上海外国语大学考研比较政治学真题2015
上海外国语大学考研翻硕MTI2015年真题回忆版分享
上海外国语大学考研翻硕MTI2015年真题回忆版分享第一部分：英语基础一、Filling following blanks with a word.Nicholas Kristof is a New York Times columnist.©2014/the new york timesAmerican Dream is Leaving AmericaThe best escalator to opportunity in the US is education. But a new study underscores that the escalator is broken.We expect each generation to do better, but, currently, more young American men have less education (29%) than their parents than have more education (20%).Among young Americans whose parents didn’t gr aduate from high school, only 5% make it through college themselves. In other rich countries, the figure is 23%.The US is devoting billions of dollars to compete with Russia militarily, but maybe we should try to compete educationally. Russia now has the largest percentage of adults with a university education of any industrialized country—a position once held by the US, although we’re plunging in that roster.These figures come from the annual survey of education from the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, or OECD,and it should be a shock to Americans. A basic element of the American dream is equal access to education as the lubricant of social and economic mobility. But the American dream seems to have emigrated because many countries do better than the US in educational mobility, according to the OECD study.As recently as 2000, the US still ranked second in the share of the population with a college degree. Now we have dropped to fifth. Among 25-to-34-year-olds—a glimpse of how we will rank in the future—we rank 12th, while once-impoverished South Korea tops the list.A new Pew survey finds that Americans consider the greatest threat to our country to be the growing gap between the rich and poor. Yet we have constructed an education system, dependent on local property taxes, that provides great schools for the rich kids in the suburbs who need the least help, and broken, dangerous schools for inner-city children who desperately need a helping hand.Too often, the US’s education sy stem amplifies not opportunity but inequality. My dad was a World War II refugee who fled Ukraine and Romania and eventually made his way to France. He spoke perfect French, and Paris would have been a natural place to settle. But he felt that France was stratified and would offer little opportunity to a penniless Eastern European refugee, or even to his children a generation later, so he set out for the US. He didn’t speak English, but, on arrival in 1951, hebought a copy of the Sunday edition of The New York Times and began to teach himself—and then he worked his way through Reed College and the University of Chicago, earning a PhD and becoming a university professor.He rode the American dream to success; so did his only child. But while he was right in 1951 to bet on opportunity in the US rather than Europe, these days he would perhaps be wrong. Researchers find economic and educational mobility are now greater in Europe than in the US.That’s particularly sad because, as my Times colleague Eduardo Port er noted last month, egalitarian education used to be the US’s strong suit. European countries excelled at first-rate education for the elites, but the US led the way in mass education.By the mid-1800s, most American states provided a free elementary