跨文化交际PPT课件
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• Personal territory can be large or small, depending on place, sex, age, and character.
• Hold your ground and ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱot back away.
29
3.2 Attitudes Toward Crowding
attention or asking for permission to speak.
17
Others – The Dog Call Sign
• Curl the index finger and tell someone to come to you.
• Acceptable in the UK and US, but rude in many Asian countries
• Australia and Nigeria - up yours
• Some Asian and Islamic countries - rude and offensive
14
The Thumb Down Sign
• Sth is bad or sth you do not approve of. • Sth or someone has failed. • Not used as often as the thumbs up sign. It is a
2
Definitions (cont’d)
Nonverbal communication is the interaction that is carried out by our bodies, gestures, and tones of voice, in other words, everything except the actual words.
11
2.2 Gestures
• The “OK” sign • The thumb up and thumb down sign • The “V” sign • Other signs
12
The “OK” Sign
• America: agree or everything is ok • Latin America: offensive, similar to showing your
6
2. Kinesics
Kinesics is the nonverbal behavior related to movement, either of parts of the body, or of the body as a whole, including facial expressions, gestures, postures, eye contact, etc. Kinesics is “body language” .
5
1.3 Functions
• Accenting - punctuate • Complementing - support • Contradicting – opposite to • Regulating - control • Repeating – send the same meaning • Substituting - replace
16
Others – The Stop Sign
• Raise the hand up with the palm facing towards the opposite person. The hand is tilted forward.
• Fingers pushing down: sit down or settle. • Singapore or Malaysia: to 'hail' someone’s
9
Facial Expressions (cont’d)
Examples of feelings that can be expressed are: fear, anger, surprise, contempt, disgust, happiness, sadness, concentration, confusion, desire, excitement, frustration, glare, and snarl.
* Philippines: used only for dogs * Singapore: death
18
2.3 Postures
• With two arms up in the air: arrogance • Standing firmly face-to-face: start to fight • Hands on the waist
rude and arrogant way to indicate failure.
15
The “V” sign
• Palm outward: - two, victory, general approval, peace or friend
• Palm facing yourself - two, insulting (up yours)
middle finger • France: you’re worthless • Turkey: one is homosexual • Australia: zero
13
The Thumb Up Sign
• Most American and European countries - great, approve
• May damage your image if you neglect your postures
20
2.4 Eye Contact
Direct eye contact • Chinese: avoid • North Americans: appreciate • The British: avoid
27
Personal Territory
Private space and personal space Refers to the space people have for their own activities
28
Proxemics
• The use of space is directly linked to the value system of culture.
3
1.2 Importance
Reasons:
• Accounts for much of the meaning we derive from conversations.
• Spontaneously reflects the speaker’s subconsciousness.
• Always present
7
Kinesics (cont’d)
2.1 Facial Expressions 2.2 Gestures 2.3 Postures 2.4 Eye Contact
8
2.1 Facial Expressions
Westerners and the Chinese share: • Is it me? • Keep quiet please. • Lost in thought. • Is it true?
25
Categories of Distance
• Intimate Distance (0-45cm) - for the closest relation, e.g. a couple
• Personal Distance (45-120cm) - friends, old classmates, acquaintance and relatives
26
Categories of Distance (cont’d)
• Social Distance (1.3-3m) - colleagues, business partners, people at social gatherings
• Public Distance (beyond 3m) - speaking in public
4
Level of Meaning
• Cognitive content - stated messages, what is said openly
• Affective content - feelings, attitudes, and behaviors
✓ 7% through words, 38% through voice, and 55% through looks and behaviors
• Attitude toward crowding Chinese: high tolerance Americans: low tolerance
• Way of queuing Chinese: stand closely to the front value togetherness Americans: keep a distance from the front value apartness
30
Summary
✓ Nonverbal Communication - definition, functions
✓ Kinesics - definition, facial expression, gesture, posture
✓ Space and Distance - categories of distance, attitudes toward crowding, way of queuing
- direct intrusion into others’ affairs • Shrugging shoulders
- indifferent, powerless, having no secret to conceal
19
Postures (cont’d)
• Follow one’s natural habits so often go unnoticed (subconscious in nature)
1. Nonverbal Communication
1.1 Definitions 1.2 Importance 1.3 Functions
1
1.1 Definitions
Nonverbal communication is the process by which nonverbal behaviors are used, either singly or in combination with verbal behaviors, in the exchange and interpretation of messages in a given situation or context.
10
Facial Expressions (cont’d)
Regardless of culture, these expressions are the same: fear, anger, surprise, contempt, disgust, happiness, and sadness.
21
Eye Contact (cont’d)
• Looking at the person • Looking sideways
22
Eye Contact (cont’d)
Duration of eye contact (in US): 2.95 seconds and 1.18 seconds • Shorter: shy, uninterested, absent-minded • Longer: with unusually high interest
23
3. Space and Distance
3.1 Proxemics 3.2 Attitudes Toward Crowding
24
3.1 Proxemics
✓ Definition: the study of people’s perception and use of space.
