美国文学8
(完整版)美国文学课后答案
（完整版）美国文学课后答案1.Why did Franklin write his Autobiography?Franklin says that because his son may wish to know about his life, he is taking his one week vacation in the English countryside to record his past. He also says that he has enjoyed his life and would like to repeat it2.What made Franklin decide to leave the brother to whom he had been apprenticed?His brother was passionate, and had often beaten him. The aversion to arbitrary power that has stuck to him through his whole life .After a brush with the law, Franklin left his brother.3.How did he arrive in Philadephia?First he set out in a boat for Amboy, the boat dropped him off about 50 miles from Burlington, the next day he reached Burlington on foot, in Burlington he found a boat which was going towards Philadelphia, he arrived there about eight or nine o’clock, on the Sunday morning and landed at the Market Street wharf.4.What features do you find in the style of the above selection?It is the pattern of Puritan simplicity, directness, and concision(言简意赅). The narrative is lucid(易懂的), the structure is simple, the imagery is homely(朴素的).二、Questions1.How many characters does Poe include in The Cask of Amontillado? What are these names? Montresor, Fortunato and Luchesi2. What drink are the French most famous for?Wine3.Does Montresor have something of great value to him which we might consider to be his treasure? His pride and the pride of his French family heritage. Perhaps his devious plot of revenge.4.Does Montresor seem to have much respect for Italians?Montresor does not have much respect for Italians. He feels the French are superior, especially with respect to wine.5.What was Fortunato's insult?Poe does not tell us directly, but only implies it in the third paragraph6.Which wine does Montresor use to lure Fortunato into the catacombs?"Amontillado" (the Spanish wine; Montresor's ruse to lead Fortunato down into the catacombs.7.Why does Montresor entertain Fortunato with wines from his collection?Montresor wants to get Fortunato drunk enough to be able to trap him in his plan of vengeance.8.In what two ways does Montresor imprison Fortunato?He fetters (chains and locks) Fortunato to the wall of the catacombs.He builds a wall to close Fortunato off in a small corner of the catacombs, where Montresor will leave him to die.9.In what ways is The Cask of Amontillado grotesque? First, which of Montresor's actions are abnormal? The whole obsessive plot of vengeance.The fettering and entombment of Fortunato.Montresor's sick sense of humor.10.Is there anything grotesque about Fortunato?His obsession with alcohol.His drunkenness.His tendency to berate Luchesi (he may have been drunk and may have insulted Montresor in a similarHis manic laughter.Questions1.Who is the narrator? What wrong does he want to redress?Montresor.Fortunato,one of wine experts insulted him, so he wanted to murder him.2.What is the pretext he uses to lure Fortunato to his wine cellar?He baits Fortunato by telling him he has obtained what he believes to be a cask of Amontillado a rare and valuable sherry wine.Fortunato is anxious to determine whether or not it is truly Amontillado, so he goes to the vault with Montresor.3.What happens to Fortunato in the end?He was walled up alive behind bricks in a wine cellar.4.Describe briefly how Poe characterizes Montresor and Fortunato as contrasts?Poe uses color imagery to characterize them. Montresor face is covered in a black silk mask, In contrast, Fortunato dresses the motley-colored costume of the court fool, who gets literally and tragically fooled by Montresor's masked motives.The color schemes here represent the irony of Fortunato's death sentence.Through the acts, words, and thoughts of Fortunato,we know He is greedy, he was lured into the dark and somber vaults just because a cask of Amontillado.This is also due to his bad habit of bibulosity(酗酒）. He losthimself on hearing the wine.At the same time, he was cheated by his enemy, which reflected his ignorance.When he heard the pretended compliment from Montresor, he became very boastful and arrogant.He was easily confused by the superficial phenomena and failed to watch out for others. He couldn’t tolerate that others were stronger than him.For example, Montresor always stimulated him with Luchresi who was good at connoisseur（鉴赏）in wine. Under the impulse of vanity, he fell into Montresor’s terrible trap.In fact, he was careless and foolish and didn’t find that the danger was approaching him.He looked down upon Montresor and others.He didn’t realize his foolishness until the death was coming.Talking from the appearance, Monstresor was a well-educated and “kind” businessman.He enjoyed the honor and respect in the city. But in fact, he was an evil and awful person.His inner feelings were so cruel that they even made people tremble.Under his rich appearance was the dirty soul and despicable character.We couldn’t see any glorious virtues in his mind. Instead, his heart was cold and dark.It was the revenge that threw Montresor into the deep evil valley.