chip3-1
EV-ADF4159EB1Z EV-ADF4159EB3Z User Guide
EV-ADF4159EB1Z/EV-ADF4159EB3Z User GuideUG-383One Technology Way • P .O. Box 9106 • Norwood, MA 02062-9106, U.S.A. • Tel: 781.329.4700 • Fax: 781.461.3113 • Evaluating the ADF4159 Frequency Synthesizer for Phase-Locked LoopsPLEASE SEE THE LAST PAGE FOR AN IMPORTANT WARNING AND LEGAL TERMS AND CONDITIONS.Rev. D | Page 1 of 15FEATURESSelf-contained board, including synthesizer, 100 MHz reference, USB interface, and voltage regulators Accompanying software allows control of synthesizer functions from a PC (via USB interface)Externally powered by 5.5 V and 15 V supplies Evaluates the ADF4169EVALUATION KIT CONTENTSEV-ADF4159EB1Z or EV-ADF4159EB3Z evaluation board CD with evaluation software USB cableREQUIRED ADDITIONAL EQUIPMENTVCO (for EV-ADF4159EB3Z )Loop filter components (forEV-ADF4159EB3Z ) Soldering equipment Spectrum analyzerPower supplies (5.5 V and 15 V)Windows®-based PC with USB port for evaluation softwareREQUIRED DOCUMENTSADF4159 data sheet ADF4169 data sheet UG-383 user guideREQUIRED SOFTWAREAnalog Devices, Inc., ADF4158/9/69 PLL evaluation software, Version 4.x or higher (included on the CD in the evaluation board kit or available for download at )GENERAL DESCRIPTIONThe EV-ADF4159EB1Z /EV-ADF4159EB3Z evaluates theperformance of the ADF4159 frequency synthesizer for phase-locked loops (PLL) and the ADF4169 frequency synthesizer. A photograph of the evaluation board is shown in Figure 1. The evaluation board involves the ADF4159 synthesizer, a USB connector, SMA connectors, a reference oscillator, and power supply connectors. There are also footprints for active filter components and a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO); if used, these components must be soldered to the board to complete the loop. An on-board temperature compensated crystal oscillator (TCXO) provides the 100 MHz reference frequency. A USB cable is included to connect the board to a PC USB port.In addition, the evaluation kit contains Windows®-based software to allow easy programming of the synthesizer.EVALUATION BOARD PHOTOGRAPHFigure 1.000UG-383EV-ADF4159EB1Z/EV-ADF4159EB3Z User GuideRev. D | Page 2 of 15TABLE OF CONTENTSFeatures .............................................................................................. 1 Evaluation Kit Contents ................................................................... 1 Required Additional Equipment .................................................... 1 Required Documents ....................................................................... 1 Required Software ............................................................................ 1 General Description ......................................................................... 1 Evaluation Board Photograph ......................................................... 1 Revision History ............................................................................... 2 Evaluation Board Hardware ............................................................ 3 Overview ........................................................................................ 3 Power Supplies .............................................................................. 3 Local Oscillator ............................................................................. 3 VCO................................................................................................ 3 Output Signals ...............................................................................3 Loop Filter ......................................................................................4 Evaluating the ADF4169 ..............................................................4 VCO Configuration ..........................................................................5 EV-ADF4159EB1Z ........................................................................5 EV-ADF4159EB3Z ........................................................................5 Evaluation Setup ................................................................................6 Getting Started ...................................................................................7 Installing the Software ..................................................................7 Configuring and Setting Up the Board ......................................7 Using the Software ........................................................................8 Evaluation Board Schematics and Artwork .. (11)REVISION HISTORY11/15—Rev. C to Rev. DChanges to the EV-ADF4159EB1Z Section .................................. 5 Changes to Figure 13 . (14)8/15—Rev. B to Rev. CChange to Features Section, Required Documents Section,Required Software Section, and General Description Section ... 1 Added Evaluating the ADF4169 Section ....................................... 4 Changes to Configuring and Setting Up the Board Section and Figure 6 .............................................................................................. 7 Change to Figure 7 ........................................................................... 8 Change to Figure 9 ......................................................................... 10 7/14—Rev. A to Rev. BChanges to Sample Loop Filter Section (4)11/13—Rev. 0 to Rev. ADeleted EV-ADF4159EB2Z .............................................. U niversal Changes to Figure 7 ........................................................................... 8 Changes to Figure 8 ........................................................................... 9 Changes to Figure 9 (10)8/13—Revision 0: Initial VersionEV-ADF4159EB1Z/EV-ADF4159EB3Z User GuideUG-383Rev. D | Page 3 of 15EVALUATION BOARD HARDWAREOVERVIEWThe evaluation board kit includes a cable for connecting the evaluation board to the USB port of a PC. The silkscreen for the evaluation board is shown in Figure 2 and the schematics for the evaluation board are shown in Figure 10 to Figure 13.POWER SUPPLIESThe evaluation board is powered by a 5.5 V power supply con-nected to the red and black banana connectors. Connect the red connector to a 5.5 V power supply and the black connector to ground.The operational amplifier is powered by a 15 V power supply. Optionally, the VCO can be powered independently by connecting a 5 V supply to the VVCO SMA and removing R27. When using this option, reduce the voltage on the banana connectors to 5 V . The USB section of the evaluation board (see the area bounded by the gold box in Figure 1) is powered by the USB host.LOCAL OSCILLATORThe 100 MHz TXCO provides the reference frequency. Toensure that the PFD frequency is also 100 MHz, set the on-chip R-divider to 1.Alternatively, an external reference can be used by connecting the reference to the REFIN SMA and removing R10 and L1.VCOThe VCO configuration is different for each evaluation board model: EV-ADF4159EB1Z and EV-ADF4159EB3Z . See the VCO Configuration section for more information.OUTPUT SIGNALSWith a VCO connected, the evaluation board outputs the VCO output on the EXT_VCOOUT SMA and the VCO output is divided by 2 on the VCO/2 SMA.Figure 2. Evaluation Board Silkscreen10572-002UG-383EV-ADF4159EB1Z/EV-ADF4159EB3Z User GuideRev. D | Page 4 of 15LOOP FILTERThe loop filter schematic is included in Figure 13. The general placement of loop filter components is shown in Figure 3. When using a loop filter, calculate the values of the necessary com-ponents and solder them to the board. The ADIsimPLL™ software, which is available on the CD included in the evaluation board kit or from /adisimpll , provides tools for designing loop filters and calculating component