SA45中文资料
常用钢材的牌号性能和用途
常用钢材的牌号性能和用途作为一种重要的结构材料，钢材广泛应用于建筑、汽车、机械、船舶等领域。
钢材按其化学成分、热处理方式和性能特点不同，可分为碳素结构钢、合金结构钢、不锈钢、工具钢等多个类别。
下面将介绍一些常用的钢材牌号、性能和用途。
1.Q235钢：属于碳素结构钢，其主要特点是强度较高、塑性好。
常用于建筑、桥梁、汽车制造和船舶制造。
2.Q345钢：也属于碳素结构钢，具有较高的强度与韧性，广泛应用于建筑、桥梁、汽车制造以及石油管道等领域。
3.45钢：属于碳素结构钢，具有较高的强度和可焊性。
广泛应用于机械零件的制造，如轴、齿轮、刀具等。
4.20CrMo合金结构钢单向：属于合金结构钢，具有较高的强度与耐热性。
常用于制造高温高压设备和重载零部件。
5.40Cr合金结构钢单向：属于合金结构钢，具有较高的强度与硬度。
常用于制造中等负荷和中等速度的零件，如轴、齿轮。
6.304不锈钢：属于奥氏体不锈钢，具有良好的耐腐蚀性和耐高温性。
广泛应用于制造化工设备、医疗器械和厨房用具等领域。
7.316不锈钢：属于奥氏体不锈钢，具有较高的耐腐蚀性和耐高温性。
常用于海洋设备、化学容器和制药设备等领域。
8.H13工具钢：属于冷冲击工具钢，具有优异的热强度和耐磨性。
常用于制造冲模、挤压模和塑料模具等。
9.M2工具钢：属于高速钢，具有耐热、耐磨的特性。
通常用于制造刀具、钻头和齿轮等。
以上介绍的钢材牌号、性能和用途只是其中的一小部分，钢材的种类繁多，可以根据具体应用领域和要求选择合适的材料。
在选择钢材时，需要考虑其强度、耐磨性、耐腐蚀性、可加工性等多个因素，并根据具体工程需求进行合理选择。
SA.45s芯片级原子钟
SA.45s芯片级原子钟
产品概述
Symmetricom芯片级原子钟，SA.45s功耗低至 <115 mW，其体积只有<16 cc，提供超低功耗工作模式的设置。
此模式下，其物理封装通常是关闭状态，器件工作于类似TCXO自由振荡的状态，当物理封装定期启动后，重新驯服TCXO（不超过120s），这种模式下的平均功耗不超过50 mW。
第一次让便携仪表也可拥有原子钟水平的准确性及稳定性。
西安同步电子科技有限公司有售
产品功能Array
1)提供一路标准的10MHz正弦信号；
2)同步的1 PPS输入/输出；
3)RS-232管理控制接口。
产品特点
a)超低功耗节电模式，<100 mW；
b)全密闭封装；
c)超小体积，高可靠性。
典型应用
1)水下传感器网络；
2)GPS接收机；
3)背负式电台；
4)反简易爆炸装置(Anti-IED)干扰系统；
5)独立传感器网络无人驾驶飞机等。
技术指标
安装尺寸：。
45系列轴向柱塞泵
45系列轴向柱塞泵45系列开式轴向柱塞泵产品样本45系列开式轴向柱塞泵产品样本版本信息修订历史修订记录表日期 2012年10月 2012年9月 2012年9月 2012年8月 2012年7月 2012年6月 2012年3月 2012年1月 2011年12月 2011年10月页码多页多页多页 14-15, 62 多页 17,23,44,72,92 110 多页 75 多页多页 56 108 多页 45, 50 45 多页 22, 27, 31, 41, 43, 47 34, 28 多页多页 62, 65 58-62 78, 93, 94, 95 32, 74, 75, 92 76 52, 53 27, 50, 72, 89 76 4 多页多页 50 多页 51, 52, 53 修改项目增加电控根据原中文版本及英文版本GO大幅修改多处修正增加补油泵回路，增加S5轴输入轴及辅助安装法兰O型圈尺寸变更删除各排量泵的轴承寿命表删除工作盖板尺寸图添加系统稳定性，20页，型号代码多处更改修改 A2 轴描述多处改变及修改技术规格校订，选型代码校订示意图修改花键啮合尺寸修改通篇多处修改060B最高速度3120,安装法兰修改添加065C, 075C轴承寿命参数多处校订及改变-主要修改多处小修改,添加EJ, EA控制器尺寸去掉L和K型中T2轴选项修改对LS的X口接头深度的警告添加对LS的X口接头深度的警告添加 SAE-C 2螺栓壳体 J型尺寸修改多处小修改，去掉E型S5轴选项示意图修改S2花键宽度修改（仅英制尺寸）示意图修改添加RP 和BP控制的LS设定值必须为20bar 对S2轴-6级，长37.91mm的修改 TOC的修改针对每一型号添加了LS设定范围重新布置F和E型章节，添加排量限制器信息修改负载敏感设定值-增量 bar 去掉G型，添加F型，多处修改修改示意图信息去掉H型，添加J型添加E型添加H型和G型第一次印刷版本 GP GO GN GM GL GK GJ GI GHGG GF GE GD GC GB GA FO FN FM FL FK FJ FI FH FG FG FF FF FE FD FC FB FA E D C B A A45系列开式轴向柱塞泵2011年6月 2011年5月 2011年4月 2011年3月 2011年1月 2010年11月 2010年10月 2009年10月 2009年7月 2009年5月 2009年3月 2008年10月 2008年9月 2008年6月 2008年5月 2008年4月 2008年4月 2008年4月 2008年4月 2008年3月2008年2月2007年11月2007年11月2007年9月2006年11月 2005年8月 2003年4月 2001年5月 1999年5月2012 萨澳-丹佛斯版权所有萨澳-丹佛斯对于其产品样本，手册和其它出版物中可能出现的错误不负任何责任。
分钟搞懂常用钢材型号之欧阳术创编
1分钟搞懂常用钢材型号、性能特性45——优质碳素结构钢，是最常用中碳调质钢。
主要特征: 最常用中碳调质钢，综合力学性能良好，淬透性低，水淬时易生裂纹。
小型件宜采用调质处理，大型件宜采用正火处理。
应用举例: 主要用于制造强度高的运动件，如透平机叶轮、压缩机活塞。
轴、齿轮、齿条、蜗杆等。
焊接件注意焊前预热，焊后消除应力退火。
Q235A(A3钢)——最常用的碳素结构钢。
主要特征: 具有高的塑性、韧性和焊接性能、冷冲压性能，以及一定的强度、好的冷弯性能。
应用举例: 广泛用于一般要求的零件和焊接结构。
如受力不大的拉杆、连杆、销、轴、螺钉、螺母、套圈、支架、机座、建筑结构、桥梁等。
40Cr——使用最广泛的钢种之一，属合金结构钢。
主要特征: 经调质处理后，具有良好的综合力学性能、低温冲击韧度及低的缺口敏感性，淬透性良好，油冷时可得到较高的疲劳强度，水冷时复杂形状的零件易产生裂纹，冷弯塑性中等，回火或调质后切削加工性好，但焊接性不好，易产生裂纹，焊前应预热到100～150℃，一般在调质状态下使用，还可以进行碳氮共渗和高频表面淬火处理。
应用举例:调质处理后用于制造中速、中载的零件，如机床齿轮、轴、蜗杆、花键轴、顶针套等，调质并高频表面淬火后用于制造表面高硬度、耐磨的零件，如齿轮、轴、主轴、曲轴、心轴、套筒、销子、连杆、螺钉螺母、进气阀等，经淬火及中温回火后用于制造重载、中速冲击的零件，如油泵转子、滑块、齿轮、主轴、套环等，经淬火及低温回火后用于制造重载、低冲击、耐磨的零件，如蜗杆、主轴、轴、套环等，碳氮共渗处即后制造尺寸较大、低温冲击韧度较高的传动零件，如轴、齿轮等。
HT150——灰铸铁应用举例:齿轮箱体，机床床身，箱体，液压缸，泵体，阀体，飞轮，气缸盖，带轮，轴承盖等35——各种标准件、紧固件的常用材料主要特征: 强度适当，塑性较好，冷塑性高，焊接性尚可。
冷态下可局部镦粗和拉丝。
淬透性低，正火或调质后使用应用举例: 适于制造小截面零件，可承受较大载荷的零件：如曲轴、杠杆、连杆、钩环等，各种标准件、紧固件65Mn——常用的弹簧钢应用举例:小尺寸各种扁、圆弹簧、座垫弹簧、弹簧发条，也可制做弹簧环、气门簧、离合器簧片、刹车弹簧、冷卷螺旋弹簧，卡簧等。
45号钢的特点用途解析
45号钢化学成分：含碳（C）量是0.42~0.50%，Si含量为0.17~0.37%，Mn含量0.50~0.80%，Cr含量<=0.25%。
热处理推荐热处理温度：正火850，淬火840，回火600.45号钢为优质碳素结构用钢 ,硬度不高易切削加工,模具中常用来做45号钢管模板,梢子,导柱等,但须热处理。
1. 45号钢淬火后没有回火之前，硬度大于HRC55（最高可达HRC62）为合格。
实际应用的最高硬度为HRC55（高频淬火HRC58）。
2. 45号钢不要采用渗碳淬火的热处理工艺。
调质处理后零件具有良好的综合机械性能，广泛应用于各种重要的结构零件，特别是那些在交变负荷下工作的连杆、螺栓、齿轮及轴类等。
但表面硬度较低，不耐磨。
可用调质＋表面淬火提高零件表面硬度。
渗碳处理一般用于表面耐磨、芯部耐冲击的重载零件，其耐磨性比调质＋表面淬火高。
其表面含碳量0.8－－1.2％，芯部一般在0.1－－0.25％（特殊情况下采用0.35％）。
经热处理后，表面可以获得很高的硬度（HRC58－－62），芯部硬度低，耐冲击。
如果用45号钢渗碳，淬火后芯部会出现硬脆的马氏体，失去渗碳处理的优点。
现在采用渗碳工艺的材料，含碳量都不高，到0.30％芯部强度已经可以达到很高，应用上不多见。
0.35％从来没见过实例，只在教科书里有介绍。
可以采用调质＋高频表面淬火的工艺，耐磨性较渗碳略差。
GB/T699-1999标准规定的45钢推荐热处理制度为850℃正火、840℃淬火、600℃回火，达到的性能为屈服强度≥355MPaGB/T699-1999标准规定45钢抗拉强度为600MPa，屈服强度为355MPa，伸长率为16％，断面收缩率为40％，冲击功为39J轴类零件的功用、结构特点及技术要求轴类零件是机器中经常遇到的典型零件之一。
它主要用来支承传动零45号钢实验部件，传递扭矩和承受载荷。
轴类零件是旋转体零件，其长度大于直径，一般由同心轴的外圆柱面、圆锥面、内孔和螺纹及相应的端面所组成。
45钢板承受重量的计算方式
45钢板承受重量的计算方式哎呀，说起45号钢板承受重量的事儿，我可得好好跟你掰扯掰扯。
这事儿得从我那老伙计老张说起，他是个铁匠，手艺可好了。
那天，他一脸愁容地找到我，说有个大活儿，要给一个工地做一批钢板，但是得先算算这钢板能承受多少重量，别到时候出了岔子。
我一听，这事儿我得帮啊，毕竟老张那手艺，要是因为这事儿砸了招牌，那可就太不值了。
于是我就跟他说，别急，这事儿得慢慢来，咱们得先了解了解这45号钢板是个啥玩意儿。
45号钢板啊，其实就是一种碳素结构钢，它的碳含量在0.42%到0.50%之间，这玩意儿挺硬的，但是韧性也不错。
老张听了，点点头，说这他知道，就是不知道怎么算它能承受的重量。
我说，这事儿得用到力学的知识，得知道这钢板的面积、厚度，还有它的屈服强度。
老张一听，眼睛一亮，说：“对啊，我怎么就没想到呢！”接下来，我就给他详细解释了一番。
首先，我们得知道这钢板的面积，就是长乘以宽。
然后，得知道它的厚度，这关系到它的强度。
最后，就是屈服强度，这玩意儿是说这钢板能承受的最大应力，超过这个值，钢板就会变形。
老张听得津津有味，我就继续说，这计算公式啊，是这么来的：承受重量 = 屈服强度× 面积× 安全系数。
安全系数这玩意儿，就是为了保证安全，咱们得留点余地，一般取1.5到2.0。
老张听了，立马拿出纸和笔，开始算起来。
他那工地的钢板，长是2米，宽是1米，厚度是10毫米，屈服强度是355兆帕。
这么一算，老张那钢板能承受的重量可真不少，他那眉头也终于舒展开来。
最后，老张还特意请我喝了顿酒，说这事儿多亏了我。
我跟他说，这没啥，咱们都是朋友，互相帮忙嘛。
不过，这事儿也让我学到了不少，原来这45号钢板承受重量的计算，也不是那么难嘛。
你看，这事儿虽然听起来挺枯燥的，但是仔细一想，还挺有意思的。
老张那铁匠铺，因为这次的事儿，生意也好了不少。
所以说，有时候，多学点知识，还是挺有用的。
这不，我现在跟你一说，你也知道怎么算45号钢板承受重量了，是不？。
45号中厚壁钢管45号钢管机械性能表