education to the great majority of white children. In contrast, as late as 1870, only 2% of British 14-year-olds were in school.Then the US was the first major country, in the 1930s, in which a majority of children attended high school. By contrast, as late as 1957, only 9% of 17-year-olds in Britain were in school.Until the 1970s, we were pre-eminent in mass education, and Claudia Goldin and Lawrence Katz of Harvard University argue powerfully that this was the secret to the US’s economic rise. Then we blew it, and the latest OECD report underscores how the rest of the world is eclipsing us.In effect, the US has become 19th-century Britain: We provide superb education for elites, but we falter at mass education.In particular, we fail at early education. Across the OECD, an average of 70% of 3-year-olds are enrolled in education programmes. In the US, it’s 38%.In some quarters, there’s a perception that American teachers are lazy. But the OECD report indicates that American teachers work far longer hours than their counterparts abroad. Yet American teachers earn 68% as much as the average American college-educated worker, while the OECD average is 88%.Fixing the education system is the civil rights challenge of our era. A starting point is to embrace an ethos that was born in the US but is now an expatriate: that we owe all children a fair start in life in the form of access to an education escalator.Let’s fix the escalator.二、Answer following questions1、Why did the author’s father leave for America?2、What is educational mobility like in Europe?3、According to Claudia Goldin, what is the secret to the US’s economic rise?4、What is the 19th-century Britain education like?5、According to the author, how to fix the problem of American educationsystem?三、WritingWrite a response essay:Would we be better off without religion?Write in the format why or why not第二部分：英语翻译基础一、write a description of future city based on the following passage.As much as the Internet has already changed the world, it is the Web’s next phase that will bring the biggest opportunities, revolutionizing the way we live, work, play, and learn.That next phase, which some call the Internet of Things and which we call the Internet of Everything, is the intelligent connection of people, processes, data, and things. Although it once seemed like a far-off idea, it is becoming a reality for businesses, governments, and academic institutions worldwide. Today, half the world’s population has access to the Internet; by 2020, two-thirds will be connected. Likewise, some 13.5 billion devices are connected to the Internet today; by 2020, we expect that number to climb to 50 billion. The things that are—and will be—conne cted aren’t just traditional devices, such as computers, tablets, and phones, but also parking spaces and alarm clocks, railroad tracks, street lights, garbage cans, and components of jet engines.All of these connections are already generating massive amounts ofdigital data—and it doubles every two years. New tools will collect and share that data (some 15,000 applications are developed each week!) and, with analytics, that can be turned into information, intelligence, and even wisdom, enabling everyone to make better decisions, be more productive, and have more enriching experiences.And the value that it