values.After soldering the loop filter components to the evaluation board, connect a 15 V supply to the operational amplifier power supplies, a 15 V supply to the red 15 V test point, and the ground to the black AGND test point (see Figure 1). See the Sample Loop Filter section for an example configuration.Figure 3. Placement of Loop Filter ComponentsSample Loop FilterUse the parameters of the sample loop filter described in this section as a guide for adding a loop filter onto the evaluation board. Refer to Figure 3 for proper placement of components and to Table 1 for recommended component values. The sample loop filter is designed for • VCO kV = 150 MHz/V • PFD frequency = 100 MHz • Charge pump current = 2.5 mA • Loop bandwidth = 282 kHz •Phase margin = 48.1°Table 1. Sample Loop Filter Components ValuesComponent Value R1 100 Ω C1 220 pF R2 360 Ω C2 5.6 nF R3 1 kΩ C3 180 pF C4180 pFEVALUATING THE ADF4169Both EV-ADF4159EB1Z and EV-ADF4159EB3Z can be used to evaluate the ADF4169. To do so requires minor modifications to the evaluation board. Use the following steps to modify the evaluation board:1. Remove U1 (ADF4159CCPZ ) and replace it withADF4169CCPZ . 2. Remove R60.3. Connect 1.9 V from a power supply to the +1_8 V testpoint. The ADF4159 evaluation board control software can be used to evaluate the ADF4169.OP AMPR2C2C3C1R1R3C410572-003EV-ADF4159EB1Z/EV-ADF4159EB3Z User GuideUG-383Rev. D | Page 5 of 15VCO CONFIGURATIONEV-ADF4159EB1ZThe HMC515LP5E VCO is installed on the EV-ADF4159EB1Z and has a range of 11.5 GHz to 12.5 GHz. The RFOUT signal is connected to the EXT_VCOOUT SMA. The RFOUT/2 signal of the VCO is fed back to the ADF4159 PLL; therefore, when the VCO outputs 12 GHz, the ADF4159 is locked at 6 GHz. For optimum performance, ensure that the components values are as described in Table 2.Table 2. Component Values for EV-ADF4159EB1ZComponent Value 1 R73 0 Ω C29100 pF R31, R34, R51, R62, R68, R70, R71, R72 (Bottom Layer) DNP C40, C62, C63, C64, C65, C66, C70, C71, C75, C76 DNP L3, L4DNP1DNP means do not populate.Terminate the VCO/2 SMA with 50 Ω.EV-ADF4159EB3ZThe EV-ADF4159EB3Z evaluation board does not have a VCO installed. The board is configured for use with an external VCO board. Connect an external VCO board to the evaluation board using SMA cables. There are two configuration options: •The VCO control voltage can connect to the VTUNE SMA and the VCO RFOUT signal can connect to the VCO/2 SMA. This configuration uses the on-board loop filter.•The CPOUT SMA can connect the ADF4159 charge pump output to an external loop filter. Connect the VCO RFOUT signal to the VCO/2 SMA to feed the signal back into the ADF4159.For optimum performance, ensure that the component values are as shown in Table 3.Table 3. Component Values for EV-ADF4159EB3ZComponent Value 1 R34 50 Ω R31 DNP C29DNP1DNP means do not populate.UG-383EV-ADF4159EB1Z/EV-ADF4159EB3Z User GuideRev. D | Page 6 of 15EVALUATION SETUPFigure 4. Evaluation Setup Block DiagramFigure 5. Evaluation SetupTO SPECTRUM ANALYZERATIONTO PC10572-00410572-005EV-ADF4159EB1Z/EV-ADF4159EB3Z User GuideUG-383Rev. D | Page 7 of 15GETTING STARTEDINSTALLING THE SOFTWAREFor the software installation procedure, see the UG-476 user guide. The control software for the EV-ADF4159EB1Z and EV-ADF4159EB3Z is provided on the CD included in the evaluation board kit or is available for download at .CONFIGURING AND SETTING UP THE BOARD1. Set up the circuit as shown in Figure 4.2. Run the evaluation board software.3. Click ADF4159/ADF4169 and USB board (green), andthen click Connect (see Figure 6).4. Click the Main Controls tab to view the main controls (seeFigure 7). The default values are set to lock a VCO at 12 GHz. 5. Click Write All Registers (7, 6, 6, 5, 5, 4, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0) ormanually write to each register (W rite R7, W rite R6 - Ramp 1, Write R6 - Ramp 2, Write R5 - Ramp 1, Write R5 - Ramp 2, Write R4 - Ramp 1, Write R4 - Ramp 2, Write R3, W rite R2, Write R1, andWrite R0)6. On the spectrum analyzer, confirm that the output signal islocked at 12 GHz.Figure 6. Software—Device Selection10572-007UG-383EV-ADF4159EB1Z/EV-ADF4159EB3Z User GuideRev. D | Page 8 of 15USING THE SOFTWAREMain ControlsUse the Main Controls tab to select the RF and PLL settings. Because the evaluation board is set up to feedback the VCO/2 output to the ADF4159, set the RF VCO Output Frequency to half the VCO output in the RF Settings area. Set the Reference Frequency to the same value as the applied reference signal. The PFD frequency is calculated from the reference frequency, the R-counter, the reference doubler, and the reference-divide-by-2. Ensure that the value in the PFD Frequency field matches the value specified in the loop filter design.In the PLL Settings area, program the Charge Pump Setting to the value for which the loop filter was designed.Program the Phase Detector Polarity to negative when using an inverting active loop filter configuration (as is on this evaluation board).From the Muxout drop-down menu choose the signal that is connected to the output of the MUXOUT pin.Clicking Pulse TXdata triggers a pulse on the TX DATA pin. This pulse starts low and then stays high for approximately 4 µs.The register values are shown at the bottom of the window. When the background of a register value is green, this indicates that the value has been changed and needs to be written to the device. Clicking the button below each register value writes that value to the device.Figure 7. Software—Main Controls10572-008EV-ADF4159EB1Z/EV-ADF4159EB3Z User GuideUG-383Rev. D | Page 9 of 15Ramp and Shift-Key ControlsConfigure the ramping and shift-keying functionality of the ADF4159 in the Ramps and Shift-keying tab.The ramp type can be selected in the Ramp mode drop-down menu, and the various ramp parameters can be set in the CLK1 spin box and the drop-down menus in the Up Ramp area.ExampleFigure 8 shows the ramping and shift-keying settings for an example of a continuous triangular ramp of 128 up ramp steps over 50 MHz with an up ramp time of 96 µs. (Up ramp refers to the ramp from the initial frequency to the end frequency, whereas down ramp refers to the ramp/jump from the end frequency back to the initial frequency.) For 50 MHz, the PLL is programmed for a 25 MHz ramp because the evaluation board uses the RFOUT/2signal. After each parameter is set in the software, it must be written to the device.The other options in this tab allow configuring the various ramps and shift-keying controls of the ADF4159.Figure 8. Example of Ramp10572-006UG-383EV-ADF4159EB1Z/EV-ADF4159EB3Z User GuideRev. D | Page 10 of 15Figure 9. Software—Ramp Controls10572-009EV-ADF4159EB1Z/EV-ADF4159EB3Z User GuideUG-383Rev. D | Page 11 of 15EVALUATION BOARD SCHEMATICS AND ARTWORKFigure 10. Evaluation Board Schematic (Page 1)Y 4O 10572-010UG-383EV-ADF4159EB1Z/EV-ADF4159EB3Z User GuideRev. D | Page 12 of 15Figure 11. Evaluation Board Schematic (Page 2)10572-011EV-ADF4159EB1Z/EV-ADF4159EB3Z User GuideUG-383Rev. D | Page 13 of 15Figure 12. Evaluation Board Schematic (Page 3)10572-012UG-383 EV-ADF4159EB1Z/EV-ADF4159EB3Z User GuideFigure 13. Evaluation Board Schematic (Page 4)Rev. D | Page 14 of 15EV-ADF4159EB1Z/EV-ADF4159EB3Z User GuideUG-383Rev. D | Page 15 of 15NOTESESD CautionESD (electrostatic discharge) sensitive device . Charged devices and circuit boards can discharge without detection. Although this product features patented or proprietary protection circuitry, damage may occur on devices subjected to high energy ESD. Therefore, proper ESD precautions should be taken to avoid performance degradation or loss