Grammar情态动词

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Grammar 情态动词
情态动词表示说话人的语气和情态,如需要,可能,意愿和怀疑等,有一泄的语义,但不完整,必须和动词原形一起构成谓语。

情态动词的特征:
1 •情态动词有一泄的语义,但不完整.不能单独作谓语,它们和实义动词或连系动词连用. 构成谓语
ee: She may be the older of the two girls.她可能是这两个女孩中较大的一个
2•适用于各种人称和数(have to除外,主语是第三人称单数时需要用has to)
eg: We/He/You must work hard・
3•看些情态动词无过去式,如must,有些有过去式:
如:can-could may-might shall-should will-would have to-had to
常见的情态动词
must 与have to, must:①强调说话人的主观看法“必须S .
eg: You must adjust to the new conditions.(你一定要适应新环境。


②杏定式:mustn't 或don't have to,
eg: You mustn't work all the timc.
-Must I finish my homework before 4 pm?
-No, you needift/doift have io. Yes, you must.
③表示推测,“肯左是…”用于肯泄句。

must be-(对现在情况的推测)
must have done••-(对过去情况的推测)
eg: He must be a foreigner.
He must have arrived there already.
④“偏偏S指令人不愉快的事情。

eg: The car must break down when I was about to start・
我正要岀发时车偏偏抛锚了。

have to:客观上的必要性“不得不S有时态,人称变化。

否定式为don't have to/needn't.
eg: My brother was very ill. so I had to call the doctor at midnight. 炎的哥哥病得很严重,所以我不得不在半夜叫医生。

can/could:①表示能力
eg: Mary can speak three languages・
In these days few workers could support their family.
②表示请求.允许,could可指过去时间,语气页更加委婉,客气。

主要用于疑问句中.
回答时要用cam
-Could I come here again tomorrow?
-Yes, you can. (No, I'm afraid not.)
-Can you help me? Anyone can't smoke here・
-Of course I can ・
※③表示推测:
can:肯左句:表示客观可能性,
否定句,疑问句:表示主观推测。

eg: Even an experienced teacher can make mistakes・
即使一位有经验的老师也可能犯错误。

The temperature can fall to ・60°C.气温可能下降到零下60度。

He caift be in the classroom now. for the lieht is cut.
他现在不可能在教室里,因为灯灭了。

cant be:对现在情况的否泄推测
can't have done:对过去情况的否左推测
eg: He caift have slept last night.
could表示可能性,比can的语气弱,可用在肯、否、疑问句中。

eg: He looks young. He couldift be over fifty•他看起来年轻.不可能超过50 岁。

could have done过去可能做过某事
过去本能够做某事(而实际上未做)couldn't have done过去不可能做过某事。

eg: I could have been five years old when I left my home.我离开家时可能是五岁。

You could have it bette匚but you were too careless・你本来能做得更好,但你太粗心了。

He is an honest man. He caift/couldift have such things・他是一个诚实的人,不可能干出这样的事。

④表示惊讶、怀疑、不相信的态度。

主要用于疑问句,否立句和感叹句中。

can与could可互换,
但could的语气较为温和。

eg: How could she be so crazy?
How can this be true?
can与be able to的区别:
(1)can只有现在和过去时,而be able to有各种人称和时态的变化。

eg: I haven't been able to see the difference yet.
Will you be able to write down the telephone number?
(2)当过去成功血完成某一具体动作时,常用was/were able to来表示
eg: Thinkine for half an hour, he was able to solve the problem.
想了半小时,他终于解出了那道题。

may/might
①表示允许.请求,might是may的过去式,用于表示过去的可能或许可,多用于间接引语, might也可以表示现在可以做的事,语气更委婉。

eg: You may leave the radio where it was•你可以把收音机放在它本来放的地方。

She said that I might call on her at the weekend.她说莪可以在角末拜访她。

回答may引起的问句時,否立形式用mustift/caiVt/liad better no「肯立回答用may。

-May I smoke here?
-Yes you may・ /Yes, plesse・
■No, you mustn^t. /No, you can't. /No. you'd better not.(不可以)※问句中ffl could, might, would提问以彳吏语气更加委婉时,答语中要用相应的原形cam may, will以使态度明确。

eg: -Could I use your bike? -Might I leave now? -Would you please help me?
■Of course, you can・・Surely, you may・-Certainly, I will.
②表示推测“可能S常用在肯左句或否左句中,不用于疑问句,might可指过去时间,也可指现在时间,但表示语气更加不肯定,might的可能性比may更小。

eg: She may not like this place・
He might be sick.(他可能生病了。


推测现在:may(not)+动词原形
Might(not)+动词原形(语气弱)
推测过去:may(not) have done可能已经/可能不会might have done可能已经…(更没把握)某事本来可能发生却未发生,有责备意味eg: He may have arrived there・
He might have caught the train if he had got up early.
③may与might的特殊甬法
may+主语+动词原形,表示祝愿,eg: May you succeed・
May all your dreams come true・
May you have a good journey, may/might as wcll+动词原形, "最好,倒不如”,eg: You may/might as well do it at once・
shall 与 should
shall:(l)shall用于第一.三人称疑问句中,表示征求对方意见。

eg: Shall we begin at once?
Shall they wait here or outside? 要他们在这儿等还是在外而等?
⑵shall用于第二.三人称的陈述句中,表示说话人的命令.警告、允诺、威胁eg: He shall
have the broke when I finish reading.(允诺)
You shall fail if you don't work harder.(警告)
⑶用于法律.条约、约定等正式条文,主要用于第三人称
eg: Students shall remain in their seats until all the papers have been collected・试卷全部收回后学生方可离开座位。

should:⑴表示义务,责任或劝告,“应该”
eg: We should clean the lab after we finish the experiment.
⑵表示有一泄根据的推测,“可能,应该”(肯定语气没有must强烈)
eg: It's 8 o'clock now. The manager should be in the office・现在是八点钟,经理应该在办公室里。

(3)“竟然”,表示说话人愤怒.惊奇,出乎意料
eg: It's strange that Tom should make such a big mistake・汤姆竟会犯这样的大错,真是奇怪。

(4)should have done 本应该做某事,而实际上未做(批评.惋惜)
shouldn't have done本不应该做某事,而实际上却做了
eg: I shouldift have watched that movie, it'll give inc terrible dream・
need的用法:
①need做情态动词时,后接动词原形•通常用在否定句和疑问句中。

eg: He needift pay for it.
Need we do it again? No you needift・
②回答need提问的问奇时,肯立回答用must,否立回答用neednI或don 1 have to
eg: Need/Must I start at once? Yes. you must. /No. you neediftfdon^t have to)
③need做实义动词时,有时态,人称、数的变化,苴否左式和疑问式都要借助于助动词do。

eg:
Right now vou need to stay still until help comes・
现在你需要待着别动,直到有人来帮忙。

④need doing= need to be done
eg: My bike needs to be repaired・
repairing.
⑤needn't have done过去本来不必做却做了某事
didn,t need to do过去不必做而实际上也没做某事
eg: He needift have watered the trees because it might rain soon・
他本来不必给树浇水,因为天不久就要下雨了。

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