Ergonomics computer workstations

7大浪费经典介绍(中英文版)ppt课件

水=库存
Equipment
Downtime 设备停机时间
Poor layout 糟糕的厂区布局
Supplier Quality 供应商的质量
22
Low Down Inventory To Expose Problem
通过降库存暴露问题
库存水平
维修问题效率问题质量问题
交货问题
23
23
Waste of Motion
• Define and discuss value added and non-value added 定义和讨论“增值”与“非增值”
• Identify and discuss ways to eliminate waste 辨认和探讨消除浪费的方法
5
5
Identification of Waste 浪费的识别
Why? 为什么？
Therefore 因此
The greater the resistance 阻力越大
4
To improve we must continuously change 要提高就必须不断改进
For every action (change) there is an equal & opposite reaction 每一次用力（改变）都会有相应的反作用力
磨削工序
11
11
Value Added – Examples
增值案例
Is it Value Added (VA) or Non-Value Added (NVA)?
请判断是否增值？
VA增值 NVA不增值 Cutting operation
切削工序
Grinding operation

外文翻译---人机工程学与造型设计资料

Ergonomics and DesignModern high-tech society of rapid development, is gradually changing to the production of human life in every aspect the display of human greatness and strength to conquer unparalleled wisdom, but it has brought new human anguish and anxiety That is the feeling of loneliness, alienation and emotional imbalance. In a high-tech society, people would seek a balance -- a high-tech and high emotional balance, A high and high human rational balance. Technology progressed, the greater the desire to balance strong. So John that : "No matter where needed compensatory high emotion. Our high-tech society more We hope to create more high emotional environment, the techniques used to balance the software side of rigid side, " Such emotion and humanity to achieve balance, and human life as closely related to the design of the responsibility.Goods modeling and ergonomics is combined. They can be described as : Center for psychological, physiological radius, used to establish and things (products) harmonious relations between the way to maximize the potential of excavation, a comprehensive and balanced use of muscle energy, the protection of human health, and thereby increase productivity. From the context of industrial design, the big aerospace systems, urban planning, infrastructure construction, factory automation, mechanical equipment, transport, small furniture, clothing, stationery and flower pots, cups, bowls and chopsticks production, such as the creation of life with the "objects" in the design and manufacture must take the "human factor" as an important condition to consider. If the product categories divided into professional supplies and general supplies, professional supplies in ergonomics, on the other hand, there will be more consideration, It relies a lot on the level of physiology; and general products it must balance the psychological problems need more aesthetic and the design trend, which is to be the product of human nature-based demand.Ergonomics application areas :1 computer terminal : Design and layout : computer products and peripherals design and layout, computer terminal workstations, display equipment and rules of the screen health and safety, ergonomic office environment;2 industrial design application, "Information design and market / user research, medical equipment, seating comfort and design study seating design and classification, classification and selection of furniture;3 man-machine interface design and evaluation : the man-machine interface design and development, knowledge systems, man-machine interface forms, HCI/MMI prototype GUI prototype4 computer terminals : Design and layout : computer products and peripherals design and layout, computer terminal workstations, display equipment and rules of the screen health and safety, ergonomic office environment;5 office ergonomics and design : office automation, office equipment and office design, layout and ergonomics;other special ergonomic applications : nuclear energy, the military man-machine engineering, process control, cultural surveys and research methods Automatic Speech Recognition；,Many aspects of the application of ergonomics.Well, for a product is how to evaluate it in ergonomics standard with regard? Germany design center, for example, in selecting the annual quality products, ergonomic set on the following criteria :1) products and human dimensions, shape and strength match;2) the product is easy to manage and make good use;3) to prevent the use of operator injury and accidents at the wrong time with the danger;4) the practical operation of the units; placement of the components on the significance of it can no doubt be identified and tracked;5) whether or not the products to facilitate cleaning, maintenance and repair.So-called ergonomics, which is the application of anthropometry, the human body mechanics, work physiology, working on the fields of psychology research methods, the human body structure and function characteristics, Body parts of the size, weight, body surface area, density, the