of functionality.Legal Terms and ConditionsBy using the evaluation board discussed herein (together with any tools, components documentation or support materials, the “Evaluation Board”), you are agreeing to be bound by the terms and conditions set forth below (“Agreement”) unless you have purchased the Evaluation Board, in which case the Analog Devices Standard Terms and Conditions of Sale shall govern. Do not use the Evaluation Board until you have read and agreed to the Agreement. Your use of the Evaluation Board shall signify your acceptance of the Agreement. This Agreement is made by and between you (“Customer”) and Analog Devices, Inc. (“ADI”), with its principal place of business at One Technology Way, Norwood, MA 02062, USA. Subject to the terms and conditions of the Agreement, ADI hereby grants to Customer a free, limited, personal, temporary, non-exclusive, non-sublicensable, non-transferable license to use the Evaluation Board FOR EVALUATION PURPOSES ONL Y . Customer understands and agrees that the Evaluation Board is provided for the sole and exclusive purpose referenced above, and agrees not to use the Evaluation Board for any other purpose. Furthermore, the license granted is expressly made subject to the following additional limitations: Customer shall not (i) rent, lease, display, sell, transfer, assign, sublicense, or distribute the Evaluation Board; and (ii) permit any Third Party to access the Evaluation Board. As used herein, the term “Third Party” includes any entity other than ADI, Customer, their employees, affiliates and in-house consultants. The Evaluation Board is NOT sold to Customer; all rights not expressly granted herein, includingownership of the Evaluation Board, are reserved by ADI. CONFIDENTIALITY . This Agreement and the Evaluation Board shall all be considered the confidential and proprietary information of ADI. Customer may not disclose or transfer any portion of the Evaluation Board to any other party for any reason. Upon discontinuation of use of the Evaluation Board or termination of this Agreement, Customer agrees to promptly return the Evaluation Board to ADI. ADDITIONAL RESTRICTIONS. Customer may not disassemble, decompile or reverse engineer chips on the Evaluation Board. Customer shall inform ADI of any occurred damages or any modifications or alterations it makes to the Evaluation Board, including but not limited to soldering or any other activity that affects the material content of the Evaluation Board. Modifications to the Evaluation Board must comply with applicable law, including but not limited to the RoHS Directive. TERMINATION. ADI may terminate this Agreement at any time upon giving written notice to Customer. Customer agrees to return to ADI the Evaluation Board at that time. LIM ITATION OF LIABILITY . THE EVALUATION BOARD PROVIDED HEREUNDER IS PROVIDED “AS IS” AND ADI M AKES NO WARRANTIES OR REPRESENTATIONS OF ANY KIND WITH RESPECT TO IT. ADI SPECIFICALL Y DISCLAIMS ANY REPRESENTATIONS, ENDORSEMENTS, GUARANTEES, OR WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, RELATED TO THE EVALUATION BOARD INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIM ITED TO, THE IM PLIED WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY, TITLE, FITNESS FOR A P ARTICULAR PURPOSE OR NONINFRINGEMENT OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS. IN NO EVENT WILL ADI AND ITS LICENSORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES RESUL TING FROM CUSTOMER’S POSSESSION OR USE OF THE EVALUATION BOARD, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOST PROFITS, DELAY COSTS, LABOR COSTS OR LOSS OF GOODWILL. ADI’S TOTAL LIABILITY FROM ANY AND ALL CAUSES SHALL BE LIMITED TO THE AMOUNT OF ONE HUNDRED US DOLLARS ($100.00). EXPORT. Customer agrees that it will not directly or indirectly export the Evaluation Board to another country, and that it will comply with all applicable United States federal laws and regulations relating to exports. GOVERNING LAW. This Agreement shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the substantive laws of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts (excluding conflict of law rules). Any legal action regarding this Agreement will be heard in the state or federal courts having jurisdiction in Suffolk County, Massachusetts, and Customer hereby submits to the personal jurisdiction and venue of such courts. The United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods shall not apply to this Agreement and is expressly disclaimed. ©2013–2015 Analog Devices, Inc. All rights reserved. Trademarks and registered trademarks are the property of their respective owners. UG10572-0-11/15(D)。
1-3-半导体封装件的可靠性评价方法
1-3-半导体封装件的可靠性评价方法半导体封装件的可靠性评价方法Lunasus 科技公司,佐土原宽Lunasus 科技公司细川丰本章将依据半导体封装件可靠性评价的基本考虑方法,以故障机理为基础的实验条件介绍,并根据韦布图来解说可靠性试验下的(产品)寿命推导方法。
封装件开发及材料变化过程中的可靠性评价方法为实现半导体封装件功能和电气特性的提高,在推动多引脚化的同时,也要发展高密度封装化下的小型、薄型化。
最近,搭载多个芯片的SiP(System in Package,系统级封装)和芯片尺寸(与封装尺寸)非常相近的CSP(Chip Size Package,芯片级封装)已开始量产,封装件的构造多种多样。
另外,为达成封装件低成本化和环保的要求,采用规格更高的封装件材料的开发正在活跃起来。
但封装件构造的复杂化和新型材料的使用不能对制造品质和可靠性造成影响。
这里将对新型封装件的开发和材料改变下的可靠性评价方法进行解说。
最近的半导体封装件多数属于树脂灌封型,对半导体单体的可靠性评价包括,高温保存(或动作)实验,耐湿性实验以及温度循环实验。
另外,对于有可能要进行表面装配的高密度封装器型,需考虑焊接装配过程中的热应力情况,因此焊锡耐热性实验也是不可缺少的。
这些可靠性试验,是对半导体封装件在实际使用过程中所预想发生的各种故障进行短时间评价的加速性实验方法。
接下来需要先确定半导体所发生的各种故障的主要加速原因是什么后才能进行实验。
例如,对于树脂封装件来讲,湿度(水分)是造成硅芯片上金属线路受到腐蚀(图1)的主要原因之一,而温度可以加快水分浸入封装件内的速度,所以高温、高湿下的实验才有效果。
与此同时,在电压也是故障主因的场合,有必要进行高温、高湿下的通电实验。
如上所述,对于封装件相关的各种故障,通过对机理的解析,找出加速实验的主要因子,设定合适的可靠性实验条件,这些就是可靠性评价的基础。
针对封装件构造的可靠性试验正如开头所述,为实现封装件的高功能、高密度化,封装件的外观形状的主流是QFP(Quad Flat Package,四面扁平封装)和BGA(Ball Grid Array,球栅阵列),BGA对多引脚化更有优势。
积体电路
3-1積體電路(IC:Integrated Circuit)積體電路的定義將電腦主機打開以後可以看到主機板,如<圖3-1(a)>所示;將主機板放大,可以看到許多長得很像「蜈蚣」的積體電路(IC)焊在印刷電路板上,到底積體電路(IC)又是什麼呢?將電的主動元件(二極體、電晶體)與電的被動元件(電阻、電容、電感)縮小後,製作在矽晶圓或砷化鎵晶圓上,稱為「積體電路(IC:Integrated Circuit)」,其中「Integrated(堆積)」與「Circuit(電路)」是指將許多電子元件堆積起來的意思。
一般我們所謂的「積體電路(IC)」就是<圖3-1(b)>中看到長得很像「蜈蚣」的東西,如果我們將積體電路的外殼打開(積體電路的外殼就是所謂的「封裝(Package)」),看到的是一小塊正方形的矽晶片或砷化鎵晶片,我們稱為「晶片(Chip)」或「晶粒(Die)」,如<圖3-1(c)>所示,電的主動元件與被動元件縮小後就是製作在這一小塊正方形的晶片上。
大家可以想像一下,將電的主動元件與被動元件縮小後製作在這一小塊正方形的晶片上,是不是好像將一棟大樓蓋在地球表面上一樣呢?所以積體電路(IC)製造其實與「蓋大樓」的道理是一樣的,它們的差別只在於:積體電路(IC)是「按圖縮小」,而蓋大樓是「按圖放大」。
<圖3-1>電腦的組成要素。
資料來源:言霖,「電腦DIY首部曲」,文魁資訊股份有限公司。
積體電路的最小單位大家國中都上過生物課吧!生物的第一堂課老師一定會先介紹生物體的最小單位是「細胞」,再配合一些「蛋白質」組成。
同樣的道理,積體電路的最小單位是「電晶體(主動元件)」,再配合一些「被動元件」組成,如果我們將晶片(Chip)用顯微鏡放大以後,可以看到許多微小的電晶體(主動元件)與被動元件,如圖3-1(d)所示,換句話說,細胞與蛋白質排列組合以後可以形成不同功能的生物,而電晶體(主動元件)與被動元件排列組合以後可以形成不同功能的積體電路(IC)。
Wi-Fi射频测试技术
OFDM(正交频分复用)
正交频分复用技术OFDM是一种多载波发射技术,它将可用频谱划分为 许多载波,每一个载波都用低速率数据流进行调制。它获取高数据传输率的 诀窍就是,把高速数据信息分开为几个交替的、并行的BIT流,分别调制到 多个分离的子载频上,从而使信道频谱被分到几个独立的、非选择的频率子 信道上,在AP与无线网卡之间进行传送,实现高频谱利用率。
MCS
空间流
调制方式
0
1
CCK
1
1
CCK
2
1
PBCC
3
1
PBCC
4
1
OFDM
5
1
OFDM
6
1
OFDM
7
1
OFDM
8
1
OFDM
9
1
OFDM
10
1
OFDM
11
1
OFDM
编码率
传输速率 5.5 11 22 33 6 9 12 18 24 36 48 54
备注 b/g b/g b/g b/g g g g g g g g g
定义了推荐方法和公用接入点协议,使得接入点之间能够交换需要的信息,以支持分 布式服务系统,保证不同生产厂商的接入点的互联性,例如支持漫游。
2003年推出,工作在2.4GHz ISM频段,组合了802.11b和802.11a标准的优点,在兼容 802.11b标准的同时,采用OFDM调制方式,速率可高达54Mbps。
殿廷版雅思阅读真题-第三册答案(2)
殿廷版雅思阅读真题库REAL IELTS READING EXAM QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS_DT ENGLISH ACADEMY殿廷教育简介殿廷教育(DIAN TING ENGLISH ACADEMY)由前雅思考官Roxanne 创办,是一家致力于雅思在线培训的教学机构。
该机构全部由资深外教授课,老师均拥有丰富的教学经验(学生多为日、韩、中国考生,多少学生在考试中取得了7分及以上的好成绩)我们常年跟踪研究雅思出题动态,总结了一套行之有效的教学方法。
在殿廷教育,老师不仅仅是员工,同时也是合伙人,因此专业水平和服务态度是其他机构所不能比拟的。
我们因专注而专业,因专业所以值得您的信赖。
除了阅读真题库、听力机经,我们还提供个性化的口语答案,完全依照考生个人情况私人订制专属口语答案,避免在考场上和其他考生出现雷同答案,助您轻松得高分。
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掌握了出题点之后可以帮助考生在考场上大大节约时间去做其他的文章。
