Wybourn.A book by more than two authorsSinger, Mandela et al. (1995) Health care in a multiracial society. London:Open University PressA book by a corporate author (eg a government department or other organisation):Nursing and Midwifery Council (2003) Patient-centred care: a NMC positionstatement on patient involvement. London: Nursing and Midwifery Council.An edited book:Baumeister, R. (ed.) (1999) The self in Social Psychology: Key readings insocial psychology. Hove: Taylor and Francis.A chapter in a bookBurnard, P. (1997) …The self and self awareness.‟ In:K. Burns et al. (eds.) The Self in Society. London: Stanley Thornes. pp.17-28.An article in a journal:Valkimaki, A. (1993) …Patient information systems.‟British Journal of Nursing, 13(1), pp.43-5.An article in a newspaper:Sabo, M. (2003) …Fear of gun crime rising.‟Guardian, 26 October 2003, p.10. If no author name is given then the publisher should be used instead.Guardian (2003) Public health in decline. Guardian, 24October 2003, p11.An online source:Department of Health (2006) Equality and human rights. Available at:/PolicyAndGuidance/EqualityAndHumanRights/fs/en(Accessed: 15 May 2006).A television programmeJulie through the looking glass. (1992). BBC 2, 4 JulyA video12 Angry Men. (1957) Directed by Sidney Lumet [Videocassette]. Hollywood:MGM EntertainmentCD ROMSInstitute of Cancer Research (2000) A breath of fresh air: an interactive guide tomanaging breathlessness in patients with lung cancer. [CD Rom]. Sutton:Institute of Cancer ResearchGovernment publications∙White Papers contain statements of Government policy∙Green Papers put forward proposals for consideration and public discussion.∙They are cited in the same way.A White paperDepartment for Education and Skills (2002) 14-19 next steps: the future.Cm.3390. London: Stationery OfficeA Green paperDepartment for Education and Skills (2003) Extending Opportunities: raisingstandards. Cm 3854. London: Stationery Office.An Act of ParliamentGreat Britain. Education Act 2002: Elizabeth II. Chapter 25. London: TheStationary Office.。