红字Questions :1.Why is the prison the setting of Chapter 1 ?No matter how optimistic the founders of new colonies may be, they are quick to establish a prison and a cemetery in their“Utopia,” for they know that misbehavior, evil, and death are unavoidable.This belief fits into the larger Puritan doctrine, which puts heavy emphasis on the idea of original sin—the notion that all people are born sinners because of the initial transgressions of Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden. he is therefore using the prison building to represent the crime and the punishment which are aspect of civilized lifeWhat is the implication of the description of the roses?The rosebush symbolizes the ability of nature to endure and outlast man's activities.The narrator suggests that roses offer a reminder of Nature's kindness to the condemned; for his tale, he says, it will provide either a “sweet moral blossom” or else some relief in the face of unrelenting sorrow and gloom.2.Describe the appearance of Hester Prynne and the attitude of the people towards her.The second paragraph on page 30.The crowd in front of the jail is a mixture of men and women, all maintaining severe looks of disapproval. Several of the women begin to discuss Hester Prynne, and they soon vow that Hester would not have received such a light sentence for her crime if they had been the judges.One woman, the ugliest of the group, goes so far as to advocate death for Hester.3.What has happened to Hester?As a young woman, Hester married an elderly scholar, Chillingworth, who sent her ahead to America to live.While waiting for him, she had an affair with a Puritan minister named Dimmesdale, after which she gave birth to Pearl.The scarlet letter is her punishment for her sin and her secrecy.Why does she make the embroidery of the letter A so elaborate?It seems to declare that she is proud, rather than ashamed, of her sin.In reality, however, Hester simply accepts the “sin” a nd its symbol as part of herself, just as she accepts her child.And although she can hardly believe her present “realities,” she takes them as they are rather than resisting them or trying to atone for them.How does this tell us about her character?Throughout The Scarlet Letter Hester is portrayed as an intelligent, capable. It is the extraordinary circumstances shaping her that make her such an important figure.白鲸Questions1.What are the stories Ismael tells about Moby Dick?Ishmael compares the legend of Moby Dick to his experience of the whale.He notes that sperm whale attacks have increased recently and that superstitious sailors have come to regard these attacks as having an intelligent, even supernatural origin.In particular, wild rumors about Moby Dick circulate among whalemen, suggesting that he can be in more than one place at the same time and that he is immortal. Ishmael remarks that even the wildest of rumors usually contains some truth.Whales, for instance, have been known to travel with remarkable speed from the Atlantic to the Pacific; thus, it is possible for a whale to be caught in the Pacific with the harpoons of a Greenland ship in it. Moby Dick, who has defied capturenumerous times, exhibits an “intelligent malignity”（狠毒）in his attacks on men2.Why does Ahab react so violently against the white whale?First, he lost one of his legs because of the white whale.Second,He considers Moby Dick the embodiment of evil in the world, and he pursues the White Whale，because he believes it his inescapable fate to destroy this evil.Ishmael suggests that Ahab is “crazy”and call him “a raving lunatic.” Do you agree with him? Why or why not?Ishmael describes Ahab as mad in his narration, and it does indeed seem mad to try to fight the forces of nature or God.3.What narrative features can you find in the selected chapter?In the selected charpter, Melville employed the technique of multiple view of his narrative to portray Moby Dick to achieve the effect of ambiguity and let readers judge the meaning.瓦尔登Questions1.Where indeed did Thoreau live, both at a physical level and at a spiritual level?He lived in a cabin on Walden Pond, which belonged to Emerson’s property.2.Had Thoreau ever bought a farm? Why did he enjoy the act of buying?No, he hadn’t.He avoided purchasing a farm because it would inevitably tie him down financially and complicate his life. Thoreau didn’t see the acquisition of wealth as the goal for human existence, he saw the goal of life to be an exploration of the mind and of the magnificent world around us.He regarded the places as an existence free of obligations and full of leisure.3.Is it significant that Thoreau mentioned the Fourth of July as the day on which he began to stay in the woods? Why?Yes, it is.Because The Fourth of July is known as Independence Day,the birthday ot the United States.Here Thoreau uses the day to express his beginning of regeneration at Walden.It also means a symbol of his conquest of being.4.How could you answer the question Thoreau asked at the end of this selection?三、。
10部必读美国文学经典作品
10部必读美国文学经典作品1. The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Howthorne《红字》霍桑著小说惯用象征手法，人物、情节和语言都颇具主观想象色彩，在描写中又常把人的心理活动和直觉放在首位。
因此，它不仅是美利坚合众国浪漫主义小说的代表作，同时也被称作是美利坚合众国心理分析小说的开创篇。
2. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》马克·吐温著《哈克》是美国文学中的珍品，也是美国文化中的珍品。
1984 ,美国文坛为《哈克》出版一百周年举行了广泛的庆祝活动和学术讨论，这在世界文坛上也是少有的盛事。
这是因为《哈克》的意义不一般。
美国著名作家海明威说：“一切现代美国文学来自一本书，即马克·吐温的《赫克尔贝里芬历险记》……这是我们所有书中最好的。
一切美国文学都来自这本书，在它之前，或在它之后，都不曾有过能与之媲美的作品”。
3. The Portrait of a Lady by Henry James《贵妇画像》亨利·詹姆斯著美国小说家亨利·詹姆斯的《贵妇画像》自问世以来一直受到文学评论界的关注，专家学者已从各个不同角度对女主人伊莎贝尔·阿切尔作了深入细致的研究。
本文试图从一个全新的视角，即跨文化交际角度，剖析伊莎贝尔在婚姻方面所作的选择。
文章指出她是该小说中跨文化交际的最大失败者，并对其失败原因作了分析。
希望在跨文化交际日益频繁的今天我们都能从伊莎贝尔的生活经历中得到某种启发。
4. Moby Dick by Herman Melville《白鲸》麦尔维尔著小说描写了亚哈船长为了追逐并杀死白鲸莫比·迪克的经历，最终与白鲸同归于尽的故事。
故事营造了一种让人置身海上航行、随时遭遇各种危险甚至是死亡的氛围，是作者的代表作。
小说场面宏阔博大，思想内涵复杂，哲理性很强，而且文笔沉郁瑰奇，堪称杰作。
美国文学名词解释
美国文学名词解释美国文学，作为世界文学的重要组成部分，有着丰富多彩的文化背景和独特的创作风格。
在这篇文章中，我将为您解释几个与美国文学相关的重要名词。
1. 美国文学：美国文学是指在美国国土上创作的文学作品，包括小说、诗歌、戏剧和散文等各种文体。
美国文学自17世纪初殖民地时期开始出现，并逐渐形成独特的风格和主题，如自由、探索、个人价值观等。
该文学受到欧洲文学、非裔美国文学、拉丁美洲文学等多个文学传统的影响。
2. 讽刺文学：讽刺文学是通过调侃、嘲笑或批评等手法，通过善意或恶意地对社会、人物、社会习俗等进行揭示和描述的一种文学形式。
美国文学中讽刺常常用来表达对社会问题的关注以及对不公正现象的讽刺批评。
作家马克·吐温的小说《哈克贝里·费恩历险记》便是美国文学中著名的讽刺作品之一。
3. 大都市文学：大都市文学是指以城市为背景、以城市生活为题材的文学作品。
美国是大都市文学的发源地之一，纽约市成为该文学流派的中心。
大都市文学反映了城市的动态与繁华，同时也揭示了城市中的社会问题和人际关系。
美国作家F·斯科特·菲茨杰拉德的小说《了不起的盖茨比》，以及薇拉·刘易斯和李欧·斯坦巴克的作品都是著名的大都市文学作品。
4. 美国本土文学：美国本土文学是指探讨、描写和反映美国本土历史、文化、民族特色的文学作品。
该文学形式着重于展示美洲原住民、欧洲移民、非裔美国人和其他少数族裔的文化传统和经验。
美国作家奥兰多·费斯特的小说《渐近线》以及路易斯·埃里斯的小说《米南多洛之歌》都是美国本土文学的代表作品。
5. 后现代主义文学：后现代主义文学是指具有反传统、颠覆常规、模糊现实与虚幻界限的文学形式。
在晚20世纪以后的美国文学中，后现代主义作品开始兴起。
该文学形式常常使用非线性叙事、多重视角和流派的混合等技巧来表达个体性、主观性和相对主义等概念。
美国作家托马斯·品钦的小说《地下时光》以及大卫·福斯特·华莱士的小说《无人生还》都是后现代主义文学的代表作品。
陶洁《美国文学选读》(第3版)笔记和课后习题详解(第8单元 马克
第8单元马克•吐温8.1复习笔记I.Introduction to author（作者简介）1.Life（生平）Mark Twain(1835-1910)is the pen name of Samuel Langhorne Clemens.He was an American novelist and humorist.Twain grew up in Missouri,which would later provide the setting for Huckleberry Finn and Tom Sawyer.He apprenticed with a printer.He also worked as a typesetter and contributed articles to his older brother Orion’s newspaper.After toiling as a printer in various cities,he became a master riverboat pilot on the Mississippi River before heading west to join Orion.He was a failure at gold mining, so he next turned to journalism.While a reporter,he wrote a humorous story,"The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County,"which became very popular and brought nationwide attention.His travelogues were also well received.He achieved great success as a writer and public speaker.His wit and satire earned praise from critics and peers,and he was a friend to presidents,artists, industrialists,and European royalty.马克·吐温(1835—1910)是萨缪尔·朗赫恩·克莱门斯的笔名。
常耀信《美国文学简史》(第3版)【章节题库(含名校考研真题)】(第8章 现实主义时期
第8章现实主义时期•豪威尔•詹姆斯I.Fill in the blanks.1.The American novelist_____probed deeply at the individual psychology of his characters,writing in a rich and intricate style that supported his intense scrutiny of complex human experience.（人大2006研）【答案】Henry James【解析】美国小说家亨利·詹姆斯的作品善于挖掘人物心理。
2.Daisy Miller was written by_____.（大连外国语学院2007研）【答案】Henry James【解析】《黛西·米勒》是美国作家Henry James的国际主题小说。
3.The name of the heroine in The Portrait of a Lady is_____.（人大2006研）【答案】Isabel Archer【解析】《一位贵妇的画像》（The Portrait of a Lady）是亨利·詹姆斯的早期代表作，也是他的杰作之一。
该小说的女主人公是伊莎贝尔·阿切尔。
4.The Age of Realism is also what Mark Twain referred to as“_____”.【答案】The Gilded Age【解析】现实主义时期被马克吐温看作“镀金时代”。
5.By1875,American writers were moving toward_____in literature.We can see this in the true-to-life descriptions of Bret Harte,William Dean Howells,Hamlin Garland.【答案】realism【解析】到1875年后美国文学过渡到了现实主义时期，我们可以在布勒特·哈特，威廉姆·迪恩·豪威尔斯和哈姆林·加兰的作品中找到对生活逼真的描述。
美国文学参考书目和必读书目
《美国文学》参考书目1.A. T. Rubinstein, American Literature root and Flower, Beijing: ForeignLanguage Teaching and Research Press, 1998.2.E. B. Booz, A Brief Introduction To Modern American Literature, Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 1982.3.M. H. Abrams, A glossary of Literary Terms, Foreign language Teaching andResearch Press, 2004.4.Peter B. High. An Outline of American Literature，London and New York: LongmanPress, 1996.5.William H. Crawshaw. The Norton Anthology of American Literature. Londonand New York: W.W.Norton &Company Ltd., 1994.6.程爱民：《美国文学阅读教程》，南京师大出版社，1999年。
7.陈新：《英美名家短篇小说精品赏析》（上、下），中国对对外翻译出版社，1999年。
8.范革新：《美国短篇小说赏析》，新华出版社，2006年。
9.桂扬清等：《英美文学选读》，中国对对外翻译出版社，1985年。
10.姜涛：《美国诗歌赏析》，新华出版社，2006年。
11.刘洊波；《英美文学史及作品选读》（美国部分），高等教育出版社，2001年。
12.李正栓：《美国文学学习指南》，清华大学出版社，2006年。
13.美国国务院：《美国文学概况》，辽宁教育出版社，2003年。
美国文学笔记整理完整版-专八人文知识
美国文学笔记整理完整版1607-1776北美殖民时期Colonial Settlements约翰·史密斯美国文学史上第一个作家John Smith A Ture Relation of Virginia《关于费吉尼亚的真实叙述》（美国文学第一本书）乔纳森·爱德华兹清教徒主义作家（Puritanism）Jonathan Edwards1776-1783独立革命时期Revolution of Independence （启蒙运动）本杰明·富兰克林Poor Richard’s Almanac穷查理历书；Benjamin Franklin The Way to Wealth致富之道；1706-1790 The Autobiography自传(记录作者从穷到成功的经历，“美国梦”反映，体现启蒙倡导的理性主义和有序、教育的观点)托马斯·潘恩美国独立之父the father of American revolutionThomas Paine Common Sense常识（独立战争宣传册revolutionary pamphlets）1737-1809American Crisis美国危机（鼓励人民抵抗英军，共16小册）Rights of Man人的权利（支持法国革命）The Age of Reason理性时代（基督给他名誉带来的影响）菲利普·弗伦诺独立诗人a poet of the American Revolution，美国诗歌之父Philip Freneau The Rising Glory of America蒸蒸日上的美洲1752-1832 The British Prison Ship英国囚船The Wild Honey suckle野生的金银花The Indian Burying Ground印第安人殡葬地To the Memory of the Brave Americans纪念美国勇士--同类诗中最佳托马斯·杰斐逊独立宣言Declaration of IndependenceThomas Jefferson18世纪末-19世纪中后浪漫主义时期Romanticism1. 