1342s3The Persuaders28YES29NOT GIVEN30YES31NO32B33C34D35C36trolleys37aisles38loyalty card39cosmetics40group1329s2Food for Thought14viii15ii16iv17x18i19v20vii21H22F23I24A25C26B27E1428s3Music:Language We All Speak27iii28vii29iv30i31viii32F33B34E35D36G37A38C39C40C1427s1Chinese Ancient Chariots14TRUE15FALSE16NOT GIVEN17elm1818to3219struts20bronze21dish22lubricating oil23neck24sand25complex14278s3The Rainmaker Design27.YES28.NO29.YES30.NOT GIVEN31.NO32.hot dry air33.moist34.heat35.condenser36.(pure)distilled water37.fans38.solar panels39.construction cost40.environmentally-friendly1411s1Animal's Self-Medicating1True2Not Given3False4True5pith6terpenes7alkaloids8detoxify9hooks10G11D12E13C1436s1PRT and RUF system1True2False3Not Given4Not Given5True6False7A8C9C10A11B12B13C,E,F1336s1Children and Food Advertising1viii2ii3vi4v5i6x7iii8NO9NO10YES11NOT GIVEN12YES13NOT GIVEN1449s2Pollution in the Bay1E2C3H4B5C6B7B8A9FALSE10NOT GIVEN11FALSE12TRUE13TRUE13167s1Seed Hunting14drugs and crops15extinction16pioneers17Sir Joseph Banks18underground vaults 19TRUE20NOT GIVEN21TRUE22TRUE23FALSE24TRUE25-26In any orderA foodB fuel1312s1Detection of a Meteorite Lake14TRUE15NOT GIVEN16FALSE17TRUE18FALSE19(high-pressure)air gun20sound energy/sound wave21(long)cable22hydrophones/underwater microphones 23ship container/shipping container24seismic reflection profiling25laboratory26three-dimensional/3D image27fishing nets1313s1Biomimetic Design1NOT GIVEN2FALSE3True4False5NOT GIVEN6False7True8the same way9carbon-fiber10limbs/legs and feets11self-cleaning12surveillance13lifesaving1311s2TV Addiction14TRUE15FALSE16TRUE17NOT GIVEN18-20ACD21D22B23A24E25popular pastime26TV addicts27orienting response14150s3Compliance or Noncompliance for Children27B28C29C30A31D32F33D34E35A36NO37YES38YES39YES40NOTGIVEN1311s1Bamboo1E2D3B4A5D6C7B8A9B10B11D12soil erosion 13paper15109s3Children's Literature14stories15America16folklore17fairy-stories18adventures19C20A21E22False23True24NotGiven25True26True1333s1Longaeva:Ancient Bristlecone Pine14H15B16C17A18D19A20C21energy,22stratification,23(bands of)bark,24(dry mountain)air,25ground cover,26distance15133s3Communication in Science27B28A29C30D31C32TRUE33NOT GIVEN34FALSE35FALSE36word choices37colloquial terminology38observer39description40general relativity1303s2Biodiversity14TRUE15FALSE16TRUE17TRUE18FALSE19NOT GIVEN20NOT GIVEN21keystone(species) 22fig family/figs23(sea)urchins24cactus moth25Australia26public education1348s2Australian water filter14.clay15.water16.straw17.cow manure18.950degrees19.60minutes20.FALSE21.TRUE22.NOT GIVEN23.NOT GIVEN24.C25.D26.A1435s1The Pearl1B2D3E4E5TRUE6FALSE7NOT GIVEN8B9J10K11F12C13D1411s2Amateur Naturalists27B28C29H30G31E32D33A34beekeeping(notes)35life cycle(s)36drought(s)37C38B39A40A1309s1T-rex Hunter 1TRUE2FALSE3NOT GIVEN4TRUE5NOT GIVEN6TRUE7FALSE8shin bone9slow walker10cheetah11run fast12blunt13crush10006s3Flight from Reality28navigation and communications 29radiation30antennae31smoke32C33D34B35E36A37TRUE38TRUE39NOT GIVEN40TRUE1430s1What Are You Laughing at?1D2B3A4C5B6A7H8F9I10D11FALSE12NOT GIVEN13TRUE1416s1Animal Minds:Parrot Alex14NOT GIVEN15NOT GIVEN16FALSE17TRUE18TRUE19FALSE20particularly chosen21chimpanzees22100English words23avian cognition24color25wrong pronunciation26teenager1307s1Learning by Examples14E15A16D17C18False19True20False21True22less23social24watched25observer26Nutcracker1422s1The Innovation of Grocery Stores14.D15A16.F17.C18.E19.clerk20.lobby21.galleries22.stockroom23.customers/shoppers24.C25B26.C1438s2Bird Migration28iv29i30ii31vii32x33v34viii35-36in any order35A36B37parental guidance38compass39(daytime)predators 40visible14273s1The Effects of Living ina Noisy World185dBA2secondhandnoise3high-frequency4stomach contractions5noise maps6D7A8C9E10B11Nonauditory effects12acoustical tile13street designs1333s2storytelling,From Prehistoric Caves to Modern Cinemas14D15G16A17B18H19B20B21C22A23Poetics24tragedy25landmarks26flaw/weakness1444s2left-handedor right-handed2814C29A30B31F32D33D34B35C36A37Yes38No39Not Given40Not Given1307s2Exploring theBritish Village14-19:14v15iii16iv17vi18x19i20-24:20cottages21Domesday Book22self-sufficient23remnants24triangular25-2625I26F1432s3The legend ofEaster Island27v28ii29iii30viii31NOT GIVEN32TRUE33FALSE34FALSE35NOT GIVEN36TRUE37growing population38racist assumption39archeologicaland historical40inhumane behavior14133s1Ecotourism1A2D3C4B5A6C7D8A9B10sustainable11adventure12tropical forest13illegal killing1304s2We have Star performers14C15F16B17G18NOT GIVEN19YES20NO21YES22analysts/star-stock analysts23performance star/star/star performer 24working environment/settings25salary26rivals10007Sand Dunes27i28v29x30vii31ix32ii33vi34iv35B36C37barchans38compound39tones40deserts1345s1The Color of Butterfly28E29B30G31F32D33False34True35NOT GIVEN36False37NOT GIVEN38True39D40B1201s1Consecutive and Simultaneous Translation1B2D3C4C5A62-3seconds710seconds8100-12092001095-16411B12C13E14F1332s2Art in Iron and Steel14C15E16H17B18A19G20Abraham Darby III21timber22Severn River23Coalbrookdale museum24B25D26G1327s1Radio Automation1chip2grit3molten zinc4milling machine5Robot hands6valves7loudspeakers8cheaper9components10lighter11cost12A13C1415s2Activities for Children ABCDTTNGFCBCAB1308s3Memory Decoding27E28D29B30F3130seconds32specific person33loci method34synesthesia35practice36YES37YES38NO39NOT GIVEN40NO1426s1Child Development in Western Societies28.TRUE29.FALSE30.FALSE31.NOT GIVEN32.TRUE33.FALSE34.TRUE35.Industrialization36.Social reformers37.play and educationeful child39.half-time schools40.going to school1337s1Amazing Animal:Otter1C2A3G4E5B6D7F8C9Salt water10Sight11Swimming speed12Coastal otters13Moles1449s1Brunel:'The Practical Prophet' ACBGGEFBCAustralia,4000,telegraphic cable,Suez Canal1338s2The Evolutional Mystery:Crocodile Survives14ii15vi16v17iv18ix19viii20x21dry season或者hot season;或者dry period均可22water23four months24body mass25dehydration:26growth。
UNIT 3 重点单词短语检测 2021-2022学年高中英语人教版必修第三册
UNIT 3DIVERSE CULTURES年级:姓名:(单词短语检测)Ⅰ.英译汉1.chip n. ________________2.cheese n. ________________3.ethnic adj. ________________4.mission n.________________5.graffiti n.[pl.]________________6.comic n. ________________adj. ________________7.immigrant n. ________________8.china n. ________________9.jazz n. ________________10.bar n. ________________11.diagram n. ________________12.minority n. ________________13.Atlantic adj. ________________14.jeans n. ________________15.mushroom n. ________________16.souvenir n. ________________17.herbal adj. ________________Ⅱ.汉译英1.________v i.发生;出现2.________ad v.在市中心;往市中心3.________n.传教(区);重要任务;使命4.________n.地区;区域5.________ad v.以后;后来6.________n.日志;日记;报纸;刊物7.________v t.&n.夺取(生命);宣称;断言8.________v t.包;裹;折叠v t.&v i.(可)折小;(可)叠平9.________ad v.特别;格外adj.顶好的;超级的10.________adj.温和的;和善的;轻微的11.________n.衣服;服装12.________v t.适合;满足……需要;相配;合身n.西服;套装13.________n.项目;一件商品(或物品);一条(新闻)14.________v t.包含;含有;容纳15.________n. 诗集;诗歌;诗作16.________n. 百分率;百分比Ⅰ.拓展单词1.diverse adj.不同的;多种多样的→________n.差异(性);不同(点);多样性2.fortune n.机会;运气→________adj.幸运的→________ad v.幸运地→________ad v.不幸地3.admit v t.&v i.承认v t.准许进入(或加入)→________n.准入;准许;承认4.definite adj.确实的→________ad v.肯定;确实5.history n.历史→________adj.(有关)历史的6.minority n.少数民族;少数派;少数人→________n.多数,大多数7.finance n. 财政,财政学;金融→________adj.财政的;财务的;金融的8.earn v t.&v i.挣得;赚得;赢得;博得→________n.利润;收入,工资9.collect v t.收集,收藏→________n.作品集;收集物;收藏品10.construct v t.建筑;建造→________n.建筑;建造11.suit v t.适合;满足……需要;相配;合身n.西服;套装→________adj.合适的12.poison n.毒物;毒药v t.毒死;毒害→________adj.引起中毒的;有毒的13.settle v t.&v i. 定居;结束(争论);解决(纠纷)→________n. 移民;殖民者→________n. 居民点;清算;解决II.短语检测1.________________(朝……)前进;(向……)去2.________________寻找成功致富之路;闯世界3.________________谋生4.________________一系列或一连串(事件)5.________________除了……外(还);此外6.________________导致;引起7.________________仅举几例8.________________第一手;亲自9.________________主题公园;主题乐园10.________________把……连接在一起Ⅱ.用准用活选用左栏短语填空1.These young people are willing to come to a foreign country to ________________.2.He loves writing very much and he wishes to ________ by writing in the future.3.She gave ________ lectures at the University of Warwick last year on contemporary British writers.4.Activities available include tennis, archery and swimming, ________________.5.Science has ________ many changes in our daily life, which inspires me to be a scientist.·会积累联想拓展·1. “包含”大搜索①include v t. 包括;含有②contain v t. 包含;容纳③involve v t. 包括;包含④cover v t. 包括;涉及⑤comprise v. 包括;由……组成2.“财富,财产”相关名词小聚①fortune财富②treasure 金银财宝③wealth 财富④possession 个人财产⑤property 财产3.各种“发生”①occur(偶然)发生②happen (偶然)发生③take place (计划等)发生④come about 发生;产生(尤指不受控制地)⑤break out (灾害等)爆发(三)仿写用活句式——造佳句·表达高句式背诵句型1what 引导宾语从句No one really knows exactly when the first people arrived in what we now know as California.没有人确切地知道第一批人是什么时候到达我们现在所知道的加利福尼亚的。