will bring will be epic. In fact, the Internet of Everything has the potential to create $19 trillion in value over the next decade. For the global private sector, this equates to a 21 percent potential aggregate increase in corporate profits—or $14.4 trillion. The global public sector will benefit as well, using the Internet of Everything as a vehicle for the digitization of cities and countries. This will improve efficiency and cut costs, resulting in as much as $4.6 trillion of total value. Beyond that, it will help (and already is helping) address some of the world’s most vexing challenges: aging and growing populations rapidly moving to urban centers; growing demand for increasingly limited natural resources; and massive rebalancing in economic growth between briskly growing emerging market countries and slowing developed countries. PHYSICAL LIMITSMore than half of the world’s population now lives i n or near a major urban area, and the move toward ever-greater urbanization shows no signs of slowing. According to the United Nations, the global population is expected to grow from seven billion today to 9.3 billion by 2050, andthe world’s cities will h ave to accommodate about 70 percent more residents.The traditional ways of dealing with the influx—simply adding more physical infrastructure—won’t work, given limited resources and space. New ways of incorporating technology will be required to provide urban services, whether it’s roads, water, electricity, gas, work spaces, schools, or healthcare. In the future, there will be less emphasis on physical connections and more on access to virtual connections.Cities also face budgetary challenges, battling rising costs and shrinking resources. The world’s cities account for 70 percent of greenhouse-gas emissions, and according to UN-HABITAT, energy-related costs are one of the biggest municipal budget items. Technology could provide a simple fix just by updating aging street lighting systems. That would also improve citizen safety and create a more favorable environment for business investments.There are similar issues in many of the world’s water systems, with aging pipes in desperate need of replacing. For instance, the United States’ water infrastructure is near the end of its lifecycle with approximately 240,000 water main breaks each year. The cost of fixing this crumbling infrastructure could exceed $1 trillion over the next 25 years, assuming that all pipes are replaced. By placing networked sensors in water mains and underground pipe systems as they are repaired and replaced, citiescould more effectively monitor and better anticipate future leaks and other potential problems as the infrastructure is upgraded.More people also means more waste. The amount of municipal solid waste generated around the world is expected to reach 2.2 billion tons by 2025—up from 1.3 billion in 2012. Globally, solid waste management costs will rise to about$375.5 billion by 2025, according to predictions by the World Bank. Once again, the Internet of Everything offers ways to better manage and reduce these costs. For example, sensors in residential and commercial garbage containers could alert a city waste management system when they are full. Each morning, the drivers would receive their optimized route to empty the full containers. Compared