focus of some of the human activities in the mutual relations and the scope of the human and structural characteristics of parameters; also part of the human effort, the scope of its activities, movement speed, movement frequency, focus changes and movements of human habits function parameters, the analysis of the visual, auditory, Skin Sense and sensitivity, and other sensory characteristics of function; Analysis of labor in the various physiological changes, energy consumption, The mechanism of fatigue on various labor load adaptability; To investigate the impact of the work of psychological factors and psychological factors on the efficiency of the impact.Ergonomics Research content and design disciplines for the role can be summarized as the following :Industrial design considerations "human factors" for the human scale parameters : anthropometry, human biomechanics, physiology, psychology and other disciplines of study to human muscle structure and characteristics can be studied with parts of the human body, the size, body weight, body surface area, density, the focus of some of the human activities in the mutual relations and the scope and structure of the human body such as the characteristic parameters for each part of human hair of the scope, the scope of activities,movement speed, frequency, the focus changes when he inertia and dynamic parameters of the visual, auditory, tactile, and olfactory sensory muscular limbs, which can be analyzed in the labor physiological changes, energy consumption, fatigue and work load of various adaptations, investigate the psychological impact of the work of the state, and psychological factors on the efficiency of the impact. Ergonomic research, industrial design fully consider "human factors" for the human scale structure, physiological criteria and the psychological scales, and other data, such data can be effectively applied to the industrial design.Industrial design "products" function that provides a reasonable scientific basis : a modern industrial design, If pure functional material creative activities without considering the needs of ergonomics, it will be creative activities failure. Therefore, how to solve the "product" and people related to the function of the optimization, created with the physiological and psychological muscle coordination can be the "product", which will be contemporary industrial design, in a functional issue a new topic. Ergonomic principles and laws of the designer before the design consideration.Ergonomics notable feature is that the serious study of the human-machine, the three elements of the environment itself on the basis of characteristics, not simply focus on the individual elements of the fine or not, but would use "objects" and designed "objects" and with "objects" by the coexistence of the environment as a system to study . Ergonomics in the system will be known as "-- machines -- environmental system." The system, man-machine-environment interactions between three elements, interdependent relationship determines the overall system performance. The subject of man-machine system design theory is that the scientific use of the three elements of the organic links between the search for the best system parameters. The general design approach is usually clear in the whole system under the prerequisite that will focus on analyzing and studying the people and the airplane, Environment three elements of the system's overall performance, such as aircraft systems and the division of functions; tie; how to adapt to the environment; Machines on what is the impact on the environment and other issues, through constant revision and perfecting the three elements of the structure, ultimately ensure that the optimum combination is achieved. This is the ergonomics of the Industrial Design opened up new ideas, and offers a unique design methods and theory.Design and ergonomics of the arts and cultural atmosphere and man-machine interface using inexpensive to make products more user - in the human self-transformation gradually returning to the material world, to gradually create a human living space of their own.Design elements of the modeling for the design concerns the most important aspect The essence of design and characteristics must pass some form of which is clear, specific,to fruition. In the past, for a very long time it was known industrial design as "the industrial images," although not very scientific and norms, However, the number of shows in the design modeling of the importance and attention was. "Product Semantics," Modeling has become an important symbol. Italian designers stalled Kosovo roots in the 1980s designed Bra chairs, the chairs using the traditional structure, However, it covers the use of soft and full of design curves of the