电阻的色环读法
电阻色环读数:棕红橙黄绿蓝紫灰白黑1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0四环电阻:第一环第二环第三环第四环有效数字1 有效数字2 乘十的幂数精度:无20%;银10%;金5%五环电阻:第一环第二环第三环第四环第五环有效数字1 有效数字2 有效数字3 乘十的幂数精度:银10%;金5%;红2%;棕1%对于幂指数环,金表示-1,即乘以0.1所以棕黑金金的电阻的阻值为1欧姆,精度5%五色环电阻的识别电阻的阻值辨认:由于电阻阻值的表示法有数字表示法和色环表示法两种,因而电阻阻值的读数也有两种:a 数字表示法:此表示法常用于CHIP组件中。
辨认时数字之前两位为有效数字,而第三位为倍率。
例如:334表示:33×104Ω=330 KΩ 275表示:27×105Ω=2.7 MΩb.色环表示法:第一、二环颜色:黑棕红橙黄绿蓝紫灰白代码:0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9第三环:100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 10-1 10-2第四环:金:土5%银:土10%(a).以上为四环电阻的色环及表示相应的数字,其中第一、二环为有效数字,第三环为倍率,第四环为误差。
(b).五环电阻表示方法:第一、二、三为有效数字,第四环为倍数,第五环为误差(依颜色),例如:红棕红棕棕阻值为212×101Ω=2.12 KΩ±1%7.电阻数字表示法与色环表示法的相互运算:a 7.6 KΩ±5%用色环表示为:紫蓝红金。
b 7.61 KΩ±1%用色环表示为:紫蓝棕棕棕。
c 820 KΩ 用四环及五环表示(四环误差为金,五环误差为棕) 四环:灰红黄金;五环:灰红黑橙棕怎样识别哪是五环电阻的第一环识别哪是五环电阻的第一环(识别五环电阻的第一环的经验方法):四环电阻的偏差环一般是金或银,一般不会识别错误,而五环电阻则不然,其偏差环有与第一环(有效数字环)相同的颜色,如果读反,识读结果将完全错误。
Wire bond基础知识介绍
6
4.Bonding用 Capillary
4-1 Capillary的基本
Capillary(Bonding Tool)按下記寸法,被設計・製作的各寸法会压 到Pad的 Ball Size及压到Lead的 Stitch Size,所以需要十分谨慎。
WD
OR
FA
WD : Wire Diameter (Wire径) H : Hole Diameter (Hole径) CD : Diameter (Chamfer径) CA : Chamfer Angle (Chamfer角) OR : Outer Radius FA : Face Angle (Face角) T : Tip (前端径)
① Search 動作
从Capillary前端突出的 Wire前端形成Ball
Lead
状態、Capillary对着1st Bond位置(Pad表面)的速度会下降(5 mm/sec-20mm/sec)。
Search動作
②1st Bonding
②
超声波 荷重 熱
② 1st Bond Capillary Touch到Pad表面后、随着静荷重、超声波振動的 温度、Ball压着到Pad表面。
1st Bonding
16
③-⑤looping
③ ④
吸入Wire Wire陆续挤出
⑤
Looping
③ Looping 1st Bond完了後、 Capillary向2nd Bond点 移動的過程中、Capillary上升 5mm 左 右、 会陆续挤出形成Loop必要長度以上的 Wire。
④-⑤ Looping 之后Capillary从最高点落到2nd Bond 点的過程、Au Wire被吸到Capillary、過剰なWire 到达2nd Bond 点。
人教版2025高考英语一轮复习讲义-必修第三册 Unit 3 Diverse Cultures
速记 词汇句型背诵
5 What started as a residential area for Chinese immigrants then turned into a centre for Chinese culture.(what引导的主语从句)
速记 词汇句型背诵
7 seminar /'semɪnɑː(r)/ 8 stem /stem/
9 confess /kən'fes/ 10 divorce /dɪ'vɔːs/
n.研讨课;研讨会
vt.阻止;封堵;遏止 n.(花草的)茎;(花或叶的)梗 vi.& vt.承认;坦白;供认 vi.& vt.离婚;使分离 n.离婚;分离
10 poetry →poet →poem
adj.财政的;财务的;金融的 adv.金融上地;财政上地 n.财政;金融 n.诗集;诗歌;诗作 n.诗人 n.诗歌
速记 词汇句型背诵
11 poisonous →poison
12 fold →unfold
adj.引起中毒的;有毒的;分泌毒素的
n.毒物;毒药;毒素 vt.毒死;毒害 vt.包;裹;折叠 vt.& vi.(可)折小;(可)叠平 vt.打开;展开
速记 词汇句型背诵
4 idleness /'aɪdlnəs/
n.闲散状态
→idle /'aɪdl/
adj.闲散的 vt.& vi.混时间;闲荡
5 disheartening /dɪs'hɑːtnɪŋ/ adj.令人沮丧的
6 nonetheless /ˌnʌnðə'les/ adv.(also none the less)尽管如此
smtchip元器件知识
SMT chip元器件知识一、電阻的單位及換算1、電阻的單位﹕我們常用的電阻單位為千歐(KΩ),兆歐(MΩ)﹐電阻最基本的單位為歐姆(Ω).2、電阻的換算﹕1MΩ= 103KΩ= 106Ω1Ω= 10-3 KΩ=10-6 MΩ.3、字母表示﹕R4、换算:33×104Ω=330 KΩ27×105Ω=2.7 MΩ二、電容的單位及換算公式﹕1、電容的單位﹕基本單位為法拉(F)。
常用的有微法(UF)、皮法(PF)。
2、換算公式﹕1UF=103NF=106PF。
3、電容字母表示﹕C三、電感﹕1、用字母L表示2、電感的單位﹕最基本的單位為亨利(H)﹐常用的有毫亨(MH)﹐微亨(UH)3、換算公式為﹕1H=103MH=106UH4、電感數值的認法與電阻類似﹐但後面的單位為UH。
1.元器件字母标识所对应误差列表(2)电容SMT的生產要求﹕1車間的溫度要求在25±3℃之間﹔濕度要求為40%~70%之間。
2生產所要使用的錫膏和紅膠必須保存在冰箱中﹐冰箱的溫度要求在0℃~10℃之間。
3紅膠和錫膏在使用前必須經過4小時的回溫﹐以使紅膠、錫膏回溫到室溫狀態。
4錫膏在使用時也必須經攪拌﹐攪拌的時間要在5分鐘左右﹔已開封的錫膏必須在24小時內用完﹐否則做報廢處理。
三﹑常用電子元件的規格﹕元件有各種不同的料號和品名﹐原則上是一種元件只有一個料號﹐同一元件(品名和形狀)不能存在2個以上不同料號﹐不同的2個以上元件﹐不能有同一個元件料號。
CHIP元件的規格﹕名稱(英制) 名稱(公制) L W0402 1005 1.0mm ×0.5mm0603 1608 1.6mm ×0.8mm0805 2125 2.0mm ×1.25mm1206 3216 3.2mm ×1.6mm1210 3225 3.2mm ×2.5mm1. SMT的全称是Surface mount(或mounting)technology,中文意思为表面粘着(或贴装)技术.2 ESD的全称是Electro-static discharge,中文意思为静电放电3 锡膏的取用原则是先进先出;4. 锡膏在开封使用时,须经过两个重要的过程:回温﹑搅拌。
牛津阅读树3内容文字 (1)
3-1 The Steel Band.A band came to play.“My name is Stan,” said a man.“I want you to help us.”“I want you to clap,” he said.“Clap your hands and tap you r feet.”“I want you to sing a song.” “Sing it with us.”The children sang with the band.“Now c lap as you sing”said Stan.“Who wants to play in the band?”The children put up their hands. Everyone wanted to play. “You can all play,”said Stan. Wilf hit the drum.“Tap it,”said Stan. “Don’t bang it.”What a grand band!1. Stan[st?n] n. [男子名]斯坦(Stanley 的昵称)(m.)2. tap[英] [t?p] vt. 开发;(从容器等)汲取(液体);割[打]开…取[放]液体vi. 轻声走;跳踢踏舞3. bang [英] [b??] vt. 猛击,猛撞3-2 Pond Dipping.Wilf and Wilma were at the pond.The net got stuck. “Help me pull,” said Wilf.They pulled the net. It was stuck on some junk.Wilma got a big stick. “Let’s pull it out,” she said.Wilf and Wilma pulled. They couldn’t pull the junk out.Mum and Dad helped. They pulled out an old pram.Plop! A frog hopped out. It made Wilf jump.Splash! A fish jumped up.“A pram full of fish,” said Dad.“Pram dipping!” said Wilma.4. stuck[英] [st?k] v. 刺(stick 的过去式及过去分词) adj. 动不了的;被卡住的;被…缠住的;被…难住的,不知所措5. junk[英] [d???k] n. 废旧物品,破烂物;中国式平底帆船;6. pram[英] [pr?m] n. <英>(手推的)婴儿车;(送牛奶的)手推车;平底船7. plop[英] [pl?p] n. 扑通声,啪嗒声vi. 扑通地坠落8. hop out[英] [h?p aut] [体]后摆;跳下3-3 Sniff.“Will you look after Sniff today?” said Mrs May.Wilf and Wilma were happy.They wanted to look after the puppy.They took Sniff to the park.The puppy was excited.Sniff like d to roll on her back… jump up for a stick...run after a ball… and bark at a cat.Then Sniff went in the mud.She ran after a duck.She jumped in the pond and she barked at a dog.“I am hot,” said Wilf. “I want a rest.”“I am hot, too,” said Wilma. “I want a drink.”Mum couldn’t find Sniff.She couldn’t find Wilf and Wilma.Mum and Dad looked and looked.“They must be lost” said Mum. They were fast asleep. “They are worn out,” said Dad.9. mud[英] [m?d] n. 泥,泥淖;没价值的东西,污物;3-4 The Duck Race.Wilma had an idea.The children made six ducks.“Let’s have a duck race,” said Wilma.Mum began the race. “Drop the ducks in,” said Mum.The ducks went down the stream.Oh no! Wilma’s duck sank.Chip’s duck got stuck in the reeds.Biff’s duck got stuck in the weeds.Wilf’s duck got stuck on a log.“Get it off with a stick,” said Chip.Kipper’s duck went fast.It went past Dad’s duck.Two swans flew down.They landed on the ducks! “Six soggy ducks,” said Kipper.10. sank[英] [s??k] v. (使)下沉,(使)沉没( sink的过去式)11. reed[英] [ri?d] n. 芦苇;芦苇杆;[乐]舌簧12. weed[英] [wi:d] n. 杂草;野草;废物;烟草13. swan[英] [sw?n] n. 天鹅;诗人,歌3-5 The Ice Rink.Wilf and Dad went to the ice rink.They put skates on. They went on to the ice.“Hold my hand,” said Dad. Wilf held Dad’s hand.“This is fun,” said Wilf. Wilf let go of his Dad’s hand.He began to skate. Whoops! Wilf sat down with a bump. “This ice is cold,” said Wilf.Dad began to skate. He went round the rink.“Look at me spin!” said Dad.“Look at me jump!”Dad got some cold drinks.“Look out, Dad,” said Wilf.Oh no! A banana skin.14. ice rink[英] [ais r??k] n. 溜冰场;滑冰场15. whoops[英] [hw?ps, w?ps, hwu:ps, wu:ps] int. <口>哎哟(犯明显错误时的道歉)16. bump[英] [b?mp] n. 碰撞,撞击;肿块;隆起物;鹭鸶的叫声17. spin[英] [spin] vi. 快速旋转;3-6 The Mud Bath.Dad was playing football.He ran with the ball.“Go on Dad!” called Chip.“Kick it!” Dad fell over in the mud. Splat! “Bad luck, Dad!” said Biff. “Oh Dad,” said Mum. “What a mess.” “I want a bath,” said Dad.Dad went up to the bathroom.He ran a bath.Dad came down.There was football on TV.Dad looked at the football.