to today’s fixed-route system, the new system could save millions of dollars by increasing efficiencies and worker productivity.The intelligent and efficient stewardship of growing cities must take top priority. And there, we are convinced that the Internet of Everything will bring one of the most significant technology transitions since the birth of the Internet. Connections between things and people, supported by networked processes, will enable everyone to turn data into actionable information that can be used to do things that weren’t possible before, or to do them better. We can more quickly discover patterns and trends; we can predict and prepare for anything from bus or assembly line breakdowns to natural disasters and quick surges in product demand.PUBLIC GOODPerhaps surprisingly, the public sector has been the most effective and innovative early adopter when it comes to making use of the Internet of Everything, especially in major metropolitan areas. New and innovative solutions are already transforming green fields and rundown urban centers into what we call Smart + Connected Communities, or Smart Cities. According to IHS Technology, the total number of Smart Cities will quadruple from 21 to 88 between 2013 and 2025. At Cisco, we are engaged with more than 100 cities in different stages of Smart City development.By definition, Smart Cities are those that integrate information communications technology across three or more functional areas. More simply put, a Smart City is one that combines traditional infrastructure (roads, buildings, and so on) with technology to enrich the lives of its citizens. Creative platforms and killer apps have helped reduce traffic, parking congestion, pollution, energy consumption, and crime. They have also generated revenue and reduced costs for city residents and visitors. For instance, one-third of the world’s streetlights use technology from the 1960s. Cities that update aging systems with networked motion-detection lights save administrative and management time as well as electricity and costs—as much as 70–80 percent, according to an independent, global trial of LED technology. By using such energy-saving technologies, citiescan drastically lower their municipal expenditures on electricity. Cisco estimates that smart street lighting initiatives can also reduce area crime by seven percentbecause of better visibility and more content citizenry. Further, connected light poles can serve as wireless networking access points, enabling citizens and city managers to take advantage of pervasive connectivity. And networked sensors incorporated into utility lines could help reduce costs for both consumers and providers, with meters being ―read‖ remotely, and much more accurately. Cities such as Nice, France are already implementing smart lighting, which monitors lamp intensity and traffic sensors to reduce car theft, assaults, and even home burglary. These light ing initiatives are also expected to reduce the city’s energy bill by more than $8 million.Smart Cities are also saving energy indoors. Buildings outfitted with intelligent sensors and networked management systems can collect and analyze energy-use data. Such technologies have the potential to reduce energy consumption and cut costs by $100 billion globally over the next decade.Thanks