female body shape, and people get comfortable and soft to the imagination. very interesting. The design and colors have to rely on themselves to form can exist, we must shape if it is a reflection of specific significance. But color is a specific configuration and integration, it will have a very strong feeling and color features and a powerful spiritual impact. Contemporary American visual arts psychologists Mexico said : "various colors to arouse emotions and express their feelings, even affect our normal physiological feelings. " So is the general aesthetic color most commonly in the form of colors design humanized expression of the important factors. Bauhaus modern design uphold the tradition of modernist design, mostly black, white, gray and other colors of the neutral expression of language, reflect a calm, rational product characteristics. Modern Design strongly opposed empty and the few decorations, decorative anti-known. However, in line with mechanized technology for large-scale production, under the premise of the decorative design can really increase the taste and character. enable design at T. J. Modern designers often use industrial design or add natural materials, through material adjustment and changes to increase natural amenities or the sentimental mood to create a strong emotional response.Modern methods of production have a standardized design and process requirements on the design of spectrum and type series. Its purpose is to seek to design and the use of standardized mass production design means, to achieve reunification of the normative sense of beauty and order. Product design must see clearly the development of science and technology trends, pay close attention to new theories, new technologies, new processes, the emergence of new materials should be used as much as possible. full play to advanced scientific and technological research results into practical function of the value of the media, design aesthetic characteristics of the times and cultural inclinations products. Design products with the conditions of the times and social environment and social and psychological accordingly to reflect the change is inevitable. Research and forecast the trend of this change, tend to grasp the design and characteristics of the designer is extremely important. Because of all the world's countries and regions, the nation's geographical location and the environment, political and economic conditions, Cultural traditions and beliefs of different cases have developed its own unique character, hobbies, interests, habits and the pursuit This requires different branches of product design with different art forms and styles, corresponding to the formation of a nation's character.Design is to take the initiative to understand the user's present and future needs, and attention to the different needs of different levels, constantly designed to meet the different needs of various user products.Design is a kind of people's thinking of the form, Design is all the beautiful creatures entrusted to be the purpose and achievement, and outstanding design is the embodiment of truth, virtue and beauty. Designed to function from the past to meet the increased further to the right person in the spiritual care, which is designed into the culture, increase the value-added products of the culture of lies, this is the responsibility of the designer. With the level of human understanding gradually improved, deepened and increased human knowledge will be the "realm of necessity" to the "realm of freedom", which is the development of knowledge essential law. And the design of mankind will inevitably raise their awareness to a higher level, that the human society has been pursued by the idealistic, the arts and the way of living creatures, to consciously or unconsciously, by the pursuit of material needs of both the main and the main pursuit of the spirit of enjoyment. Design of the continuous development and improvement in the process that is the understanding, thinking and feeling constantly improve the process, human design is the emotional, cultural and ethical spirit of the mapping. Design is no "intelligence" and there is "sentimental". "Intelligence" that the mapping of the human ordinary design; Design is no life. Also have life, "life" that contains a human right in the design and use of the process. All human societies have been hallmarks of the human spirit awareness of the brand, the design is no exception. Let me quote a designer of the United States said the timing to end this paper : "People always think that the design of 3-D : aesthetic, technology and the economy, but more important is the fourth dimension : human nature. "人机工程学与造型设计现代社会高科技的迅猛发展，正逐步改变着人类生产生活的方方面面，在展示人类伟大的征服力量和无与伦比的聪明才智的同时，也带给人类新的苦恼和忧虑，那便是人情的孤独、疏远和感情的失衡。