45号中厚壁钢管-45号钢管机械性能表GB/T8162-2008， ISO2937， ASTM A53 ，ASTM A106，JIS G 3441，BS EN 10210-1用途使用范围包括用于一般结构和机械结构，大量用于建筑、机械、交通、航空、石油开采等行业的各种结构管尺寸公差标准外径公差厚壁公差`GB/T 8162 D<50 ±0.50mm S<4mm ±12.5%D≥50±1%4-20mm +15/-12.5%S≥20mm±12.5%DIN1629D50 ±0.50mm S2Sn +15/-10% D48.3D48.3 ±1%2SnS4Sn +12.5/-10%S4Sn ±9%ASTM A53D<48.3 ±0.4/-0.79mm±12.5% D≥48.3±1%ASTM A106D<48.3 ±0.4/-0.79mm±12.5% D48.3-114.3 ±0.79mmD≥114.3±1.59/-0.79mm力学性能标准钢级抗拉强度(MPa)屈服强度(MPa)延伸率<16mm 16-30mmGB/T 8162 10 335 205 195 24 20 390 245 235 2035 510 305 295 17 45 590 335 325 14 16Mn 490 325 315 21DIN 1629<16mm >16mmST35 345-460 235 225 25 ST45 440-550 255 245 21 ST55 540-645 295 285 17 ST52 490-630 355 345 22 ST45 590-730 335 325 14ASTM A53 A 330 205B 415 240ASTM A106 A 330 205B 415 240C 485 275化学成分 (%)标准牌号 C Si Mn P≤S≤Cu≤Ni≤Cr≤Mo≤V≤GB/T 816210 0.07-0.14 0.17-0.37 0.35-0.65 0.035 0.035 0.25 0.25 0.15 / / 20 0.17-0.24 0.17-0.37 0.35-0.65 0.035 0.035 0.25 0.25 0.25 / / 35 0.32-0.39 0.17-0.37 0.50-0.80 0.035 0.035 0.25 0.25 0.25 / / 45 0.42-0.50 0.17-0.37 0.50-0.80 0.035 0.035 0.25 0.30 0.25 / / 16Mn 0.12-0.20 0.20-0.55 1.20-1.60 0.045 0.045 0.25 0.25 0.25 / /DIN 1629 St35 ≤0.180.15-0.35 0.35-0.65 0.035 0.035 0.25 0.25 0.25 / / St45 ≤0.250.15-0.35 0.50-0.80 0.035 0.035 0.25 0.25 0.25 / / St55 0.33-0.41 0.15-0.35 0.50-0.80 0.035 0.035 0.25 0.25 0.25 / / St52 ≤0.20≤0.55≤1.500.035 0.035 0.25 0.25 0.25 / /ASTM A53 CK45 0.42-0.50 0.17-0.37 0.50-0.80 0.035 0.035 0.25 0.25 0.25 / /ASTM A106 A ≤0.25/ ≤0.95 0.05 0.045 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.15 0.08B ≤0.30/ ≤1.200.05 0.06 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.15 0.08A ≤0.25≥0.100.27-0.93 0.035 0.035 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.15 0.08B ≤0.30≥0.100.29-1.06 0.035 0.035 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.15 0.08C ≤0.35≥0.100.29-1.06 0.035 0.035 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.15 0.082、流体输送用管系列标准GB/T8163-2008，ASTM A53，ASTM A106，DIN 1629，JIS G 3458用途输送一般流体用大量用于石油天然气远程输送以及其他液体输送化学成分，机械性能GB/T8163-2008Chemical composition(%) 化学成分Mechanical properties 机械性能C Si MnP SMo Cr CuYieldstrengthTensilestrengthElongation屈服强度抗拉强度伸长率MPa MPa δ（%）≤For T inmm≥T≤16T＞1610 0.07-0.14 0.17-0.37 0.35-0.65 0.035 0.035 ≤0.30≤0.15≤0.25205 195 335-475 24 20 0.17-0.24 0.17-0.37 0.35-0.65 0.035 0.035 ≤0.30≤0.25≤0.25245 235 410-550 2016Mn 0.12-0.20 0.20-0.55 1.20-1.60 0.035 0.035 ≤0.25≤0.25≤0.25325 315 490-665 21ASTM A106Chemical composition(%) 化学成分Mechanical properties 机械性能C Si Mn P S Ni Cr Cu Mo VYieldstrengthTensilestrengthElongation屈服强度抗拉强度伸长率MPa MPa δ（%）Max Max Max Max Max Max Max Max Max Max Min Min See ASTM A53查 ASTM A53A 0.25 / 0.95 0.05 0.045 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.15 0.08 205 330B 0.30 / 1.20 0.05 0.045 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.15 0.08 240 4153.国家钢管标准分类目录77.140.75特殊用管钢标准编号标准名称实施日期GB/T 5312-1999 船舶用碳钢和碳锰钢无缝钢管2000-8-1 GB/T 12770-2002 机械机构用不锈钢焊接钢管2003-2-1 GB/T 14975-2002 结构用不锈钢无缝钢管2003-2-1 GB/T 14976-2002 流体输送用不锈钢无缝钢管2003-2-1 GB/T 17395-1998 无缝钢管尺寸、外形、重量及允许偏差1998-1-2 GB/T 17396-1998 液压支柱用热轧无缝钢管1998-12-1 GB/T 18704-2002 不锈钢复合管2002-10-1 GB/T 18705-2002 装饰用焊接不锈钢管2002-10-1 GB/T 18984-2003 低温管道用无缝钢管2003-8-1 GB 18248-2000 气瓶用无缝钢管2001-9-1 GB/T 3090-2000 不锈钢小直径无缝钢管2001-9-1 GB/T 3093-2002 柴油机用高压无缝钢管2003-2-1 GB/T 3094-2000 冷拔异型钢管2001-9-1 GB/T 3639-2000 冷拔或冷轧精密无缝钢管2001-9-1 GB 6479-2000 高压化肥设备用无缝钢管2001-9-1 GB/T 8162-1999 结构用无缝钢管2000-8-1 GB/T 8163-1999 输送流体用无缝钢管2008-8-1 YB 4102-2000 低中压锅炉用电焊钢管2008-6-1 YB 4103-2000 换热器用焊接钢管2000-6-1 YB/T 171-2000 复杂断面异型钢管2000-12-1 YB/T 4112-2002 结构用高强度耐候焊接钢管2003-3-1 YB/T 4028-2005 深井水泵用电焊钢管2005-12-1 QB/T 2558-2002 爆炸胀接不锈钢复合钢管2002-12-1 YB/T 5035-1996 汽车半轴套管用无缝钢管1996-10-1 YB/T 5209-2000 传动轴用电焊钢管2000-6-1 GB/T 19830-2005 石油天然气工业油气井套管或油管用钢管2006-1-1 JG/T 178-2005 建筑结构用冷弯矩形钢管2005-12-1 GB/T 14291-2006 矿山流体输送用电焊钢管2006-8-1 YB/T 176-2000 陶瓷内衬复合钢管2000-12-1 GB/T 20409-2006 高压锅炉用内螺纹无缝钢管2007-1-1 SY/T 6194-2003 石油天然气工业油气井套管或油管用钢管2003-8-1 YB/T 5363-2006 装饰用焊接不锈钢管2006-10-11 GB 13296-2007 锅炉、热交换器用不锈钢无缝钢管2007-10-1 YB/T 4164-2007 双层铜焊钢管2007-11-1 YB/T 4173-2008 高温用锻造镗孔厚壁无缝钢管2008-9-1 YB/T 4181-2008 双焊缝冷弯方形及矩形钢管2008-9-1 YB/T 5305-2008 碳素结构钢电线套管2008-9-1GB/T 3089-2008 不锈钢极薄壁无缝钢管2008-11-1 GB/T 13793-2008 直缝电焊钢管2008-11-1 GB/T 3091-2008 低压流体输送用焊接钢管2008-11-1 GB/T 21833-2008 奥氏体铁素体型双相不锈钢无缝钢管2008-11-1 SY/T 6719-2008 含缺陷钻杆适用性评价方法2008-12-1。
sa-453
SPECIFICATION FOR BOLTING MATERIALS,HIGH-TEMPERATURE,50TO120ksi[345TO827MPa] YIELD STRENGTH WITH EXPANSION COEFFICIENTS COMPARABLE TO AUSTENITICSTEELSSA-453/SA-453M(Identical with ASTM Specification A453/A453M-94.)1.Scope1.1This specification covers four grades of boltingmaterials with nine classes of yield strength rangingfrom50to120ksi[345to827MPa]for use in high-temperature service such as fasteners for pressure vesseland valveflanges.The material requires special pro-cessing and is not intended for general purpose applica-tions.The term“bolting material,”as used in thisspecification,covers rolled,forged,or hot-extruded bars;bolts,nuts,screws,washers,studs,and stud bolts.Headed bolts and rolled threads may be supplied.NOTE1—Other bolting materials are covered by SpecificationA193/A193M and Specification A437/A437M.1.2Supplementary Requirement S1of an optionalnature is provided.This shall apply only when specifiedby the purchaser in the order.1.3This specification is expressed in both inch-pound units and in SI units.However,unless the orderspecifies the applicable“M”specification designation(SI units),the material shall be furnished to inch-pound units.1.4The values stated in either inch-pound units orSI units are to be regarded separately as standard.Within the text,the SI units are shown in brackets.Thevalues stated in each system are not exact equivalents;therefore,each system must be