Chapter2-10
数学专业英语2-10翻译
Although dependence and independence are properties of sets of elements, we also apply these terms to the elements themselves. For example, the elements in an independent set are called independent elements.虽然相关和无关是元素集的属性，我们也适用于这些元素本身。
例如，在一个独立设定的元素被称为独立元素。
If s is finite set, the foregoing definition agrees with that given in Chapter 8 for the space n V . However, the present definition is not restricted to finite sets.如果S 是有限集，同意上述定义与第8章中给出的空间n V ，然而，目前的定义不局限于有限集。
If a subset T of a set S is dependent, then S itself is dependent. This is logically equivalent to the statement that every subset of an independent set is independent.如果集合S 的子集T 是相关的，然后S 本身是相关的，这在逻辑上相当于每一个独立设置的子集是独立的语句。
If one element in S is a scalar multiple of another, then S is dependent. 如果S 中的一个元素是另一个集中的多个标量的，则S 是相关的。
If S ∈0,then S is dependent. 若S ∈0，则 S 是相关的。
英语《阅读教程》第一册答案
P35-4 1.weather 2.slowly 3.typical 4.extreme 5.temperatures 6.storms 7.floods 8.rain 9.damage 10.worse
P53
1
1.diet 2.diet 3.fast food 4.universal 5.tacos and burrios 6.diabetes 7.low-carb diet plex carbohydrates 9.soy products 10.dairy
5) Some examples of directions from residents of the American Midwest are “Take this road here. Go straight north for two miles,” or, “Keep to the left around the curve. Then merge with Local Route 12 .”
w 7.public 8.restaurants 9.habits 10.health
Chapter 5
Part 1
5) A. family in the past
1. biometeorologists 2.atmosphere 3.rain,snow,humidity, air pressure 4.weather 5.strokes 6. sudden stopping of the heart 7.flu 8.lungs 9. emotional conditions and feelings 10. Seasonal Affective Disorder, long periods of darkness
chapter2合同条款拟定(1)-品质、数量和包装
❖ 皮蛋按重量、大小分为套、 排、特、顶、大五级。
❖ 其中套为每千只重量大于
75公斤，每减少5公斤就
减一级。
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（3）用标准（standard）表示
标准是指经政府机关或工商业团体统 一制定和公布的规格或等级。在国外， 标准除了由政府机构和国际上的标准化 组织颁布外，有的由行业公会、贸易协 会或商品交易所制定。
样品买卖，又凭规格买卖的方法成交。 ( × )
❖ 4．在合同中规定的品质机动幅度和品质公差范围
√ 2020/1内0/7 ，货物的品质差异一王志般华改编不另行增减价格。( )36
§ 2.2 商品的数量（quantity）
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❖ 《联合国国际货物销售公
约》规定，按约定的数量
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练习 判断改错
❖ 1．某外商来电要我提供芝麻一批，按含油量45％， 含水分12％，杂质3％的规格订立合同，对此，在
一般情况下，我方可以接受。 ( ×)
❖ 2．按照买方来样复制一样品供买方确认，这一样
品称为复样。 ( × )
❖ 3．在出口贸易中，为了明确责任，最好采用既凭
❖ 选用合适的品名：为降低关税、方便进
出口和节省运费开支，应选用于我方有
利的品名（虎骨木瓜酒）。
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例1 品名：东北大豆 Name of Commodity：Northeast Soybean
例2 品名：中国桐油 Name of Commodity：Chinese Tong Oil
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暗之探险队主角选择流程攻略 (2)
主角タイプ(姓名)..............♂(男).............♀(女)フシギダネ(妙蛙种子)...さみしがり(孤独)....すなお(坦率)ヒトカゲ(小火龙).......すなお(坦率)........ゆうかん(勇敢)ゼニガメ(杰尼龟).......きまぐれ(浮躁)......ずぶとい(大胆)ピカチュウ(皮卡丘) .....ゆうかん(勇敢)......せっかち(急躁)ニャース(喵喵).........なまいき(狂妄)......のんき(悠闲)チコリータ(菊草叶).....おだやか(沉着)......れいせい(冷静)ヒノアラシ(火球鼠）....おくびょう(胆小)....おだやか(沉着) ワニノコ(小锯鳄）......ようき(开朗)........なまいき(狂妄)キモリ(草蜥蜴）........れいせい(冷静)......がんばりや(实干)アチャモ(小火鸡）......がんばりや(实干)....うっかりや(马虎) ミズゴロウ(水跃鱼）....うっかりや(马虎)....さみしがり(孤独) エネコ(向尾猫）........せっかち(急噪)......むじゃき(天真)ナエトル(嫩叶龟).......ずぶとい(大胆)......おくびょう(胆小)ヒコザル(小火猴）......むじゃき(天真)......わんぱく(淘气)ポッチャマ(圆企鹅）....わんぱく(淘气)......きまぐれ(浮躁)ゴンベ(刚比兽).........のんき(悠闲)........ようき(开朗)1、（明天有重要的考试，你会……）A:（通宵熬夜学习）→(实干+2)B:（听天由命）→(悠闲+2)C:（怎么？忽然觉得发烧了？）→(胆小+1)2、（和一个没怎么交谈的朋友独处在一起，你会）A:（聊天）→(沉着+1 实干+1)B:（不说话）→(浮躁+1)C:（说个理由闪人）→(胆小+2)3、（你是否有一堆买时觉得不错可已经用不上的东西？）A:（是的）→(浮躁+2 马虎+1 急噪+1)B:（不是）→(冷静+1)4、（有一块过期一天的蛋糕。
新英汉翻译教程-----Chapter-10-长句翻译PPT课件
10. 1. 2 逆译法 (Translation in Reverse Order)
•
逆着或基本逆着原文的词序或句序进行翻译，词序
与思维方式和表达习惯有关。在翻译较长的英语句子时，
将分句或一些从属成分倒置译是常见的翻译方法。
•
汉语时空观上大体遵循逆序法，即由大至小，由远
及近，由重而轻；而英语的时空观大体遵循顺序法在表达
• 2. As for the unfortunate people who can command everything they want, who can gratify every caprice and lay their hands on almost every object of desire—for them a new pleasure, a new excitement is only an additional satiation.