Ergonomics

ERGONOMICS
We have all heard the term, but do we really know what it is?
Ergonomics
• The study of the relationship between people and their work environment with regards to reducing injuries and/or illnesses (science-based definition). These injuries and/or illnesses are commonly known as Cumulative Trauma Disorders (CTDs) and Back Injuries. • Fitting the jobs and tasks to the abilities of the people performing the work (layman’s definition).
Note: If any symptom continues for 7 days, the person should talk to one of the nurses in the Health Services Department.
Health Education 101
Ligaments attach bone to bone. Tendons attach muscle to bone. Muscles contract and relax to make the bones & body parts move.
Signs and Symptoms of CTDs
• • • • • • • • Inflammation Swelling Pain in a body part Change in skin color Ringing in ears Tingling Numbness Aches • • • • • • • • Decreased range of motion Burning pain Clumsiness in hand activity Decreased grip strength Symptoms get worse at night Symptoms get better on days off Aching heaviness in arm(s) Neck Pain

外文翻译---人机工程学与造型设计

Ergonomics and DesignModern high-tech society of rapid development, is gradually changing to the production of human life in every aspect the display of human greatness and strength to conquer unparalleled wisdom, but it has brought new human anguish and anxiety That is the feeling of loneliness, alienation and emotional imbalance. In a high-tech society, people would seek a balance -- a high-tech and high emotional balance, A high and high human rational balance. Technology progressed, the greater the desire to balance strong. So John that : "No matter where needed compensatory high emotion. Our high-tech society more We hope to create more high emotional environment, the techniques used to balance the software side of rigid side, " Such emotion and humanity to achieve balance, and human life as closely related to the design of the responsibility.Goods modeling and ergonomics is combined. They can be described as : Center for psychological, physiological radius, used to establish and things (products) harmonious relations between the way to maximize the potential of excavation, a comprehensive and balanced use of muscle energy, the protection of human health, and thereby increase productivity. From the context of industrial design, the big aerospace systems, urban planning, infrastructure construction, factory automation, mechanical equipment, transport, small furniture, clothing, stationery and flower pots, cups, bowls and chopsticks production, such as the creation of life with the "objects" in the design and manufacture must take the "human factor" as an important condition to consider. If the product categories divided into professional supplies and general supplies, professional supplies in ergonomics, on the other hand, there will be more consideration, It relies a lot on the level of physiology; and general products it must balance the psychological problems need more aesthetic and the design trend, which is to be the product of human nature-based demand.Ergonomics application areas :1 computer terminal : Design and layout : computer products and peripherals design and layout, computer terminal workstations, display equipment and rules of the screen health and safety, ergonomic office environment;2 industrial design application, "Information design and market / user research, medical equipment, seating comfort and design study seating design and classification, classification and selection of furniture;3 man-machine interface design and evaluation : the man-machine interface design and development, knowledge systems, man-machine interface forms, HCI/MMI prototype GUI prototype4 computer terminals : Design and layout : computer products and peripherals design and layout, computer terminal workstations, display equipment and rules of the screen health and safety, ergonomic office environment;5 office ergonomics and design : office automation, office equipment and office design, layout and ergonomics;other special ergonomic applications : nuclear energy, the military man-machine engineering, process control, cultural surveys and research methods Automatic Speech Recognition；,Many aspects of the application of ergonomics.Well, for a product is how to evaluate it in ergonomics standard with regard? Germany design center, for example, in selecting the annual quality products, ergonomic set on the following criteria :1) products and human dimensions, shape and strength match;2) the product is easy to manage and make good use;3) to prevent the use of operator injury and accidents at the wrong time with the danger;4) the practical operation of the units; placement of the components on the significance of it can no doubt be identified and tracked;5) whether or not the products to facilitate cleaning, maintenance and repair.So-called ergonomics, which is the application of anthropometry, the human body mechanics, work physiology, working on the fields of psychology research methods, the human body structure and function characteristics, Body parts of the size, weight, body surface area, density, the focus of some of the human activities in the mutual relations and the scope of the human and structural characteristics of parameters; also part of the human effort, the scope of its activities, movement speed, movement frequency, focus changes and movements of human habits function parameters, the analysis of the visual, auditory, Skin Sense and sensitivity, and other sensory characteristics of function; Analysis of labor in the various physiological changes, energy consumption, The mechanism of fatigue on various labor load adaptability; To investigate the impact of the work of psychological factors and psychological factors on the efficiency of the impact.Ergonomics Research content and design disciplines for the role can be summarized as the following :Industrial design considerations "human factors" for the human scale parameters : anthropometry, human biomechanics, physiology, psychology and other disciplines of study to human muscle structure and characteristics can be studied with parts of the human body, the size, body weight, body surface area, density, the focus of some of the human activities in the mutual relations and the scope and structure of the human body such as the characteristic parameters for each part of human hair of the scope, the scope of activities,movement speed, frequency, the focus changes when he inertia and dynamic parameters of the visual, auditory, tactile, and olfactory sensory muscular limbs, which can be analyzed in the labor physiological changes, energy consumption, fatigue and work load of various adaptations, investigate the psychological impact of the work of the state, and psychological factors on the efficiency of the impact. Ergonomic research, industrial design fully consider "human factors" for the human scale structure, physiological criteria and the psychological scales, and other data, such data can be effectively applied to the industrial design.Industrial design "products" function that provides a reasonable scientific basis : a modern industrial design, If pure functional material creative activities without considering the needs of ergonomics, it will be creative activities failure. Therefore, how to solve the "product" and people