哈佛格式多页格式引用

哈佛格式多页格式引用标题：哈佛格式：多页格式引用的详细指南正文：哈佛格式是学术写作中常用的引用格式之一，它以作者-日期的方式引用参考文献。

当引用多页的书籍时，我们需要特别注意多页格式引用的规则。

本文将为您提供一个详细的指南，帮助您正确使用哈佛格式引用多页书籍。

首先，让我们明确哈佛格式多页引用的基本结构。

一个标准的多页引用应包括作者的姓氏、出版年份、书籍标题、页码和出版地。

在正文中引用多页书籍时，我们需要在引文中明确指出所引用内容的具体页码。

例如，假设我们引用的书籍是John Smith（2010年）出版的《哈佛格式指南》，我们需要在引文中标明所引用内容的页码，如（Smith，2010，p.45）。

这样读者就能准确地找到我们引用的内容。

另外，如果我们引用的内容跨越了多个页面，我们需要在引文中使用连字符来表示范围。

例如，如果我们引用的内容包括第45页到第50页，我们可以这样写（Smith，2010，pp.45-50）。

这样读者就能知道我们引用的内容涵盖了多个页面。

在引用多页书籍时，我们还需要注意书籍的版次和出版地。

如果所引用的书籍是第二版或之后的版本，我们需要将其在引文中明确标出。

例如，（Smith，2010，2nd ed.）表示我们引用的是第二版。

而出版地则可以在引文的最后加上。

例如，（Smith，2010，p. 45，New York）表示我们引用的书籍是在纽约出版的。

此外，我们还需要注意在引文中准确使用标点符号和引用符号。

在哈佛格式中，我们使用圆括号将引用内容括起来，并使用逗号分隔不同的引用元素。

例如，（Smith，2010，p.45）。

最后，为了确保文章的质量和合法性，我们需要遵守学术诚信的原则，不得抄袭或侵犯版权。

在引用他人的研究成果时，应遵守相关的引文规范，并在参考文献部分列出所有引用的来源。

总之，哈佛格式多页引用要求我们在引文中准确标明所引用内容的页码，并注意书籍的版次和出版地。

同时，我们还需遵守学术诚信原则，确保文章的质量和合法性。

哈佛论文引用格式

A brief guide to the Harvard System∙ A bibliographical reference should contain sufficient information for you or someone else to trace the information sources you have used.∙It indicates that you have considered appropriate authorities and evidence in your work∙It acknowledges the work of others in contributing to your work.∙The same set of rules and grammar (colons and commas) should be followed every time you cite a reference (consistency).∙Note – you ought to follow the convention of referencing dictated by your school or tutor, normally the Harvard system.The Harvard system has two main components. Firstly there is the in-text reference. Fore each item of evidence that you use from an external source (a book, a journal article etc.) there is an entry that includes the author‟s family name and the y ear of the publication (source) that the information comes from. Note that for a quotation there will also be the page number for the page that the quotation came from.This works in conjunction with the second element which is known as a reference list (sometimes known as a Bibliography). This is an alphabetical list (by the author‟s last name) which includes the full bibliographical details of the book which would enable the reader to find that source if they so wished. The in-text reference to the autho r‟s last name can be looked up in this list and the full detail found. As you can see then, the system requires both element of in-text reference and reference list to work. Examples of how to do both elements are shown below.∙All material taken from another writer‟s work should be acknowledged, whether the work is directly quoted, paraphrased or summarised.∙Not referencing = Plagiarism∙Plagiarism = a fancy word for stealingCitations in the text should give th e author‟s name with the year of publication, then all references should be listed in alphabetical order at the end of thepaper/dissertation as laid out below.For a single authorIn a study by Murthoo (1999) treatment compliance was examined…..In a study (Seedhouse, 1997) treatment compliance was examined ….When an author has published more than one cited document in the same year these are differentiated by adding lower cased letters after the year within the brackets.Beattie (2000a) argued that public health issues were igno red…Two authors:In the book by Kearney and Rainwater (2001) ….More than two authors:Singer et al (1996) contend that ….If more than one citation is referred to within a sentence, list them all in the following form, by date and then alphabetically:There are indications that childhood poverty is a strong predictor of later morbidity (Wybourn and Hudson, 2002; Acheson, 1998; Lewis 1998)Online sources:When referencing a web page in your text it should be the Author and Year that you put in brackets and not the web page address or URL. Sometimes the author may be the organisation that publishes the web page, for example the Department of Health: According to the Department of Health (2006) the quality of access to health care is one of their fundamental responsibilities.Use quotation marks and acknowledge the author‟s name, year of publication and page number of the quote in brackets.Short quotations (up to 2 lines) can be included in the body of the text:- Wybourn (1999) states that “being an undergraduate can be a pain” (p.19).Longer quotations should be indented in a separate paragraph:-Smaje (1995) when commenting on transcultural care comments that:“Whereas m ulticulturalism tends to emphasise the existence of different cultural traditions in contemporary Britain and promotes tolerance and understanding, anti-racism places a more political emphasis on the forces that structure and determine access to power in s ociety”If part of the quotation is omitted then this can be indicated using three dots:- Smaje (1995) states “…the existence of different cultural traditions in contemporary Britain and promotes tolerance and understanding…” (p.17)Secondary referencingWhere one author is referring to the work of another and the primary source is not available.You should cite the primary source and the source you have read eg Vygotsky and Piaget, 2002, cited in Wybourn, 2003.∙Secondary referencing should be avoided where possible. Find the original if you can.∙List in alphabetical order by author‟s name and then by date (earliest first),∙If more than one item has been published during a specific year by letter (1995a, 1995b etc.)∙Take information from the title page of a publication and not from the front cover, which may be different.∙Include the elements and punctuation given in the examples below.∙Author‟s forenames can be incl uded if given on the title page but this is not necessary.∙The title of the publication should either be in italics or underlined.A book by a single author:Baggini, J (2002) Making Sense: Philosophy behind the headlines. Oxford:Oxford University Press.A book by two authors:Searle, John and Chomsky, N (1997) The meaning of sense: critique &arguments. 105th edn. London: Wybourn.A book by more than two authorsSinger, Mandela et al. (1995) Health care in a multiracial society. London:Open University PressA book by a corporate author (eg a government department or other organisation):Nursing and Midwifery Council (2003) Patient-centred care: a NMC positionstatement on patient involvement. London: Nursing and Midwifery Council.An edited book:Baumeister, R. (ed.) (1999) The self in Social Psychology: Key readings insocial psychology. Hove: Taylor and Francis.A chapter in a bookBurnard, P. (1997) …The self and self awareness.‟ In:K. Burns et al. (eds.) The Self in Society. London: Stanley Thornes. pp.17-28.An article in a journal:Valkimaki, A. (1993) …Patient information systems.‟British Journal of Nursing, 13(1), pp.43-5.An article in a newspaper:Sabo, M. (2003) …Fear of gun crime rising.‟Guardian, 26 October 2003, p.10. If no author name is given then the publisher should be used instead.Guardian (2003) Public health in decline. Guardian, 24October 2003, p11.An online source:Department of Health (2006) Equality and human rights. Available at:/PolicyAndGuidance/EqualityAndHumanRights/fs/en(Accessed: 15 May 2006).A television programmeJulie through the looking glass. (1992). BBC 2, 4 JulyA video12 Angry Men. (1957) Directed by Sidney Lumet [Videocassette]. Hollywood:MGM EntertainmentCD ROMSInstitute of Cancer Research (2000) A breath of fresh air: an interactive guide tomanaging breathlessness in patients with lung cancer. [CD Rom]. Sutton:Institute of Cancer ResearchGovernment publications∙White Papers contain statements of Government policy∙Green Papers put forward proposals for consideration and public discussion.∙They are cited in the same way.A White paperDepartment for Education and Skills (2002) 14-19 next steps: the future.Cm.3390. London: Stationery OfficeA Green paperDepartment for Education and Skills (2003) Extending Opportunities: raisingstandards. Cm 3854. London: Stationery Office.An Act of ParliamentGreat Britain. Education Act 2002: Elizabeth II. Chapter 25. London: TheStationary Office.。

哈佛体系reference格式

哈佛体系reference格式
哈佛参考文献格式，也称为哈佛引用格式，是一种常见的文献引用格式。

它最早发源于清华大学发行的“黑塞和黑塞词典”，由麻省理工学院的著名的文献管理专家拉尔夫罗素提出，被广泛应用于学术论文中。

哈佛参考文献格式在拉尔夫罗素引用文献格式基础上，加入了更多关于电子出版物、计算机程序和图片等新媒体的参考文献，能够照顾到当代多样化的文献参考需求。

二、哈佛引用格式的特点
1、引用格式具有一致性：哈佛引用格式坚持只使用一种引用格式，使文献引用更加统一，使其他人更容易理解文章中的引用。

2、引用格式更新迅速：哈佛参考文献格式与不断发展的新媒体保持同步更新，以适应当今多样化的文献引用需求。

3、引用融入文本：哈佛引用格式要求引用内容融入文章的段落中，而不是单独引用，使文献引用更加紧凑，更加有说服力。

4、引用格式清晰明了：哈佛引用格式用字母或数字表示出文献引用顺序，使文章中的引用顺序更加清晰明了。

三、哈佛引用格式的应用
1、学术论文：哈佛参考文献格式在学术论文中应用十分普遍，论文作者可以使用此格式对文献引证进行统一管理，使参考文献更加规范完整，使文章表达更加严谨。