4
例1：The successful testing of atomic and hydrogen
bombs and guided missile and the launching and accurate recovery of man-made earth satellites are important indications of our new level in science and technology.
terms in the field of mathematics, in order that he may
be able to build up the foundation of the mathematical
subject and master it well for pursuing advanced study.
chapter_10
Marginal Revenue 边际收益
1
2
3
4
5
6
7 Output
Slide 10
Chapter 10
Monopoly 垄断
Observations 1) To increase sales the price must fall 为增加销售，价格必须降低 2) MR < P 边际收益低于价格 3) Compared to perfect competition
Chapter 10 Slide 23
A Rule of Thumb for Pricing 定价的一个简单法则
Q ∆ P = 1 4. ∆Q E P d 1 5 . MR = P + P E d
Chapter 10
Slide 24
$
C t' R
400
300 c’ 200 150 100 50 0
Chapter 10
t Profits
c 5
10
15
20 Quantity
Slide 18
Example of Profit Maximization 利润最大化的例子
Observations
Slope of rr’ = slope cc’ and they are parallel at 10 units Profits are maximized at 10 units P = $30, Q = 10, TR = P x Q = $300 AC = $15, Q = 10, TC = AC x Q = 150 Profit = TR - TC $150 = $300 - $150
Chapter 10
《战争机器2》枪械、系统资料大全
《战争机器2》枪械、系统资料大全1。
Green as Grass - Train the rook (any difficulty) - 10 G像草一般绿－任何难度完成搭乘rook的任务10G2。
It's a Trap! - Story progression in Act 1, Chapter 2 - 10 G这是个陷阱！完成第2章第1场景10G3。
Escort Service - Story progression in Act 1, Chapter 4 - 10 G护送服务－完成第4章第1场景10G4。
Girl About Town - Story progression in Act 1, Chapter 6 - 10 G城中的女孩－完成第6章第1场景10G5。
That Sinking Feeling - Story progression in Act 2, Chapter 4 - 10 G那恶心的感觉－完成第4章第2场景10G6。
Freebaird! - Story progression in Act 2, Chapter 5 - 10 G解救Baird －完成第5章第2场景10G7。
Heartbroken - Story progression in Act 2, Chapter 6 - 10 G伤心－完成第6章第2场景10G8。
Longitude and Attitude - Story progression in Act 3, Chapter 3 - 10 G经度和纬度－完成第3章第3场景10G9。
Tanks for the Memories - Story progression in Act 3, Chapter 4 - 10 G坦克作为留念－完成第4章第3场景10G10。
Water Sports - Story progression in Act 3, Chapter 6 - 10 G水上运动－完成第6章第3场景10G11。
徐美荣外贸英语函电Chapter2_所有知识点及课后答案
Notes1. owe…to… 将…归功于承蒙…告知你方名称和地址W e owe your name and address to the Chamber of Commerce in your city.to be indebted to … for your name and addressto come to know the name and address of your firm throughthrough the courtesy of … we come to know your name and addressto have obtained your name and address from…to have noted your name and addressto be recommended to sb. by …on the recommendation of …2. inform sb. that 通知某人某事inform sb of sth. 通知某人某事be informed that 兹通知你方Y ou are informed that …3. be in the market for 欲购；想买4. in the hope of doing 希望（后接动名词）5. ① a government-owned corporation（enterprise）国有公司/企业= a state-operated corporation / a public-owned corporation②a private corporation 私有公司/ 企业6. handle v. 经营（某种或某类商品）=to trade in / be dealing in /be in the (chemical )line（n. 行业）7. acquaint v. 熟悉了解to acquaint sb. with sth. 使某人了解某事be/get well acquainted with sth. 熟悉（了如指掌）8.on the basis of equality, mutual benefit and exchange of needed goods在平等互利，互通有无的基础上9.avail oneself to =make use of 利用10.enclose v. 随函附上11.through mutual efforts 通过共同努力= by joint efforts12.Export List 出口清单13.trade v.to trade in sth . 买卖Eg : trade in goods 货物交易to trade with sb. 与……交易；做生意trade policy 贸易政策foreign trade policy 外贸政策14.sole agent 独家代理敬启者：得知贵公司行名和地址我们要感激英国驻北京大使馆商务参赞处，他们告知我们你公司拟购买丝绸女衫。
Part2-10—Payasyougo（PAYG）instalments
PAYG INSTALMENTEXTRACTPart 2-10—Pay as you go (PAYG) instalmentsDivision 45—Instalment paymentsTable of SubdivisionsGuide to Division 45rules45-A Basic45-B When instalments are due45-C Working out instalment amountspayers45-D Quarterlypayers45-E Annual45-F Varying the instalment rate for quarterly payers who pay on the basis of instalment income 45-G General interest charge payable in certain cases if instalments are too low45-H Partnershipincome45-I Trust income included in instalment income of beneficiary45-J How Commissioner works out your instalment rate and notional tax45-K How Commissioner works out your benchmark instalment rate and benchmark tax45-L How Commissioner works out amount of quarterly instalment on basis of GDP-adjusted notional tax45-M How amount of quarterly instalment is worked out on basis of your estimate of your benchmark tax45-N How this Part applies to the trustee of a trustrules45-P Anti-avoidance45-Q General rules for consolidated groups45-R Special rules for consolidated groupsgroups45-S MECGuide to Division 4545-1 What this Division is aboutIf you have business or investment income, you must pay instalments towards your income taxliability. However, you do not have to do so unless the Commissioner has given you aninstalment rate. Generally, instalments are payable for each quarter of your income year.Your instalments may be based on your previous year’s income tax liability and notified to youby the Commissioner, or on your estimate of your income tax liability for the current incomeyear. (In this case, you are a quarterly payer who pays on the basis of GDP adjusted notionaltax). Generally, four quarterly instalments are payable annually on this basis, but you may onlybe required to pay two.If you are not eligible to pay instalments