✓ Four categories: intimate, personal, social, and public distance.
• Hold your ground and ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱot back away.
29
3.2 Attitudes Toward Crowding
attention or asking for permission to speak.
17
Others – The Dog Call Sign
• Curl the index finger and tell someone to come to you.
• Acceptable in the UK and US, but rude in many Asian countries
• Australia and Nigeria - up yours
• Some Asian and Islamic countries - rude and offensive
14
The Thumb Down Sign
• Sth is bad or sth you do not approve of. • Sth or someone has failed. • Not used as often as the thumbs up sign. It is a
2
Definitions (cont’d)
Nonverbal communication is the interaction that is carried out by our bodies, gestures, and tones of voice, in other words, everything except the actual words.
11
2.2 Gestures
• The “OK” sign • The thumb up and thumb down sign • The “V” sign • Other signs
12
The “OK” Sign
• America: agree or everything is ok • Latin America: offensive, similar to showing your
6
2. Kinesics
Kinesics is the nonverbal behavior related to movement, either of parts of the body, or of the body as a whole, including facial expressions, gestures, postures, eye contact, etc. Kinesics is “body language” .
5
1.3 Functions
• Accenting - punctuate • Complementing - support • Contradicting – opposite to • Regulating - control • Repeating – send the same meaning • Substituting - replace
16
Others – The Stop Sign
• Raise the hand up with the palm facing towards the opposite person. The hand is tilted forward.
• Fingers pushing down: sit down or settle. • Singapore or Malaysia: to 'hail' someone’s
9
Facial Expressions (cont’d)
Examples of feelings that can be expressed are: fear, anger, surprise, contempt, disgust, happiness, sadness, concentration, confusion, desire, excitement, frustration, glare, and snarl.
* Philippines: used only for dogs * Singapore: death
18
2.3 Postures
• With two arms up in the air: arrogance • Standing firmly face-to-face: start to fight • Hands on the waist
rude and arrogant way to indicate failure.
15
The “V” sign
• Palm outward: - two, victory, general approval, peace or friend
• Palm facing yourself - two, insulting (up yours)
middle finger • France: you’re worthless • Turkey: one is homosexual • Australia: zero
13
The Thumb Up Sign
• Most American and European countries - great, approve
• May damage your image if you neglect your postures
20
2.4 Eye Contact
Direct eye contact • Chinese: avoid • North Americans: appreciate • The British: avoid
27
Personal Territory
Private space and personal space Refers to the space people have for their own activities
28
Proxemics
• The use of space is directly linked to the value system of culture.
3
1.2 Importance
Reasons:
• Accounts for much of the meaning we derive from conversations.
• Spontaneously reflects the speaker’s subconsciousness.
• Always present
7
Kinesics (cont’d)
2.1 Facial Expressions 2.2 Gestures 2.3 Postures 2.4 Eye Contact
8
2.1 Facial Expressions
Westerners and the Chinese share: • Is it me? • Keep quiet please. • Lost in thought. • Is it true?
25
Categories of Distance
• Intimate Distance (0-45cm) - for the closest relation, e.g. a couple
• Personal Distance (45-120cm) - friends, old classmates, acquaintance and relatives
26
Categories of Distance (cont’d)
• Social Distance (1.3-3m) - colleagues, business partners, people at social gatherings
• Public Distance (beyond 3m) - speaking in public
4
Level of Meaning
• Cognitive content - stated messages, what is said openly
• Affective content - feelings, attitudes, and behaviors
✓ 7% through words, 38% through voice, and 55% through looks and behaviors
• Attitude toward crowding Chinese: high tolerance Americans: low tolerance
• Way of queuing Chinese: stand closely to the front value togetherness Americans: keep a distance from the front value apartness
30
Summary
✓ Nonverbal Communication - definition, functions
✓ Kinesics - definition, facial expression, gesture, posture
✓ Space and Distance - categories of distance, attitudes toward crowding, way of queuing
- direct intrusion into others’ affairs • Shrugging shoulders
- indifferent, powerless, having no secret to conceal
19
Postures (cont’d)
• Follow one’s natural habits so often go unnoticed (subconscious in nature)
1. Nonverbal Communication
1.1 Definitions 1.2 Importance 1.3 Functions
1
1.1 Definitions
Nonverbal communication is the process by which nonverbal behaviors are used, either singly or in combination with verbal behaviors, in the exchange and interpretation of messages in a given situation or context.
10
Facial Expressions (cont’d)
Regardless of culture, these expressions are the same: fear, anger, surprise, contempt, disgust, happiness, and sadness.
21
Eye Contact (cont’d)
• Looking at the person • Looking sideways
22
Eye Contact (cont’d)
Duration of eye contact (in US): 2.95 seconds and 1.18 seconds • Shorter: shy, uninterested, absent-minded • Longer: with unusually high interest
23
3. Space and Distance
3.1 Proxemics 3.2 Attitudes Toward Crowding
24
3.1 Proxemics
✓ Definition: the study of people’s perception and use of space.
✓ Four categories: intimate, personal, social, and public distance.