2、科技文凭：在科技文凭的课程描述中，哈佛引用格式也有着广泛的应用，使文凭更具可信度。

3、会议论文：在各类会议发布的论文中，哈佛引用格式也有着广泛的应用，使论文的引用内容更加严谨。

四、结论
从上面可以看出，哈佛参考文献格式在学术论文、科技文凭、会议论文等文献参考方面的应用十分普遍，值得我们深入学习和掌握。

哈佛参考文献格式采用统一的格式进行引用，能够使文献引用更加规范，使参考文献的内容更加完整，也为文献参考带来了很大的便利。

哈佛引用格式（文字版）

1.文内引用格式无论是否直接引用还是改写，只要不是你自己的观点，都必须在文中以及reference页上面说明。

文内引用主要是需要注明作者及年份。

比如说你引用或改写了一段别人的作品，作者的名字是James Robert，日期为1992，但根据不同的表达方式，格式略有不同（1）如果作者没有很自然的在正文中出现，则需要在括号中写上作者的姓以及日期（姓，日期）There is some evidence (Jones, 1992) that these figures are incorrect.（2）如果作者的姓或名字出现在正文中，则在姓或名字的后面直接加括号，写上日期Jones (1992) has provided evidence that these figures are incorrect.（3）如果有两个作者，则都要写出来。

（姓and 姓，年份）It is claimed that government in the information age will “work better and cost less”(Bellamy and Taylor 1998, p.41).需要注意的是，这里有直接引用（有双引号的部分）。

直接引用就是抄的原话，必须用双引号标出，并且在文内引用的括号内写上页码。

（1）和（2）都是改写的句子，所以没有加页码（4）两个以上的作者，（第一个作者的姓et al. 日期）et al代表and other的意思…adoptive parents were coping better with the physical demands of parenthood and found family life more enjoyable (Levy et al. 1991).（5）如果一个作者在一年当中发表了多部作品，并且你需要引用到同一个作者在这个年分当中的多个作品，为了区分，在时间的后面分别加上a，b，c。

中国人写的英文文献引用哈佛

中国人写的英文文献引用哈佛
Harvard是一种通常用在美国大学生的学术论文写作中的引用格式。

它主要有两种类型：一种是哈佛参考文献格式（参考书目），另一种是哈佛引用格式（文内引用）。

哈佛参考文献格式
参考文献，同学们应该很熟悉，通常在论文末尾位置会有一个完整的引用列表，其中对所有的引用来源与出处信息，包括作者、出版日期和来源标题等都会详细地罗列出来。

哈佛文内引用格式
论文的主体部分通常会用到文内引用，大多数时候都是用来直接解释引文的来源，完整引用的一部分也包含在其中。

哈佛引用格式：文内引用的不同情况
Harvard文内引用常常用在表明论文的特定部分，这些特定部分是直接解释或引用文章来源中的内容的，一般包含作者的姓氏及文章的发表日期。

下面是文本引用分类的具体情况：
一、作者数量
根据作者数量，哈佛引用格式可分为下面几类：
没有作者
在引用时如果遇到没有作者的情况，那么就要查看是否有相关的负责组织单位。

如果有相关的负责组织单位，那么就可以使用它代替作者。

如果没有相关的负责组织单位，那就要使用斜体的标题。

一个作者
如果要引用的文献只有一个作者，需要把作者姓氏和文章出版年份放在括号中。

两个或三个作者
在引用的文本作者为两个或三个时，要把所有作者的姓氏都标注上。

四个或四个以上的作者
在引用的文本作者为四个或更多时，需要把第一作者的姓名注明，然后用“et al”来表示其他的人。

最后要标注出版年份。

哈佛引用链接格式

哈佛引用链接格式
哈佛引用格式通常包括以下部分：
1. 引用的内容：这包括你要引用的句子、段落或表格等。

2. 括号：使用英文括号“()”将引用的内容括起来。

3. 作者姓氏：在括号内，使用逗号分隔，紧随其后的是作者姓氏。

如果有多个作者，则需要将所有作者的姓氏都列出，并用逗号分隔。

4. 出版日期：在作者姓氏后面，用短横线连接，然后是引用的出版日期。

如果引用的内容没有具体的出版日期，可以用“n.d.”表示。

5. 引用格式：在出版日期后面，用短横线连接，然后是引用的格式。

如果引用的内容是书籍，则通常使用“p.”表示；如果引用的内容是期刊文章，则通常使用“J.”表示；如果引用的内容是网页文章，则通常使用“web.”表示。

6. 页码或网址：在引用格式后面，用短横线连接，然后是引用的页码或网址。

如果引用的内容没有页码，可以使用“n. pag.”表示；如果引用的内容是网页文章，则可以使用网址。

例如，一个哈佛引用格式的例子如下：
Smith, J. (2010). The Future of Technology. New York: John Wiley & Sons. p. 123.。

哈佛系统论文引用格式(harvard system)