on that basis, or if you are so eligible but choose not todo so, you must work out the amount of your quarterly instalment by multiplying yourinstalment income for an instalment quarter by the rate the Commissioner gave you, or by a rateyou choose yourself. (In this case, you are a quarterly payer who pays on the basis of instalmentincome).If you are not required to be registered for GST purposes, you may be able to choose to pay anannual instalment after the end of the income year. (In this case, you are an annual payer).The amount of annual instalment can be your instalment income for the income year multipliedby the rate the Commissioner gave you, or an amount based on your previous year’s income taxliability and notified to you by the Commissioner, or your own estimate of your income taxliability for the income year.45-5 Object of this Part(1) The object of this Part is to ensure the efficient collection of:tax;andincome(a)andlevy;Medicare(b)(c) amounts of liabilities to the Commonwealth under Chapter 5A of the Higher EducationFunding Act 1988; and(ca) amounts of liabilities to the Commonwealth under Chapter 4 of the Higher Education Support Act 2003; and(d) amounts of liabilities to the Commonwealth under Part 2B.3 of the Social Security Act1991; and(e) amounts of liabilities to the Commonwealth under Division 6 of Part 4A of the StudentAssistance Act 1973;through the application of the principles set out in the rest of this section.(2) As you earn *instalment income, you pay instalments after the end of each *instalment quarterworked out on the basis of your instalment income for that quarter if you are required or chooseto work out your instalment on this basis. However, you may be able to pay an amount notifiedby the Commissioner. (There are exceptions to this).(3) The total of your instalments for an income year is as close as possible to the total of yourliabilities for the income year that are covered by subsection (1), except so far as the amounts ofthose liabilities are attributable to a *net capital gain. (The exception does not apply to theentities listed in subsections 45-120(2) and (2A) or the net capital gains specified in subsection45-120(2B).)(4) Consequently, the additional amounts you have to pay to discharge those liabilities, after anassessment of your income tax for the income year is made, are as low as possible.(5) If you are a *quarterly payer who pays on the basis of instalment income, the amount of each ofyour instalments for an income year is the same proportion (as nearly as possible, subject to theprinciples in subsections (3) and (4)) of the total of those instalments as your *instalmentincome for that *instalment quarter is of your total instalment income for the income year.(6) When instalments are payable, and how their amount is calculated, are the same for differentkinds of entities, except as expressly provided.penalises an entity whose tax position, so far as it relates to PAYG instalments and45-PNote: Subdivisionrelated matters, is altered by a scheme that is inconsistent with the object of this Part.。
ATA章节中英对照
Chapter 1 –Brief History of AviationChapter 2 –DeregulationChapter 3 –Structure of the IndustryChapter 4 –Airline EconomicsChapter 5 –How Aircraft FlyChapter 6 –SafetyChapter 7 –SecurityChapter 8 –AirportsChapter 9 –Air Traffic ControlChapter 10 –Airlines and the Environment5章时间限制、维修检查(Time Limits,Maint. Checks) 6章尺寸和区域(Dimensions and Access Panels)7章顶起和支撑(Lifting and Shoring)8章对准和称重(Leveling and Weighing)9章飞机拖曳(Towing and Taxiing)10章飞机停场，系留，封存(Parking,Mooring,Storage) 11章标牌和铭记(Placards and Markings)12章勤务(Servicing)20章标准施工---机体(Standard Practices---Airframe) 21章空调（Air Conditioning）22章自动飞行（Auto Flight）23章通讯（Communications）24章电源（Electrical Power）25章设备/装饰（Equipment/Furnishings）26章 .防火(Fire Protection)27章飞行操纵（Flight Controls）28章燃油（Fuel）29章液压源（Hydraulic Power）30章防冰和排雨（Ice and Rain Protection）31章指示/记录系统（Indicating/Recording system）32章起落架(Landing Gear)33章灯光（Lights）34章导航（Navigation）35章氧气(Oxygen)36章气源(Pneumatic)37章真空（Vacuum）38章水/污水（Water/waste）45章中央维护系统（Central maintenance System）49章机载辅助动力装置(Airborne Auxiliary Power)51章结构与标准施工(Structures & Standard Practices) 52章舱门(Doors)53章机身(Fuselage)54章发动机吊舱/吊架(Nacelles/Pylons)55章稳定装置 (Stabilizers)安定面56章窗户(Windows)57章机翼(Wings)70章标准施工—发动机(Standard Practices—Engines)71章动力装置(Power Plant( Package))72章发动机（内部）(Engine (Internals))73章发动机燃油和控制(Engine Fuel and Control)74章点火装置(Ignition)75章发动机空气(Air)76章发动机操纵(Engine Controls)77章发动机指示(Engine Indicating)78章排气系统(Exhaust)79章发动机滑油系统(Oil)80章发动机起动(Starting)82章注水(Water Injecting)91章图表（不同性质的）(Charts (Miscellaneous))01 INTRODUCTION05 PERIODIC INSPECTIONS06 DIMENSIONS AND AREAS07 LIFTING AND SHORING08 LEVELING AND WEIGHING09 TOWING AND TAXIING10 PARKING, MOORING, STORAGE AND RETURN TO SERVICE11 PLACARDS AND MARKINGS12 SERVICING - ROUTINE MAINTENANCE18 VIBRATION AND NOISE ANALYSIS (HELICOPTER ONLY)20 STANDARD PRACTICES - AIRFRAME21 AIR CONDITIONING22 AUTO FLIGHT23 COMMUNICATIONS24 ELECTRICAL POWER25 EQUIPMENT / FURNISHINGS26 FIRE PROTECTION27 FLIGHT CONTROLS28 FUEL29 HYDRAULIC