related to the function of the optimization, created with the physiological and psychological muscle coordination can be the "product", which will be contemporary industrial design, in a functional issue a new topic. Ergonomic principles and laws of the designer before the design consideration.Ergonomics notable feature is that the serious study of the human-machine, the three elements of the environment itself on the basis of characteristics, not simply focus on the individual elements of the fine or not, but would use "objects" and designed "objects" and with "objects" by the coexistence of the environment as a system to study . Ergonomics in the system will be known as "-- machines -- environmental system." The system, man-machine-environment interactions between three elements, interdependent relationship determines the overall system performance. The subject of man-machine system design theory is that the scientific use of the three elements of the organic links between the search for the best system parameters. The general design approach is usually clear in the whole system under the prerequisite that will focus on analyzing and studying the people and the airplane, Environment three elements of the system's overall performance, such as aircraft systems and the division of functions; tie; how to adapt to the environment; Machines on what is the impact on the environment and other issues, through constant revision and perfecting the three elements of the structure, ultimately ensure that the optimum combination is achieved. This is the ergonomics of the Industrial Design opened up new ideas, and offers a unique design methods and theory.Design and ergonomics of the arts and cultural atmosphere and man-machine interface using inexpensive to make products more user - in the human self-transformation gradually returning to the material world, to gradually create a human living space of their own.Design elements of the modeling for the design concerns the most important aspect The essence of design and characteristics must pass some form of which is clear, specific,to fruition. In the past, for a very long time it was known industrial design as "the industrial images," although not very scientific and norms, However, the number of shows in the design modeling of the importance and attention was. "Product Semantics," Modeling has become an important symbol. Italian designers stalled Kosovo roots in the 1980s designed Bra chairs, the chairs using the traditional structure, However, it covers the use of soft and full of design curves of the female body shape, and people get comfortable and soft to the imagination. very interesting. The design and colors have to rely on themselves to form can exist, we must shape if it is a reflection of specific significance. But color is a specific configuration and integration, it will have a very strong feeling and color features and a powerful spiritual impact. Contemporary American visual arts psychologists Mexico said : "various colors to arouse emotions and express their feelings, even affect our normal physiological feelings. " So is the general aesthetic color most commonly in the form of colors design humanized expression of the important factors. Bauhaus modern design uphold the tradition of modernist design, mostly black, white, gray and other colors of the neutral expression of language, reflect a calm, rational product characteristics. Modern Design strongly opposed empty and the few decorations, decorative anti-known. However, in line with mechanized technology for large-scale production, under the premise of the decorative design can really increase the taste and character. enable design at T. J. Modern designers often use industrial design or add natural materials, through material adjustment and changes to increase natural amenities or the sentimental mood to create a strong emotional response.Modern methods of production have a standardized design and process requirements on the design of spectrum and type series. Its purpose is to seek to design and the use of standardized mass production design means, to achieve reunification of the normative sense of beauty and order. Product design must see clearly the development of science and technology trends, pay close attention to new theories, new technologies, new processes, the emergence of new materials should be used as much as possible. full play to advanced scientific and technological research results into practical function of the value of the media, design aesthetic characteristics of the times and cultural inclinations products. Design products with the conditions of the times and social environment and social and psychological accordingly to reflect the change is inevitable. Research and forecast the trend of this change, tend to grasp the design and characteristics of the designer is extremely important. Because of all the world's countries and regions, the nation's geographical location and the environment, political and economic conditions, Cultural traditions and beliefs of different cases have developed its own unique character, hobbies, interests, habits and the pursuit This requires different branches of product design with different art forms and styles, corresponding to the formation of a nation's character.Design is to take the initiative to understand the user's present and future needs, and attention to the different needs of different levels, constantly designed to meet the different needs of various user products.Design is a kind of people's thinking of the form, Design is all the beautiful creatures entrusted to be the purpose and achievement, and outstanding design is the embodiment of truth, virtue and beauty. Designed to function from the past to meet the increased further to the right person in the spiritual care, which is designed into the culture, increase the value-added products of the culture of lies, this is the responsibility of the designer. With the level of human understanding gradually improved, deepened and increased human knowledge will be the "realm of necessity" to the "realm of freedom", which is the development of knowledge essential law. And the design of mankind will inevitably raise their awareness to a higher level, that the human society has been pursued by the idealistic, the arts and the way of living creatures, to consciously or unconsciously, by the pursuit of material needs of both the main and the main pursuit of the spirit of enjoyment. Design of the continuous development and improvement in the process that is the understanding, thinking and feeling constantly improve the process, human design is the emotional, cultural and ethical spirit of the mapping. Design is no "intelligence" and there is "sentimental". "Intelligence" that the mapping of the human ordinary design; Design is no life. Also have life, "life" that contains a human right in the design and use of the process. All human societies have been hallmarks of the human spirit awareness of the brand, the design is no exception. Let me quote a designer of the United States said the timing to end this paper : "People always think that the design of 3-D : aesthetic, technology and the economy, but more important is the fourth dimension : human nature. "人机工程学与造型设计现代社会高科技的迅猛发展，正逐步改变着人类生产生活的方方面面，在展示人类伟大的征服力量和无与伦比的聪明才智的同时，也带给人类新的苦恼和忧虑，那便是人情的孤独、疏远和感情的失衡。