Information Resources Harvard systemIn-text references,reference lists and bibliographiesStyle manual for authors,Harvard SystemContentsDefinitions4 Annotated bibliography4 Bibliography4 Citation4 Endnote4 Footnote4 In-text reference4 Periodicals5 Reference list5 Introduction5Steps to referencing6Organising a bibliography or reference list7 Writing a bibliography or reference list7 Collecting references7 In-text references8 Using volume and page numbers8 Dates8 One author or one organisation as author8 More than one work9 More than three authors9 Parts of a work written by someone other than the author9 More than one work by the same author9 No author or authoring body—neither a person nor an organisation10 One author citing another author10 Encyclopedias and dictionaries10 Audiovisual material (films,videos,television and radio programs) and CD-ROMs10 Web pages10 Unpublished works11 Personal communications,including email11Reference lists and bibliographies11 Books111.Book with one author122.Book with two or three authors123.Book with organisation as author124.Book with government department as author125.Book with more than three authors126.Book with no author127.Book with an editor138.Book in a series139.Book known by a short title e.g.The Henderson report1310.More than one place of publication1311.Chapter or article from a book1312.Entries in an encyclopedia13Periodicals141.Articles with an author142.Articles with no author143.Individual volumes/issues14plete run of a periodical155.Newspaper articles156.Reviews of books,films,television,performances etc.157.Annual reports16Conference papers—published proceedings16 Australian Bureau of Statistics documents16 Acts of Parliament16 Standards17 Audiovisual material171.Videorecording e.g.videotapes172.Sound recording e.g.discs,tapes,reels,cassettes173.Slides174.Kit binations of media such as audiocassette plus printed material185.Radio and television broadcasts18Pamphlets,leaflets etc.18 Unpublished sources of information191.Unpublished documents:diaries,personal papers,reports etc.192.Personal letters,interviews,conversations19Electronic resources20 Page numbers on the web20 Dates20 Articles in online databases201.Article with an author212.Article without an author213.Conference paper21Articles from online journals21 Reports from online databases22 Articles from online encyclopedias22 Extract from an online book22 Table from an online book22 Web pages221.Web document with an author232.Web page without an author233.Web page of a company or organisation234.Australian standards online235.Australian Bureau of Statistics documents online23Email241.Email with permission to cite the email address242.Email without permission to cite the email address24Other electronic resources24 Personal bibliographic software25 Cite while you write25 Webpages25 Management of qualitative data and electronic text25 Nvivo home page25 Further reading26 Standard abbreviations used in referencing27DefinitionsAnnotated bibliographya bibliography in which each citation is accompanied by a note that describes,explains orevaluates the publication referred to.Annotations may cover such characteristics as scope, level,bias,style,relevance and credibility.Bibliographya list of books,articles and other sources of information having some relationship to eachother—usually those which you have consulted and found useful in your research.It mayinclude items which you have not referred to directly in the text of your essay or report.Citationformal description of a book,article or other information source containing all details essential for correct identification of the item.Sometimes called a ‘reference’ by the Harvard system.Abbreviated citations are used for in-text references.Endnotelike a footnote,but placed at the end of the essay,report or chapter.Footnotea note placed at the bottom of a page on which a reference or citation occurs in the text.A number is placed in the text to indicate the cited work and again at the bottom of the samepage in front of the footnote.In the Harvard system footnotes may be used for explanatory additions to the main text but are not used to give bibliographic information.In the Footnote/endnote system,footnotes are used to acknowledge the sources of specific pieces of information,both direct quotations from the source or statements in your own words that paraphrase the author’s ideas.In-text referenceused in the Harvard system to give a brief acknowledgment of the source of a specific piece of information within the main text of an essay or report.It may be placed in bracketsimmediately following the relevant passage,or fully integrated into the text.In-text references must be accompanied by a reference list giving complete details of the works cited.Periodicalspublications that are produced at regular intervals,such as magazines,journals and newspapers.Reference lista list of books,articles and other information sources that you have referred to directly (cited)in the text of your essay or report.This is used with the Harvard system.No additional items are included in a reference list,even those you found broadly relevant to your research.Note:Sometimes you may provide both a reference list and a bibliography (or annotatedbibliography) with your essay or report.IntroductionThis guide is designed to help you document the sources of information you use for yourassignments.The style used in this guide is the Harvard system,which is also sometimes called the author-date system or the name-year system.It is based on the AustralianGovernment style guide,Style manual for authors,editors and printers2002,revised bySnooks and Co,6th edn,John Wiley & Sons,Milton,Qld which can give you furtherinformation and more examples.There are many different citation styles.You can viewa guide to some online resources on the Library’s infogate Styles for reference lists andbibliographies at:.au/lib/infogate/citing.htmYour department may give you instructions about how to cite resources,but if not,you can follow the guidelines given here.There are several important reasons for citing sources of information you have used:1.You must acknowledge any ideas or information you have obtained from other writers.If you do not let your reader know that ideas or information presented in your workare actually the work of other people,this is plagiarism for which you can bepenalised.2.Ideas and information that originally appeared in other works will help you tosubstantiate the statements you make in your assignment.3.Your readers may wish to find out more about the subject of your work by readingsome of the books,articles and other information sources you have used.Steps to referencingStep 1:When you are collecting information,you should record all bibliographic details.In the case of a book,bibliographic details refer to information like author or editor,date of publication,title,edition (if not the first),volume number (if from a multi-volume work), publisher and place of publication.In the case of a journal article,it refers to author of the article,year of publication,title of the article,journal title,volume number,issue number and page number on which the article appears.Step 2:Cite the reference at the appropriate place within the text of the assignment.Step 3:Provide either a bibliography or a reference list at the end of the assignment.Steps 2 and 3 involve listing citations using an accepted format.This guide tells you which information you need to include in citations (references) for most sources of information (books,articles,audiovisual material,web pages etc.) and how to set out that information by following the examples given.One widely used format,the Harvard system,is described in this guide.Ask your instructor if your school or department prefers this system.Remember,if you are having any problems with writing reference,ask for help from:I the librarian at the Consultation DeskI your teacher or supervisor in the relevant subjectsI language support teachers at the Access Department.Organising a bibliography or reference listWriting a bibliography or reference listAlways be consistent.The following points may seem pedantic details but they can beimportant in interpreting a reference.a)Always assemble the information (e.g.author,title,publisher etc.) in the same order.b) Be consistent in your use of punctuation.c)Be consistent in your use of capital letters.d)Observe the conventions on italics,underlining etc.which help to distinguish booksfrom articles:I italics for the title of a book (or videotape,periodical or recording)I enclose the title of an article in single quotation marksNote: Underlining may be used instead of italics,however,using italics is now usuallypreferred because of the predominance of wordprocessors and personal computerswhich produce clear unambiguous italics.Underlined references can be confused withhypertext links on the Internet.Underlining is mostly used with handwritten ortypewritten