早期浪漫主义华盛顿·欧文美国文学之父father of American Literature(为美国文学第一次赢得世界声誉)Washington Irving 以笔记小说和历史传厅闻名，humor1783-1859 The Sketch Book见闻札记（标志浪漫主义开始）A History of New York纽约史---美国人写的第一部诙谐文学杰作；----The Legend of Sleepy Hollow睡谷的传说---成为美国第1个获国际声誉作家-----Rip Van Winkle里普·万·温克尔(李伯大梦)The Alhambra阿尔罕伯拉詹姆斯·费尼莫尔·库珀frontier novel边疆传奇小说sea novelJames Fenimore Cooper The Spy间谍（独立战争间谍对抗英国）1789-1851 The Pilot领航者（sea novel）Leatherstocking Tales皮袜子五步曲（frontier novel）The Pioneer拓荒者（the first true romance of the frontier in American literatureThe Last of Mohicans最后的莫希干人（主角：Natty Bumppo 纳蒂班波）The Prairie大草原The Pathfinder探路者The Deerslayer杀鹿者2. 超验主义New England Transcendentalism拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生Nature论自然-----新英格兰超验主义者的宣言书manifesto Ralf Waldo Emerson The American Scholar论美国学者;1803-1882 Self-reliance论自立The Transcendentalist超验主义者Representative Men代表人物School Address神学院演说Days日子-首开自由诗之先河free verse亨利·大卫·梭罗Walden瓦尔登湖Henry David Thoreau A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers在康科德河和梅里麦克河上的一周1817-1862 Civil Disobedience论公民之不服从纳撒尼尔·霍桑subject: human soul first great American writer of fiction 象征主义大师Nathaniel Hawthorne The Scarlet Letter红字1804-1864 Twice-told Tales尽人皆知的故事Mosses from an Old Manse古屋青苔The House of the Seven Gables有七个尖角阁的房子The Marble Faun玉石雕像The Blithedale Romance福谷传奇Young Goodman Brown年轻的布朗The Birthmark胎记赫尔曼·迈尔维尔擅长航海奇遇和异域风情Herman Melville Moby Dick/The White Whale白鲸（first American prose epic史诗）1819-1891 Typee泰比Omoo奥穆Mardi玛地White Jacket白外衣Pierre皮尔埃; Billy Budd比利·巴德沃尔特·惠特曼Father of free verse自由诗之父Walt Whitman Leaves of Grass草叶集（the birth of truly American poetry and the endof romanticism）(共和圣经Democratic Bible美国史诗American Epic)1819-1892 Song of Myself自我之歌Democratic Vistas民主的前景埃米莉·迪金森她的诗大量破折号dash,主题love, nature, death, immortality; 语言plain, brevity, directEmily Dickinson This is My Letter to the World这是我给世界的一封信1830-1886I Heard a Fly Buzz When I Died我死时听到一只苍蝇叫Because I could not Stop for Death因为我不能等待死神I’m Nobody. Who Are You?我是无名小卒。
关于美国文学名著读后感8篇
关于美国文学名著读后感8篇关于美国文学名著读后感8篇篇一：《美国悲剧》读后感《美国悲剧》一书是西奥多·德莱赛（TheodoreDreiser）所写的一部长篇小说。
描写的是克莱德·格里菲斯受社会上邪恶风气影响，逐渐蜕变，堕落为凶杀犯，最后自我毁灭的全过程。
小说共分三卷：第一卷描写克莱德这个天真幼稚的青年人怎样受到外部世界的腐蚀与毒害，逐渐演变成一个玩世不恭、怙恶不悛的人，一直到汽车碾死一个女孩，逃离堪萨斯城为止，这是小说的准备阶段。
第二卷描写克莱德与富商伯父萨缪尔·格里菲斯邂逅后，以穷亲戚的关系来到莱克格斯厂内充当工头的助手，随后陷入与穷女工罗伯达，阔小姐桑德拉的三角恋情，为了高攀桑德拉，克莱德甘愿违背自幼接受的基本道德准则，牺牲罗伯达，于是，他就通过翻船阴谋干掉了罗伯达。
事后，克莱德却落荒出逃，逍遥法外。
第三卷主要描写案发后，克莱德如何被捕入狱，受审和定罪，期间还穿插着美国两党和司法机构利用克莱德一案大搞政治投机的丑闻。
最后经过终审判决，克莱德被送上了电椅。
小说结尾处，还描写牧师出场，为临终之前克莱德寻求灵魂拯救的故事。
《美国的悲剧》是我所看过的一部比较感人的作品，社会的不良风气对一个人的影响如此之大，可以使一个人蜕变如此也是必然的。
在一个物欲世界中要想保持自我是很难得，但我相信还是有这样的一批人，他们在世俗的世界中保留着自己的一份纯真和执着，我想他们是最清醒的。
篇二：读《老人与海》有感“一艘船越过世界的尽头，驶向未知的大海，船头上悬挂着一面虽然饱经风雨剥蚀却依旧艳丽无比的旗帜，旗帜上，舞动着云龙一般的四个字闪闪发光——超越极限！”作者海明威是这样评价他的作品《老人与海》的。
《老人与海》塑造了一个经典的硬汉形象。
古巴的一个名叫桑地亚哥的老渔夫，独自一个人出海打鱼，在一无所获的48天之后钓到了一条无比巨大的马林鱼。
这是老人从来没见过也没听说过的比他的船还长两英尺的一条大鱼。
8 全套美国文学精心整理的各个时期作家作品简介William Cullen Bryant
Theme?
Live and enjoy life fully before arriving at the final destination Calmly accept and embrace death (sweet dreams) ...
Form?
Blank verse Iambic pentameter
“To a Waterfowl” -- Background Information
Composed by Bryant after a walk from Cummington to Plainfield, (Massachusetts) at the close of a day of self-doubt and despair in Dec,1815. Two burdens in Bryant’s mind
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8 全套美国文学精心整理的各个时期作家作品简介William Cullen Bryant
Main Idea (Structure)
Three parts
Line 1-17 nature’s purifying role in human beings’ life Line 18-73 (Nature’s tone) meaning of death Line 74-82 the right attitude that human beings should take towards death
William Cullen Bryant (1794-1878)
American romantic poet Journalist editor
Biographical Introduction (1)
Family Background
Born on November 3, 1794 in Cummington, 州立法委员 Massachusetts Father: a doctor and later a state legislator Maternal ancestry traces back to passengers on the Mayflower Paternal ancestry traces back to the early colonists
Biographical Introduction (2)
Education and working experience
Spent two years in Williams College Began to study law and was admitted to the bar in 1815 Turned to journalism in 1825 and became an editor for New York Evening Post (1827-1877) Developed an interest in poetry early in life, starting to write poems at 14 During his late years, he translated Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey
美国文学课件8
Steinbeck’s words
• The writer's first duty was to “set down his time as nearly as he can understand it” and serve as “the watch-dog of society ... to satirize its silliness, to attack its injustices, to stigmatize its faults."
Themes
1. Man’s Inhumanity to Man 2. The Saving Power of Family and Fellowship
“twenty families became one family, the children were the children of all. The loss of home became one loss, and the golden time in the West was one dream.”
Trilogy District of Columbia:
Adventures of a Young Man (1939) Number One (1943) The Grand Design (1949)
U.S.A. Trilogy
U.S.A.----A Collectivist Novel
Unique for its epic scale and panoramic social sweep, the trilogy U.S.A. creates an unforgettable collective portrait of modern America.
