chapter 2跨文化交际

as much an active process. The receiver is actively involved in the communication process by assigning meaning to the symbols received.
Receiver response（信息接收者反应）:The receiver is the person who
response of which the source has knowledge and to which the source attends and assigns meaning.
Context（情境）: The final component of communication is context.
Chapter 3 Communication
c. Communication is symbolic（符号性的）
Symbols are central to the communication process because they represent the shared meanings that are communicated. Symbols are vehicle by which the thoughts and ideas of one person can be communicated to anther person.
Noise （干扰）
The term noise technically refers to anything that distorts the message the source encodes.
Noise can be of many forms: Chapter 3 Communication
Chapter 3 Communication
a. Communication is dynamic
Communication is an ongoing, everchanging activity. A word or action does not stay frozen when you communicate; it is immediately replaced with yet another word or action.
Chapter 3 Communication
➢Simmel’s perspective on communication
All human communication consists of information-exchange that has reciprocal （相互的） effects on the individuals involved. Communication occurs among individuals who are at varying degrees of social distance from one another.
Unfortunately (or perhaps fortunately), humans are not able to share thoughts directly. Your communication is in the form of a symbol representing the idea you desire to communicate. Encoding is the process of putting an idea into a symbol.
Chapter 3 Communication
3. Characteristics of Communication
a. Communication is dynamic b. Communication is irreversible c. Communication is symbolic d. Communication is systematic e. Communication is self-reflective f. Communication is transactional g. Communication is contextual.
Generally, context can be defined as the environment in which the communication takes place and which helps define the communication.
Chapter 3 Communication
Chapter 3 Communication
➢Eastern perspective of communication
Definitions of communication from many Asian countries stress harmony, which is most notable（显著的） in cultures with a Confucian tradition.
➢Western Perspective of communication
In western cultures, communication is studied as the means of transmitting ideas. Western cultures emphasize the instrumental (工具性的) function of communication; that is, effectiveness is evaluated in terms of success in the manipulation of others to achieve one’s personal goal.
External noise（外部干扰）: can be the sights, sounds, and other stimuli
that draw your attention away from the message.
Internal noise（内部干扰）: refers to your thoughts and feelings that can
Chapter 3 Communication
Chapter 3 Communication
1. The definition of communication
➢ Communication as an element of culture ➢ Western Perspective of communication ➢ Eastern perspective of communication ➢ Perception and communication ➢ Communication defined by Samovar and
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跨文化交际
Chapter 2 Communication
Chapter 3 Communication
Learning objectives:
Listen to the lead-in case
communication
Chapter 3 Communication
Chapter 3 Communication
2. Components of communication
Source （信息源）
The source is the person with an idea he or she desires to communicate.
Encoding （编码）
➢Perception and communication
Communication is the perception of verbal and nonverbal behaviors and the assignment of meaning to them.
Chapter 3 Communication
Chapter 3 Communication
b. Communication is irreversible（不可逆转的）
Once we have said something and someone else has received and decoded the message, the original sender cannot take it back.
Feedback
Response
Source
Encoding
Channel Meiver
Noise
context
Case Analysis: Components in Action
Chapter 3 Communication
1. What is communication composed of? 2. What is the process of communication? ?
Message （信息）
The term message identifies the encoded thought. Encoding is the process, the verb; the message is the resulting object.
Channel （渠道）
The term channel is used technically to refer to the means by which the encoded message is transmitted. The channel or medium, then, may be print, electronic, or the light and sound waves of the face-toface communication.
➢Communication defined by Samovar
and Porter
Communication occurs whenever meaning is attributed to behavior or the residue (残留，结果) of behavior. This means that when someone perceives behavior or its residue and attributes meaning to it, communication has taken place regardless of whether that behavior is conscious or unconscious, intentional or unintentional.
Porter ➢ Simmel’s perspective on communication
Chapter 3 Communication
➢Communication as an element of culture
Communication is derived from the Latin word communicare, meaning to share with or to make common, as in giving to another a part or share of your thoughts, hopes, and knowledge.
attends to the message. Receiver response refers to anything the receiver does after having attended to and decoded the message.
Feedback（反馈）: Feedback refers to that portion of the receiver
interfere with the message.
Semantic noise（语义干扰）: refers to how alternative meanings of the
source’s message symbols can be distracting.
Decoding（解码）: Decoding is the opposite process of encoding and just