material.e) Arrange your list of references in a clearly distinguishable order.A single sequencearranged alphabetically by the first letter of each item (author’s name or title) is themost common.Alternatives include:I alphabetical within groups according to subject (e.g.a bibliography on mass mediadivided into general,television and radio)I alphabetical within groups according to form (e.g.books,periodicals,audiovisual)Collecting referencesAs you find your information sources it is a good idea to record the references in full.It takes less time to write out the reference in full the first time,even if you decide not to use it,than to find the necessary information at the last minute when your assignment is due.If you have used several libraries it is a good idea to note where you found your source,as well as its call number in that library.This information is not included in the bibliography or reference list with your assignment,but will help you to find the material again if necessary.Staff and post-graduate students should read about Personal bibliographic software on p.25,and Management of qualitative data and electronic text on p.25.In-text referencesIn the Harvard system,you place brief references in the text of your essay or report toacknowledge the source of the information you have quoted or discussed.These briefreferences are called in-text references,or sometimes they are called in-text citations,textual references or textual citations.In-text references must be accompanied by areference list that gives full details of the works cited.The reference list comes at the end of your essay or report and is headed ‘References’.Generally,an in-text reference comprises the author’s surname and the year of publication.Additional details such as page numbers,volume numbers and authors’ initials should be used when necessary to avoid confusion.Direct quotations should always be acknowledged with a page number.e.g.David Miller asks,‘what does each of us,individually,owe to other human beings,regardless of their cultural make-up,or their citizenship,or their place of residence?’(Miller 2000,p.174)Using volume and page numbersIf it is necessary to specify a volume or page in an in-text reference—for example if the work is very long,these may be useful for a reader—add these details after the publication year: (Barr 1977,p.77)Barr (1995,p.29) described…(Russell 1969,vol.3,p.138)See note on Page numbers on the web on p.20.DatesSometimes a publication year cannot be found.As the Harvard system is based on thecombination of author and date,one of the following substitutes should be used:n.d.=no known datec.1995 = circa 1995 (i.e.an approximate date)?1995 = a dubious dateforthcoming = a work to be published shortlyOne author or one organisation as authorThe name and year may be placed in brackets at the end of the relevant clause or sentence.e.g.These changes were noticed more than a decade ago (Barr 1995).Alternatively,the author’s surname may be integrated into the text,followed immediately by the year,in brackets.e.g.Barr (1995) was one of the first to draw attention to these changes.If the author is an organisation,use the name of the organisation.e.g.The management of medications for the elderly in aged care facilities receivedgreater attention in 2000 (Australian Pharmaceutical Advisory Council 2000).More than one workMore than one work may be cited in a single reference:(Parsaye & Chignell 1988; Simons 1985)Note the authors are presented in alphabetical order—P before S.or Parsaye and Chignell (1988),and Simons (1985) describe how…Note that when two authors of a work are incorporated in the text the word ‘and’ is used rather than an ampersand (&).More than three authorsWhen a work has more than three authors,the in-text reference shows the name of the first listed author and then the abbreviation ‘et al.’,which means ‘and others’:(Gajski et al.1993)However,the names of all the authors should be given in the reference list.Parts of a work written by someone other than the authorWhen someone other than the author writes part of a work,such as a preface or introduction, give both names.Block (in Gallway 2000) claimed…(Block,in Gallway 2000)In the reference list show details of the work in which the contribution,or part of the work, appeared.In this case it would be:Gallway,WT 2000,The inner game of work,Random House,New York.More than one work by the same authorWhen you refer to more than one work by the same author,list the publication years in chronological e lower-case letters to distinguish between works published in the same year (also include these in the list of references).e.g.(Barr 1977,1995)(Robertson 1988a,1988b)Robertson (1984,1988b) showed that…No author or authoring body—neither a person nor an organisationSometimes a work has no identifiable author.In this case,substitute the title of the book, article or web page for the author’s name—don’t use ‘Anonymous’ or ‘Anon’.e.g.…in seventeenth century England (On travelling to London1683)(Age11 Oct.1989,p.10)Reform to drug laws was discussed but rejected by the Harm Minimisation Committee (Drugs and the law,2002)In Drugs and the law(2002) it was claimed that reform to drug laws…One author citing another authorWhen one author cites another author’s work,use all the authors’ names.e.g.Chambliss and Ryther (cited in Liazos 1985) reported…(Chambliss & Ryther,cited in Liazos 1985)‘English as Charlton Laird has noted,is the only language that has,or needs,books of synonyms like Roget’s Thesaurus.“Most speakers of other languages are not awarethat such books exist.”’ (Laird cited in Bryson 1990)In the reference list give details of the citing author:Liazos A 1985 Sociology:a liberating perspective,Allyn and Bacon,London.Encyclopedias and dictionariesIf there is an author for an article from an encyclopedia,use the author-date method already described.For a dictionary entry or an encyclopedia article with no author,provide in-text information like this:The Macquarie dictionary(2001) defines it as…(The Australian Oxford English dictionary1999)Audiovisual material (films,videos,television and radio programs) and CD-ROMs Provide the title of the item in italics and the datee.g.(Japanese language and people1991)In the film Charlotte Grey(2002) the French Resistance fighters were portrayed…Web pagesIf there is an author for a web page,use the author-date method already described.e.g.(Done 2002)If there is no author,use the title of the web page.e.g.(The senior dogs project2002)Unpublished worksIf there is an author for an unpublished work,use the author-date method already described.e.g.(Florey 1925)If there is no author,use the title of the unpublished work.e.g.(Using online databases 2002)Personal communications,including emailPersonal communications include conversations,interviews,telephone calls,emails andletters.As personal communications may not appear in a reference list unless your essay or report is based mainly on personal communications,your in-text reference should make it clear what kind of communication you have usede.g.In a letter dated 29 May 1986,AD Francis,wrote…The bus came to rest at the bottom of the hill on top of Mr HG Birtles (AD Francis1986,pers comm.,29 May).In an email dated 15 January 2003,Annette Steere wrote…The pie eating competition was a great success (A Steere 2003,email,15 January)Reference lists and bibliographiesIn the Harvard system the author and the publication year form the link between in-textreferences and the reference list.In the list of references the same citation details as in a bibliography are included.The citation details are arranged to clarify the link with in-textreferences.BooksFor books,the following information is given,in this order:a)Author(s)—either a person or an institution—or editor(s)b) Year of publicationSee note on Dates on p.8c) Title—plus the subtitle if there is oned) Title of series and volume number—if applicablee) Edition—if it is not the firstf) Publisherg) Place of publication—cityYou can find this information on the imprint page of the book itself (i.e.the page immediately following the title page) or from the entry in the library catalogue.The following examples illustrate how to set out references for a variety of books in a reference list or bibliography.Usually the author’s name comes first.Put the family name (surname) first,then initials of the given or personal names.No full stops and no spaces are used with people’s initials.Book titles are e minimal capitalisation for book titles.You should use only the author’s initials in your reference list,regardless of how his or her name is presented in the book.Sometimes you can use an author’s full name if it will help your readers to recognise the author e.g.Phillip Adams could appear in a reference list as Adams,Phillip.Use an ampersand (&) between two authors’ names rather than the word ‘and’.If you know some information for a reference,but it is not on the item itself,you can include it in a square bracket e.g.