美国文学阅读10篇
美国文学阅读10篇1. 《老人与海》 - 埃内斯特·海明威这是一部获得普利策文学奖的小说，讲述了老渔夫桑提亚哥与一条巨大的马林鱼搏斗的故事。
作者通过富有象征意义的描写，讲述了忍耐、坚持和信念的重要性。
2. 《百年孤独》 - 加夫列尔·加西亚·马尔克斯这部拉丁美洲文学的经典之作讲述了布昂迪亚家族七代人的传奇故事。
马尔克斯以幻想现实主义的手法讲述了爱、孤独、荒诞与时间的主题。
3. 《傲慢与偏见》 - 简·奥斯汀这是一部英国文学的经典作品，描写了19世纪英国社会中，女性婚姻观念和阶级之间的矛盾。
小说以幽默的方式揭示了社会偏见和对真爱的追求。
4. 《麦田里的守望者》 - J.D.塞林格这是一部美国文学中的经典之作，讲述了一个反叛的青少年霍尔顿的故事。
小说通过霍尔顿的视角，反映了社会的虚伪和人生的失落感。
5. 《南方文化发根史》 - 马克·吐温这是一部描写南方美国社会的讽刺小说，以幽默的方式展现了种族关系和社会等待的问题。
吐温通过生动的人物和细腻的描写，对当时的美国社会产生了有力的批判。
6. 《了不起的盖茨比》 - F.斯科特·菲茨杰拉德这是一部描写20世纪美国社会的巨著，展现了财富和爱情之间的冲突。
小说通过瑞奇·盖茨比的命运，揭示了金钱与社会地位对个人幸福的影响。
7. 《人性的枷锁》 - 威廉·福克纳这是一部描写南方美国社会的小说，以复杂的叙事结构展现了不同角色之间的人性和命运的交织。
福克纳通过深入的心理描写和对种族关系的探索，呈现了南方美国的独特氛围。
8. 《杀死一只知更鸟》 - 哈珀·李这是一部社会批判性小说，以一个小女孩的视角揭示了种族歧视和社会不公。
通过描写南方小镇的故事，作者让读者思考正义、道德和成长的重要性。
9. 《娱乐至死》 - 尼尔·波兹曼这是一本文化批评著作，探讨了媒体对现代社会的影响。
TEM8美国文学串讲及试卷评析
二、The Literature around the Revolution of Independence 独立革命时期的文学 (十八世纪中期—十八世纪末）
❖ Jonathan Edwards (1703-1758) 乔纳森•爱德华兹
代表作品：The Personal Narrative (1765)
❖ Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790) 本杰明•富兰克林
代表作品：The Autobiography (1771-1790) Poor Richard’s Almanac (1732-1758)
三、American Romanticism 美国浪漫主义文学（十八世纪末—十九世纪中后期） 美国浪漫主义的三个阶段
1. Early Romanticism 早期浪漫主义
2. Transcendentalism 超验主义
3. High Romanticism 浪漫主义高峰期
A)基本了解主要英语国家的地理、历史、现状、文化传统 B)初步具备英语文学知识 C)初步具备英语语言学知识
2. 测试形式：
题型采用多选形式，选出一道最佳答案。共10题。考试时间10分钟。
3. 测试范围： A)英语国家社会和文化知识 B)英语文学知识 C)英语语言学知识
《高校英语专业八级考试大纲》所附样题中文学、 语言学、英美概况所占比例：
TEM8美国文学串讲及试卷评析
上海外国语大学贤达经济人文学院 程雪芳
英语专业八级考试在线课堂
主讲人程雪芳介绍 ➢ 上海外国语大学贤达经济人文学院讲师 ➢ 参与历年专业英语四、八级辅导 ➢ 教授美国文学史等专业课程，教学经验丰富 ➢ 上海外国语大学博士研究生。研究方向：英美文学
美国文学Herman Melville
Themes
Quest (of truth, knowledge, of identity, etc.) The limits of knowledge; alienation Fate Exploitation Religion
Symbols:
The whaling journey—quest of experience, knowledge and truth Pequod—1) symbol of doom and death; 2) symbol of American society or human world White or whiteness: 1) symbol of threat; 2) to some people, esp. to Ahab, symbol of evil; 3) symbol of death or corruption; 4) symbol of mystery (or mysterious, unnatural power)
Major works
Typee(1846) 《泰皮》(描写了他在马克萨斯岛上的食人部落泰
比人中的惊险经历，揭示了资本主义文明给当地土著人的淳 朴生活带来的破坏，因此受到教会的谴责)
Mardi(1849) 《玛地》 Omoo(1847) 《欧穆》 Each of these books drew from his adventures among the people of the South Pacific islands.
Symbolically, it is concerned with the hunt for absolute truth, and self-discovery.
10部必读美国文学经典作品
10部必读美国文学经典作品1. The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Howthorne《红字》霍桑著小说惯用象征手法，人物、情节和语言都颇具主观想象色彩，在描写中又常把人的心理活动和直觉放在首位。
因此，它不仅是美利坚合众国浪漫主义小说的代表作，同时也被称作是美利坚合众国心理分析小说的开创篇。
2. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》马克·吐温著《哈克》是美国文学中的珍品，也是美国文化中的珍品。
1984 ,美国文坛为《哈克》出版一百周年举行了广泛的庆祝活动和学术讨论，这在世界文坛上也是少有的盛事。
这是因为《哈克》的意义不一般。
美国著名作家海明威说：“一切现代美国文学来自一本书，即马克·吐温的《赫克尔贝里芬历险记》……这是我们所有书中最好的。
一切美国文学都来自这本书，在它之前，或在它之后，都不曾有过能与之媲美的作品”。
3. The Portrait of a Lady by Henry James《贵妇画像》亨利·詹姆斯著美国小说家亨利·詹姆斯的《贵妇画像》自问世以来一直受到文学评论界的关注，专家学者已从各个不同角度对女主人伊莎贝尔·阿切尔作了深入细致的研究。
本文试图从一个全新的视角，即跨文化交际角度，剖析伊莎贝尔在婚姻方面所作的选择。
文章指出她是该小说中跨文化交际的最大失败者，并对其失败原因作了分析。
希望在跨文化交际日益频繁的今天我们都能从伊莎贝尔的生活经历中得到某种启发。
4. Moby Dick by Herman Melville《白鲸》麦尔维尔著小说描写了亚哈船长为了追逐并杀死白鲸莫比·迪克的经历，最终与白鲸同归于尽的故事。
故事营造了一种让人置身海上航行、随时遭遇各种危险甚至是死亡的氛围，是作者的代表作。
小说场面宏阔博大，思想内涵复杂，哲理性很强，而且文笔沉郁瑰奇，堪称杰作。
美国文学课后答案
1.Why did Franklin write his Autobiography?Franklin says that because his son may wish to know about his life, he is taking his one week vacation in the English countryside to record his past. He also says that he has enjoyed his life and would like to repeat it2.What made Franklin decide to leave the brother to whom he had been apprenticed?His brother was passionate, and had often beaten him. The aversion to arbitrary power that has stuck to him through his whole life .After a brush with the law, Franklin left his brother.3.How did he arrive in Philadephia?First he set out in a boat for Amboy, the boat dropped him off about 50 miles from Burlington, the next day he reached Burlington on foot, in Burlington he found a boat which was going towards Philadelphia, he arrived there about eight or nine o’clock, on the Sunday morning and landed at the Market Street wharf.4.What features do you find in the style of the above selection?It is the pattern of Puritan simplicity, directness, and concision(言简意赅). The narrative is lucid(易懂的), the structure is simple, the imagery is homely(朴素的).二、Questions1.How many characters does Poe include in The Cask of Amontillado? What are these names? Montresor, Fortunato and Luchesi2. What drink are the French most famous for?Wine3.Does Montresor have something of great value to him which we might consider to be his treasure? His pride and the pride of his French family heritage. Perhaps his devious plot of revenge.4.Does Montresor seem to have much respect for Italians?Montresor does not have much respect for Italians. He feels the French are superior, especially with respect to wine.5.What was Fortunato's insult?Poe does not tell us directly, but only implies it in the third paragraph6.Which wine does Montresor use to lure Fortunato into the catacombs?"Amontillado" (the Spanish wine; Montresor's ruse to lead Fortunato down into the catacombs.7.Why does Montresor entertain Fortunato with wines from his collection?Montresor wants to get Fortunato drunk enough to be able to trap him in his plan of vengeance.8.In what two ways does Montresor imprison Fortunato?He fetters (chains and locks) Fortunato to the wall of the catacombs.He builds a wall to close Fortunato off in a small corner of the catacombs, where Montresor will leave him to die.9.In what ways is The Cask of Amontillado grotesque? First, which of Montresor's actions are abnormal? The whole obsessive plot of vengeance.The fettering and entombment of Fortunato.Montresor's sick sense of humor.10.Is there anything grotesque about Fortunato?His obsession with alcohol.His drunkenness.His tendency to berate Luchesi (he may have been drunk and may have insulted Montresor in a similarHis manic laughter.Questions1.Who is the narrator? What wrong does he want to redress?Montresor.Fortunato,one of wine experts insulted him, so he wanted to murder him.2.What is the pretext he uses to lure Fortunato to his wine cellar?He baits Fortunato by telling him he has obtained what he believes to be a cask of Amontillado a rare and valuable sherry wine.Fortunato is anxious to determine whether or not it is truly Amontillado, so he goes to