Forward 5 Contributors 6 I. BASIC SCIENCES 8

Contents1-4 Forward5 Contributors6 I. BASIC SCIENCES 8A. Immune Mechanisms81. Antigens and Allergens2. MHC3. HLA System4. Immunoglobulins5. Immunogenetics6. T Cell ReceptorComplement and Kinin Systems8. Acute Phase Reactants9. Innate ImmunityB. Anatomy and Cellular Elements of the Immune System 91.Lymphoid Organs2. Skin3. Lymphocytes4. B cells5. T cellsa. Th1 and Th26. Monocytes, Macrophages, Dendritic Cells7. NK Cells8. Mast Cells and Basophils9. Eosinophils10. Neutrophils11. Platelets and RBC’sC. Regulators of Cell Actions and Interactions 111. Adhesion Molecules2. Cytokines, chemokines, growth factor3. Cytokines and the lungs4. Defensins5. Beta Adrenergic Receptor6. LigandsD. Inflammatory Mediators 121. Neuropeptides2. Neuroendocrine Interactions3. PAF4. Histamine5. Arachadonic Acid Products6. Nitric Oxide7. Immunomodulatory agents (mechanisms)E. Immune Responses 131. IgE Mediated2. IgG, M and A Mediated3. IgD Mediated4. Immune Complex Reactions15. Cell mediated immunity, granuloma formation; contact sensitivity6. Cytotoxic Cell7. Memory and AnergyF. Mucosal Immunity 141. Basic Mechanisms: GALT, BALT, Secretary IgA, IgE2. Nonspecific: Lysozyme, mucus, salivaG. Transplant Immunology 141. Graft Rejection2. Graft vs Host DiseaseH. Tumor Immunology 141. Tumor Antigens, Antibodies, Cellular ResponsesI. Immunoregulation141. Immune Tolerance2. Idiotypic Network3. Autoimmunity and Autoimmune Antibodies4. ApoptosisJ. Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 15 K. Research Principles 151. Experimental Design2. Data Interpretation/biostatisticsII. CLINICAL SCIENCES17A. Allergic Disorders 171. Upper Airway Diseasea. Rhinitisb. Sinusitis/nasal polyposis1) Nasal polyposis2) Sinusitisc. Laryngeal disordersd. Allergy skin testing (methods and interpretation)e. Nasal challenge and assessment of nasal secretionsf . Ear disorders2. Eye Diseases 193. Dermatologic Diseases 19a. Urticaria and angioedemab. Atopic dermatitisc. Bullous skin diseasesd. Drug rashese. E. multiforme, E. nodosumf.Other immunologic disordersg.Dermatopathology/immunoflorescenceh.Mastocytosis4.Lower Respiratory Tract Diseases 21a. Asthma1)Epidemiology, prevention2)Prevalence, morbidity, mortality, statistics3) Genetics4) Inflammation and pathophysiology25) Exercise induced6) Aspirin-induced7) Occupational8) ABPA9) Infections10) Asthma and pregnancyb. COPDc. Cough syndromesd. Immotile ciliae. Pulmonary function testingf.Bronchial provocationg.Sputum and BAL analysis5.Drug Allergy 246. Adverse Reactions To Ingestants 24a.Food Allergy/Intolerance, Gluten Sensitivityb.Eosinophilic Gastroenteritisc.Oral Challenge7. Anaphylaxis 25a. Epinephrine8. Insect Hypersensitivity259. Therapeutic Modalities25a.Environmental controlb.Pharmacotherapy1)Antihistamines2)Adrenergic agonists3)Corticosteroids4)Leukotriene modifiers5)Delivery devices6)Monoclonal antibodiesc.Immunotherapyd.Other therapiese.Unproven therapiesf.Inappropriate therapies10. Pollen And Mold Identification And Cross Reactivity28B.Immunodeficiency 28plement282.Primary Immunodeficiencies 29a.SCIDb.DiGeorge syndromec.Ataxia telangectasiad.Wiskott-Aldriche.Selective IgA deficiencyf.Hyper IgMg.Hyper IgEh.Hypo/agammaglobulinemiai.Novel immunodeficienciesj.X-linked lymphoproliferative diseasek.ALPS31. Evaluation and interpretation of lab tests3. Acquired Immunodeficiencies 31a.AIDSb.Non-AIDSc.Evaluation and interpretation of lab tests4. Leukocyte Disorders 32a.CGDb.Myeloperixodase deficiencyDd.Chediak-Higashie.Hypereosinophilic syndromesf.Neutrophil function defectsg.Evaluation and interpretation of lab testsC.Immunoregulatory Disorders 331.Autoimmunity33a.SLE and other connective tissue diseasesb.Immune endocrinopathiesc.Gastrointestinal diseasesd.Neuropaties and neuromuscular diseasese.Immunohematologic diseasesf.Immunologic eye diseasesg.Evaluation and interpretation of lab tests2.Vasculitis333.Transplantation and GVH334.Immune Related Malignancies 33a.Plasma cell dyscrasia, multiple myelomab.Other gammopathies and amyloidosis5.Reproductive Immunology346.Immunomodulation34a.Immunosuppressantsb.Immune reconstitutionc.Gammaglobulin and monoclonal antibodiesd.Cytokine receptor and antagonistse.Vaccinesf.Plasmapheresis and cytopheresisg.Recombinant molecules7.Infections348.Research And Ethics 34Joint Task Force On Practice Parameters 364ForwardDear