[Sydney].You may find this sort of information in a library catalogue.1.Book with one authorler,D 2000,Citizenship and national identity,Polity,Cambridge.2.Book with two or three authorse.g.Brown,PH & Broeske,PH 1996,Howard Hughes:the untold story,Dutton,New York.3.Book with organisation as authore.g.Australian Society of CPAs 1993,Accounting software in Australia 1993:the CPAsguide to accounting software,Prentice Hall of Australia,Sydney.4.Book with government department as authore.g.Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade 2002,Australia-China:a photographic record:to commemorate the 30th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relationsbetween Australia and the People’s Republic of China:1972–2002,Department ofForeign Affairs and Trade,Canberra.5.Book with more than three authorsNames should be cited in the order they appear on the title page.Gajski,DD,Vahid,F,Narayan,S &Gong,J 1994,Specification and design ofembedded systems,PTR Prentice Hall,Englewood Cliffs,New Jersey.6.Book with no authorUse the title of the work.Training Australians:a better way of working:27 case studies from leading Australian organisations of their best training strategies1990,Business Council of Australia,Melbourne.7.Book with an editore.g.Brown,C (ed.) 1996,Indonesia:dealing with a neighbour,Allen & Unwin in associationwith Australian Institute of International Affairs,St Leonards,NSW.8.Book in a seriesList the name of the series after the title of the work.Stoddard,KM 1983,Saints and shrews:women and aging in American popular film,Contributions in women’s studies,no.39,Greenwood Press,Westport,Connecticut.9.Book known by a short title e.g.The Henderson reportThe reference list must contain a cross-reference to the formal author of the work,and the full document information must be given under the formal entry.e.g.Henderson report—see Commission of Inquiry into Poverty 1975Commission of Inquiry into Poverty 1975,Poverty in Australia,first main report,(Prof.RF Henderson,chairman),Australian Government Publishing Service,Canberra.10.More than one place of publicationIf more than one place of publication is listed,use only the first-listed place.11.Chapter or article from a bookGive the details of the chapter or article first,then the details of the publication in which it appeared.Enclose the title of the chapter or article in single quotation marks.e.g.Hesketh,B & Rounds,J 1995,‘International cross-cultural approaches to careerdevelopment’,in WB Walsh & SH Osipow (eds),Handbook of vocational psychology:theory,research,and practice,2nd edn,Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc.,Mahwah,New Jersey.12.Entries in an encyclopediae.g.Tran,M 2001,‘Swedish massage’,The Gale encyclopedia of alternative medicine,vol.4,Gale Group,Farmington Hills,Michigan,pp.1668–1670.‘Puma’ 1998,The new encyclopaedia Britannica,15th edn,vol.9,EncyclopaediaBritannica,Chicago,p.796.For an example of an article in an online encyclopedia see p.22.PeriodicalsMaximal capitalisation is used for the titles of periodicals.For all other titles,capitalisationis minimal.Periodical titles are italicised.In general you will find that all the issues of a magazine or journal published in one year are collectively called a volume and may be given a volume number.An issue number or the name of a month or season may identify each issue within that volume.Inspect the periodical carefully as it may have an entirely individual numbering system.1.Articles with an authorFor articles in journals and magazines,include the following information:a) Author(s)—if givenb) Year of publicationc) Title of article—enclose title in single quotation marksd) Title of periodicale) Place of publication (city)—only if there are 2 or more periodicals with the same titlef) Volume and/or issue numberg) Day,month and season—if applicableh) Page number(s)e.g.Salusinszky,I1995,‘Thomas Keneally:my part in his downfall’,Quadrant,vol.39,no.10,October,pp.23–26.2.Articles with no author‘Calcium levels control human vision’ 1988,New Scientist,no.1636,29 October,p.34.3.Individual volumes/issuesFor a single issue or a limited run,the following details are sufficient:a) Title—plus subtitle if there is oneb) Year of publicationc) Volume and/or issue number(s)d) Month and day of month or season—if applicablee.g.Overland,1983,no.93,December.Futures:the Journal of Forecasting and Planning,1986–1989,vols.18–21.plete run of a periodicalIf you need to write a reference for a complete run of a currently published periodical, include the following information:a) Title—plus subtitle if there is oneb) Date(s) of publicationc) Name of publisherd) Place of publication (city,state)e) Volume and/or issue number(s)f) Frequency of publicatione.g.The Australian Accountant,1936–,Australian Society of Certified PracticingAccountants,Melbourne,vol.1–,Monthly.‘1936–’ and ‘vol.1–’ means that the first issue appeared in 1936 and the periodical is still being published.5.Newspaper articlesReplace the volume/issue number by the day and month:e.g.Hogan,R1996,‘Investors weigh implications for $A’,Australian Financial Review,1August,p.6.‘A welcome lowering of rates’ 1996,The Australian,1 August,p.10.6.Reviews of books,films,television,performances etc.Include:a) Name of reviewerb) Yearc) Title of the reviewd) Description of what is being reviewed and its authore) Periodical in which the review appearedf) Day and month—if applicableg) Page numberse.g.Carroll,S 2002,‘The stuff of theatre’,review of Double act:a life of Tom Stoppardby Ira Nadel,The Age,28 September,Saturday Extra,p.8.‘Saturday Extra’ before the page number indicates a special independently numbered section of the newspaper.7.Annual reportsThese are not periodicals in the usual sense,but are important regular publications ofgovernment bodies,companies and other organisations.A reference for an annual report should include:a) Name of organisationb)Date of publication—if applicablec)Short descriptive titled)Year(s) coverede.g.Department of Transport and Regional Services 2001,Annual report 2000–2001,Canberra.Foster’s Brewing Group 1998,Annual Report 1998.For an example of an online annual report,see p.23 under 3.Web page of a company or organisation.Conference papers—published proceedingsPapers presented at conferences and similar gatherings are often collected and published by the organisation that arranged the conference.A reference to a published conference paper is similar to one for a chapter or article from a book.Note that the place and year that the papers were published is included,while the place and date that the conference was held are omitted (unless these form part of the title of the proceedings).DuPont,B 1974,‘Bone marrow transplantation in severe combined immunodeficiency with an unrelated MLC compatible donor’,Proceedings of the third annual meeting of theInternational Society for Experimental Hematology,International Society for Experimental Hematology,Houston,Texas,pp.44–6.Pockley,P 1987,‘National programs for promoting public understanding of science and technology:progress,problems and prospects’,ANZAAS Congress Papers,no.56,paper 76.Australian Bureau of Statistics documentsInclude the ABS catalogue number after the title.Australian Bureau of Statistics 1991,Work patterns of women,cat.no.6204.2,ABS,Canberra. For examples of Australian Bureau of Statistics documents online see p.23.Acts of ParliamentAdd the name of the jurisdiction in brackets after the title of the act.Electoral Act 2002(Vic).StandardsStandards Australia defines a standard as ‘a published document which sets out technical specifications or other criteria necessary to ensure that a material or method will consistently do the job it is intended to do’.For standards,the following information is given,in this order:a)Author(s)b)Year of publicationc)Titled)Standard Numbere)Publisherf)Place of publicatione.g.Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 1987,IEEE standard for software userdocumentation,(ANSI/IEEE 1063–1987),IEEE,New York.Standards Association of Australia 1992,Marking of overhead cables for low-levelflying,(AS 3891.2–1992),Standards Australia,Homebush,NSW.For an example of an online Australian standard see p.23.Audiovisual materialYou may need to write a reference for a videotape,DVD,TV program etc.It is similar to a book e the label on the item or the library catalogue to find the information you need. Include the following details:a) Author (if there is one)b) Year of productionc) Titled) Format (use a general term such as ‘sound recording’)e) Name of producer/directorf) Place of production1.Videorecording e.g.videotapese.g.Murnau,FW 1984,Nosferatu the Vampire (Dracula)[videorecording],Video Yesteryear,Sandy Hook,Conn.2.Sound recording e.g.discs,tapes,reels,cassettese.g.Jane Knowles1996 [sound recording],ABC Radio Tapes,Sydney.3.Slidese.g.Birnstihl,H 1980,Emotions[slide],Northside Productions,North Melbourne.。