the vault with Montresor.3.What happens to Fortunato in the end?He was walled up alive behind bricks in a wine cellar.4.Describe briefly how Poe characterizes Montresor and Fortunato as contrasts?Poe uses color imagery to characterize them. Montresor face is covered in a black silk mask, In contrast, Fortunato dresses the motley-colored costume of the court fool, who gets literally and tragically fooled by Montresor's masked motives.The color schemes here represent the irony of Fortunato's death sentence.Through the acts, words, and thoughts of Fortunato,we know He is greedy, he was lured into the dark and somber vaults just because a cask of Amontillado.This is also due to his bad habit of bibulosity(酗酒）. He lost himself on hearing the wine.At the same time, he was cheated by his enemy, which reflected his ignorance.When he heard the pretended compliment from Montresor, he became very boastful and arrogant.He was easily confused by the superficial phenomena and failed to watch out for others. He couldn’t tolerate that others were stronger than him.For example, Montresor always stimulated him with Luchresi who was good at connoisseur（鉴赏）in wine. Under the impulse of vanity, he fell into Montresor’s terrible trap.In fact, he was careless and foolish and didn’t find that the danger was approaching him.He looked down upon Montresor and others.He didn’t realize his foolishness until the death was coming.Talking from the appearance, Monstresor was a well-educated and “kind” businessman.He enjoyed the honor and respect in the city. But in fact, he was an evil and awful person.His inner feelings were so cruel that they even made people tremble.Under his rich appearance was the dirty soul and despicable character.We couldn’t see any glorious virtues in his mind. Instead, his heart was cold and dark.It was the revenge that threw Montresor into the deep evil valley.红字Questions :1.Why is the prison the setting of Chapter 1 ?No matter how optimistic the founders of new colonies may be, they are quick to establish a prison and a cemetery in their “Utopia,” for they know that misbehavior, evil, and death are unavoidable.This belief fits into the larger Puritan doctrine, which puts heavy emphasis on the idea of original sin—the notion that all people are born sinners because of the initial transgressions of Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden. he is therefore using the prison building to represent the crime and the punishment which are aspect of civilized lifeWhat is the implication of the description of the roses?The rosebush symbolizes the ability of nature to endure and outlast man's activities.The narrator suggests that roses offer a reminder of Nature's kindness to the condemned; for his tale, he says, it will provide either a “sweet moral blossom” or else some relief in the face of unrelenting sorrow and gloom.2.Describe the appearance of Hester Prynne and the attitude of the people towards her.The second paragraph on page 30.The crowd in front of the jail is a mixture of men and women, all maintaining severe looks of disapproval. Several of the women begin to discuss Hester Prynne, and they soon vow that Hester would not have received such a light sentence for her crime if they had been the judges.One woman, the ugliest of the group, goes so far as to advocate death for Hester.3.What has happened to Hester?As a young woman, Hester married an elderly scholar, Chillingworth, who sent her ahead to America to live.While waiting for him, she had an affair with a Puritan minister named Dimmesdale, after which she gave birth to Pearl.The scarlet letter is her punishment for her sin and her secrecy.Why does she make the embroidery of the letter A so elaborate?It seems to declare that she is proud, rather than ashamed, of her sin.In reality, however, Hester simply accepts the “sin” and its symbol as part of herself, just as she accepts her child.And although she can hardly believe her present “realities,” she takes them as they are rather than resisting them or trying to atone for them.How does this tell us about her character?Throughout The Scarlet Letter Hester is portrayed as an intelligent, capable. It is the extraordinary circumstances shaping her that make her such an important figure.白鲸Questions1.What are the stories Ismael tells about Moby Dick?Ishmael compares the legend of Moby Dick to his experience of the whale.He notes that sperm whale attacks have increased recently and that superstitious sailors have come to regard these attacks as having an intelligent, even supernatural origin.In particular, wild rumors about Moby Dick circulate among whalemen, suggesting that he can be in more than one place at the same time and that he is immortal. Ishmael remarks that even the wildest of rumors usually contains some truth.Whales, for instance, have been known to travel with remarkable speed from the Atlantic to the Pacific; thus, it is possible for a whale to be caught in the Pacific with the harpoons of a Greenland ship in it. Moby Dick, who has defied capture numerous times, exhibits an “intelligent malignity”（狠毒）in his attacks on men2.Why does Ahab react so violently against the white whale?First, he lost one of his legs because of the white whale.Second,He considers Moby Dick the embodiment of evil in the world, and he pursues the White Whale，because he believes it his inescapable fate to destroy this evil.Ishmael suggests that Ahab is “crazy”and call him “a raving lunatic.” Do you agree with him? Why or why not?Ishmael describes Ahab as mad in his narration, and it does indeed seem mad to try to fight the forces of nature or God.3.What narrative features can you find in the selected chapter?In the selected charpter, Melville employed the technique of multiple view of his narrative to portray Moby Dick to achieve the effect of ambiguity and let readers judge the meaning.瓦尔登Questions1.Where indeed did Thoreau live, both at a physical level and at a spiritual level?He lived in a cabin on Walden Pond, which belonged to Emerson’s property.2.Had Thoreau ever bought a farm? Why did he enjoy the act of buying?No, he hadn’t.He avoided purchasing a farm because it would inevitably tie him down financially and complicate his life. Thoreau didn’t see the acquisition of wealth as the goal for human existence, he saw the goal of life to be an exploration of the mind and of the magnificent world around us.He regarded the places as an existence free of obligations and full of leisure.3.Is it significant that Thoreau mentioned the Fourth of July as the day on which he began to stay in the woods? Why?Yes, it is.Because The Fourth of July is known as Independence Day,the birthday ot the United States.Here Thoreau uses the day to express his beginning of regeneration at Walden.It also means a symbol of his conquest of being.4.How could you answer the question Thoreau asked at the end of this selection?三、。