POWER30 ICE AND RAIN PROTECTION31 INDICATING / RECORDING SYSTEMS32 LANDING GEAR33 LIGHTS34 NAVIGATION35 OXYGEN36 PNEUMATIC37 VACUUM38 WATER / WASTE39 ELECTRICAL - ELECTRONIC PANELS AND MULTIPURPOSE COMPONENTS 41 WATER BALLAST45 CENTRAL MAINTENANCE SYSTEM (CMS)46 INFORMATION SYSTEMS49 AIRBORNE AUXILIARY POWER51 STANDARD PRACTICES AND STRUCTURES - GENERAL52 DOORS53 FUSELAGE54 NACELLES / PYLONS55 STABILIZERS56 WINDOWS57 WINGS60 STANDARD PRACTICES - PROPELLER / ROTOR61 PROPELLERS / PROPULSORS62 MAIN ROTOR(S)63 MAIN ROTOR DRIVE(S)64 TAIL ROTOR65 TAIL ROTOR DRIVE66 ROTOR BLADE AND TAIL PYLON FOLDING67 ROTORS FLIGHT CONTROL70 STANDARD PRACTICES - ENGINE71 POWER PLANT - GENERAL72 ENGINE72(T) ENGINE - TURBINE / TURBOPROP, DUCTED FAN / UNDUCTED FAN72(R) ENGINE - RECIPROCATING73 ENGINE - FUEL AND CONTROL74 IGNITION75 BLEED AIR76 ENGINE CONTROLS77 ENGINE INDICATING78 EXHAUST79 OIL80 STARTING81 TURBINES (RECIPROCATING ENGINES)82 WATER INJECTION83 ACCESSORY GEAR BOXES (ENGINE DRIVEN)84 PROPULSION AUGMENTATION91 CHARTS5章时间限制、维修检查(Time Limits,Maint. Checks)6章尺寸和区域(Dimensions and Access Panels)7章顶起和支撑(Lifting and Shoring)8章对准和称重(Leveling and Weighing)9章飞机拖曳(Towing and Taxiing)10章飞机停场，系留，封存(Parking,Mooring,Storage)11章标牌和铭记(Placards and Markings)12章勤务(Servicing)BMS3-33润滑脂的介绍/posts/35/topic-0045-359438.html20章标准施工---机体(Standard Practices---Airframe)21章空调(Air Conditioning)空调出口温度高/posts/35/topic-0045-359394.html[原创]关于737-300/500的空调/posts/35/topic-0045-356247.htmlPACK空中超温，会有那些原因引起呢？（专业贴）/posts/35/topic-0045 -359163.html22章自动飞行(Auto Flight)737NG的Y/D故障分析供大家参考/posts/72/topic-0045-729542.html 23章通讯(Communications)24章电源(Electrical Power)IDG和GEN /posts/35/topic-0045-358102.html737-300 B2972电源及APU自动关车排故思路之分析/posts/182/topic-0 045-1827865.html25章设备/装饰(Equipment/Furnishings)26章防火(Fire Protection)有关737灭火瓶...... /posts/35/topic-0045-357937.htmlAPU火警探测/posts/35/topic-0045-357662.html27章飞行操纵(Flight Controls)28章燃油(Fuel)737飞机燃油浮子电门/posts/35/topic-0045-359544.html29章液压源(Hydraulic Power)液压问题/posts/35/topic-0045-359382.html关于液压保险在液压管路的作用和位置？请教/posts/35/topic-0045-3592 99.html液压系统故障/posts/35/topic-0045-359411.html30章防冰和排雨(Ice and Rain Protection)31章指示/记录系统(Indicating/Recording system)32章起落架(Landing Gear)如何延长飞机轮胎的使用寿命/posts/35/topic-0045-358979.html前轮磨损/posts/35/topic-0045-359232.html谁能说说金属刹车片和碳刹车片的优缺点？/posts/35/topic-0045-358669. html请问哪位对防滞刹车结构熟悉的，简单介绍一下，谢谢那里有资料，网上有吗？http://bbs. /posts/35/topic-0045-359091.html请教:飞机换轮子的时候为什么要转动轮子? /posts/177/topic-0045-177 5484.html一起B737-300飞机使用自动速度刹车时，AUTO SPEED BRAKE 跳开关跳开http://bbs.fee /posts/103/topic-0045-1038900.html33章灯光(Lights)34章导航(Navigation)35章氧气(Oxygen)36章气源(Pneumatic)一起引气故障导致的增压故障（B737NG）/posts/103/topic-0045-1035067. html37章真空(Vacuum)38章水/污水(Water/waste)45章中央维护系统(Central maintenance System)49章机载辅助动力装置(Airborne Auxiliary Power)APU启动不起来了! /posts/35/topic-0045-357370.htmlAPU维护灯亮/posts/35/topic-0045-357331.html51章结构与标准施工(Structures & Standard Practices)52章舱门(Doors)53章机身(Fuselage)54章发动机短舱/吊架(Nacelles/Pylons)55章稳定装置(Stabilizers)56章窗户(windows)[讨论]玻璃上裂纹深度的测量？？/posts/35/topic-0045-350765.html57章机翼(wings)70章标准施工---发动机(Standard Practices---Engines)71章动力装置(Power Plant (Package))IAEV2500系列发动机试车总结/posts/85/topic-0045-850361.html72章发动机（内部）(Engine (Internals))73章发动机燃油和控制(Engine Fuel and Control)74章点火装置(Ignition)75章发动机空气(Air)76章发动机操纵(Engine Controls)77章发动机指示(Engine Indicating)78章排气系统(Exhaust)737反推故障/posts/35/topic-0045-357397.html79章发动机滑油系统(Oil)80章发动机起动(Starting)82章注水(Water Injecting)91章图表（不同性质的）(Charts (Miscellaneous))ATA Specification 22001 *Reserved for Airline Use2 *Reserved for Airline Use3 *Reserved for Airline Use4 *Reserved for Airline Use5 TIME LIMITS/ MAINTENANCE CHECKS-00 General-10 Time Limits-20 Scheduled Maintenance Checks-30 & -40 Reserved-50 Unscheduled Maintenance checks6 DIMENSIONS AND AREAS7 LIFTING & SHORING-00 General-10 Jacking-20 Shoring8 LEVELING & WEIGHING-00 General-10 Weighing and Balancing-20 Leveling9 TOWING & TAXIING-00 General-10 Towing-20 Taxiing10 PARKING, MOORING, STORAGE & RETURN TO SERVICE -00 General-10 Parking/Storage-20 Mooring-30 Return to Service11 PLACARDS AND MARKINGS-00 General-10 Exterior Color Schemes and Markings-20 Exterior Placards and Markings-30 Interior Placards12 SERVICING-00 General-10 Replenishing-20 Scheduled Servicing-30 Unscheduled Servicing13 *Unassigned14 *Unassigned15 *Unassigned16 *Unassigned17 *Unassigned18 VIBRATION AND NOISE ANALYSIS (HELICOPTER ONLY) -00 GENERAL --10 VIBRATION ANALYSIS-20 NOISE ANALYSIS19 *Unassigned20 STANDARD PRACTICES-AIRFRAME-90 *Reserved for Airline Use21 AIR CONDITIONING-00 General-10 Compression-20 Distribution-30 Pressurization Control-40 Heating-50 Cooling-60 Temperature Control-70 Moisture/Air Contaminant22 AUTO FLIGHT-00 General-10 Autopilot-20 Speed-Attitude Correction-30 Auto Throttle-40 System Monitor-50 Aerodynamic Load Alleviating23 COMMUNICATIONS-00 General-10 Speech Communications-15 SATCOM-20 Data Transmission and Automatic Calling -30 Comfort-40 Interphone-50 Audio Integrating-60 Static Discharging-70 Audio & Video Monitoring-80 Integrated Automatic24 ELECTRICAL POWER-00 General-10 