used independently of821the bining values from the two systems mayresult in nonconformance with the specification.2.Referenced Documents2.1ASTM Standards:A193/A193M Specification for Alloy-Steel and Stain-less Steel Bolting Materials for High-TemperatureServiceA370Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Test-ing of Steel ProductsA437/A437M Specification for Alloy-Steel Turbine-Type Bolting Material Specially Heat Treated for High-Temperature ServiceE30Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Steel,CastIron,Open-Hearth Iron,and Wrought IronE59Practice for Sampling Steel and Iron for Determina-tion of Chemical CompositionE139Practice for Conducting Creep,Creep-Rupture,and Stress-Rupture Tests of Metallic Materials2.2ANSI Standards:ANSI B1.1Unified Screw ThreadsANSI B18.2.1Square and Hex Bolts and Screws Includ-ing Hex Cap Screws and Lag ScrewsANSI B18.2.2Square and Hex NutsANSI B18.3Hexagon Socket and Spline Socket Screws98SA-453/SA-453M1998SECTION II3.Terminology3.1Descriptions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1bolting material—this covers rolled,forged,or hot-extruded bars;bolts,nuts,screws,washers,studs, and stud bolts;and also includes those manufacturedby upset heading or roll threading techniques.3.1.2heat-treatment charge—one heat of material heat treated in one batch.If a continuous operation is used,the weight processed as a heat-treatment charge shall not exceed the weights in Table1.3.1.3lot—a lot shall consist of the quantities shown in Table2.4.Ordering Information4.1The inquiry and order shall indicate the following:4.1.1Quantity(weight or number of pieces),4.1.2Type of material(bars,bolts,nuts,etc.),4.1.3Grade and class,4.1.4Method offinishing(see5.2),4.1.5Type of thread desired(see5.2.2),4.1.6Alternative test method option(see7.2.4.3),4.1.7Bolt shape option,if any(see8.2),4.1.8Thread option,if any(see8.3),4.1.9Test method for surface quality,if any(see Section10),4.1.10Test location option,if any(Section11),4.1.11Rejection option,if any(see12.1),and4.1.12If stress-rupture testing is not required(see 7.2.1).5.Materials and Manufacture5.1Melting Process:5.1.1The material shall be made by one or moreof the following processes:electric-furnace,induction furnace,or consumable-electrode practice.5.1.2Vacuum,protective atmospheres,or protec-tive slags may be used during melting or pouring ofthe heat.8225.2Finishing Process:5.2.1The product shall be hotfinished or cold finished(ground,rough turned or cold drawn)as speci-fied on the purchase order.5.2.2Threads may be formed by machining or rolling.For Type1bolting,threading shall be performed after precipitation heat treatment.For Type2bolting, threading shall be performed after solution treatment but prior to precipitation heat treatment.5.3Heat Treatment—Each grade and class shall be heat treated as prescribed in Table3.6.Chemical Composition6.1Heat Analysis—An analysis of each heat of steel shall be made by the manufacturer to determine the percentages of the elements specified in Table4. This analysis shall be made from a test sample taken during the pouring of the heat.The chemical composi-tion thus determined shall be reported to the purchaser or his representative and shall conform to the requirements specified in Table4.6.1.1Steels with added lead shall not be used.6.2Product Analysis:6.2.1A product analysis may be made by the purchaser from tension samples representing the bolting material.6.2.2Samples for chemical analysis,except for spectro-chemical analysis,shall be taken in accordance with Practice E59.The chemical composition thus determined shall conform to the requirements for prod-uct analysis variation as specified in Table4.6.2.3A product analysis shall be made by the manufacturer of bar stock made from vacuum-arc re-melted steel.6.3Methods of Analysis—For referee purposes, Test Methods E30shall be used.7.Mechanical Properties7.1Tension Test:7.1.1Requirements—The material shall conform to the room-temperature tensile in each heat-treatment charge(Section3).PART A—FERROUS MATERIAL SPECIFICATIONS SA-453/SA-453M7.1.2Number of Specimens:7.1.2.1Heat-Treated Bars—When not more than two sizes of bars are heat treated in the same load,one tension test shall be made from each sizein each heat of material in the heat-treatment charge (see3.2).When more than two sizes of bars are treatedin the same charge,one tension test shall be made from one bar of each of the two largest diameters from each heat of material in the heat-treating charge.7.1.2.2Finished Parts—One tension test shallbe made if the lot consists of parts of the same nominal diameter.If the lot consists of parts of more than one nominal diameter,one tension test shall be made from each nominal diameter of each heat involved in thelot(Section3).7.1.2.3The diameter range shall be in incrementsof1⁄2in.