“Go on!” he called. “Kick it!”Dad forgot the bath. Drip! Drip! Drip!Plop! Plop! Splat!”What was that?” said Dad.Splash! “Oh no,” said Dad.3-7 Joe and the Bike.Joe went to speedway.Joe liked speedway.His dad was a speedway rider.Joe’s dad was in a race. He was in front. “Come on!” shouted Joe. Joe’s dad fell off.“Oh no!” said Joe.Joe’s dad pushed his bike.“What a rider!” said Joe.It was Joe’s birthday. His dad gave him a bike. Joe liked the bike.Joe was in a race.He was in front.“Come on!” shouted Dad.Joe fell off. “Oh no!” said Dad.“What a rider!” said Dad.18. speedway[英] [?spi:d?we?] n. 赛车跑道3-8 Midge and the Eggs.Midge’s mum wanted some eggs.Midge went to the egg shop.He put the eggs in a bag.“Come and play,” said his friends. “I can’t,” said Midge.“My Mum wants these eggs.”Midge saw his friend.The friend had a go-kart. Midge wanted a go.Midge put the bag down.He went on the go-kart.He forgot the eggs.A man put the bag in the cart.“Oh no!” said Midge. “The eggs!”Midge’s mum looked at the bag.“Sorry, Mum,” said Midge.Midge’s mum went to the egg shop.She got some more eggs.She put the eggs in a basket. Oh no!19. Midge米吉20. go-kart[英] [?ɡ?u?kɑ:t] n. 游戏用的无车体小型汽车,其商标名3-9 Midge in Hospital.Midge fell off his bike.The ambulance came.The man looked at Midge’s foot.They took Midge to hospital. Midge was frightened.He didn’t want to go to hospital.A doctor looked at Midge’s foot.A doctor gave Midge a sweet.Midge’s mum came to see him. She gave him a toy.Midge’s nan came to see him. She gave him some fruit. Midge’s friends came to se e him. They gave him some books. “It’s not so bad in hospital,”said Midge.“It’s good to be home.”21. nan[英] [n?n] n. 奶奶(小孩儿语);圆盘烤饼3-10 Pip and the Little Monkey.Pip was at the zoo.Pip’s dad was a z oo-keeper.Pip helped her dad.They looked at a little monkey.They monkey was ill.They took the monkey home.The monkey got better.Pip played with it.They took the monkey to the zoo.Pip cried and cried.She wanted to keep the monkey.They went to the monkey house.The little monkey ran to its mum.The little monkey jumped and jumped.It was happy.Pip was happy too.3-11 Pip at the Zoo.Pip went to the zoo.Pip’s dad was a zoo-keeper.Pip helped her dad.Pip gave the deer some food.The deer pushed Pip over.Pip gave the monkeys some bananas.A monkey took Pip’s hat.Pip gave the elephants some water.The elephant took Pip’s sweets.Pip gave the parrots some fruit.A parrot pecked her finger.“Do you want to feed the crocodiles?”“No thanks,”said Pip.22. peck[英] [pek] vt. 啄,啄食;啄出,啄穿;3-12 Roy and the Budgie.Roy had a budgie. He called it Joey.Joey flew out side. “Oh no!”said Roy.Roy couldn’t get Joey.Joey flew away.Roy went to the wood. He looked for Joey.Roy couldn’t see Joey.An ostrich was in the wood.Roy looked at the ostrich. The ostrich looked at Roy. They saw the zoo-keeper.The zoo-keeper had a budgie.“It’s my ostrich,” said the zoo-keeper. \“It’s my budgie,” said Roy.“Thanks,” they said.23. Roy n. 罗伊(男子名)24. budgie[英] [?b?d?i] n. 相思鹦鹉25. Joey [男子名] 乔伊Joseph的昵称3-13 At the Seaside.The family went on holiday.Wilf and Wilma went, too.The hotel had burned down. “Sorry!” said the man.They looked at a new hotel. “Too expensive,” said Mum. They looked at an old hotel. “No, thank you,” said Dad.Ever hotel was full.“Sorry!” said everyone.They had to go home.But the car broke down.A farmer stopped his tractor. “Can I help?” he said.The farmer had a bus.“You can stay here,” he said. “What a good holiday!” said Wilf.3-14 Kipper the Clown.The children put on a circus.Kipper was a clown.Floppy pulled his leg.Chip was a strong-man.He made everyone laugh.Wilma and Biff did gymnastics.Everyone had a drink.“What a good circus!” s aid Mum.Wilf was a stuntman.Kipper was fed up .He wanted to be a stuntman.“Look at me!” he said.Everyone looked at Kipper.Oh no! “I’m a clown, after all,” said Kipper.26. circus[英] [?s?:k?s] n. 马戏,马戏团;马戏表演(常在大帐篷里进行);27. gymnastics[英] [d??m?n?st?ks] n. 体操,体育;体操运动28. stuntman[英] [?st?nt?m?n] n. 特技替身演员29. feed up[英] [fi:d ?p] 养肥;养壮;<口>处于情绪低落状态;对…厌烦3-15 Kipper's Idea.Dad took Kipper to school.They went past the library.A lady was painting the wall.Kipper ran into the playground. He wanted to play. There was a drawing on the wall.It was a drawing of Kipper.The wall looked a mess.Mrs May was cross.The children were painting.Kipper had an idea.Miss Green drew circles on the wall.The children painted faces.The wall looked good.Everyone liked it.“Good for Kipper!” everyone said.3-16 Strawberry Jam.Dad wanted to make jam.He picked some strawberries.They were too small.Mum took everyone to the pick-your-own. “You can all help,” said Dad.They all picked strawberries.Kipper put some in his pocket.Chip took the strawberries to the car.The car was locked.He forgot about the strawberries.The children had an ice cream.It was time to go home.The car ran over the strawberries.“Oh no!” said eve ryone.“Traffic jam!” said Dad.3-17 The Jumble Sale.Mum and Dad were spring-cleaning.Mum looked in a drawer.Dad threw things out.The children looked at the junk.They played with the old toys.Mum put the old toys in the car.The children were sad.They all went to the jumble sale.The children wanted to buy something.“What a lot of junk!” said Wilf.The children saw their toys.They counted their money.It was time to go home.“What’s in the bags?” said Mum. Oh no!30. spring-cleaning[英] [?spr???kli:n??] n. 春季大扫除,大扫除31. drawer[英] [dr?:] n. 抽屉;开票人,出票人;起草者;酒馆侍者32. junk[英] [d???k] n. 废旧物品,破烂物;中国式平底帆船;便宜货33. jumble sale[英] [?d??mb?l seil] n. (义卖时的)杂物拍卖3-18 The Snowman.It was snowing.“Hooray,” said the children.They saw wilf and Wilma.Wilf was sweeping the snow.Biff had a good idea.She made a giant snowball. Everyone pushed the snowball. Floppy barked and barked.Wilf had an idea.He wanted to play a trick.The children made a giant snowman. Wilf’s dad opened t he door.He saw the snowman.Wilma’s mum took a photograph. The snow fell off the roof.“Six snowmen!” said Wilma’s dad.34. Hooray [英] [h??re?] 万岁3-19 At the Pool.Kipper went to the swimming pool.Wilma’s mum took him.She took Biff and Chip, too.It was a new pool.Everyone wanted to swim.Kipper looked for his trunks.He couldn’t find them.Kipper couldn’t go in the pool.“Sorry,” said the man.Wilma’s mum was in the water.“Oh dear,” she said.Wilma’s mum took Kipper to a shop.She bought him new trunks.They went back to the pool.“Oh no!” said Kipper.“I put them on at home,” he said.35. trunks[tr??ks] n. 树干( trunk的名词复数);衣箱;象鼻3-20 Book Week.It was book week.The children made books.They made a big picture.They put it on the wall.An author came.He made everyone laugh.The children dressed up.Kipper was a caterpillar.He ate an apple.They had a book party.Kipper ate a lettuce.He was the hungry caterpillar.There was a book sale.Kipper was hungry.“I am a hungry Kipper,” he said.36. caterpillar[英] [?k?t?pil?] n. 毛虫;履带;履带拖拉机3-21 Bull's-eye!Everyone went to the school fair.Wilma wanted a book.Her dad bought it for her.Wilf kicked the ball.He won the goldfish.Dad wanted to win a teddy.He had to hit a bull’s-eye.Dad got cross.He couldn’t hit the bull’s-eye.Wilma was in the gym display.Wilf and Dad forgot to watch her. Wilma was cross.“You forgot to watch,” she said. Wilf and Wilma had a fight. They bumped into Dad. Bill’s-eye!Dad won a teddy.37. bull's-eye[英] [?b?lz?a?] n. 靶心;的38. gym[英] [d?im] n. <非正>健身房;体育馆;室内健身操;体操39. display[英] [dis?plei] n. 展览,陈列;陈列品,展览品40. gym display体育展示41. bump[英] [b?mp] vt.& vi. 碰撞,冲撞;颠簸vi. 颠簸着前进W ilf’s dad wanted a party.He put up some lights.Wilma and Dad made a barbecue.Wilf and Mum took the food outside.Everyone helped. The dads lit the fire.The fire went out.The children were hungry.The dads lit the fire again. It began to rain.The dads cooked the burgers.The children were fed up.The burgers burned. “Yuk!” said Chip.Oh no! The dads got wet.