Generator Drive-20 AC Generation-30 DC Generation-40 External Power-50 AC Electrical Load Distribution-60 DC Electrical Load Distribution25 EQUIPMENT/FURNISHINGS-00 General-10 Flight Compartment-20 Passenger Compartment-30 Galley-40 Lavatories-50 Additional Compartments-60 Emergency-70 Available-80 Insulation26 FIRE PROTECTION-00 General-10 Detection-20 Extinguishing-30 Explosion Suppression27 FLIGHT CONTROLS-00 General-10 Aileron & Tab-20 Rudder & Tab-30 Elevator & Tab-40 Horizontal Stabilizer-50 Flaps-60 Spoiler, Drag Devices and Variable Aerodynamic Fairings -70 Gust Lock & Dampener-80 Lift Augmenting28 FUEL-00 General-10 Storage-20 Distribution-30 Dump-40 Indicating29 HYDRAULIC POWER-00 General-10 Main-20 Auxiliary-30 Indicating30 ICE AND RAIN PROTECTION-00 General-10 Airfoil-20 Air Intakes-30 Pitot and Static-40 Windows, Windshields and Doors-50 Antennas and Radomes-60 Propellers/Rotors-70 Water Lines-80 Detection31 INDICATING/RECORDING SYSTEMS-00 General-10 Instrument & Control Panels-20 Independent Instruments-30 Recorders-40 Central Computers-50 Central Warning Systems-60 Central Display Systems-70 Automatic Data Reporting Systems 32 LANDING GEAR-00 General-10 Main Gear and Doors-20 Nose Gear and Doors-30 Extension and Retraction-40 Wheels and Brakes-50 Steering-60 Position and Warning-70 Supplementary Gear33 LIGHTS-00 General-10 Flight Compartment-20 Passenger Compartment-30 Cargo and Service Compartments -40 Exterior-50 Emergency Lighting34 NAVIGATION-00 General-10 Flight Environment-20 Attitude & Direction-30 Landing and Taxiing Aids-40 Independent Position Determining -50 Dependent Position Determining -60 Flight Management Computing35 OXYGEN-00 General-10 Crew-20 Passenger-20 Passenger-30 Portable36 PNEUMATIC-00 General-10 Distribution-20 Indicating37 VACUUM-00 General-10 Distribution-20 Indicating38 WATER/WASTE-00 General-10 Potable-20 Wash-30 Waste Disposal-40 Air Supply39 *Unassigned40 *Unassigned41 WATER BALLAST-00 General-10 Storage-20 Dump-30 Indication42 *Unassigned43 *Unassigned44 CABIN SYSTEMS-00 General-10 Cabin Core System-20 Inflight Entertainment System-30 External Communication System-40 Cabin Mass Memory System-50 Cabin Monitoring System-60 Miscellaneous Cabin System45 CENTRAL MAINTENANCE SYSTEM-00 General-5 thru -19 CMS/Aircraft General-20 thru -49 CMS/Airframe Systems-45 Central Maintenance System-50 thru -59 CMS/Structures-60 thru -69 CMS/Propellers-70 thru -89 CMS/Power Plant45INFORMATION SYSTEMS-00 General-10 Airplane General Information Systems -20 Flight Deck Information Systems-30 Maintenance Information Systems-40 Passenger Cabin Information Systems -50 Miscellaneous Information Systems47 *Unassigned48 *Unassigned49 AIRBORNE AUXILIARY POWER-00 General-10 Power Plant-20 Engine-30 Engine Fuel and Control-40 Ignition/Starting-50 Air-60 Engine Controls .-70 Indicating-80 Exhaust-90 Oil50 Cargo and Accessory Compartments-00 General-10 Cargo Compartments-20 Cargo Loading Systems-30 Cargo Related Systems-40 Available-50 Accessory-60 Insulation51 Standard Practices, General-00 General-10 Investigation, Cleanup and Aerodynamic Smoothness-20 Processes-30 Materials-40 Fasteners-50 Support of Airplane for Repair and Alignment Check Procedures -60 Control-Surface Balancing-70 Repairs-80 Electrical Bonding52 DOORS-00 General-10 Passenger/Crew-20 Emergency Exit-30 Cargo-40 Service and Miscellaneous-50 Fixed Interior-60 Entrance Stairs-70 Monitoring and Operation-80 Landing Gear53 FUSELAGE-00 General-10 thru -90 (As Required) Fuselage Sections54 NACELLES/PYLONS-00 General-10 thru -40 (As Required) Nacelle Section-50 thru -80 (As Required) Pylon55 STABILIZERS-00 General-10 Horizontal Stabilizer or Canard-20 Elevator-30 Vertical Stabilizer-40 Rudder56 WINDOWS-00 General-10 Flight Compartment-20 Passenger Compartment-30 Door-40 Inspection and Observation57 WINGS-00 General-10 Center Wing-20 Outer Wing-30 Wing Tip-40 Leading Edge and Leading Edge Devices -50 Trailing Edge Trailing Edge Devices -60 Ailerons and Elevons-70 Spoilers-80 (as required)-90 Wing Folding System58 *Unassigned59 *Reserved for Airline Use60 STANDARD PRACTICES - PROPELLER/ROTOR61 PROPELLERS/PROPULSION-00 General-10 Propeller Assembly-20 Controlling-30 Braking-40 Indicating-50 Propulsor Duct62 ROTOR(S)-00 General-10 Rotor blades-20 Rotor head(s)-30 Rotor Shaft(s)/Swashplate Assy(ies) -4063 ROTOR DRIVE(S)-00 General-10 Engine/Gearbox couplings-20 Gearbox(es)-30 Mounts, attachments-40 Indicating64 TAIL ROTOR-00 General-10* Rotor blades-20* Rotor head-30 Available-40 Indicating65 TAIL ROTOR DRIVE-00 General-10 Shafts-20 Gearboxes-30 Available-40 Indicating66 FOLDING BLADES/PYLON-00 General-10 Rotor blades-20 Tail pylon-30 Controls and Indicating67 ROTORS FLIGHT CONTROL-00 General-10 Rotor-20 Anti-torque Rotor control (Yaw control)-30 Servo-control System68 *Unassigned69*Unassigned70 STANDARD PRACTICES - ENGINES71 POWER PLANT-00 General-10 Cowling-30 Fireseals-40 Attach Fittings-50 Electrical Harness-60 Air Intakes-70 Engine Drains72 ENGINE TURBINE/TURBO PROP DUCTED FAN/UNDUCTED FAN-00 General-10 