to higher traffic, cities generate more than 67 percent of greenhouse gases released into our atmosphere. Experts predict that this figure will rise to 74 percent by 2030. In the United States alone, traffic congestion costs $121 billion a year in wasted time and fuel. Incredibly, drivers looking for a parking space cause 30 percent of urban congestion,not to mention pollution. To overcome this problem, the city of San Carlos, California has embedded networked sensors into parking spaces that relay to drivers real-time information about—and directions to—available spots. This program has helped reduce congestion, pollution, and fuel consumption. Moreover, parking fees can be dynamically adjusted for peak times, which generates more revenue for cities.Cities can also integrate sensors that collect and share real-time data about public transportation systems to improve traffic flow and better monitor the use of buses and trains, giving them the ability to adjust route times and frequency of stops based on changing needs. This alone will cut costs and bring new efficiencies. Mobile apps that aggregate the information, meanwhile, can help citizens track delays or check pick-up times for a more seamless commute. Barcelona, Spain has already changed the typical experience of waiting for a bus by deploying smart bus stops, where citizens can use touchscreen monitors to view up-to-date bus schedules, maps, locations for borrowing city-owned bikes, and local businesses and entertainment.Innovative municipal leaders understand the Internet of Everything’s incredible promise. In fact, these days, the most innovative cities have their own chief information officers or even chief digital officers.二、Write a summary of the following passage in English.树立高度的文化自信，讲好中国故事博大精深的传统文化、丰富多彩的民族文化、独具特色的红色文化、充满生机的当代文化——中华民族创造的文化,是我们引以为豪的软实力,也是我们文化自信的底气所在。
2015年上海外国语大学翻译硕士考研真题,考研大纲
翻译硕士考研指导上海外国语大学翻译硕士复试分数线计算方法和录取排名成绩计算方法详解上外翻译硕士的复试资格线不是考生的原始成绩计算的，而是经过公式计算加工的技术分。
初试技术分=专业课1成绩+专业课2成绩+翻硕外语成绩+（四科总分×10%）专业课1和专业课2指的是满分是150的两科。
如：考生喜洋洋的原始成绩：政治70翻硕英语78英语翻译基础120汉语写作与百科知识122那么喜洋洋的技术成绩：120+122+78+（70+78+120+122）×10%=359参考2104年的技术分数线：英语笔译358.8英语口译370.1俄语口译344.1法语口译333.5喜洋洋的这个成绩除了不够口译的分数线外，其他专业的都可以。
喜洋洋考的是英语笔译，所以就愉快的参加复试了。
喜洋洋复试发挥的不错：笔译120，面试120上外录取时的成绩排名方法：初试技术分(满分450分），先折算成满分350分制，在录取中所占比例为53.9%复试成绩（满分300分）在录取中所占比例为46.1%。
所以决定喜洋洋是否被录取的成绩是：(359÷450×350)×53.9%+（120+120）×46.1%=150.5+110.4=260.9有的同学问，为什么要把初试技术分折算成350分制呢，因为上外有的专业的初试技术分满分不是450分，而是350分，为了保持统一，初试技术分都要折算成350分制。
初试成绩满分为350分的专业的计算公式：专业课1成绩+专业课2成绩+（四科总分×10%）专业名称复试笔试满分复试面试满分英语笔译150分150分MTI考生不单独进行外语听说测试，并入专业面试一同进行英语口译100分200分俄语口译(俄英双语)100分200分法语口译100分200分1.坚定的决心请随时随地问自己：我到底想要什么?是想要，还是一定要？如果是想要，我们可能什么都得不到；如果是一定要，我们一定能够有方法得到。
上海外国语大学考研比较文学2014年真题回忆版分享
上海外国语大学
考研比较文学2014年真题回忆版分享
一、中外文学史
1、名词解释
荷马史诗、意识流、先锋小说、《蝇王》、《雷雨》
2、简答题
白居易《长恨歌》的主题和艺术特征
列夫·托尔斯泰的艺术特征
莎士比亚《哈姆莱特》的主题和艺术特征
牡丹亭的艺术特色
3、分析题（三选二）
《浮士德》中浮士德的形象意义
论述中外文学的关系
当代海外华人文学的地位？意义？
二、比较文学和汉外互译
1、名词解释
形象学、主题学、可比性、梵·第根、韦勒克
2、论述题（三选二）
举例说明“比较文学不是文学比较”
文学翻译在中外文学中的作用
中外现代主义文学的比较
3、英译汉
法国学派和美国学派
4、汉译英
季羡林和哥廷根图书馆，应该是季羡林写的杂文，原文找了一天没找到，如果之后找到了会贴上来。
（内容来源：上外千言万语论坛）。
外交学院国际关系、外交学、国际政治专业考研真题解析(2015·政治学综合)
2015年外交学院国际关系·国际政治·外交学考研政治学综合真题解析一名词解释1、法治（1）法治为政治统治的具体方式，是以法律为基本框架的治国方略；同时，法治又是一种法律价值、法律精神，表现为通过这种治国的方式、原则和制度的实现而形成的一种社会状态。
（2）在现代政治中，法治具有十分重要的价值。
无论从国家的政治体制及机构到国家公民个人都需要在法治的框架下运行。
以民主政治为前提和目标，以严格依法办事为理性原则。
要建立完备的法治体系，实现依法治国。