工业工程周跃进专业英语课文第七章

Chapter 7 ErgonomicsUnit 1 Introduction to ErgonomicsDefinition of ErgonomicsWhat is ergonomics (sometimes called human factors)? Most people think it is something to do with seating or with the design of car controls and instruments. It is…but it is much more! Ergonomics is the scientific discipline concerned with the understanding of interaction among humans and other element of a system, and the profession that applies theory, principles, data and methods to design in order to optimize human being activities and overall system performance. In other words, ergonomics is the application of scientific information concerning humans to the design of objects, systems and environment for human use. Ergonomics is an effective approach which puts human needs and capabilities at the focus of designing technological system. Until now, Ergonomics comes into everything which involves people, such as work systems, sports and leisure, health , safety , and so on.人体工程学的定义什么是人体工程学(有时称为人为因素)?大多数人认为这是什么与阀座或设计的汽车控制和仪器。

人机工程PPT

C. Avoid sustained bending of your neck when viewing documents used for computer work or during deskwork. 当查看电脑的工作文件的时候避免你的脖子持续弯曲。
Avoid awkward neck positions
Avoid awkward neck positions
Possible solutions: Lower the monitor Raise your chair. Be sure to adjust keyboard and mouse height to maintain them at elbow height Lower contents on the computer screen so you no longer have to tip your head up to see them 可以解决的方案： 1、把显示器放低一点 2、抬高你的椅子。调整你的键盘和鼠标的高度保证他们在你肘部的高度。 3、降低电脑屏幕上文字的高度，这样你可以不再抬头看他们。
Keep wrists straight
C、 Use two hands when lifting large medical records, books, or
binders. Use of two hands allows you to control your wrist position and requires less grip force. 当举起较大的书本、架子的时候使用两只手。使用两只手能够使得你控制手腕的位臵并且使用更少的握紧力 D、 Avoid side to side wrist movement when using the keyboard and input device. Side movement of the wrist increases if you rest your wrist firmly on a wrist rest. Allow your arm to move to the location needed instead of keeping your arm in a fixed position and deviating your wrist to the side. 当你使用键盘或者其他输入设备的时候，避免手腕从一侧移动到另一侧。让你的手臂移到需要的地方而不是让它在一个固定的位臵脱离你的手腕

浅析DNV一人桥楼要求中人因工程学的应用

浅析DNV一人桥楼要求中人因工程学的应用作者：杨鑫陈惠勤来源：《科技资讯》2013年第18期摘要：一人桥楼系统的应用降低驾驶人员劳动强度和提高航行安全性；DNV规范将“以人为本”的设计理念贯穿于整个一人桥楼设计要求，本文将针对DNV规范中对一人桥楼工作环境、工作站布置、人机界面设计要求中的人因工程学的应用逐一阐述。

并对人因工程学在船舶设计中应用的进行展望。

关键词：一人桥楼人因工 DNV规范中图分类号：U674.1 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1672-3791（2013）06（c）-0050-03人因工程学（Ergonomics）是研究人-机-环境三者之间相互关系的学科，是近几十年发展起来的一门边缘性应用学科，该学科的研究目的在于设计和改进人-机-环境系统，使系统获得较高的效率和效益，同时保证人的安全、健康和舒适。

围绕以人为本的设计理念，人因工程学的应用领域不断充实和发展。

早在2000年国际海事组织就推出了桥楼设备布置的人因工程指导标准（GUIDELINES ON ERGONOMIC CRITERIA FOR BRIDGE EQUIPMENT AND LAYOUT）。

随着计算机和网络技术的发展，各种通道设备实现了网络连接，传统的船舶桥楼布置和工作方式日显落后，为提高劳动效率，降低劳动强度，减少各种海损和海难，一人桥楼概念应运而生。

各大船级社对一人桥楼均推出相应的船级符号及要求，如：ABS-NBLES、NIBS，BV-SYS-NEQ，SYS-IBS，DNV-NAUT-OC，NAUT-AW等等，通过比较发现DNV船级社对一人桥楼的设计要求更多的考虑了人的因素，并在工作环境、工作站布置和人机界面等方面都运用了人因工程学的理论；本文将就DNV一人桥楼设计规则中对上述提到的几方面要求的人因工程学的体现进行详解。

1 DNV一人桥楼设计要求DNV规范在第六部分第八章用了近百页的篇幅，对一人桥楼的设计要求进行了详尽的描述，在总则中就阐述了组成桥楼系统的四个基本要素（图1）：技术系统（设备），人员操作，人机界面，程序；从中可以看出DNV规范对人的因素的重视和考虑。