Reduction Gear, Shaft Section (Turbo-Prop and/or Front Mounted Gear Driven Propulsor)-20 Air Inlet Section-30 Compressor Section-40 Combustion Section-50 Turbine Section-60 Accessory Drives-70 By-pass Section-80 Propulsor Section (Rear Mounted)73 ENGINE FUEL AND CONTROL-00 General-10 Distribution-20 Controlling-30 Indicating74 IGNITION-00 General-10 Electrical Power-20 Distribution-30 Switching75 AIR-00 General-10 Engine Anti-Icing-20 Cooling-30 Compressor Control-40 Indicating76 ENGINE CONTROLS-00 General-10 Power Control-20 Emergency Shutdown77 ENGINE INDICATING-00 General-10 Power-20 Temperature-30 Analyzers That-40 Integrated Engine Instrument Systems 78 EXHAUST-00 General-10 Collector/Nozzle-20 Noise Suppressor-30 Thrust Reverser-40 Supplementary Air79 OIL-00 General-10 Storage-20 Distribution-30 Indicating80 STARTING-00 General-10 Cranking81 TURBINES-00 General-10 Power Recovery-20 Turbo-Supercharger82 WATER INJECTION-00 General-10 Storage-20 Distribution-30 Dumping and Purging-40 Indicating83 ACCESSORY GEAR-BOXES-00 General-10 Drive Shaft Section-20 Gearbox Section84 Propulsion Augmentation-00 General-10 Jet Assist Takeoff85 *Unassigned86 *Unassigned87 *Unassigned88 *Unassigned89 *Unassigned90 *Unassigned91 CHARTS92 *Unassigned93 *Unassigned94 *Unassigned95 *Reserved for Airline Use96 *Reserved for Airline Use97 WIRING REPORTING-00-00 General-01-00 Zone 100 Fuselage Lower-02-00 Zone 200 Fuselage Top-03-00 Zone 300 Stabilizers-04-00 Zone 400 Nacelles-Pylons-05-00 Zone 500 Left Wing-06-00 Zone 600 Right Wing-07-00 Zone 700 Landing Gear Compartment -08-00 Zone 800 Doors-09-00 Zone 900 Lavatories & Galleys-20-00 Electrical Standard Items/Practices -21-00 Air Conditioning - General-21-10 Compression-21-20 Distribution-21-30 Pressurization Control-21-40 Heating-21-50 Cooling-21-60 Temperature Control-21-70 Moisture/Air Contaminant Control-22-00 Auto Flight - General-22-10 Autopilot-22-20 Speed - Attitude Correction-22-30 Auto Throttle-22-40 System Monitors-22-50 Aerodynamic Load Alleviating-23-00 Communications - General-23-10 Speech Communications-23-15 SATCOM-23-20 Data Transmission and Automatic Calling-23-30 Passenger Address, Entertainment and Comfort-23-40 Interphone-23-50 Audio Integrating-23-60 Static Discharging-23-70 Audio and Video Monitoring-23-80 Integrated Automatic Tuning-24-00 Electrical Power - General-24-10 Generator Drive-24-20 AC Generation-24-30 DC Generation-24-40 External Power-24-50 AC Electrical Load Distribution-24-60 DC Electrical Load Distribution-25-00 Equipment/Furnishings - General-25-10 Flight Compartment-25-20 Passenger Compartment-25-30 Galley-25-40 Lavatories-25-60 Emergency-25-80 Insulation-26-00 Fire Protection - General-26-10 Detection-26-20 Extinguishing-26-30 Explosion Suppression-27-00 Flight Controls - General-27-10 Aileron & Tab-27-20 Rudder & Tab-27-30 Elevator & Tab-27-40 Horizontal Stabilizer-27-50 Flaps-27-60 Spoiler, Drag Devices and Variable Aerodynamic Fairings -27-70 Gust Lock & Dampener-27-80 Lift Augmenting-28-00 Fuel - General-28-10 Storage-28-20 Distribution-28-30 Dump-28-40 Indicating-29-00 Hydraulic Power - General-29-10 Main-29-20 Auxiliary-29-30 Indicating-30-00 Ice and Rain Protection - General-30-10 Airfoil-30-20 Air Intakes-30-30 Pitot and Static-30-40 Windows, Windshields and Doors-30-50 Antennas And Radomes-30-60 Propellers/Rotors-30-70 Water Lines-30-80 Detection-31-00 Indicating/Recording Systems - General -31-10 Instrument and Control Panels-31-20 Independent Instruments-31-30 Recorders-31-40 Central Computers-31-50 Central Warning Systems-31-60 Central Display Systems-31-70 Automatic Data Reporting Systems-32-00 Landing Gear- General-32-10 Main Gear and Doors-32-20 Nose Gear and Doors-32-30 Extension and Retraction-32-40 Wheels and Brakes-32-50 Steering-32-60 Position And Warning-32-70 Supplementary Gear-33-00 Lights - General-33-10 Flight Compartment-33-20 Passenger Compartment-33-30 Cargo and Service Compartments-33-40 Exterior-33-50 Emergency Lighting-34-00 Navigation - General-34-10 Flight Environment Data-34-20 Attitude & Direction-34-30 Landing and Taxiing Aids-34-40 Independent Position Determining-34-50 Dependent Position Determining-34-60 Flight Management Computing-35-00 Oxygen - General-35-10 Crew-35-20 Passenger-35-30 Portable-36-00 Pneumatic - General-36-10 Distribution-36-20 Indicating-37-00 Vacuum - General-37-10 Distribution-37-20 Indicating-38-00 Water/Waste - General-38-10 Potable-38-20 Wash-38-30 Waste Disposal-38-40 Air Supply-44-00 Cabin Systems - General-44-10 Cabin Core System-44-20 In-flight Entertainment System-44-30 External Communication System-44-40 Cabin Mass Memory System-44-50 Cabin Monitoring System-44-60 Miscellaneous Cabin System-45-00 Central Maintenance System (CMS) General -45-05 CMS/Aircraft General-45-20 CMS/Airframe Systems-45-45 Central Maintenance System-45-50 CMS/Structures-45-60 CMS/Propellers-45-70 CMS/Power Plant-46-00 Information Systems - General-46-10 Airplane General Information Systems-46-20 Flight Deck Information Systems-46-30 Maintenance Information