[12.5mm].7.1.2.4Tension tests are not required onfinished parts that are fabricated from heat-treated bars furnishedin accordance with the requirements of this specification and tested in accordance with7.1.2.1,provided theyare not given a subsequent heat treatment.7.1.3Test Location and Orientation—Specimens shall be taken in accordance with Test Methods andDefinitions A370,Annex A1,from the bar stock usedto make the product.7.1.4Test Methods:7.1.4.1The tension test specimen shall be ma-chined to the form and dimensions prescribed in the latest issue of Test Methods and Definitions A370.7.1.4.2The yield strength shall be determinedby the offset method as described in the latest issueof Test Methods and Definitions A370.7.2Stress-Rupture Test:7.2.1Requirements—The material shall conformto the stress-rupture requirements prescribed in Table5for design temperatures above800°F[427°C].Materialnot stress-rupture tested shall be permanently stamped NR.7.2.2The number of specimens shall be the sameas the required number of tension test specimens.7.2.3The test location and orientation shall bethe same as that required for the tension test specimens.8237.2.4Test Method:7.2.4.1The rupture test shall be performed in accordance with Practice E139.7.2.4.2A combination smooth and notched test specimen,machined to the dimensions prescribed in Fig.1and Table6,shall be tested in accordance with the stress-rupture requirements prescribed in Table5. The test shall be continued to rupture.The rupture shall occur in the smooth section of the bar.7.2.4.3As an alternative procedure and,when specifically approved by the purchaser,separate smooth and notched test specimens,machined from adjacent sections of the same piece,with gage sections conform-ing to the respective dimensions of Table6,may be tested under the above conditions.The notched specimen need not be tested to rupture but shall not rupture in less time than the companion smooth specimen.7.2.4.4When the minimum specified time to rupture in Table5has been achieved,incremental loading may be used to accelerate the time to rupture. At intervals of8to16h,preferably8to10h,the stress shall be increased in increments of5000psi [34.5MPa].Rupture location,and elongation require-ments shall be as prescribed in Table5,7.2.4.2,and 7.2.4.3.7.3Hardness Test:7.3.1Requirements—The material shall conform to the room temperature hardness requirements pre-scribed in Table7.7.3.2Number of Tests:7.3.2.1Bars2in.[50mm]and Over—One test on each mill-treated length.7.3.2.2Bars under2in.[50mm]—One test per bar on at least10%of the bars.7.3.3Test Locations—The hardness test shall be made at the center of the cross section for bars up to1in.[25mm]in diameter,and at the midradius on bars1in.[25mm]and larger in diameter.7.3.4Test Method—The test shall be performed in accordance with Test Methods and Definitions A370.8.Dimensions and Permissible Variations8.1Standard permissible variations in sizes of bars shall be as set forth in Table8for hot-rolled bars and in Table9for cold-finished bars.SA-453/SA-453M1998SECTION II8.2Headed bolts shall be semi-finished,hexagonalin shape,and in accordance with the dimensions of ANSI B18.2.1.Nuts shall be hexagonal in shape,andin accordance with the dimensions of ANSI B18.2.2. Unless otherwise specified,the ANSI Standard heavy bolt and nut series shall be used.If socket head fastenersare required,the dimensions shall be in accordance with ANSI B18.3,as specified by the purchaser.8.3All bolts,stud bolts,and accompanying nuts, unless otherwise specified by the purchaser,shall be threaded in accordance with ANSI B1.1,Class2A to2Bfit,or British Whitworth threads when specified.8.4Bolts,screws,studs and stud bolts shall be pointed.Points shall beflat and chamfered or roundedat option of the manufacturer.Length of point on studs and stud bolts shall be one to two complete threadsas measured from the extreme end parallel to the axis. Length of studs and stud bolts shall be the threaded length and shall be measured fromfirst thread tofirst thread.9.Workmanship,Finish and Appearance9.1Finished parts shall have a workmanlikefinish, maximum63in.[1.6m]AA on the threads,body underheadfillet,and bearing area.10.Workmanship and Quality LevelRequirements10.1The material shall be uniform in quality and free of defects that would be detrimental to the intended service.Such defects may be determined by conven-tional test methods,as specified on the purchase order. 11.Inspection11.1The manufacturer shall afford the purchaser’s inspector all reasonable facilities necessary to satisfy him that the material is being furnished in accordance with the specifil inspection by the purchaser shall not interfere unnecessarily with the manufacturer’s operations.All tests and inspections shall be made atthe place of manufacture,unless otherwise agreed to.12.Rejection and Rehearing12.1Rejection—Unless otherwise specified,any rejection based on tests made in accordance with this824specification shall be reported to the manufacturer within 60days from the receipt of the material by the purchaser. Material that shows injurious defects subsequent to its acceptance at the manufacturer’s work will be rejected and the manufacturer shall be notified.12.2Rehearing—Specimens tested in accordance with this specification that represent rejected material shall be preserved for2months from the date of the test report.In case of dissatisfaction with the results of the test,the manufacturer may make claim for a rehearing within that time.13.Certification13.1The producer’s certification that the material was manufactured and tested in accordance with this specification together with a report of the test results shall be furnished at the time of shipment.The specifi-cation designation included on test reports shall include year of issue and revision letter,if any.14.Product Marking14.1Bars—Each lift,bundle,or box shall be properly tagged with durable tags(metal,plastic,or equivalent),showing the heat number,type,condition, specification designation(A453/A453M),and size. The specification number marked on the material need not include specification year of issue and revision letter.14.2Bolts,Nuts,Screws,Studs,and Steel Bolts—Grade and manufacturer’s identification symbols shall be applied to one end of studs3⁄8in.