“Hooray!” said the children.42. barbecue[英] [?bɑ:bikju:] n. 烤肉;烧烤野餐;(常用于室外的)金属烤架43. burgers[?b?:ɡ?z] n. 汉堡包( burger的名词复数);The mums and dads were busy.They made a giant shoe.They put it on a trailer.The children dressed up.Dad was the old lady.The giant shoe looked good.They took it to the carnival. The car broke down. “Oh no!” everyone s aid.“Come on!” said Wilma. Biff, Chip, and Wilf pushed. “Come on!” said Kipper.“Come on!” said everyone.There was an old lady.She lived in a shoe.She had so many children.It was a good job, too.44. trailer[英] [?tre?l?] n. 拖车;追踪者;The children were in the sea.They played in the waves.Dad made them laugh.Everyone was cold.Kipper was very cold.Everyone wanted to jog.Kipper sat on the rug."Come on, Kipper,” said Mum.“I’m too cold,” said Kipper."Come on, Kipper,” said Dad.“I’m too cold,” said Kipper."Come and help,” said everyone.“I’m too cold,” said Kipper.“Ice cream!” said Kipper.He ran to the van.Everyone looked at Kipper.“I’m not that cold,” he said.45. jog[英] [d??ɡ] vt.& vi. 慢跑;轻推,轻撞;蹒跚行进;使颠簸46. rug[英] [r?ɡ] n. 小块地毯;〈英〉(围盖膝的)围毯,车毯;3-25 A Cat in the Tree.Floppy barked at a cat.The cat ran up a tree.Biff was cross with Floppy.Wilma climbed on the wall.Wilma climbed up the tree.She couldn’t get the cat.Wilma couldn’t get down.Wilma’s dad was cross.He put the ladder up.Wilma climbed down.Wilma’s dad climbed the tree.He couldn’t get the cat.Wilma’s dad was stuck.The cat jumped down.The fireman put a ladder up.Wilma’s dad climbed down.“Oh no!” sai d everyone.47. ladder[英] [?l?d?] n. 梯子,阶梯;梯状物;途径;48. stuck[英] [st?k] adj. 动不了的;被卡住的;被…缠住的;v. 刺(stick 的过去式及过去分词3-26 By the Stream.Mum and Dad sat on the rug.The children played by the stream. Biff went on the bridge.They dropped sticks in the water. Kipper couldn’t see.Kipper climbed up.He dropped Teddy in the water. “Get Teddy,” said Kipper.Biff couldn’t get Teddy.“Get Teddy,” said Kipper.Mum couldn’t get Teddy.“I want Teddy,” said Kipper.Dad couldn’t get Teddy.Dad fell in.Splash!“I am a frogman,” said Dad.3-27 Nobody Wanted to Play.Wilf was cross.Nobody wanted to play.He went to the park.Wilf played on the rocket.“I am a spaceman,” he said.He played on the see-saw.“I am a juggler,” he said.He played on the horse.“I am a cowboy,” he said.He played on his bicycle.“I am a stuntman,” he said.He climbed up the ladder.“I am a fireman,” he said.He climbed on the wall.“I am a spiderman,” he said.Whoops!49. juggler[英] [?d??gl?] n. 玩杂耍的人;杂耍,把戏50. cowboy[英] [?ka??b??] n. 牛仔;牧童;富有冒险精神的英雄51. stuntman[英] [?st?nt?m?n] n. 特技替身演员3-28 On the Sand.Biff and Chip played on the sand.Dad went to sleep.Biff and Chip put sand on Dad.They made a sandcastle.They put Dad’s hat on top.They went to get an ice cream.Dad was still asleep.Chip looked at the donkeys.Biff looked at the boat.They looked at the go-karts.They looked at Dad’s hat.“Oh no!” said Biff.Dad was hiding.Biff was cross.The hat was on a stick.52. donkey[英] [?d??ki] n. 驴,毛驴;笨蛋,傻瓜;3-29 The Egg Hunt.Kate came to stay.Mum and Kate made a cake.Kate put little eggs on it.Wilma looked at the little eggs.She had an idea.Wilma went to the park.She wanted to hide some eggs.She put them in the trees.She put them in the flowers.Wilf and Kate came to the park.“You can look for eggs,” said Wilma.Kate looked for the eggs.“Where are they?” she said. The squirrels had them. “Squirrel like eggs,” said Kate.“So do I,” she said.3-30 The Rope Swing.The children went to the stream.They looked at the swing.Wilf climbed on the swing.Chip pushed Wilf.Floppy looked at the rope.Biff climbed on the swing.Floppy barked and barked.Chip climbed on the swing.Floppy barked and barked and barked.Kipper went on the swing.“What a silly dog!” said kippy.Wilma went on too.“What a silly dog!” said Wilma.The children went home.Floppy looked at the rope.Splash! Oh no!53. silly[英] [?sili] adj. 蠢的;糊涂的;不明事理的;没头脑的。
CHIP
需自备用于ChIP的一抗,37%甲醛,PBS,PMSF,Elutioin buffer(1% SDS, 0.1M NaHCO3),PMSF(ST506)产品编号产品名称包装P2078-1 Protein A+G Agarose/Salmon Sperm DNA 3mlP2078-2 Glycine Solution(10X) 30mlP2078-3 ChIP Dilution Buffer 48mlP2078-4 Low Salt Immune Complex Wash Buffer 24mlP2078-5 High Salt Immune Complex Wash Buffer 24mlP2078-6 LiCl Immune Complex Wash Buffer 24mlP2078-7 TE Buffer 48mlP2078-8 0.5M EDTA 250μlP2078-9 5M NaCl 500μlP2078-10 1M Tris, pH 6.5 500μlP2078-11 SDS Lysis Buffer 10mlP2078-12 Control Primers(5μM each) 0.1ml-说明书1份使用说明:1. 样品超声处理条件的优化:A. 准备适量冰浴预冷的PBS,以及100mM PMSF。
将SDS Lysis Buffer适当温浴,使其中的SDS充分溶解,并混匀。
B. 称新鲜冰冻组织。
切成1-3 mm3小块。
转移组织到50ML试管里。
加入10 ml of 1X PBS。
加甲醛至终浓度为1%,加入270微升37%甲醛。
室温下转动15—20mins。
C. 加入1.1ml Glycine Solution (10X) (终止交联),轻轻混匀。
室温放置5分钟。
D. 在上述室温放置5分钟期间,用冰浴预冷的PBS稀释100mM PMSF至1mM,即配制成冰浴预冷的含1mMPMSF的PBS。
三自由度机械手结构与原理研究
题目:三自由度机械手结构与原理研究学院:轻型产业学院专业:电气工程及其自动化姓名:丛榆坤指导教师:蔡小五完成日期:2014年5月11日毕业论文任务书毕业论文题目:三自由度机械手结构与原理研究选题意义、创新性、科学性和可行性论证:近年来,我国乃至世界三自由度机械手发展十分迅速,其数量和规模不断提高,所以对三自由度机械手的熟知变得愈发重要。
为体现出三自由度机械手的现实价值,在此我们对三自由度机械手结构设计与工作原理做一细致分析。
主要内容:基于对三自由度机械手的结构与原理分析,通过编写相关程序控制机械手运动。
首先,了解机械手的发展现状;其次,对其硬件的选择及软件的使用做一说明;最后,通过实验,使理论与实际相结合,观察机械手的运动状况。
目的要求:为了培养学生在实践中运用所学的专业知识,强调理论联系实际的学习态度,提高分析问题和解决问题的能力。
培养学生掌握计算机操作技术,运用计算机编写程序进行模拟操作。
计划进度:1. 毕业论文选题(2013.09.01~2013.10.31)2. 确定毕业论文写作提纲(2013.11.01~2013.12.31)3. 形成毕业论文初稿(2014.01.01~2014.02.28)4. 形成毕业论文修改稿(2014.03.01~2014.04.30)5. 形成毕业论文终稿(2014.05.01~2014.05.18)6. 答辩(2014.05.19~2014.05.26)指导教师签字:主管院长(系主任)签字:年月日辽宁大学本科毕业论文(设计)指导记录表论文题目三自由度机械手结构与原理研究学生姓名丛榆坤学号102703104 年级、专业2010级电气工程及其自动化指导教师姓名蔡小五指导教师职称副教授所在院系轻型产业学院第一次指导(对确定题目、毕业论文(设计)任务书的指导意见):确定论文题目为:三自由度机械手结构与原理研究独立查阅毕业论文资料。
围绕课题题目收集、阅读有关文献资料。
第1章微机基础知识李朝青单片机原理及接口技术第3版ppt课件
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Exit 单片机原理及接口技术
第一章 微机基础知识
§1.1 微处理器、微机和单片机的概念 §1.2 常用数制和编码 §1.3 数据在计算机中的表示 §1.4 89C51单片机 §1.5 思考题与习题
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Back 单片机原理及接口技术
§1.1 微处理器、微机和单片机的概念
§1.1.1 微处理器(机)的组成 §1.1.2 存储器和输入输出接口
部总线和外部的存储器和输入/输出接口电路联系。
外部总线一般分为数据总线、地址总线和控制总线,统称为系统总线。 存储器包括RAM和ROM。
微计算机通过输入/输出接口电路可与各种外围设备联接。
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单片机原理及接口技术
图1-2 一个计算机模型
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单片机原理பைடு நூலகம்接口技术
1、运算器
1)、组成 2)、作用 3)、ALU的两个主要的输入来源 4)、运算器的两个主要功能
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Back 单片机原理及接口技术
1. BCD(Binary Coded Decimal)码——二十进制码
BCD码是一种二进制形式的十进制码,也称二十 进制码。它用4位二进制数表示1位十进制数,最 常用的是8421BCD码,见表1-2。
– 8421BCD码用0000H~1001H代表十进制数0~9, 运算法则是逢十进一。8421BCD码每位的权分别 是8,4,2,1,故得此名。
1.二进制:是“0”和“1”这样的数、逢2进位。按权展开时权的基 数为2。用后缀字母“B”表示。
如:1001=1×23+0×22+0×21+1×20 =9(十进制数)
2.十进制:是“0”—“9”之间的数、逢10进位。按权展开时权的 基数为10。用后缀字母“D”表示。
三极管命名
半导体(二极管、三极管)的识别和表示方法中国半导体器件型号命名方法 半导体器件型号由五部分(场效应器件、半导体特殊器件、复合管、PIN型管、激光器件的型号命名只有第三、四、五部分)组成。
五个部分意义如下: 第一部分:用数字表示半导体器件有效电极数目。
2-二极管、3-三极管 第二部分:用汉语拼音字母表示半导体器件的材料和极性。
表示二极管时:A-N型锗材料、B-P型锗材料、C-N型硅材料、D-P型硅材料。
表示三极管时:A-PNP型锗材料、B-NPN型锗材料、C-PNP型硅材料、D-NPN型硅材料。
第三部分:用汉语拼音字母表示半导体器件的内型。
P-普通管、V-微波管、W-稳压管、C-参量管、Z-整流管、L-整流堆、S-隧道管、N-阻尼管、U-光电器件、K-开关管、X-低频小功率管(F<3MHz,Pc<1W)、G-高频小功率管(f>3MHz,Pc<1W)、D -低频大功率管(f<3MHz,Pc>1W)、A-高频大功率管(f>3MHz,Pc>1W)、T-半导体晶闸管(可控整流器)、Y-体效应器件、B-雪崩管、J-阶跃恢复管、CS-场效应管、BT-半导体特殊器件、FH-复合管、PIN-PIN型管、JG-激光器件。
第四部分:用数字表示序号 第五部分:用汉语拼音字母表示规格号不同的国家和地区,对晶体三极管的命名方法是不一样的。
可从相关的前缀来辨别晶体管的材料(硅、锗),极性(N管、P 管)等。
如:3DG12,这是我国三极管的典型命名方法:3表示三极管,D表示硅材料N管,G表示高频中功率,12表示产品序号。
例如:3DG18表示NPN型硅材料高频三极管常用的三极管有90××系列,包括低频小功率硅管9013(NPN)、9012(PNP),低噪声管9014(NPN),高频小功率管9018(NPN)等。
它们的型号一般都标在塑壳上,而样子都一样,都是TO-92标准封装。
ChIP 原理及实验方法
染色质免疫沉淀技术(ChIP)实验方法实验原理染色质免疫沉淀技术(ChIP)通过与染色质片段共沉淀和PCR技术,在体内检测与特异蛋白质结合的DNA片段。
ChIP技术最大的优点就是在活体细胞状态下研究了蛋白质和目的基因结合状况,减少了体外实验的误差。
在活体细胞中,先对与调节蛋白结合的染色质进行分离,然后通过一定的方法(例如:超声波)随机剪切染色质,用调节蛋白的抗体沉淀目的染色质,再通过一定手段把目的染色质上的蛋白质去除掉,最后用PCR等方法检测鉴定共沉淀的DNA片段的特性。