Systems-46-40 Passenger Cabin Information Systems-46-50 Miscellaneous Information Systems-49-00 Airborne Auxiliary Power - General-49-10 Power Plant-49-20 Engine-49-30 Engine Fuel And Control-49-40 Ignition And Starting-49-50 Air-49-60 Engine Controls-49-70 Indicating-49-80 Exhaust-49-90 Oil-50-00 Cargo And Accessory Compartments General -50-10 Cargo Compartments-50-20 Cargo Loading Systems-50-30 Cargo Related Systems-50-40 Available-50-50 Accessory Compartments-50-60 Insulation-52-00 Doors - General-52-10 Passenger/Crew-52-20 Emergency Exit-52-30 Cargo-52-40 Service-52-50 Fixed Interior-52-60 Entrance Stairs-52-70 Door Warning-52-80 Landing Gear-53-00 Fuselage - General-54-00 Nacelles/Pylons - General-54-10 Nacelle Section-54-50 Pylon-55-00 Stabilizers - General-55-10 Horizontal Stabilizer or Canard-55-20 Elevator-55-30 Vertical Stabilizer-55-40 Rudder-56-00 Windows - General-56-10 Flight Compartment-56-20 Passenger Compartment-56-30 Door-56-40 Inspection and Observation-57-00 Wings - General-57-10 Center Wing-57-20 Outer Wing-57-30 Wing Tip-57-40 Leading Edge and Leading Edge Devices-57-50 Trailing Edge and Trailing Edge Devices -57-60 Ailerons-57-70 Spoilers-57-90 Wing Folding System-61-00 Propellers/Propulsors - General-61-10 Propeller Assembly-61-20 Controlling-61-30 Braking-61-40 Indicating-61-50 Propulsor Duct-62-00 Rotors-63-00 Rotor Drives-64-00 Tail Rotor-65-00 Tail Rotor Drive-66-00 Folding Blades/Pylon-67-00 Rotors Flight Control-71-00 Power Plant - General-71-10 Cowling-71-20 Mounts-71-30 Fire seals-71-40 Attach Fittings-71-50 Electrical Harness-71-60 Air Intakes-71-70 Engine Drains-72-00 Engine Turbine/Turbo Prop Ducted Fan/Unducted Fan-72-10 Reduction Gear, Shaft Section (Turbo-Prop and/or Front Mounted GearDriven Propulsor)-72-20 Air Inlet Section-72-30 Compressor Section-72-40 Combustion Section-72-50 Turbine Section-72-60 Accessory Drives-72-70 By-pass Section-72-80 Propulsor Section (Rear Mounted)-73-00 Engine Fuel And Control - General-73-10 Distribution-73-20 Controlling-73-30 Indicating-74-00 Ignition - General-74-10 Electrical Power Supply-74-20 Distribution-74-30 Switching-75-00 Air - General-75-10 Engine Anti-Icing-75-20 Cooling-75-30 Compressor Control-75-40 Indicating-76-00 Engine Controls - General-76-10 Power Control-76-20 Emergency Shutdown-77-00 Engine Indicating - General-77-10 Power-77-20 Temperature-77-30 Analyzers-77-40 Integrated Engine Instrument Systems -78-00 Exhaust - General-78-10 Collector/Nozzle-78-20 Noise Suppressor-78-30 Thrust Reverser-78-40 Supplementary Air-79-00 Oil - General-79-10 Storage-79-30 Indicating-80-00 Starting - General-80-10 Cranking98 *Reserved for Airline Use99 *Unassigned100 *Do not use101 *Do not use102 *Do not use103 *Do not use104 *Do not use105 *Do not use106 *Do not use107 *Do not use108 *Do not use109 *Do not use110 *Do not use111 *Do not use112 *Do not use113 *Do not use114 *Do not use115 Flight Simulator Systems。
CHAP10_Gruber2e
intergovernmental grants Payments from one level of government to another.
© 2007 Worth Publishers Public Finance and Public Policy, 2/e, Jonathan Gruber
© 2007 Worth Publishers Public Finance and Public Policy, 2/e, Jonathan Gruber
5 of 29
10 . 1
Chapter 10 State and Local Government Expenditures
Fiscal Federalism in the United States and Abroad
© 2007 Worth Publishers Public Finance and Public Policy, 2/e, Jonathan Gruber
8 of 29
10 . 2
Chapter 10 State and Local Government Expenditures
Optimal Fiscal Federalism
Zoning regulations protect the tax base of wealthy towns by pricing lower-income people out of the housing market.
© 2007 Worth Publishers Public Finance and Public Policy, 2/e, Jonathan Gruber
© 2007 Worth Publishers Public Finance and Public Policy, 2/e, Jonathan Gruber
Chapter 10 植物的逆境生理 2
10 植物的逆境生理名词解释1、生物逆境、非生物逆境【生物逆境】由昆虫、病原物和杂草引起的，不利于植物生长发育或生存的环境因子。
【非生物逆境】由干旱、水涝、低温、高温、盐碱等所致，不利于植物生长发育或生存的环境因子。
2、表型可塑性为同一基因型受环境的不同影响而产生的不同表型，是生物对环境的一种适应。
3、抗逆性、避逆性、御逆性、耐逆性【抗逆性】指植物对压力具有抵抗和忍耐的能力，包括御逆性，避逆性和耐逆性。
【避逆性】是植物一种既不利用代谢过程，也不利用能量来避免面对压力的方式。
例如沙漠中生命周期很短的植物可以通过休眠来有效地避免干旱胁迫。
【御逆性】指植物在长期压力条件下对形态、结构、生理和生化压力产生的永久抵抗。
【耐逆性】当植物对抗压力时，用形态、结构、生理学、生物化学或分子生物学来减少或修复损伤的抵抗反应。
4、直接伤害、间接伤害【直接伤害】严重的逆境，短时间作用产生的对植物生命结构（蛋白质、膜、核酸等）的不可逆伤害。
这时植物还来不及发生代谢上的改变。
如高温烫伤、冰冻等。
【间接伤害】较弱的逆境，长时间作用，可以把原来的弹性胁变转化为塑性胁变，造成伤害。
主要是代谢紊乱。
5、逆境激素、逆境蛋白【逆境激素】1.逆境的信号激素：植物体内ABA（脱落酸）含量与其抗性大小呈正相关，调节植物对逆境的适应性。
系统大量合成ABA，使生物膜稳定、延缓自由基清楚酶活性下降，促进渗透调节物质的积累，关闭气孔，减小蒸腾失水，调节逆境蛋白基因表达，促进逆境蛋白合成，提高抗逆性。
2.交叉适应的激素：诱导植物发生适应性的生理代谢变化，增强抗逆性，形成交叉适应性。
【逆境蛋白】逆境蛋白是直接参与植物对逆境的应答反应和修复过程，是直接保护植物细胞免受逆境伤害的效应分子。
属于逆境诱导型蛋白中的功能蛋白。
现已发现多种因素如高温、低温、干旱、病原菌、化学物质、缺氧、紫外线等能诱导形成新的蛋白质(或酶)，这些蛋白质统称为逆境蛋白。
6、交叉适应/交叉忍耐【交叉适应/交叉忍耐】指植物在经历某种逆境后，能提高对另一种逆境的抵抗能力。
第10章固定资产：取得和处置
Chapter 10-8
(7) 试运行成本
Acquisition of PP&E
E10-1 (variation):以下各项都是关于购置用于企业经营的土地、土地
改良以及建筑物而发生的一些支出和收入。 Classification (a) Money borrowed to pay building contractor (b) Payment for construction from note proceeds (c) Cost of land fill and clearing Notes Payable Building Land Land Building (Building)
Chapter 10-12
Acquisition of PP&E
资本化
历史成本要求，资产成本应该包使资产达到预定可使用状态所必需的
所有成本（包括利息）
资本化考虑下面三项: 1. 满足条件的资产
2. 资本化期间
3. 资本化的金额.