[10mm]in diameter and larger and to the heads of bolts1⁄4in. [6mm]in diameter and larger.(If the available area is inadequate,the grade symbol may be marked on one end and the manufacturer’s identification symbol marked on the other end.)In addition to the identification symbols(grade and class)shown in Table2,the type designation2shall also appear on all roll-threaded bolting material so processed.Absence of the type designation number indicates Type1processed material or machine-cut threads.14.3For purposes of identification marking,the manufacturer is considered the organization that certifies the fastener was manufactured,sampled,tested,and inspected in accordance with the specification and the results have been determined to meet the requirements of this specification.PART A—FERROUS MATERIAL SPECIFICATIONS SA-453/SA-453M 9814.4Bar Coding—In addition to the requirementsin14.1,14.2,and14.3,bar coding is acceptable as asupplementary identification method.Bar coding shouldbe consistent with AIAG Standard B-502.00.If usedon small items,the bar code may be applied to thebox or a substantially applied tag.15.Keywords15.1marking;revision letter;year dateFIG.1COMBINATION SMOOTH-NOTCH STRESS-RUPTURE TEST SPECIMEN(See Table5)TABLE1CONTINUOUS HEAT-TREATMENT CHARGE SIZESDiameter,in.[mm]Weight,lb[kg]To13⁄4[44]3000[1400]Over13⁄4[44]to21⁄2[63]6000[2700]Over21⁄2[63]12000[5400]TABLE2LOT SIZESDiameter,in.[mm]Maximum Lot Size,lb[kg]11⁄2[38]and under200[90]Over11⁄2[38]to13⁄4[44],incl300[140]Over13⁄4[44]to21⁄2[63],incl600[270]Over21⁄2[63]20pieces825SA-453/SA-453M1998SECTION IITABLE3HEAT TREATMENT REQUIREMENTS AGrade Class Solution Treatment Hardening Treatment660A1650Ϯ25°F[900Ϯ14°C],hold2h,min,and liquid quench1325Ϯ25°F[720Ϯ14°C],hold16h,air cool B1800Ϯ25°F[980Ϯ14°C],hold1h,min,and liquid quench1325Ϯ25°F[720Ϯ14°C],hold16h,air coolC1800Ϯ25°F[980Ϯ14°C],hold1h,min,and oil quench1425Ϯ25°F[775Ϯ14°C],hold16h,air cool1200Ϯ25°F[650Ϯ14°C],hold16h,air cool651A hot-cold worked at1200°F[650°C]min with15%min reductionin cross-sectional area,stress-relief anneal at1200°F[650°C]min or4h,minB hot-cold worked at1200°F[650°C]min with15%min reductionof cross-sectional area,stress-relief anneal at1350°F[730°C]min for4h,min662A1800Ϯ25°F[980Ϯ14°C],hold2h,liquid quench1350to1400°F[730to760°C],hold20h,furnace cool to1200Ϯ25°F[650Ϯ14°C],hold20h,air cool B1950Ϯ25°F[1065Ϯ14°C],hold2h,liquid quench1350to1400°F[730to760°C],hold20h,furnace cool to1200Ϯ25°F[650Ϯ14°C],hold20h,air cool665A1800Ϯ25°F[980Ϯ14°C],hold3h,liquid quench1350to1400°F[730to760°C],hold20h,furnace cool to1200Ϯ25°F[650Ϯ14°C],hold20h,air cool B2000Ϯ25°F[1095Ϯ14°C],hold3h,liquid quench1350to1400°F[730to760°C],hold20h,furnace cool to1200Ϯ25°F[650Ϯ14°C],hold20h,air coolA Times refer to the minimum time material is required to be at temperature.826PART A—FERROUS MATERIAL SPECIFICATIONS SA-453/SA-453MTABLE4CHEMICAL REQUIREMENTSGrade660Grade651Product Analysis Variation,Product Analysis Variation, Content,%Over or Under,%Content,%Over or Under,%Carbon0.08max0.01over0.28–0.350.02Manganese 2.00max0.040.75–1.500.04Phosphorus0.040max0.005over0.040max0.005overSulfur0.030max0.005over0.030max0.005overSilicon 1.00max0.050.30–0.800.05Nickel24.0–27.00.208.0–11.00.15Chromium13.5–16.00.2018.0–21.00.25Molybdenum 1.00–1.500.05 1.00–1.750.05 Tungsten...... 1.00–1.750.05Titanium 1.90–2.350.050.10–0.350.05overColumbium A......0.25–0.600.05Aluminum0.35max0.05over......Vanadium0.10–0.500.03......Boron0.001–0.0100.0004under to......0.001overCopper......0.50max0.03overGrade662Grade665Product Analysis Variation,Product Analysis Variation, Content,%Over or Under,%Content,%Over or Under,%Carbon0.08max0.01over0.08max0.01over Manganese0.40–1.000.03 1.25–2.000.04Phosphorus0.040max0.005over0.040max0.005overSulfur0.030max0.005over0.030max0.005overSilicon0.40–1.000.050.10–0.800.05Nickel24.0–28.00.2024.0–28.00.20Chromium12.0–15.00.1512.0–15.00.15Molybdenum 2.0–3.50.10 1.25–2.250.10Titanium 1.80–2.100.05 2.70–3.30.05Aluminum0.35max0.05over0.25max0.05overCopper0.50max0.03over0.25max0.03overBoron0.001–0.0100.0004under to0.01–0.070.0050.001overA Or columbium plus tantalum.827SA-453/SA-453M1998SECTION IITABLE5STRESS RUPTURE REQUIREMENTSStress,Test Time to Elonga-minTemperature,Rupture,tion,Grade Class°F[°C]ksi MPa min.h A min.%660A,B,and C1200[650]563851005651A and B1200[650]402751005662A and B1200[650]553801005665A1200[650]755151003B1200[650]704851005A The combination bar specimen shown in Fig.1shall be testedcontinuously at the temperature and at the minimum stress specifiedor at a greater stress and shall rupture in a time not less than thatspecified.TABLE6TEST SPECIMEN DIMENSIONSNOTE1—Surfaces marked8,finish to8in.[0.2m]rmsor better.NOTE2—The difference between dimensions F and D shall notexceed0.0005in.[0.01mm]for specimens1or2.The differenceshall not exceed0.001in.[0.02mm]for specimens3,4,5,or6.NOTE3—Taper the gage length G to the center so that thediameter D at the ends of the gage length exceeds the diameter atthe center of the gage length by not less than0.0005in.[0.01mm]nor more than0.0015in.