美国文学秋季学期练习题8. 有答案
美国文学史及作品选读练习7I. Multiple Choice.(每小题1分，共20分)1. Transcendentalists took their ideas from_________.A. the romantic literature in EuropeB. neo-PlatonismC. German idealistic philosophyD. All of the above2. As a philosophical and literary movement, ______flourished in New England from the 1830s to the Civil War.A. modernismB. rationalismC. sentimentalismD. transcendentalism3. Transcendentalist doctrines found their greatest literary advocates in ________ And Thoreau.A. JeffersonB. EmersonC. FreneauD. Oversoul4. The appearance of The Scarlet Letter marked the maturity of Nathaniel Hawthorne as a novelist. Soon he composed the other three important novels including ______, The Blithedale Romance and The Marble Faun.A. The house of the Seven GablesB. The PrairieC. The Fall of the House of UsherD. Walden5. ________was the most leading spirit of the Transcendental Club.A. ThoreauB. EmersonC. HawthorneD. Whitman6. Transcendentalists recognized _________as the ―highest power of the soul‖.A. intuitionB. logicC. data of the sensesD. thinking7. The desire for an escape from society and a return to nature became a permanent convention of American literature, evident in ________.A. James Fennimore Cooper’s Leatherstocking TalesB. Henry David Tho reau’s WaldenC. Mark Twain’s Huckleberry FinnD. All of the above8. Herman Melville’s ______ is not only an adventure story, but also a significant philosophical work on spiritual exploration.A. Moby DickB. The EggC. NatureD. The Over-Soul9. In the 19th century America, Romanticism had certain general characteristics. Choose such characteristics from the following items.A. Moral enthusiasmB. Faith in the value of individualism and intuitive perceptionC. Adoration for the natural worldD. All of the above10. Ralph Waldo Emerson’s first book________ is the fundamental document of his philosophy, and expresses his constant, deeply felt love for the natural scenes.A. Walden B . Nature C. Daisy Miller D. Leatherstocking Tales.11. Which essay is not written by Raqlph Waldo Emerson?A. Of StudiesB. Self –RelianceC.The American ScholarD. The Divinity School Address12. From Henry David Thoreau’s jail experience, came his famous essay, ____ which states Thoreau’s belief that no man should violate his conscience at the command of a government.A. WaldenB. NatureC. Civil DisobedienceD. Common Sense13.The finest example of Nathaniel Hawthorne’s symbolism is the recreation of Puritan Boston in ________.A. The Scarlet LetterB. Young Goodman BrownC. The Marble FaunD. The Ambitious Guest14.Nathaniel Hawthorne is a master of psychological insight and the central subject of his major works is the human soul. Choose his short story from the following ones.A. Young Goodman BrownB. OmooC. Uncle Tom’s cabinD. The Pearl15.Which is not Nathaniel Hawthorne’s long novel?A. The Scarlet LetterB. The Marble FaunC. The House of Severn GablesD. Dr. Heidegger’s Experiment16.Choose form the following items the one written by Melville Herman.A. TypeeB. The Sea-WolfC. The SpyD. Twice-Told Tales17. ________’s stories still had many unrealistic qualities: ―tall tales‖ and unlikely coincidences. He is never a pure reali st.A. Henry JamesB. Mark TwainC. Nathaniel HawthorneD Henry David Thoreau18.______in the 1860s was the first American writer of local color to achieve wide popularity.A. Mark TwainB. William Dean HowellsC. Bret HarteD.Harriet Beecher Stowe19. Mark Twain’s first novel, ______ was an artistic failure , but it gave its n ame to the America of the postbellum period which it attempts to satirize.A. The Giled AgeB. Life on the MississippiC.The Innocents AbroadD. The Mysterious Stranger20. The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn was Mark Twain’s masterwork form which, as __________noted, ―all modern American literature comes.‖A. Henry JamesB. William Dean HowellsC. Ernest HemingwayD. Theodore DreiserII Fill in the blanks.(每小题2 分，共20分)1. Ralph _________ Emerson was responsible for bringing Transcendentalism to New England.2. Emerson’s truest disciple, the man who put into practice many of Emerson’s theories, was Henry ________Thoreau.3. A superb book ________ came out of Thoreau’s two-year experiment at Walden pond.4. From Thoreau’s Concord jail experience, came his famous essay ________.5. Hester Prynne is the heroine in Hawthorne’s novel_________.6. _________ was a great American Transcendentalist and revolutionary Romanticist, whose first book nature is thefundamental document of his philosophy.7. Herman Melville’s novel________ is a tremendous chronicle of a whaling voyage in pursuit of a seeminglysupernatural white whale.8. In I Hear America Singing, _________ depicts the beauty of labor and laborers.9. As one of America’s first and foremost realists and humorists,________, the pen n ame of Samuel Langhorne.Clemens, usually wrote about his own personal experiences and things he knew about from firsthand experiences.10. The poem I’m nobody! Who are you? is written by __________.III. Decide Whether the Statements are True or False.(10%)1. Emerson was recognized as the leader of transcendentalist movement , and he always applied the term ―Transcendentalist‖ toe himself or to his belief and ideas. ( )2. In 1836, Whitman published his first book, Nature, which met with a wild reception.( )3. Melville devised a unique poetic style called free verse that refers to the poetry without fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme.( )4. Transcendentalism exalted feeling over reason, individual expression over the restraints of law and custom. ( )5. All his literary life, Thoreau seemed to be haunted by his sense of sin and evil in life. ( ).6. The Scarlet Letter is set in the seventeenth century. It is an elaboration of a fact which the author took out of the life of the Puritan pat.