【哈弗体系】学术论文参考文献标准格式

规范的参考文献格式一、参考文献的类型参考文献（即引文出处）的类型以单字母方式标识，具体如下：M——专著C——论文集N——报纸文章J——期刊文章D——学位论文R——报告S——标准P——专利A——文章对于不属于上述的文献类型，采用字母“Z”标识。

常用的电子文献及载体类型标识：［ＤＢ/OL］——联机网上数据(database online)［DB/MT］——磁带数据库(database on magnetic tape)［Ｍ/CD］——光盘图书(monograph on CD ROM)［ＣＰ／DK］——磁盘软件(computer program on disk)［Ｊ／ＯＬ］——网上期刊(serial online)［ＥＢ/OL］——网上电子公告(electronic bulletin board online)对于英文参考文献，还应注意以下两点：①作者姓名采用“姓在前名在后”原则，具体格式是：姓，名字的首字母. 如：Malcolm Richard Cowley 应为：Cowley, M.R.，如果有两位作者，第一位作者方式不变，&之后第二位作者名字的首字母放在前面，姓放在后面，如：Frank Norris 与Irving Gordon应为：Norris, F. & I.Gordon.；②书名、报刊名使用斜体字，如：Mastering English Literature，English Weekly。

二、参考文献的格式及举例1．期刊类【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[J].刊名，出版年份，卷号（期号）：起止页码.【举例】[1] 周融，任志国，杨尚雷，厉星星.对新形势下毕业设计管理工作的思考与实践[J].电气电子教学学报，2003(6)：107-109.[2] 夏鲁惠.高等学校毕业设计（论文）教学情况调研报告[J].高等理科教育，2004(1):46-52.[3] Heider, E.R.& D.C.Oliver. The structure of color space in naming and memory of two languages [J]. Foreign Language Teaching and Research, 1999, (3): 62 – 67.2．专著类【格式】[序号]作者.书名[M].出版地：出版社，出版年份：起止页码.【举例】[4] 刘国钧，王连成.图书馆史研究[Ｍ].北京：高等教育出版社，1979：15-18，31.[5] Gill, R. Mastering English Literature [M]. London: Macmillan, 1985: 42-45.3．报纸类【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[N].报纸名，出版日期（版次）.【举例】[6] 李大伦.经济全球化的重要性[N]. 光明日报，1998-12-27(3).[7] French, W. Between Silences: A V oice from China[N]. Atlantic Weekly, 1987-8-15(33).4．论文集【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[C].出版地：出版者，出版年份：起始页码.【举例】[8] 伍蠡甫.西方文论选[C]. 上海：上海译文出版社，1979：12-17.[9] Spivak,G. “Can the Subaltern Speak?”[A]. In C.Nelson & L. Grossberg(eds.). Victory in Limbo: Imigism [C]. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1988, pp.271-313.[10] Almarza, G.G. Student foreign language teacher’s knowledge growth [A]. In D.Freeman and J.C.Richards (eds.). Teacher Learning in Language Teaching [C]. New York: Cambridge University Press. 1996. pp.50-78.5．学位论文【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[D].出版地：保存者，出版年份：起始页码.【举例】[11] 张筑生.微分半动力系统的不变集[D].北京：北京大学数学系数学研究所, 1983：1-7.6．研究报告【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[R].出版地：出版者，出版年份：起始页码.【举例】[12] 冯西桥.核反应堆压力管道与压力容器的LBB分析[R].北京：清华大学核能技术设计研究院, 1997：9-10.7．专利【格式】[序号]专利所有者.题名[P].国别：专利号，发布日期.【举例】[13] 姜锡洲.一种温热外敷药制备方案[P].中国专利：881056073, 1989–07–26.8．标准【格式】[序号]标准编号，标准名称[S].【举例】[14] GB/T 16159—1996, 汉语拼音正词法基本规则[S].9．条例【格式】[序号]颁布单位.条例名称.发布日期【举例】[15] 中华人民共和国科学技术委员会.科学技术期刊管理办法[Z].1991—06—0510．电子文献【格式】[序号]主要责任者.电子文献题名.电子文献出处[电子文献及载体类型标识].或可获得地址，发表或更新日期/引用日期.【举例】[16] 王明亮.关于中国学术期刊标准化数据库系统工程的进展[EB/OL].http: ///pub/wml.txt/980810–2.html, 1998–08–16/1998–10–04.[17] 万锦.中国大学学报论文文摘（1983–1993）.英文版[DB/CD]. 北京: 中国大百科全书出版社, 1996.11．各种未定义类型的文献【格式】[序号] 主要责任者.文献题名[Z].出版地：出版者, 出版年.三、注释注释是对论文正文中某一特定内容的进一步解释或补充说明。