[0.04mm].NOTE4—All sections shall be concentric about the specimenaxis within0.001in.[0.02mm].NOTE5—Thread size T shall be equal to or greater than diame-ter H.NOTE6—Dimensions A and B are not specified.NOTE7—Length of shoulder C—1⁄8+1⁄32−0in.[3.2+0.8mm].NOTE8—Length of shoulder E—3⁄8+1⁄32−0in.[10.0+0.8mm].Mid-lengthGage Dia D Gage Shoulder Notch-Specimen and Notch-Length,Diameter,RootType Root Dia F G H RadiusInches10.1250.50.1770.00520.1600.650.2260.00530.1780.750.2500.00540.252 1.00.3750.00750.357 1.50.5000.01060.505 2.00.7500.015ToleranceϮ0.001Ϯ0.05Ϯ0.003Ϯ0.0005Millimetres7 3.1712.0 4.50.138 4.0617.0 5.50.139 4.5220.0 6.50.1310 6.4025.09.50.18119.0740.012.00.251212.850.019.00.38ToleranceϮ0.025Ϯ1.3Ϯ0.1Ϯ0.01828PART A—FERROUS MATERIAL SPECIFICATIONS SA-453/SA-453MTABLE7MECHANICAL PROPERTY REQUIREMENTSYieldTensile Strength Approximate RockwellStrength,(0.2%Hardness,Elongation in4Reduction of Brinellmin Offset),min B and C×Diam A,Area,min,HardnessGrade Class ksi MPa ksi MPa min,%%Number min max 660A,B,and C130895855851518248–34199HRB D37HRC 651A10069070B4851835217–27795HRB29HRC60C415B9565560B4151835212–26993HRB28HRC E50C345662A130895855851518255–321100HRB D35HRC E B125860805501518248–32199HRB35HRC 665A17011701208301215311–38832HRC41HRC B15510701208301215311–38832HRC41HRCA See Fig.6of Test Methods and Definitions A370.B Material sizes3in.[76mm]and under in diameter.C Material sizes over3in.[76mm]in diameter.D Conversion numbers taken from Test Methods and Definitions A370,Table3D.E Conversion numbers taken from Specification A193/A193M,Table2(austenitic steels);others by interpolation.829SA-453/SA-453M1998SECTION IITABLE8PERMISSIBLE VARIATIONS IN SIZE OFHOT-ROLLED BARSPermissibleVariations fromSpecified SizeOut of Specified Size Over Under Round5⁄16and under0.0050.0050.008Over5⁄16to7⁄16,incl0.0060.0060.009Over7⁄16to5⁄8,incl0.0070.0070.010Over5⁄8to7⁄8,incl0.0080.0080.012Over7⁄8to1,incl0.0090.0090.013Over1to11⁄8,incl0.0100.0100.015Over11⁄8to11⁄4,incl0.0110.0110.016Over11⁄4to13⁄8,incl0.0120.0120.018Over13⁄8to11⁄2,incl0.0140.0140.021Over11⁄2to2,incl1⁄641⁄640.023Over2to21⁄2,incl1⁄3200.023Over21⁄2to31⁄2,incl3⁄6400.035Over31⁄2to41⁄4,incl1⁄1600.046Over41⁄2to51⁄2,incl5⁄6400.058Over51⁄2to61⁄2,incl1⁄800.070Over61⁄2to71⁄2,incl5⁄3200.085Millimetres8.0and under0.130.130.20Over8.0to11.0,incl0.150.150.23Over11.0to16.0,incl0.180.180.25Over16.0to22.0,incl0.200.200.30Over22.0to25.0,incl0.230.230.33Over25.0to29.0incl0.250.250.38Over29.0to32.0,incl0.280.280.41Over32.0to35.0,incl0.300.300.46Over35.0to38.0,incl0.350.350.53Over38.0to51,0,incl0.400.400.58Over51.0to63.0,incl0.8000.58Over63.0to89.0,incl 1.200.89Over89.0to114,incl 1.60 1.2Over114to140,incl 2.00 1.5Over140to165,incl 3.20 1.8Over165to191,incl 4.00 2.2830TABLE9PERMISSIBLE VARIATIONS IN SIZE OFCOLD-FINISHED BARSPermissible Variations fromSpecified Size,in.[mm]A Specified Size,in.[mm]Over Under Over1⁄2to1[13to25],excl0.002[0.05]0.002[0.05] 1to11⁄2[25to38],excl0.0025[0.06]0.0025[0.06] 11⁄2to4[38to100],incl B0.003[0.08]0.003[0.08] A When it is necessary to heat treat or heat treat and pickle after cold finishing,because of special hardness or mechanical property requirements,the permissible variations are generally double those shown in the table.B For size tolerances of sizes over4in.[100mm],the manufacturer should be consulted.PART A—FERROUS METAL SPECIFICATIONS SA-453/SA-453MSUPPLEMENTARY REQUIREMENTThe following supplementary requirement shall apply only when specified by thepurchaser in the inquiry,contract,and order.S1.MarkingS1.1Grade and manufacturer’s identification symbolsshall be applied to one end of studs and to the headsof bolts of all sizes.(If the available area is inadequate,the grade symbol may be marked on one end and themanufacturer’s identification symbol marked on theother end.)For bolts and studs smaller than1⁄4in.[6mm]in diameter and for1⁄4in.[6mm]studs requiringmore than a total of three symbols,the marking shallbe a matter of agreement between the purchaser andthe manufacturer.831。
45号钢奥氏体的组织
45号钢奥氏体的组织
奥氏体是钢铁的一种层片状的显微组织，通常是Fe中固溶少量碳的无磁性固溶体，也称为沃斯田铁。
奥氏体的名称是来自英国的冶金学家罗伯茨·奥斯汀。
奥氏体塑性很好，强度较低，具有一定韧性，不具有铁磁性。
奥氏体因为是面心立方，八面体间隙较大，可以容纳更多的碳。
45钢具有较高强度和良好塑性的配合，可用于制造各种重要零件，如压缩机、各种化工用泵和运动部件（曲轴、连杆、活塞杆），也可制造汽轮机的叶轮等。
通常大尺寸的零件在正火状态使用，小尺寸的零件可调质成回火奥氏体使用。
45钢经过正火可以改善铸造或锻造后的组织，细化奥氏体晶粒，形成细而均匀的铁素体和珠光体，从而提高钢的强度、硬度和韧性。
45号钢的介绍
45#钢在一般工艺条件下不能进行焊接,因为随着含碳量得增加,钢材得可焊性变差,低碳钢具有较好得可焊性,含碳量超过0、35%得钢材可焊性较差容易产生焊接裂纹。
当采取一些特殊得工艺措施后,45#钢也可以进行焊接,一般就是焊前预热,小得焊接规范,焊后缓冷以及焊后消除应力退火等措施就是可以进行焊接得,但就是容易产生淬硬组织,在焊缝与热影响区都容易产生马氏体组织与较大得焊接残余应力。
钢得分类钢就是含碳量在0、04%2、3%之间得铁碳合金。
为了保证其韧性与塑性,含碳量一般不超过1、7%。
钢得主要元素除铁、碳外,还有硅、锰、硫、磷等。
钢得分类方法多种多样,其主要方法有如下七种: 1、按品质分类(1) 普通钢(P≤0、045%,S≤0、050%) (2) 优质钢(P、S均≤0、035%) (3) 高级优质钢(P≤0、035%,S≤0、030%) 2、、按化学成份分类(1) 碳素钢:a、低碳钢(C≤0、25%);b、中碳钢(C≤0、25~0、60%);c、高碳钢(C≤0、60%)。
(2)合金钢:a、低合金钢(合金元素总含量≤5%)b、中合金钢(合金元素总含量＞5~10%)c、高合金钢(合金元素总含量＞10%)。
3、按成形方法分类:(1) 锻钢;(2) 铸钢;(3) 热轧钢;(4) 冷拉钢。
4、按金相组织分类(1) 退火状态得a、亚共析钢(铁素体+珠光体)b、共析钢(珠光体)c、过共析钢(珠光体+渗碳体)d、莱氏体钢(珠光体+渗体)。
(2) 正火状态得:a、珠光体钢;b、贝氏体钢;c、马氏体钢;d、奥氏体钢。
(3) 无相变或部分发生相变得5、按用途分类(1) 建筑及工程用钢:a、普通碳素结构钢;b、低合金结构钢;c、钢筋钢。
(2) 结构钢a、机械制造用钢:(a)调质结构钢;(b)表面硬化结构钢:包括渗碳钢、氨钢、表面淬火用钢;(c)易切结构钢;(d) 冷塑性成形用钢:包括冷冲压用钢、冷镦用钢。
b、弹簧钢c、轴承钢(3) 工具钢:a、碳素工具钢;b、合金工具钢;c、高速工具钢。
焊制弯头
焊接弯头的分类方法，按它的曲Fra bibliotek 半径来分，45度弯头 45度弯头 可分为长半径弯头和短半径弯头。 长半径弯头指它的曲率半径等于1.5 倍的管子外径，即R=1.5D.短半径 弯头指它的曲率半径等于管子外径， 即R=D。公式中的D为弯头直径，R 为曲率半径。最常用的是为1.5D的 弯头，如果在合同中没有注明是1D 或者1.5D，那么是要优化选用1.5D 的。我国最常用的执行标准有 GB/T12459-2005，GB/134012005,GB/T10752-1995.