国家需要在立法、执行、守法方面加强力度。
立法为民、执法必严，促进公民守法意识的提高。
（3）法治相对于人治而言，具有一定的优越性，它具有普遍适用性、权威性；中国特色社会主义强调依法治国的重要性。
2.政治社会化（1）所谓政治社会化指人们在特定的政治关系中，通过社会政治生活和政治实践活动，逐步获得政治知识和能力，形成和改变自己的政治心理和政治思想的能动过程。
（2）政治社会化作为一种政治文化传承方式，其主体是公民，客体为政治知识、政治能力等。
政治社会化通过家庭、学校、特定政治符号、大众传播工具、社会政治组织等媒介完成。
在现实政治社会中，政治社会化受到宏观经济、政治、社会文化等因素影响，同时又受到政治事件、媒介等影响。
按照不同的标准，政治社会化可以分为不同的类型，如按照方式划分可以分为直接政治社会化和间接政治社会化。
（3）政治社会化具有一定的作用，它赋予个人特定的政治人格和政治能力，使之适应、参与乃至改造社会政治生活；维持、改变和创造社会政治文化；维持或改变政治体系。
3、相互威慑困境（1）古典威慑理论中提出的重要概念。
（2）所谓相互威慑困境指防御者面临的困境，对于防御者而言，让步带来的结果要好于对抗的结果，但是如何使挑战者了解防御者会让步，那么挑战者总会选择进攻，这样威慑就失败了。
（3）古典威慑理论针对这一问题，提出了两种解决方案：第一种方案是防御者作出不可撤销的强硬承诺，并且防御者要将不可撤销的承诺同挑战者沟通，从而使得挑战者也面临让步或者对抗的选择；第二种方法是放手战略或者失控战略，威慑方通过不断提高可能发生陷入全面战争的风险来增进承诺的可信性，迫使对手合作。
上海外国语大学640外国语言学及应用语言学理论2015考研专业课试题
上海外国语大学2015年硕士研究生入学考试
外国语言学及应用语言学专业
外国语言学及应用语言学理论试题
（考试时间180分钟，满分150分，共2页）
一、汉语部分（共105分）
Ⅰ. 术语解释（5×3，共15分）
本部分为5个语言学术语，请解释其定义及含义，必要时可举例说明。
1.语言任意性
2.韵律特征
3.社会方言
4.言语事件
5.语言潜势
Ⅱ. 问答题（6×15，共90分）
本部分为6道问答题，请就所给的问题做简短回答，有必要时请具体举例说明。
1.索绪尔对现代语言学的主要贡献是什么？
2.请说明什么是宏观语言学及其分类，必要时可以列举其代表。
3.请简要介绍美国社会语言学家海姆斯“交际语言能力”理论的主要内容。
4.什么是转换生成语法？请简要介绍。
5.什么是语言同化？试举例说明语言同化的分类。
6.什么是应用语言学，请简要说明它与语言学的关系。
第 1 页共2 页。
2015年外交学院国际政治考研真题
2015年外交学院国际政治考研真题-育明教育一、外交学院国际政治专业考研真题（育明考研课程中心权威更新）2015年外交学院国际政治专业考研真题考试科目：“712政治学综合二”2015年真题一、名词解释（每个8分，共40分）1.民族主义2.政治主体3.政治决策4.政治参与5.政治心理二．简答题（每个15分，共60分）1.政治学学科的范围2.“政府四职能说”的内容3.体系论下政治领袖的责任4.政党与其他社会团体的区别三．论述题（每个25分，共50分）1.评价中国利益集团对中国地方政府的影响和作用，并谈谈你对现阶段利益集团的看法。
2.从政治发展和法治的关系，谈谈你对依法治国的理解。
育明考研课程2016年外交学院考研集训营时间：第一期7月27日，第二期8月16日，第三期待定。
考试科目：“808国际政治概论”2015年真题1.APEC2.恐怖主义3.非政府组织4.可持续发展5.人民代表大会制度6.中央委员会二、简答题1.新安全观的主要内容2.国际组织的类型和特征3.中国选举制度中的平等原则三、论述题1.论述乌克兰危机对国际政治的影响2.“苏格兰公投”的法律依据是什么，对英国政治有什么影响？2013年外交学院国际政治专业考研真题考试科目：“711政治学综合”2013年真题（2013年之前专业一是711政治学综合）第一部分：政治学部分一、名词解释1、政治的特质2、多元统治论3、政治合法性4、政治发展二、简答1、政党的功能2、政治参与的特征三、论述改革开放以来中国政治改革成就与挑战考试科目：“808国际政治概论”2013年真题一、名词解释1、国际体系2、公共外交3、特定问题调查4、人民政协5、违宪审查制度6、司法独立原则（西方）二、简答题1、国际政治与国内政治的关系2、中国共产党如何对政治生活的领导方式3、保障精神独立对现代政体政治发展的意义三、论述题1、美国“重返东亚”战略对东亚局势的影响2、如何认识和评价全球治理对解决全球问题的作用2012年外交学院国际政治专业考研真题考试科目：“711政治学综合”2012年真题（2013年之前专业一是711政治学综合）第一部分政治科学基础（90分）一、名词解释1、国家主权2、政治冲突3、古典自由主义4、多元民主二．简答题1、公民的基本权利与义务2.、政治统治的基础和类型三、综合论述题论述中国改革开放以来政治文化的特点。
上海外国语大学考研新闻学2015年真题回忆版分享
上海外国语大学考研新闻学2015年真题回忆版分享第一部分：新闻学理论一、解释题1.社会化媒体2.新闻自由3.国际传播4.传播帝国主义5.新闻专业理念二、简述题1.简述世界广播电视媒介的三大运行体制及其特点2.简述新记《大公报》的“四不主义”三、论述题1.从“药家鑫”案到“邓玉娇”案以及“蒋艳萍”案等等，都可以看到媒体与舆论参与在案件的审判过程中起到的巨大作用。
对此有人认为这种参与是正义的，有利于社会的进步，体现了传媒舆论监督功能；有人认为这是媒介在干预司法审判，是媒介审判，妨碍了司法公正。
请辨析媒介审判与舆论监督之间的关系，并提出你的见解。
2.媒体使用与满足理论取向强调受众的自主性，请结合目前的新媒体环境论述受众的自主性，并提出你的看法。
第二部分：新闻学业务一、简答 50分The differences between Chinese news and English newsThe definition of inverted pyramid form and summary leadWrite five global mediaThe quality of a foreign correspondentThe differences between hard news and soft news二、编译 100分3日上午10时08分，一辆沪牌大客车在洋山深水港外的东海大道、能源路口发生侧翻，事故已造成6人死亡，43人送医院救治。
出事大客车隶属上海巴士新联谊旅游客运服务有限公司，计划前往浙江嵊泗。
车辆核载55人，实载49人，其中嵊泗籍18人，驻嵊官兵5人。
截至下午6时，前往上海协助处置事故的嵊泗县政府工作人员确认，死者中2男1女是嵊泗人。
记者3日中午在事故现场看到，车身侧翻在道路绿化带中，车头挡风玻璃和右侧玻璃完全损毁，车身已经变形。
据称车祸后有多人被卡在车内或压在车下，有4人被压在大巴车下当场身亡。
上海外国语大学考研国际关系2015年真题回忆版分享(精)
上海外国语大学
考研国际关系2015年真题回忆版分享
第一部分:国政概论
一、名词解释
公共外交、地缘政治、全球化、人类命运共同体、十四点计划、古巴导弹危机、大陆封锁政策、主权、布雷顿森林体系、依附论
二、简答题
相互依存论、英国学派、非传统安全问题、新兴国家与国际关系新秩序、沃尔兹关于国际冲突根源的分析
三、论述题
比较分析新现实主义与新自由主义
一带一路战略构想
第二部分:国关综合
一、简答题
格劳秀斯对国际关系发展的理论贡献
新中国成立前夕毛泽东关于新中国对外政策三大方针
全球化时代的问题及影响
二、论述题
大国成长的规律
法国大革命至冷战结束的国际格局的演变
如何理解党中央提出的始终不渝地坚持和平发展道路1。