英文论文引用格式：HarvardReference格式----英国翰思教育

英文论文引用格式：HarvardReference格式----英国翰思教育Harvard Reference格式是英国学校学生用来写英文论文的一种引用格式；使用率相比其它引用格式较普遍一些。

那么如何使用Harvard Reference格式进行引用呢？Hansedu老师带你认识哈佛引用格式。

Harvard Reference格式包括两种类型：1. 直接引用或解释源时，使用正文引用；它们位于作品的正文中，并包含完整引用的片段。

根据来源类型的不同，哈佛大学参考文献中的一些引文可能如下所示：“After that I lived like a young rajah in all the capitals of Europe…”(Fitzgerald, 2004).2. 参考资料列表位于工作结束，显示完整的引用，用于分配中使用的来源。

以下是哈佛参考书目中一本书的完整引用例子：Fitzgerald, F. (2004). The great Gatsby. New York: Scribner.Harvard Reference格式参考列表是为了让读者自己定位原始资料而创建的。

引用列表中的每个引用包括各种信息，包括：作者姓名发表年份标题城市出版出版者引用内容的页码通常，哈佛参考文献列表引用遵循以下格式：姓，首字母。

（发表年份）标题。

城市：出版商，页面。

引文按照作者姓氏的字母顺序列出。

如果同一作者有多个来源，则在出版之日前按照顺序列出引文。

引用两个或两个以上作者的书的Harvard格式引用具有多个作者的引文时，请按照它们在来源上的显示顺序进行排列。

用“和”来分隔名字。

姓，首字母和姓氏，第一首。

（发表年份）标题。

城市：出版商，页面。

例：Desikan, S. and Ramesh, G. (2006). Software testing. Bangalore, India: Dorling Kindersley, p.156.Vermaat, M., Sebok, S., Freund, S., Campbell, J. and Frydenberg, M. (2014). Discovering computers. Boston: Cengage Learning, pp.446-448.Daniels, K., Patterson, G. and Dunston, Y. (2014). The ultimate student teaching guide. 2nd ed. Los Angeles: SAGE Publications, pp.145-151.Harvard Reference格式参考文献列表当同一作者有多件作品时，按年份排列引用次序。

harvard references style参考文献格式 (2)

harvard references style参考文献格式引言概述:
学术写作中，准确引用参考文献是非常重要的。

哈佛引用格式是一种常用的引用风格，被广泛应用于各个学科领域。

本文将详细介绍哈佛引用格式的要点和规范，以帮助读者正确引用参考文献。

正文内容:
1. 引用作者姓名和出版年份
1.1 在引用中包含作者姓名和出版年份
1.2 作者姓名的格式
1.3 出版年份的格式
2. 引用文献的题目和来源
2.1 引用文献题目的格式
2.2 引用期刊文章的来源
2.3 引用书籍的来源
3. 引用文献的出版信息
3.1 引用期刊文章的出版信息
3.2 引用书籍的出版信息
3.3 引用网页的出版信息
4. 引用文献的页码和章节
4.1 引用期刊文章的页码
4.2 引用书籍的页码
4.3 引用章节的页码
5. 引用文献的网址和访问日期
5.1 引用在线文章的网址
5.2 引用在线书籍的网址
5.3 引用网页的访问日期
总结:
哈佛引用格式是学术写作中常用的引用风格，准确引用参考文献对于确保学术诚信和研究成果的可追溯性至关重要。

在引用中，应包含作者姓名和出版年份，并正确格式化。

此外，引用文献的题目、来源、出版信息、页码、网址和访问日期也需要遵循特定的规范。

正确使用哈佛引用格式不仅能提升学术写作的质量，还能使读者更方便地查阅和验证引用的文献来源。

因此，在进行学术写作时，务必遵循哈佛引用格式的要求，以确保引用的准确性和一致性。

harvard引用格式

harvard引用格式
在Harvard格式中引用：
·边距：2.5厘米
·缩短标题后跟页眉中的页码，向右对齐
·每个新段落½英寸缩进(按标签栏)
·建议的字体：Times New Roman，Arial和Courier Windows;T imes New Roman，Helvetica和Courier for Mac，12pt尺寸。

确保引文与其余作品的字体相同
采用Harvard引用格式时，若文章的主体中插入引用，陈述，统计及任何其他类型的源信息，应该在提供的信息之后或句子结尾处，在括号内提供作者的姓氏和出版日期；若已经提过这个作者，那么只在括号中输入发表年份，直接在作者的姓氏后面提到即可；若引用的是某个特定部分而不是整个作品，则应该在日期之后引用页码或页码范围；若信息来源有四个或者是更多的作者，不需要写出所有的姓氏，只需要使用一个作者的姓氏，后面跟着缩写“et al”用斜体表示。