若按压力等级来分，大约有十七种，和 美国的管子标准是相同的，有：Sch5s、 Sch10s、Sch10、Sch20、Sch30、 Sch40s、STD、Sch40、Sch60、 Sch80s、XS；Sch
180°焊接弯头 180°焊接弯头 80、Sch100、Sch120、Sch140、 Sch160、XXS，其中最常用的是STD和 XS两种。按弯头的角度分，有45°弯头， 有90°弯头和180°弯头。这样一来弯头 的种类是很多的，定货时定单常采取如 下表示方法：如"LR STD 90° 8"， 表示长半径，压力等级为STD，90°的 8"弯头；又如，"SR XS 45° 4"表 示短半径，压力等级为XS，45°的4"弯 头。
焊接弯头即为“虾米弯”，它可 在管道上或钢板上切割下料后焊 制而成，其规格可为很大。弯的 节数与弯曲半径由制作者自由确 定。焊接弯不很圆顺，两者的弯 曲半径均不大，一般为管道直径 的1倍左右。
中文名焊接弯头 外文名The welding elbow 即 为即为“虾 米弯” 分 类Sch5s、Sch10s
45号钢
半精加工刀参及进给量
半精加工中，由于进给量小，背吃刀量小，要保证工件 质量，所以切削热应小，震动应小，刃口应锋利，所以 选择较大前角，切削中应减小刀具与工件间摩擦，减小 刀具磨损，所以选较大后角和副后角。加工中要保证工 件表面光滑，同时保证刀具耐用度，减小振动，所以选 择大的主偏角和较小的副偏角。加工时最应避免切削流 向加工表面，所以λs应取一个适当正值，是切削流流向 未加工表面，但为减小震动，所以λs应取较小正值。
转速720r/min实际速度180m/min
切削用量
切削速度v=180(m/min)
进给量f=0.18 (mm/r)
背吃刀量ap=1 (mm) 将工件轴由φ25加工至φ19，第一轮ap1=1mm，
第二轮ap2=1 mm， 第三轮ap3=1 mm
将工件由φ19加工至φ16，只需一轮ap1=1mm， 第二轮ap2=0.5 mm
由机床转速参数表可知实际转速为572.2r/min所以取550r/min
切削速度v=140 (m/min)
进给量f=0.14 (mm/r)
背吃刀量ap=4 (mm) 将工件轴由φ25加工至
φ19，第一轮ap1=3 mm 将工件由φ19加工至φ16，
只需一轮ap2=1.5 mm
45号钢
45号属于钢为优质碳素结构钢，硬度不 高，易切削加工。
45号钢广泛用于机械制造，这种钢的机 械性能很好。但是，这是一种中碳钢，淬 火性能并不好，45号钢的可以从淬硬至 HRC 42~46。45号钢没有回火前，实际 应用的最高硬度为HRC 55。经调质处理 后零件具有较好的总和机械性能，广泛应 用于各种重要的结构零件，但表面硬度较 低，不耐磨，但可用调质使表面淬火提高 零件表面硬度。用45号钢渗碳处理，淬 火后蕊部出现硬脆的马氏体，失去渗碳处
45#无缝钢管
45#无缝钢管1.45#无缝钢管是用钢锭或实心管坯经穿孔制成毛管，然后经热轧、冷轧或冷拨制成，45无缝钢管属钢材中的一种材质，属优质碳素结构钢，大量的模具生产公司会用到，做模具钢使用。
45#无缝钢管在我国钢管业中具有，重要的地位。
2.45#无缝钢管概述3.据不完全统计，我国现有45号无缝钢管生产企业约240多家，无缝钢管机组约250多套，年产能力约450多万吨。
从口径看，<φ76的，占35%，<φ159-650的，占25%。
从品种看，一般用途管190万吨，占54%；石油管76万吨，占5.7%；液压支柱、精密管15万吨，占4.3%；不锈管、轴承管、汽车管共5万吨，占1.4%。
4.轧制无缝管的原料是圆管坯，圆管胚要经过切割机的切割加工成长度约为1米的坯料，并经传送带送到熔炉内加热。
钢坯被送入熔炉内加热，温度大约为1200℃。
燃料为氢气或乙炔。
炉内温度控制是关键性的问题.圆管坯出炉后要经过压力穿孔机进行穿空。
一般较常见的穿孔机是锥形辊穿孔机，这种穿孔机生产效率高，产品质量好，穿孔扩径量大，可穿多种钢种。
穿孔后，圆管坯就先后被三辊斜轧、连轧或挤压。
挤压后要脱管定径。
定径机通过锥形钻头高速旋转入钢胚打孔，形成钢管。
钢管内径由定径机钻头的外径长度来确定。
钢管经定径后，进入冷却塔中，通过喷水冷却，钢管经冷却后，就要被矫直。
钢管经矫直后由传送带送至金属探伤机（或水压实验）进行内部探伤。
若钢管内部有裂纹，气泡等问题，将被探测出。
钢管质检后还要通过严格的手工挑选。
钢管质检后，用油漆喷上编号、规格、生产批号等。
并由吊车吊入仓库中。
5.6.无缝钢管的规格用外径*壁厚毫米数表示。
φ:756MM;壁厚:100MM以下45#无缝钢管化学成分7.它的化学成分中含碳（C）量是0.42~0.50%，Si含量为0.17~0.37%，Mn含量0.50~0.80%，Cr含量<=0.25%。
8.钢管分类9.无缝钢管分热轧和冷轧（拨）无缝钢管两类。
有关45号钢的知识
有关45号钢的知识2009-05-18 10:55牌号: 45化学成分质量分数%|C: 0.42～0.50化学成分质量分数%|Si: 0.17～0.37化学成分质量分数%|Mn: 0.50～0.80化学成分质量分数%|Cr≤: 0.25化学成分质量分数%|Ni≤: 0.30化学成分质量分数%|Cu≤: 0.25试样毛坯尺寸/mm: 25推荐热处理/℃|正火: 850推荐热处理/℃|淬火: 840推荐热处理/℃|回火: 600力学性能|σb/MPa≥: 600力学性能|σs/MPa≥: 355力学性能|δ5(%)≥: 16力学性能|ψ(%)≥: 40力学性能|AKU/J≥: 39钢材交货状态硬度HBS10/3000，≤|未热处理钢: 229钢材交货状态硬度HBS10/3000，≤|退火钢: 197主要特征: 最常用中碳调质钢，综合力学性能良好，淬透性低，水淬时易生裂纹。
小型件宜采用调质处理，大型件宜采用正火处理应用举例: 主要用于制造强度高的运动件，如透平机叶轮、压缩机活塞。
轴、齿轮、齿条、蜗杆等。
焊接件注意焊前预热，焊后消除应力退火45号钢调质后表面硬度要比原来高一些，走刀和转速相对要低些45号钢的调质工艺:820-840度淬火，580-610回火。
45钢调质后，内部是还有一定的残余应力。
但是材料的变形，或者说放一段时间后变大，跟里面的残余应力的关系不是很大（我是说材料在残余应力很小的情况下：比如经过调质处理后，或者经过高温回火后），而是跟材料里面残留的奥氏体的含量有关系。
残留的奥氏体越多，材料久置之后的尺寸变化越大，每残留1%的奥氏体的量，尺寸就要长大0.015%。
要得到尺寸非常稳定的材料，就要做深冷处理，尽量让所有的奥氏体转化为马氏体。
深冷处理（cryogenic treatment）工件淬火后继续在液氮或液氮蒸气中冷却的工艺。
深冷处理主要是采用液态氟为冷却剂（-196摄氏度），利用气化潜热的快速冷却方式，将淬火后的模具冷至-120摄氏度以下，并保持一段时间。
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SA5.0thruSA170AFEATURES:• ECONOMICAL SERIES• AVAILABLE IN BOTH UNIDIRECTIONAL AND BI-DIRECTIONAL CONSTRUCTION • 5.0 TO 170 STAND-OFF VOLTAGE AVAILABLE • 500 WATTS PEAK PULSE POWER DISSIPATION •QUICK RESPONSEDESCRIPTION:This Transient Voltage Suppressor is an economical, molded, commercial product used to protect voltage sensitive components from destruction or partial degradation.The response time of their clamping action is virtually instantaneous (1 x 10-12seconds) and they have a peak pulse power rating of 500 watts for 1 ms as depicted in Figure 1 and 2. Microsemi also offers a great variety of other Transient Voltage Suppressor's to meet higher and lower power demands and special applications.MAXIMUM RATINGS:Peak Pulse Power Dissipation at 25°C: 500 WattsSteady State Power Dissipation: 2.5 Watts at T L = +75°C3/8" Lead Lengtht clamping (0 volts to BV Min.):Unidirectional <1x10-12 Seconds: Bi-directional <5x10-9Seconds.Operating and Storage Temperature: -55° to +175°C8700 E. Thomas Road Scottsdale, AZ 85252Phone: (480) 941-6300Fax: (480) 947-15035.0 thru 170 volts500 Watts Transient Voltage Suppressors2 x ∅.032 ± .002[.81 ± .05]∅ .107[2.72]max.POLARITYMark {cathode}.205[5.21]MAX.NOTE: DIMENSIONS IN [ ] =MILLIMETERSP E A K P U L S E P O W E R (P p p ) O R C O N T I N U O U S P O W E R I N P E R C E N T O F 25°C R A T I N GFIGURE 1DERATING CURVE50100150175255075100TYPICAL CHARACTERISTIC CURVEST L LEAD TEMPERATURE °CPulse Time Duration (tp) is Defined as that point where Ip decaysto 50% of I surgePeak Value Ipp 100501234TIME (t) IN MILLISECONDSFIGURE 2PULSE WAVEFORM FOR EXPONENTIAL SURGEP U L S E C U R R E N T I N P E R C E N T O F I p pMECHANICALCHARACTERISTICSCASE: Void free transfer molded thermosetting plastic.FINISH: Readily solderable.POLARITY: Band denotes cathode. Bi-directional not marked.WEIGHT: 0.7 gram (Appx.).MOUNTING POSITION: AnyDO-412 X1.10[27.94]MIN.thruSA170A ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS AT 25°CPART NUMBERBREAKDOWNVOLTAGE V(BR)MIN.MAXTESTCURRENTI TRATEDSTANDOFFVOLTAGEV WMMAX. REVERSESTANDBYCURRENTI D @V WMMAX.PEAKREVERSEVOLTAGEV C MAX.