仪器和试剂真空设备、涡旋器、液氮、冷冻离心管、离心机、超声波粉碎仪、miracloth 37%甲醛,2M甘氨酸,ddHO,剪切的鲑精DNA/protein A琼脂糖珠(Sant cruz),2蛋白酶K(14mg/ml),RNaseA,酚:氯仿:异戊醇(25:24:1),氯仿,无水乙醇,提取缓冲液1(EB1):0.4M蔗糖;10mM Tris-HCl,pH8.0;5mM β-ME;0.1mM PMSF;蛋白酶抑制剂混合物(aprotinin、pepstain A、Leupeptin、Antipain、TPCK、Benzamidine)•提取缓冲液2(EB2):0.25M 蔗糖;10mM Tris-HCl,pH8.0;10mM MgCl2;1%Triton X-100(聚乙二醇辛基苯基醚);5mM β-ME;0.1mM PMSF;蛋白酶抑制剂混合物(同上)提取缓冲液3(EB3):1.7M蔗糖;10mM Tris-HCl,pH8.0;0.15%Triton X-100;2mM MgCl;5mMβ-ME;0.1mM PMSF;蛋白酶抑制剂混合物(同上)2核裂解缓冲液(NLB):50mM Tris-HCl,pH8.0;10mM EDTA;1%SDS;PMSF和蛋白酶抑制剂混合物(同上)ChIP稀释缓冲液(ChIP DB):1.1%Triton X-100;1.2mM EDTA;16.7 mMTris-HCl,pH8.0;167mM NaCl;PMSF和蛋白酶抑制剂混合物(同上)洗脱缓冲液(EB):1%SDS;0.1M NaHCO3(现配)低盐洗脱液:150mM NaCl;0.1%SDS;1%Triton X-100;2mM EDTA;20mM Tris-HCl,pH8.0高盐洗脱液:500mM NaCl;0.1%SDS;1%Triton X-100;2mM EDTA;20mM Tris-HCl,pH8.0LiCl洗脱液:0.25M LiCl;1%NP-40;1%脱氧胆酸钠;2mM EDTA;20mM Tris-HCl,pH8.0TE缓冲液:1mM EDTA;10mM Tris-HCl,pH8.0实验方法植物材料的准备(以拟南芥为例)1.在覆盖有保鲜膜的土里播上拟南芥的种子。
IEC 60424-3 for core
单条裂缝允收标准 <尺寸W的25% <尺寸H的50% <尺寸W的25% <尺寸W的25% <尺寸W的25% <尺寸T的25% <尺寸T的25% <尺寸W的50% <尺寸W的50% <尺寸W的50%
多条裂缝允收标准 <尺寸W的50% <尺寸H的50% <尺寸W的25% <尺寸W的25% <尺寸W的25% <尺寸T的25% <尺寸T的25% <尺寸W的100% <尺寸W的100% <尺寸W的100%
IEC 标准(60424-3)
1-1-2-1 裂缝允收标准对照表
类型 S1 S2 S3 S3' S3'' S4 S4' S5 S5' S5''
位置 中柱配合面 outer leg的配合面 中柱 中柱与back wall的相交处 back surface outer leg与back wall的相交处 back wall outer leg bacl wall bacl surface
毛刺 粘模
E core 裂缝位置图
EPCOS HO QA
Wendy Song
IEC 标准(60424-3)
1-2-2-1 裂缝允收标准对照表
类型 S1 S2 S3 S3' S3'' S4 S4' S5 S5' S5''
位置 中柱配合面 outer leg的配合面 中柱 中柱与back wall的相交处 back surface outer leg与back wall的相交处 back wall outer leg bacl wall bacl surface
牛津树1到3阶家长知道手册中文版
孩子们的阅读帮手1-3级本系列丛书专为成长中的小读者享受阅读而设计。
书中故事的长度和难度逐步提升,可以更好地帮助孩子树立信心,并对一些即将在学校习得的关键阅读技巧进行训练。
本套丛书包括本手册及32本1—31级的故事书。
阅读总动员开启阅读之旅关于《与Biff, Chip 和 Kipper 一起阅读》系列拼读发⾳音与字⺟母练习启蒙故事⽇日常⽤用语练习第1级练习⾃自然拼读技巧•⿎鼓励孩⼦子辨识字⺟母及韵脚•引导孩⼦子在唱字⺟母歌的同时指认出书中的字⺟母•让孩⼦子背诵他们所知道的押韵短诗,例如:One, two, three, four, five. Once I caught a fish…并让他们补充遗漏的同韵脚单词•⽤用橡⽪皮泥为孩⼦子制作字⺟母模型•通过分读c-a-t读出cat,为孩⼦子演⽰示发⾳音的组合拼读•利⽤用冰箱上的字⺟母磁⼒力贴或洗澡⽤用的字⺟母型海绵拼写出孩⼦子的名字和其他的简单单词•⽤用杂志中的图⽚片制作以某个字⺟母为⾸首的单词集,并制作字⺟母剪贴簿第2级练习⾃自然拼读技巧•找出若干组词⾸首或词末发⾳音相同的单词•读出⼀一个简短的单词,您的孩⼦子是否可以为它划分⾳音节?(例如:sat, s-a-t)或者分读⾳音节,您的孩⼦子是否可以拼读出该单词?(例如:f-i-sh, fish)•当您读完书后,可以与孩⼦子做寻找单词和字⺟母的游戏。
例如:“你能在这⼀一⻚页上找到‘and’这个单词吗?”“这⼀一⻚页上有多少‘t’开头的单词?”第3级练习⾃自然拼读技巧•为孩⼦子指出例如th, sh的字⺟母组合以及较⻓长的⾳音节,如-ing,帮助孩⼦子识别字⺟母组合及其发⾳音。
•⽤用磁⼒力字⺟母贴拼出⼀一个单词,并让孩⼦子拼出另⼀一个单词。
两个单词可以押韵,可以有⼀一个不同字⺟母,可以⾸首字⺟母相同,或以同⼀一个字⺟母结尾。
⾃自然拼读本套包含16本读物,专为孩⼦子的阅读教育打造使⽤用以下⼩小贴⼠士,让您的孩⼦子学得更快.第1级练习阅读技巧让孩⼦子注意到特定的书⾯面⽤用语,如“Once upon a time……”⿎鼓励孩⼦子将他最喜欢的故事复述给他的朋友或祖⽗父⺟母、外祖⽗父⺟母听利⽤用图⽚片和单词释义帮助孩⼦子理解故事带孩⼦子到图书馆,⿎鼓励他挑选⾃自⼰己希望阅读的书乐于教孩⼦子学唱⼉儿歌与指令歌在开⻋车旅⾏行时,与孩⼦子⼀一起做“我是卧底”的游戏,或者播放发⾳音拼读CD尽可能多的读书,包括经典神话、童话、字⺟母书甚⾄至是⺫⽬目录!第2级练习阅读技巧让孩⼦子不断重复朗读他最喜爱的故事,使孩⼦子乐在其中的同时树⽴立⾃自信⼼心。
电子与通信技术:表面贴装技术要点背记三
电子与通信技术:表面贴装技术要点背记三1、单选SMT设备一般使用之额定气压为:OA.4KG∕cm2B.5KG∕cm2C.6KG∕cm2D.7KG∕cm2正确答案:C2、填空题ChiP元件常用的公制(江南博哥)规格主要有()、()、()、()、()、OO正确答案:0402;0603;1005;1608;3216;32253、问答题SMT主要设备有哪些?其三大关键工序是什么?正确答案:SMT主要设备有:真空吸板机、送板机、叠板机、印刷机、点胶机、高速贴片机、泛用机、回流焊炉、AOl等。
三大关键工序:印刷、贴片、回流焊。
4、多选下面哪些不良是发生在印刷段:OA.漏印B.多锡C.少锡D.反面正确答案:A,B,C5、问答题钢网不良现象主要有哪几个方面?(至少说出四种情况)正确答案:(1)钢网变形,有刮痕,破损(2)钢网上无钢网标识单(3)钢网张力不足(4)钢网开孔处有锡膏,堵孔没洗干净及有贴纸脱落。
(5)钢网拿错6、单选锡膏的组成:OA.锡粉+助焊剂B.锡粉+助焊剂+稀释剂C.锡粉+稀释剂正确答案:B7、问答题在电子产品组装作业中,SMT具有哪些特点?正确答案:(1)能节省空间50270%(2)大量节省元件及装配成本(3)具有很多快速和自动生产能力(4)减少零件贮存空间(5)节省制造厂房空间(6)总成本下降8、单选常见的带宽为8mm的纸带料盘送料间距为:OA.3mmB.4mmC.5mmD.6mm正确答案:B9、单选以松香为主之助焊剂可分为四种:OA.R,RMA,RN,RAB.R,RA,RSA,RMAC.RMA,RSA,R,RRD.R,RMA,RSA,RA正确答案:B10、填空题锡膏放在钢网上超过O小时没使用,须将锡膏收回罐中重新搅拌后使用。
正确答案:411、多选下面哪些不良可能会发生在印刷段:OA侧立B.少锡C.连锡D.偏位E.漏件正确答案:B,C,D12、填空题’没善用完的锡膏回收O次后做报废处理或找相关人员确认。
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接收器能反映的是它的时间平均值:
∫ ω dt τ
0
1
τ
∝ E
2
r r = E⋅E
若干涉场由两束光波形成,它们在某点的瞬时电场 r r 强度分别为 1 和 2 。则在叠加原理适用的范围内: E E r r r 有 E = E +E
r r r r ω e ⇒ ( E1 + E 2 ) ⋅ ( E1 + E 2 )
第三章
光的干涉和干涉仪
这样,为了得到稳定的干涉现象,首先需 要满足的条件是: ω1=ω2 ω (1) 另: 为了使干涉项不为零,其系统 E10·E20应不为等于零。 E10·E20 ≠0 (2) 说明: E10和E20不互相垂直是产生干涉的 又一个必要条件。 对于严格的单色波而言,上述两个条件是 足以保证产生干涉现象
干涉,故称此项为干涉项。 注:并非叠加原理不成立时不出现干涉现 象,相反这时将出现更为复杂的干涉项。
r r 此式表明当2< E1 ⋅ E2 > 不为零时,便会出现
第三章
光的干涉和干涉仪
干涉条件: 考虑两单色、线偏振光相遇时产生干涉的条 件: 设两光束的波函数分别为:
rr r r E1 ( r , t ) = E10 cos( k1r − ω 1t + ϕ 10 ) rr r r E 2 (r , t ) = E 20 cos(k 2 r − ω 2 t + ϕ 20 )
1 2
则: 上式右端的时间平均值称为干涉场的强度,并用I 表示。
第三章
于是,有
光的干涉和干涉仪
r I ( r ) =< ( E 1 + r r = E1 • E1 + r r r E 2 ) ⋅ ( E1 + E 2 ) > r r r r E 2 • E 2 + 2 E1 • E 2
r r = I1 + I 2 + 2 E1 • E 2
历史上最早使用实验方法研究光的干涉现 象的是Thomas Young,在1802年。其后菲 涅耳等人用波动理论很好地说明了干涉现 象的各种细节,至20世纪初干涉理论可谓 已相当完善,本世纪三十年代,范西特和 泽尼克发展了部分相干理论,使干涉理论 进一步臻于完善。 光的干涉和干涉仪在科学技术的许多部门 中都有非常广泛的应用。它也是本课程重 点内容之一。
{
式中:①右端第一个时间平均值为零,因为 其中的圆频率极高。接收器响应时间 远大于 。故为零。
2π (ω 2 + ω1 )
第三章
光的干涉和干涉仪
右端第二个时间平均值,仅当τ< 2π (ω 2 − ω1 ) 时,才不为零。 一般,ω1和ω2均为10-15 S-1量级,而τ一 ω ω τ 般大于10-9 S-1。故当ω1和ω2仅仅相差百 ω ω 万分之一时便能使平均值为零。 既使当ω1和ω2之差在10-9 S-1之内时,可 以探测到干涉项的拍频效应,但是,作 为干涉现象而言,干涉场的强度分布也 是不稳定的。
第三章
光的干涉和干涉仪
另一种方法是利用两个部分反射的表面通过 振幅分割产生两个反射光或两透射光波,此 为分振幅法,相应的装置为分振幅干涉仪。 必须指出:在具体的干涉装置中,为了产生 干涉现象,光是利用同一原子辐射的光波分 离为两个光波,条件还不够充分,还必须使 两叠加光波的光程差不要太大。
第三章
Байду номын сангаас
第三章
光的干涉和干涉仪
2. 扬氏双光束非定域分波前干涉规律; 3. 分振幅等顷干涉的规律、定域问题及其应 用; 4. 分振幅等厚干涉的规律、定域问题及其应 用; 5. 干涉场可见度的定义,光波场的空间相干 性和时间相干性对于干涉可见度的影响。
第三章
光的干涉和干涉仪
三、本章概述: 光的干涉现象:是当两个或多个光波(光 束)在空间相遇叠加时,在叠加区域内出 现的各点强度稳定的强弱分布现象。 本章研究两光束干涉,下一章研究多光束 干涉。 实际光波不是理想单色光波,因而要使实 际光波发生干涉,必须利用一定的装置, 让光波满足某些条件(干涉条件)。
第三章
光的干涉和干涉仪
干涉项: 由前面维纳实验可知,对感光乳胶等接收装 置起主要作用的是光波中的电场,因此考察 干涉场中的电场能量密度(光强)分布是重 要的。在干涉场中任一点,电场能量密度We 正比于该点电场强度的平方,并随时间高速 变化。接收器能反映的是它的时间平均值:
第三章
ωe =
光的干涉和干涉仪
第三章
光的干涉和干涉仪
使光波满足干涉条件的途径有多种,因此, 相应地有多种干涉装置(干涉仪)。 从获得满足干涉条件的方法上分,干涉仪分 为两类:1.分波前干涉仪;2.分振幅干涉仪。 后面的分析可看到:前者只容许使用足够小 的光源,而后者可把光源尺寸拓展,因而可 以获得强度较大的干涉效应。
第三章
光的干涉和干涉仪
第三章
光的干涉和干涉仪
干涉的研究内容: 干涉的三个要素:一般说来光源、干涉装置 (能产生两束或多束光波并形成干涉现象的 装置)和干涉图形构成干涉问题的三个要素。 干涉问题:研究这三个要素之间的关系,达 到由其中两者求出第三者的目的。
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光的干涉和干涉仪
其中,“光源”的性质由位置、大小、亮度 分布和光谱组成等因素决定; “干涉装置”的性质主要体现它对各个光束 引入的位相延迟; “干涉图形”由辐照度分布描述,包括干涉 条纹的形状、间距、反衬度和颜色等。通常 它可以被直接测量。
第三章
光的干涉和干涉仪
综上所述: 产生光波需要三个基本条件: 即 : ω 1=ω2 (1) E10·E20 ≠0 (2) ϕ10(t)-ϕ20 (t)=常数 (3) 一个补充条件,光程差小于波列长度。 此外,还有一些其它条件,如,对光源大小 的限制等。我们将在后面讨论。
第三章
光的干涉和干涉仪
则:干涉项,积化和差 2
r >r= < E1 ⋅ E2
r r r r r E10⋅E20 < cos[(1 + k2 ) ⋅ r −(ω1 +ω2 )t + (ϕ10 +ϕ20)]> k + r r r < cos[( 2 − k1) ⋅ r − (ω2 −ω1)t + (ϕ20 −ϕ10)] } k
光的干涉和干涉仪
因为原子辐射的光波是一段段有限长的波列,进入 干涉装置的每个波列也部分各同样长的两个波列, 当光程差太大(光程差大于波列长度)时,这两个 波列就不能相遇。这时相遇的是对应于原子前一时 刻发出的波列和后一时刻发出的另一波列,不同时 刻相遇波列的位相已无固定关系,因此不能发生干 涉。由此:为了使干涉现象发生,必须利用原子发 出的同波列,即必须使光程差小于光波的波列长度。
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光的干涉和干涉仪
4. 牢固掌握分振幅等顷干涉的条纹形状、光 强分布规律、定域问题及其应用; 5. 牢固掌握分振幅等厚干涉的条纹形状、光 强分布规律、定域问题及其应用; 6. 牢固掌握迈克耳逊干涉仪的结构特点,改 变间隔d时的干涉条纹变化以及干涉仪的应用;
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光的干涉和干涉仪
7. 牢固掌握干涉场可见度的定义,光波场的 空间相干性和时间相干性对于干涉可见度的 影响。 8. 掌握光的相干条件,相干光的获得方法, 光源的相干性; 二、教学重点: 1. 相干条件,相干光的获得方法,光源的相 干性;
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光的干涉和干涉仪
则,得到稳定干涉场的唯一可能是: ϕ10和ϕ20按同样的规律跳跃变化。即 ϕ10(t)-ϕ20 (t)=常数 (3) 即:对于普通光源,仅当两个光束来自光源上的同 一个地点时,才能发生干涉。 总之,(1)、(2)、(3)式共同构成了产生干涉 的条件,满足这些条件的两束或多束光波称为“相 干光波”。相应的光源称为相干光源。
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光的干涉和干涉仪
然而,在光学波段内不存在严格的单色波, 普通光源的每个发光原子都是间断地发光的, 每次发光的持续时间为10-8 S量级。各个原 子或每个原子各次发射光波在位相上是互不 相关连的。即式中的ϕ10和ϕ20都不是常量, 而是在[0,2π]区间内等概率地无规则跳跃, 跳跃频率也是高达10-8 S-1的随机量。这样, 只要ϕ10和ϕ20各自独立地变化,则干涉项中 的第二项的平值将至少是不稳定的。
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光的干涉和干涉仪
由上分析可知: 为了获得两相干光波,只能利用同一个光源或者确 切地说利用同一个发光原子(一般称发光点)发出 的光波,并通过具体的干涉装置使之分成两个光波。 将一个光波分离成两个相干光波,一般有两种方法。 一种方法是让光波通过并排的两个小孔或利用反射 和折射方法把光波的波前分割出两个部分,此为分 波前法,相应的装置为分前干涉仪,
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光的干涉和干涉仪
一、教学要求: 二、教学重点: 三、本章概述:
第三章
光的干涉和干涉仪
一、教学要求: 1. 深入理解两个光波的非相干叠加和相干叠 加,深入理解相干条件和光的干涉定义; 2. 了解光干涉的本质及双光束干涉的一般理 论; 3. 牢固掌握扬氏双光束非定域分波前干涉装 置的干涉光强分布的各种规律;