人机工程学与造型设计中英文对照外文翻译文献

人机工程学与造型设计中英文对照外文翻译文献中英文资料外文翻译Ergonomics and DesignModern high-tech society of rapid development, is gradually changing to the production of human life in every aspect the display of human greatness and strength to conquer unparalleled wisdom, but it has brought new human anguish and anxiety That is the feeling of loneliness, alienation and emotional imbalance. In a high-tech society, people would seek a balance -- a high-tech and high emotional balance, A high and high human rational balance. Technology progressed, the greater the desire to balance strong. So John that : "No matter where needed compensatory high emotion. Our high-tech society more We hope to create more high emotional environment, the techniques used to balance the software side of rigid side, " Such emotion and humanity to achieve balance, and human life as closely related to the design of the responsibility.Goods modeling and ergonomics is combined. They can be described as : Center for psychological, physiological radius, used to establish and things (products) harmonious relations between the way to maximize the potential of excavation, a comprehensive and balanced use of muscle energy, the protection of human health, and thereby increase productivity. From the context of industrial design, the big aerospace systems, urban planning, infrastructure construction, factory automation, mechanical equipment, transport, small furniture, clothing, stationery and flower pots, cups, bowls and chopsticks production, such as the creation of life with the "objects" in the design and manufacture must take the "human factor" as animportant condition to consider. If the product categories divided into professional supplies and general supplies, professional supplies in ergonomics, on the other hand, there will be more consideration, It relies a lot on the level of physiology; and general products it must balance the psychological problems need more aesthetic and the design trend, which is to be the product of human nature-based demand.Ergonomics application areas :1 computer terminal : Design and layout : computer products and peripherals design and layout, computer terminal workstations, display equipment and rules of the screen health and safety, ergonomic office environment;2 industrial design application, "Information design and market / user research, medical equipment, seating comfort and design study seating design and classification, classification and selection of furniture;3 man-machine interface design and evaluation : the man-machine interface design and development, knowledge systems, man-machine interface forms, HCI/MMI prototype GUI prototype4 computer terminals : Design and layout : computer products and peripherals design and layout, computer terminal workstations, display equipment and rules of the screen health and safety, ergonomic office environment;5 office ergonomics and design : office automation, office equipment and office design, layout and ergonomics;other special ergonomic applications : nuclear energy, the military man-machine engineering, process control, cultural surveys and research methods Automatic Speech Recognition；,Many aspects of the application of ergonomics.Well, for a product is how to evaluate it in ergonomics standard with regard? Germany design center, for example, in selecting the annual quality products, ergonomic set on the following criteria :1) products and human dimensions, shape and strength match;2) the product is easy to manage and make good use;3) to prevent the use of operator injury and accidents at the wrong time with the danger;4) the practical operation of the units; placement of the components on the significance of it can no doubt be identified and tracked;5) whether or not the products to facilitate cleaning, maintenance and repair.So-called ergonomics, which is the application of anthropometry, the human body mechanics, work physiology, working on the fields of psychology research methods, the human body structure and function characteristics, Body parts of the size, weight, body surface area, density, the focus of some of the human activities in the mutual relations and the scope of the human and structural characteristics of parameters; also part of the human effort, the scope of its activities, movement speed, movement frequency, focus changes and movements of human habits function parameters, the analysis of the visual, auditory, Skin Sense and sensitivity, and other sensory characteristics of function; Analysis of labor in the various physiological changes, energy consumption, The mechanism of fatigue on various labor load adaptability; To investigate the impact of the work of psychological factors and psychological factors on the efficiency of the impact.Ergonomics Research content and design disciplines for the role can be summarized as the following :Industrial design considerations "human factors" for the human scale parameters : anthropometry, human biomechanics, physiology, psychology and other disciplines of study to human muscle structure and characteristics can be studied with parts of the human body, the size, body weight, body surface area, density, the focus of some of the human activities in the mutual relations and the scope and structure of the human body such as the characteristic parameters for each part of human hair of the scope, the scope of activities, movement speed, frequency, the focus changes when he inertia and dynamic parameters of the visual, auditory, tactile, and olfactory sensory muscular limbs, which can be analyzed in the labor physiological changes, energy consumption, fatigue and work load of various adaptations, investigate the psychological impact of the work of the state, and psychological factors on the efficiency of the impact. Ergonomic research, industrial design fully consider "human factors" for the human scale structure, physiological criteria and the psychological scales, and other data, such data can be effectively applied to the industrial design.Industrial design "products" function that provides a reasonable scientific basis : a modern industrial design, If pure functional material creative activities without considering the needs of ergonomics, it will be creative activities failure. Therefore, how to solve the "product" and people related to the function of the optimization, created with the physiological and psychological muscle coordination can be the "product", which will be contemporary industrial design, in a functional issue a new topic. Ergonomic principles and laws of the designer beforethe design consideration.Ergonomics notable feature is that the serious study of the human-machine, the three elements of the environment itself on the basis of characteristics, not simply focus on the individual elements of the fine or not, but would use "objects" and designed "objects" and with "objects" by the coexistence of the environment as a system to study . Ergonomics in the system will be known as "-- machines -- environmental system." The system, man-machine-environment interactions between three elements, interdependent relationship determines the overall system performance. The subject of man-machine system design theory is that the scientific use of the three elements of the organic links between the search for the best system parameters. The general design approach is usually clear in the whole system under the prerequisite that will focus on analyzing and studying the people and the airplane, Environment three elements of the system's overall performance, such as aircraft systems and the division of functions; tie; how to adapt to the environment; Machines on what is the impact on the environment and other issues, through constant revision and perfecting the three elements of the structure, ultimately ensure that the optimum combination is achieved. This is the ergonomics of the Industrial Design opened up new ideas, and offers a unique design methods and theory.Design and ergonomics of the arts and cultural atmosphere and man-machine interface using inexpensive to make products more user - in the human self-transformation gradually returning to the material world, to gradually create a human living space of their own.Design elements of the modeling for the design concerns the most important aspect The essence of design and characteristicsmust pass some form of which is clear, specific, to fruition. In the past, for a very long time it was known industrial design as "the industrial images," although not very scientific and norms, However, the number of shows in the design modeling of the importance and attention was. "Product Semantics," Modeling has become an important symbol. Italian designers stalled Kosovo roots in the 1980s designed Bra chairs, the chairs using the traditional structure, However, it covers the use of soft and full of design curves of the female body shape, and people get comfortable and soft to the imagination. very interesting. The design and colors have to rely on themselves to form can exist, we must shape if it is a reflection of specific significance. But color is a specific configuration and integration, it will have a very strong feeling and color features and a powerful spiritual impact. Contemporary American visual arts psychologists Mexico said : "various colors to arouse emotions and express their feelings, even affect our normal physiological feelings. " So is the general aesthetic color most commonly in the form of colors design humanized expression of the important factors. Bauhaus modern design uphold the tradition of modernist design, mostly black, white, gray and other colors of the neutral expression of language, reflect a calm, rational product characteristics. Modern Design strongly opposed empty and the few decorations, decorative anti-known. However, in line with mechanized technology for large-scale production, under the premise of the decorative design can really increase the taste and character. enable design at T. J. Modern designers often use industrial design or add natural materials, through material adjustment and changes to increase natural amenities or the sentimental mood to create a strong emotional response.Modern methods of production have a standardized design and process requirements on the design of spectrum and type series. Its purpose is to seek to design and the use of standardized mass production design means, to achieve reunification of the normative sense of beauty and order. Product design must see clearly the development of science and technology trends, pay close attention to new theories, new technologies, new processes, the emergence of new materials should be used as much as possible. full play to advanced scientific and technological research results into practical function of the value of the media, design aesthetic characteristics of the times and cultural inclinations products. Design products with the conditions of the times and social environment and social and psychological accordingly to reflect the change is inevitable. Research and forecast thetrend of this change, tend to grasp the design and characteristics of the designer is extremely important. Because of all the world's countries and regions, the nation's geographical location and the environment, political and economic conditions, Cultural traditions and beliefs of different cases have developed its own unique character, hobbies, interests, habits and the pursuit This requires different branches of product design with different art forms and styles, corresponding to the formation of a nation's character. Design is to take the initiative to understand the user's present and future needs, and attention to the different needs of different levels, constantly designed to meet the different needs of various user products.Design is a kind of people's thinking of the form, Design is all the beautiful creatures entrusted to be the purpose and achievement, and outstanding design is the embodiment of truth,virtue and beauty. Designed to function from the past to meet the increased further to the right person in the spiritual care, which is designed into the culture, increase the value-added products of the culture of lies, this is the responsibility of the designer. With the level of human understanding gradually improved, deepened and increased human knowledge will be the "realm of necessity" to the "realm of freedom", which is the development of knowledge essential law. And the design of mankind will inevitably raise their awareness to a higher level, that the human society has been pursued by the idealistic, the arts and the way of living creatures, to consciously or unconsciously, by the pursuit of material needs of both the main and the main pursuit of the spirit of enjoyment. Design of the continuous development and improvement in the process that is the understanding, thinking and feeling constantly improve the process, human design is the emotional, cultural and ethical spirit of the mapping. Design is no "intelligence" and there is "sentimental". "Intelligence" that the mapping of the human ordinary design; Design is no life. Also have life, "life" that contains a human right in the design and use of the process. All human societies have been hallmarks of the human spirit awareness of the brand, the design is no exception. Let me quote a designer of the United States said the timing to end this paper : "People always think that the design of 3-D : aesthetic, technology and the economy, but more important is the fourth dimension : human nature. "人机工程学与造型设计现代社会高科技的迅猛发展，正逐步改变着人类生产生活的方方面面，在展示人类伟大的征服力量和无与伦比的聪明才智的同时，也带给人类新的苦恼和忧虑，那便是人情的孤独、疏远和感情的失衡。