@ I PPMAX. PEAKPULSECURRENTI PP(Figure 2)MAX.TEMP.COEFFICIENTOF V(BR)-55°C TO175°CαV(BR) VOLTS VOLTS mA VOLTSµ ADC VOLTS AMP% / °CSA5.0 6.407.3010 5.06009.652.057 SA5.0A 6.407.0010 5.06009.254.3.057 SA6.0 6.678.1510 6.060011.443.9.059 SA6.0A 6.677.3710 6.060010.348.5.059 SA6.57.228.8210 6.540012.340.7.061 SA6.5A7.227.9810 6.540011.244.7.061 SA7.07.789.51107.015013.337.8.065 SA7.0A7.788.60107.015012.041.7.065 SA7.58.3310.217.55014.335.0.067 SA7.5A8.339.2117.55012.938.8.067 SA8.08.8910.918.02515.033.3.070 SA8.0A8.899.8318.02513.636.7.070 SA8.59.4411.518.5515.931.4.073 SA8.5A9.4410.418.5514.434.7.073 SA9.010.012.219.0116.929.5.076 SA9.0A10.011.119.0115.432.5.076 SA1011.113.6110118.826.6.078 SA10A11.112.3110117.029.4.078 SA1112.214.9111120.124.9.081 SA11A12.213.5111118.227.4.081 SA1213.316.3112122.022.7.082 SA12A13.314.7112119.925.1.082 SA1314.417.6113123.821.0.084 SA13A14.415.9113121.523.2.084 SA1415.619.1114125.819.4.086 SA14A15.617.2114123.221.5.086 SA1516.720.4115126.918.8.087 SA15A16.718.5115124.420.6.087 SA1617.821.8116128.817.6.088 SA6A17.819.7116126.019.2.088 SA1718.923.1117130.516.4.090 SA17A18.920.9117127.618.1.090 SA1820.024.4118132.215.5.092 SA18A20.022.1118129.217.2.092 SA2022.227.1120135.813.9.093 SA20A22.224.5120132.415.4.093thruSA170A ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS AT 25°CPART NUMBERBREAKDOWNVOLTAGE V(BR)MIN.MAXTESTCURRENTI TRATEDSTANDOFFVOLTAGEV WMMAX. REVERSESTANDBYCURRENTI D @V WMMAX.PEAKREVERSEVOLTAGEV C MAX.@ I PPMAX. PEAKPULSECURRENTI PP(Figure 2)MAX.TEMP.COEFFICIENTOF V(BR)-55°C TO175°CαV(BR) VOLTS VOLTS mA VOLTSµ ADC VOLTS AMP% / °CSA2224.429.8122139.412.7.094 SA22A24.426.9122135.514.1.094 SA2426.732.6124143.011.6.096 SA24A26.729.5124138.912.8.096 SA2628.935.3126146.610.7.097 SA26A28.931.9126142.111.9.097 SA2831.138.0128150.09.9.098 SA28A31.134.4128145.411.0.098 SA3033.340.7130153.59.3.099 SA30A33.336.8130148.410.3.099 SA3336.744.9133159.08.5.100 SA33A36.740.6133153.39.4.100 SA3640.048.9136164.37.8.101 SA36A40.044.2136158.18.6.101 SA4044.454.3140171.47.0.101 SA40A44.449.1140164.57.8.101 SA4347.858.4143176.7 6.5.102 SA43A47.852.8143169.47.2.102 SA4550.061.1145180.3 6.2.102 SA45A50.055.3145172.7 6.9.102 SA4853.365.1148185.5 5.8.103 SA48A53.358.9148177.4 6.5.103 SA5156.769.3151191.1 5.5.103 SA51A56.762.7151182.4 6.1.103 SA5460.073.3154196.3 5.2.104 SA54A60.066.3154187.1 5.7.104 SA5864.478.71581103.0 4.9.104 SA58A64.471.2158193.6 5.3.104 SA6066.781.51601107.0 4.7.104 SA60A66.773.7160196.8 5.2.104 SA6471.186.91641114.0 4.4.105 SA64A71.178.61641103.0 4.9.105 SA7077.895.11701125.0 4.0.105 SA70A77.886.01701113.0 4.4.105 SA7583.3102.01751134.0 3.7.105 SA75A83.392.11751121.0 4.1.105thruSA170A ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS AT 25°CPART NUMBERBREAKDOWNVOLTAGE V(BR)MIN.MAXTESTCURRENTI TRATEDSTANDOFFVOLTAGEV WMMAX. REVERSESTANDBYCURRENTI D @V WMMAX.PEAKREVERSEVOLTAGEV C MAX.@ I PPMAX. PEAKPULSECURRENTI PP(Figure 2)MAX.TEMP.COEFFICIENTOF V(BR)-55°C TO175°CαV(BR) VOLTS VOLTS mA VOLTSµ ADC VOLTS AMP% / °CSA7886.7106.01781139.0 3.6.106 SA78A86.795.81781126.0 4.0.106 SA8594.4115.01851151.0 3.3.106 SA85A94.4104.01851137.0 3.6.106 SA90100.0122.01901160.0 3.1.107 SA90A100.0111.01901146.0 3.4.107 SA100111.0136.011001179.0 2.8.107 SA100A111.0123.011001162.0 3.1.107 SA110122.0149.011101196.0 2.6.107 SA110A122.0135.011101177.0 2.8.107 SA120133.0163.011201214.0 2.3.107 SA120A133.0147.011201193.0 2.0.107 SA130144.0176.011301231.0 2.2.108 SA130A144.0159.011301209.0 2.4.108 SA150167.0204.011501268.0 1.9.108 SA150A167.0185.011501243.0 2.1.108 SA160178.0218.011601287.0 1.7.108 SA160A178.0197.011601259.0 1.9.108 SA170189.0231.011701304.0 1.6.108 SA170A189.0209.011701275.0 1.8.108 Note: For Bi-directional construction, indicate a C or CA suffix after the part number, i.e. SA5.0CAthru SA170A10000100010010C -C A P A C I T A N C E - P I C O F A R AD S1001001000V (BR)- BREAKDOWN VOLTAGE - VOLTSFIGURE 3TYPICAL CAPACITANCE VS BREAKDOWN VOLTAGE107.05.03.02.01.00.70.50.30.20.10.11.010********0.20.5 2.0 5.020*********tw - Pulse Width µsFIGURE 4PEAK PULSE POWER VS. PULSE TIME(P P P ) - P e a k P u l s e P o w e r , (k W )20305070。