非谓语动词作定语和状语

一．非谓语动词
※不定式、现在分词和过去分词作定语的区别：
【知识点拨】
1．不定式作定语
①不定式作定语常用于不定代词或被the first/next/only/last等修饰的名词和其他一些名词、代词之后。

其中，不定式的一般式通常表示一个将来或经常性的动作，完成式则表示该动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。

例如：She is always the first (one) to come and the last to leave.
②如果作定语的不定式与被修饰的名词有动宾关系,在不及物动词后通常要加上适当的介词.
例如：Let's first find a room to live in / to put the things in.
We have nothing to worry about.(=There is nothing for us to worry about.)
③不定式作定语修饰一个在逻辑上是其宾语名词时,若在句子中能找到该不定式的逻辑主语, 则该不定式多用主动表被动，否则，用被动式。

例如：I have a lot of things to do today. ( I ... do ... things)
2．-ing分词作定语
①单个的-ing分词作定语一般前置,说明名词的性质、特征或用途等,-ing短语作定语一般后置；强调动作的单个-ing分词也常后置。

例如：a sleeping car ( = a car for sleeping )
a sleeping child ( = a child who is sleeping )
the boy standing there ( = the boy who is standing there )
The girl singing is my classmate.
②-ing分词作定语一般要求其动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生或是在说话时该动作正在进行，否则，要用从句作定语。

例如：Do you know the boy talking ( = who is talking ) to the teacher?
Did you notice the boy sitting ( = who was sitting ) at this desk
yesterday?
3．-ed分词作定语
-ed分词作定语一般表示一个被动或已完成动作,-ing分词表示一个主动或正在进行的动作,
-ing分词的被动式则表示一个正在被进行的动作。

例如：a developed/developing country
He is a student loved by all the teachers.
The building being built will be the third Teaching Building of our school.
4．像定语从句一样，分词作定语也有非限制性的，其作用相当于一个非限制性定语从句。

例如：The students, wearing their school uniforms, marched into the playground.
The substance, discovered almost by accident,has greatly changed the world.
【知识过关】
1. The computer center,______last year, is very popular among the students. in the school.
A. open
B. opening
C. having opened
D. opened
2. Most of the artists _______ to the party were from South Africa.
A. invited
B. to invite
C. being invited
D. had been invited
3. There was a terrible noise _______ the sudden burst of light.
A. followed
B. following
C. to be followed
D. being followed
4. Do you know the boy_______ under the big tree?
A. lay
B. lain
C. laying
D. lying
5. Are you going to attend the meeting _______ tomorrow?
A. to be held
B. being held
C. will be held
D. held
※、不定式作定语
不定式作定语一般有以下四种情形：
⑴用于个体名词后，被修饰的名词作不定式的逻辑宾语, 同时句子的主语也是不定式动作的执行者。

这种情况下使用不定式的一般体：
[例题]
I can’t find a chair ________.
A. to sit
B. for to sit on
C. to sit on
D. for sitting
I’m not sure which restaurant _______.
A. to eat at
B. eating at
C. to eat on
D. for eating
⑵用于个体名词后，被修饰的名词作不定式的逻辑宾语, 但强调的是不定式动作的执行者、发生的时间或地点时，用不定式一般体的被动形式：例题FIFA has named the 36 referees for the 2012 FIFA World Cup _____ by South Korea and Jap an.
A. to be co-hosted
B. co-hosted
C. being co-hosted
D. co-h
题 What countries do you think will be represented at the six-side peace talk ______ in Beiji ng next month?
A. to hold
B. holding
C. being held
D. to be held
⑶用于个体名词后，和被修饰的名词作不定式的逻辑主语：
[例题]
She is the first person ________ the idea.
A. think of
B. thinking of
C. to think of
D. thought of
This report is urgent. We need someone ______ with the typing.
A. helping
B. to help
C. helped
D. to be helped
※、现在分词作定语
现在分词作定语时，要注意分词所表示动作发生的时间。