Chapter 10-13
Acquisition of PP&E
满足条件的资产
Acquisition of PP&E
Step 1 - 判断满足条件的资产.
特殊目的的设备符合要求因为需要一段时间来使其达到 预计可使用状态，并且是为公司经营而建造的。
Step 2 - 判定资本化期间.
资本化期间从 Jan. 1, 2011 到Dec. 31, 2011, 因为当建筑 活动开始，支出已经发生、利息成本也已经发生。
财产、厂房和设备，包括土地、建筑物结构（办公室、工 厂、仓库等）、设备（及其、储藏物、工具等）
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2.10 达朗伯佯谬－儒可夫斯基定理
完全流体中的圆柱不受升力和阻力的作用。
通过对圆柱表面的压力进行积分来证明。
考虑作用于２维物体单位长度上的力。
如图。
圆柱断面上点 上的微小中心角 形成的面积元为 （ 为圆柱的半径）。
作用于这上的力为 ，指向圆柱
中心。
P
θd θad dA =a
θ
pad
将这个力分解成 方向的成分 ， 方向
的成分
对它们从 到 进行积分，得到对单位长度圆柱在 和 方向的作用力分别为
x dX y dY θ
θcos ⋅=pad dX θ
θsin ⋅−=pad dY 0=θπ2x y ∫=π
θθ20cos d p a X ∫−=π
θθ20sin d p a Y
但是，真实气体中存在粘性，任何物体都受到阻力。
除了摩擦应力以外，压力分布也同完全流体不同。
两者的不同在物体的后端较大，像圆柱那样梯度很大的情况下更加明显。
用这时的压力分布进行积分，则 。
0≠X
圆柱绕流的流动重合
完全流体的均匀来流(a)＋围绕圆柱形成的循环流(b)＝有循环的流动(c)
(a)和(b)两种情况下都不存在力
而(c)的情况下则产生向上的力
原因：圆柱的上侧流动被加速，下侧流动被减速。
从伯努利定理得知，从同一状态出发的流体，速度大时压力小，速度小时压力大。
圆柱的上侧压力小，下侧压力大，因此产生向上的压力差。
例：乒乓球、网球、棒球等球类运动中。
使球旋转，由于粘性而产生循环，从而形成与前进方向垂直的力。
这种力使球行进方向偏转。
这种现象是由德国的物理学家马格纳斯发现，称为马格纳斯效果(Magnus effect)。
库塔－儒可夫斯基定理：
在速度为 的均匀来流中垂直放入２维物体，物体周围的环量为 ，流体的密度为 时，在与均匀来流和物体轴垂直方向，
物体单位长度产生 的力。
V
ΓρV ρΓ
将此式代入求力的公式，得
=X Γ=V Y ρ
图为真实气体中的旋转圆柱周围的流线图，产生伴流，并有阻力。
无论物体的形状如何，只要是周围有环量，就会产生垂直于流动方向的力。
机翼的升力也是由此产生的。
机翼是最有效地产生环量的物体。
将机翼放在静止的流体中，从静止状态渐渐加速，最终形成定常的，均匀来流，流过机翼。
(a)是流体为完全流体时的流线图。
流体在机翼后缘向上
卷起。
一般地，后缘薄而尖，流速很大。
因此压强十分低。
流体为空气等真实流体时，由于粘性作用，流体不能绕过后缘，逆压而上。
于是如(b)所示，向下游放出涡
这样，就形成了如(c)所示的在后缘平滑合流的流动。
(c) 流动可以分解成完全流体无环量流 (a)和
有环量流(d)。
机翼通过从后缘放出涡，而在机翼周围形成环量，产生有库塔－儒可夫斯基定理所表示的升力。
2.11 静的升力效果
气球、汽艇等轻航空机是利用静的升力而浮升。
飞机等重航空机也受到静的升力。
静的升力是由阿基米德定律给出的浮力，其大小等于物体排开流体的重量。
气体的情况下，比起动的升力来，静的浮力小得可以忽略不计。
而且，飞机机体内部空气的密度或是等于外部的，不能产生实质性升力。
必须像轻航空机那样，在气囊中充满比空气密度小的气体，才能产生有效的浮力。
静的浮力和动的升力两者产生的原因不同，但是都以压强的形式起作用。
如同伯努利定理那样，由流体的运动产生的动的升力和由重力而产生的浮力可以分
开来考虑。
如图所示。
均匀来流方向取 轴，重力方向取 轴，与两轴垂直方向取 轴。
流体密度 为一定的完全
流体。
x z
y
ρ
作用于物体表面上各轴方向的力的成分分别为
∫=A dA
Xθ
p
cos
∫−=A dA
θsin
p
Yϕ
sin
∫−=A A d
θsin
p
Zϕ
sin
各式的第２项积分，得 这里， 为物体的体积。
浮力 作用于 方向
∫=A dA z 0
cos θ∫=A dA z 0
sin sin ϕθ∫=A Q
dA z ϕθcos sin Q z gQ B ρ=B
作业
１ 速度为 的均匀来流中的机翼表面某点
的速度为 。
如果流体为不可压流。
问
这点的压力系数为多少。
２ 空气(1.225kg/m)在断面积减少的圆管内流动。
断面1的管的直径为50cm ，平均流速为30m/s ，压力为200kPa ，断面２的直径为30cm 。
求断面２的平均流速及压力。
V kV。