( )7. Mark Twin should be remembered both as a great literary artist and a great social critic in the history of the U.S. ( )8. Most of the poems in Leaves of Grass are about man and nature.( )9. The subjects of Walt Whitman are often war and its effects on people, or contests, such as hunting or bullfighting, which demand stamina and courage.( )10. Emily Dickinson’s poems are short, many of them being based on a single image or symbol. ( )PartIV. Identification. (共20分)Passage oneThere’s a time in every man’s education when he arrives tat eh conviction that envy is ignorance; that imitation is suicide; that he must take himself for better, for worse, as his portion… Trust thyself; very heart vibrates to that iron str ing.Whoso would be a man must be a nonconformist.Questions:1. This selection is selected form an essay. What is the title of that ? (2’)2. Who is the author of the essay? (2)3. According to the selection, what do you think the author believe in?(4’)Passage Two:Hester Prynne’s t erm of confinement was now at an end. Her prison-door was thrown open, and she came forth into sunshine which, falling on all alike, seemed, to her sick and morbid heart, as if meant for no other purpose than to real the scarlet letter on her breast. Perhaps there was a more real torture in her first unattended footsteps from the threshold of the prison, than even in the procession and spectacle that have been described, where she was made the common infamy , at which all mankind was summoned to point its finger. Then, she was supported by an unnatural tension of the nerves, and by all the combative energy of her character, which enabled her to convert the scene into a kind of lurid triumph.Questions:1. Which novel is this selection taken from (2’)2. What is the name of the novelist?(2)Passage Three :At length as the craft was cast to one side, and ran ranging along with the White Whale’s flank, he seemed strangely oblivious of its advance—as the whale sometimes will---and Ahab was fairly within the smoky mountain mist, which, thrown off from the whale’s spout, curled round his great Monadnock hump; he was even thus close to him; when, with body arched back, and both arms lengthwise high-lifted to the poise, he darted his fierce iron, and his far fiercer curse into the hated whale.Question:1. From which novel is this paragraph taken? (2)2. What is the name of the novelist? (2’)3. What is the theme of the novel? (4’)Part V. Defining Literary terms.(每小题5分，共10分)1. Romanticism2. TranscendentalismPart VI. Essay writing.(20%)Summarize the story of Mark Twain’s The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn in 100 words, and comment on the theme ofthe novel.参考答案Part I. (20%) I.1-5: D D B A B 6-10: A D A DB 11-15 A C AAD 16-20 ABCACPart II.(20%) 1. Waldo 2. David 3. Walden 4. Civil Disobedience 5.The Scarlet Letter6. Emerson7. Moby Dick8. Walt Whitman9.Mark Twain 10. Emily DickinsonPart III. (10%)1. T 2. F 3. F 4.T 5. F 6.T 7. T 8.T 9.F 10.TPart IV. (20%)Passage one:1. Self- Reliance2. Ralph Waldo Emerson3. He believed above all in individualism, independence of mind , and self-reliance.Passage Two: 1. The Scarlet Letter 2. HawthornePassage Three:1. Moby Dick2. Herman Melville3. The rebellious struggle of Captain Ahab against eh overwhelming, mysterious vastness of the universe and itsawesome sometimes merciless forces.Part V.1. Romanticism: The literature terms was first applied to the writers of the 18th century in Europe who broke away from the formal rules of classical writing. When it was used in American literature it referred to the writers of the middle of the 19th century who stimulated the sentimental emotions of their readers. They wrote of the mysteries of life, love birth, and death. The romantic writers expressed themselves freely and without restraint. They wrote all kinds of materials: poetry, essays, plays, fiction, history, works of travel, and biography.2. Transcendentalism is a philosophic and literary movement that flourished in New England, particularly at Concord, asa reaction against rationalism and Calvinism. Mainly, it stressed intuitive understanding of God without the help of the church, and advocated independence of the mind. The representative writers are Emerson and Thoreau.Part VI. (20%)The story takes place along the Mississippi River. Along this river floats a small raft, with two people on it: one is an ignorant, uneducated Black slave named Jim and the other is a little uneducated outcast whit boy of about the age of 13, called Huckleberry Finn. The book relates the story of the escape of Jim from slavery and , more important, how Huck Finn, floating along with Jim and helping him as best he could, changed his mind, his prejudice, about Black people, and came to accept Jim as a man and as a close friend as well.The story mainly involves two themes. The first is of slavery, demonstrates how racism distorts the oppressors as much as it does those who are oppressed. The result is a world of moral confusion, in which seemingly ―good‖ white people such as Miss Watson and Sally Phelps express no concern about the injustice of slavery or the cruelty of separating Jim from his family The second theme is the hypocrisy of ―civilized‖ society. When Huck plans to head west at eh end of the novel in order to es cape further ― civilizing,‖ he is trying to avoid more than regular baths and mandatory school attendance. Throughout the novel, Twain depicts the society that surrounds Huck as little more than a collection of degraded rules an precepts that defy logic.。
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Nathaniel Hawthorne纳撒尼尔·霍桑
美国19世纪影响最大的浪漫主义小说家、美国文学史上第一个写作短篇小说的作家，也是美国文学浪漫主义文学中的心理分析小说的开创者。
爱伦·坡称他的小说“属于艺术的最高层次，一种服从于非常崇高级别的天才的艺术。
”美国心理分析小说的开创者,浪
《带七个尖顶的阁楼》The House of the Seven Gables (1851)
《福谷传奇》The Blithedale Romance (1852)
《玉石人像》The Marble Faun (1860)
短篇小说：《小伙子布朗》Young Goodman Brown1835
《教长的黑纱》The Minister’s Black veil
从浪漫主义和心理分析的角度，霍桑成功地运用多重象征手法，从不同的侧面暗示红字主题，烘托人物的内心世界，同时也表现出神秘主义的晦涩让我们更加了解这部小说的意义和作者的主旨所在。
“A”是字母表中的第一个字母，它意味着开始。
按照基督教的教义来说，开始即堕落，是无人幸免的原罪，或是世界之初的堕落，或是生命之出的堕落。
在这里红字“A”是清教徒惩罚的标志，代表耻辱的通奸罪（Adultery）。
红色是猩红的血，海丝特·白兰（Hester Prynne）胸前的红色“A”字，年轻的牧师阿瑟·狄姆斯台尔（Arthur Dimmesdale）胸前的血字“A”，使人们联想到祭祀台上流着鲜血的羔羊。
A”字的三种象征意义（Adultery；Able ；Angel）。