大体说来，有下面两种情况：
⑴分词表示正在进行的动作，改为定语从句时要用进行时态：
[例题]
I don`t know the man ________ over there.
A. to stand
B. standing
C. stood
D. being stood
It seems that I once met with the man _____ us.
A. served
B. being served
C. to have served
D. serving
⑵如果分词和被修饰名词呈现被动关系，而且，所指动作此刻正在发生，或者是和谓语所表示的动作同时发生，就用现在分词一般体的被动形式：
[例题]
The old man _______ has been ill for months.
A. to operate on
B. operate on
C. operated
D. being operated on
The Three Gorge project ______now on the middle reaches of Yangtse River is the biggest d am of its kind.
※、过去分词作定语
过去分词作定语时，分词表示的动作不仅和所修饰的名词呈被动关系，同时，要么发生于谓语动作之前，要么没有一定的时间性：
[例题]
From the dates ____ on the gold coin, we decided that it was made five hundred years ago.
A. marking
B. marked
C. to be marked
D. having been marked
[例题]
Any applicant form ______ properly will not be accepted by the company.
A. not filled
B. not to be filled
C. not being filled
D. not having been filled
[例题]
The amount of money _____ for the seriously sick child was soon collected.
2．-ing分词和-ed分词作状语
① -ing分词和-ed分词作状语修饰谓语，多说明动作发生的背景、方式或伴随情况。

如果在逻辑
上句中的主语与分词有主谓关系，用-ing分词，有动宾关系则用-ed分词。

例如：We enjoyed ourselves in the park, singing and dancing.
Built in 1900, the house is now 100 years old.
② -ing分词和-ed分词都可作原因或时间状语, 其作用相当于一个相应的状语从句。

如果在逻辑上句中的主语与分词有主谓关系，用-ing分词，有动宾关系则用-ed分词。

例如:Being so poor in those days, they couldn't send the boy to school.(原因)
Born in a poor family, the boy could not go to school. (原因)
3．-ing分词有时可作结果状语。

例如：Her husband died in the war, leaving her a widow with three children.
We got up very early, arriving at the hospital ahead of time.
4．-ed分词有时用作条件状语，其作用相当于一个条件状语从句。

例如：Given more time, we could have done it much better.
【知识过关】
1. She set out soon after dark _______ home an hour later.
A. arriving
B. to arrive
C. having arrived
D. and arrived
2. "Can't you read?" Mary said _______ to the notice.
A. angrily pointing
B. and point angrily
C. angrily pointed
D. and angrily pointing
3．不定式作原因状语用作原因状语的不定式一般放于句末，偶尔也见于句首。

说明谓语动作或状态产生的原因：
※现在分词作状语
使用现在分词作状语时，分词动作的执行者必须是句子的主语。

通常有以下三种题型： 1．作伴随状语，表示分词动作同句子谓语动词所表示动作同时进行：
【例题6】
______ the merry tune, Jack fixed the tire.
A. Whistling
B. To whistle
C. Whistled
D. Having been whistled
2．作原因状语。

例如：【名题8】
______good , the food was sold out soon.
A. Tasting
B. Tasted
C. Being tasted
D. Having been tasted
3．作时间状语，相当于when 引起的从句：
【名题10】
______the big snake, the little girl stood under the tree _____ out of her life.
A. Seeing; frightened
B. Seeing; frightening
C. Seen; frightened
D. To see; frightening
如果两个动作是同时发生，多用when或while加分词这种结构,例：
⑴ Be careful when crossing the street.
⑵ When leaving the room, she forgot to lock the door.
※过去分词作状语
过去分词作状语，用来说明谓语动作发生的背景或情况，通常有以下几种题型：
1.作原因状语，相当于一个原因状语从句：
______ in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him.
A. Losing
B. Having lost
C. Lost
D. To lose
2.表示一个假设情况，相当于一个条件从句：
______ in this way, the situation doesn’t seem so disappointing...
A. To look at
B. Looked at
C. Looking at
D. To be looked at
3 In order to protect our planet, _____
A. all kinds of pollution should be reduced
B. we should reduce all kinds of pollution
C. the environment should be protected first
D. it’s important to protect our environment
4 The foreign tourists have visited many scenic spots in Shanghai, _____ as interpreter.
A. the guide acts
B. the guide acting
C. acting
D. acted
5 While listening to pop music, _____.
A. she felt asleep
B. the light went out
C. someone knocked at the door
D. and she couldn’t help laughing
6 Having been attacked by terrorists, ______.
A. doctors came to their rescue
B. the tall building collapsed
C. an emergency measure was taken
D. warnings were given to tourists
A Many people looked at him
B So many eyes fixing on him。