Allergy/Immunology Fellows-in-training:The Training Program Director’s Committee of the American Academy of AllergyAsthma and Immunology is pleased to present the 2001 TPD Reading List.The headings are based on the TPD Core Curriculum outline and the list is intended as a supplement to other learning activities. The articles listed are a compilation of journal articles suggested by the TPD contributors listed on the following page, and through our constant review and scanning of the A/I literature. The articles cited are mostly recent publication, as well as some articles that are considered benchmark work.You may note that some headings do not have citations. This is either due to the lack of submissions or publications of new articles on the topic. To fill the gaps, we suggest that you refer to the previous years TPD Reading Lists, or submit to us newer publications that you may review on the topic. Besides the usual format that lists the citations, this year we have experimented with a new format that we hope will be more beneficial to you. The new format includes either adding a commentary based on a summary of the work cited (the basic science section) or the complete abstract (the clinical science section). We would like your feed-back as to which format is preferable. The citations have been compiled using the “endnote 4.0” program. If you have access to “endnote 4.0” we can e-mail you the endnote library upon request.The TPD Reading List will be posted on the AAAAI web site that you can access at . A copy of the articles that are more difficult to find will be kept at the AAAAI. If you have difficulty obtaining some of them in complete text, please contact Cynthia Schopf at the AAAAI.We would like to thank the program directors and fellows-in-training who have submitted articles for the TPD Reading List. We would also like to thank in advance those who did not submit articles, as we are sure that they will contribute to future TPD Reading Lists. For that purpose, we would like to suggest to have the future TPD Reading List more interactive. We would like to receive from you the articles you feel every other fellow-in-training should read. We will compile them and post frequent updates to the TPD Reading List. Make your submissions preferably by e-mail to assaa0@ , or by mail to Amal Assa’ad, MD, Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Allergy and Immunology, Children’s Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave, Cincinnati, OH 45229.With our best wishes for a bright career in Allergy and Immunology,Amal Assa’ad, MD, FAAAAI Michael Kaplan, MD, FAAAAIChildren’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH Kaiser Permanente, Los Angelos, CA5Contributors 1)Charles Bassett, M.D.Long Island College Hospital, Brooklyn, NY2)Allan Becker, MDUniversity of Manitoba Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada3)Leonard Bielory, MDUMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ4)David Berstein, MDUniversity of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH5) Mariana Castells, M.D., Ph.D.Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA6)W.K. Dolen, MDMedical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA7)Mark Dykewicz, MDSt Louis University Medical School, St Louis, MO8)Marianne Fieri, M.D.Nassau County Medical Center, New York, NY9)Larry Hagan, MDWillford Hall Medical Center, Lackland AFB, TX10)Harumi Jyonouchi, MDUniversity of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN11)David Khan, MDUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 12)Charles Kirkpatrick, M.D.University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO 13)Betty Lew, MDUniversity of Tennessee, Memphis, TN14)Stephen McGeady, MDThomas Jefferson University, Wilmington, DE15)Dean Metcalfe, M.D.National Institute of Health, Baltimore, MD616)Michael Simon, M.D.VA Medica Center, Detroit, MI17)Eliseo Villalobos, MD (fellow)Children’s Hospital of Pittsburg, Pittsburg, PA18)Laurianne Wild, MDTulane University Medical Center, New Orleans, LA19)Michael Zacharisen, MDMedical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI20)Ed Zarotti, MDHenry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI21)Members of the Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Children’sHospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OHa)Gurjit Khurana Hershey, MD, Ph Db)Nives Zimmermann7I. Basic SciencesA. Immune Mechanisms1. Antigens and AllergensKurup and Banerjee. Fungal allergens and peptide epitopes. Peptides 2000;21:589-99Simon-Nobbe, et al. IgE-binding epitopes of enolases, a class of highly conserved fungal allergens. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2000;106:887-895Akdis and Blaser. Regulation of specific immune responses by chemical and structural modifications of allergens. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2000;121:261-9Aalberse. Structural biology of allergens. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2000;106:228-38 Korematsu, et al. C8/119S mutation of major mite allergen Derf-2 leads to degenerate secondary structure and molecular polymerization and induces potent and exclusive Th1 cell differentiation. J Immunol 2000; 165:2895-9022. MHCMartinsohn, et al. The gene conversion hypothesis of MHC evolution: a review [published erratum appears in Immunogenetics 2000 Jun;51(7):613]. Immunogenetics 1999;50:168-2003. HLA SystemKlein and Sato. The HLA system. First of two parts. N Engl J Med 2000; 343:702-9Klein and Sato. The HLA system. Second of two parts. N Engl J Med 2000;343:782-64. ImmunoglobulinsEstes DM; Tuo W; Brown WC; Goin J. Effects of type I/type II interferons and transforming growth factor-beta on B-cell differentiation and proliferation. Definition of costimulation and cytokine requirements for immunoglobulin synthesis and expression. Immunol 1998;95:604-11.Kawano Y, Noma T. Role of Interleukin-2 and interferon-gamma in inducing production of IgG subclasses in lymphocytes of human newborns. Immunol 1996;88:40-8.5. ImmunogeneticsJones AM, Gaspar HB. Immunogenetics: Changing the face of immunodeficiency. J. Clin Pathol 2000 53:60-656. T Cell ReceptorTeyton L, Apostolopoulos V, Cantu C 3rd, Celia H. Function and dysfunction of T cell receptor: structural studies. Immunol Res 2000;21:325-30.Cantor H. T-cell receptor crossreactivity and autoimmune disease. Adv Immunol 2000;75:209-3387. Complement and Kinin SystemsLambris JD, Reid KB, Volanakis JE The evolution, structure, biology, and pathophysiology of complement. Immonol Today. 1999; 20:207-118. Acute Phase ReactantsDu Clos TW. Function of C-reactive Protein. Ann Int Med 2000;32:274-8.9. Innate ImmunitySongl W, Sarrias MR, Lambris JD. Complement and innate immunity. Immunopharmacology 2000;49:187-198.Medzhitov R, Janeway C. Innate Immunity. N. Engl. J. Med 2000;343:338-344.Aderem and Ulevitch. Toll-like receptors in the induction of the innate immune response.Nature 2000; 406:782-7B.Anatomy and Cellular Elements of the Immune System1.Lymphoid OrgansCyster JG. Chemokines and cell migration in secondary lymphoid organs. Science 1999;286:2098-102.2. SkinHassan-Zahraee M; Wu J; Gordon J. Rapid synthesis of IFN-gamma by T cells in skin may playa pivotal role in the human skin immune system. Int Immunol 1998;1599-612.3. LymphocytesHayday AC. [gamma][delta] cells: a right time and a right place for a conserved third way of protection. Annu Rev Immunol 2000;18:975-1026.Isomaki, et al. Expression of soluble human signaling lymphocytic activation molecule in vivo. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1999; 103:114-84. B cellsPatke CL, Shearer WT. gp120- and TNF-alpha-induced modulation of human B cell function: proliferation, cyclic AMP generation, Ig production, and B-cell receptor expression. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2000;105:975-982.5. T cellsPrescott, et al. Development of allergen-specific T-cell memory in atopic and normal children [see comments]. Lancet 1999;353:196-200a. Th1 and Th2Mosmann, et al. Two types of murine helper T cell clone. I. Definition according to profiles of lymphokine activities and secreted proteins. J Immunol 1986;136:2348-57Commentary: A benchmark article.96. Monocytes, Macrophages, Dendritic CellsGrakoui et. al. The immunologic synapse: a molecular machine controlling T-cell activation Movies of this rearrangement are on the world wide web Vignola AM, Gjomerkaj M, Arnoux B, Bosquet J. Monocytes. J. Allergy Clin Immunol 1998; 101:149-52.McLellan AD, Kampgen E. Functions of myeloid and lymphoid dendritic cells. Immunol Lett 2000;72:101-5.Banchereau J, Briere F, Caux C, Davoust J, et al. Immunobiology of dendritic cells. Annu Rev Immunol 2000;18:767-811.7. NK CellsLieberman N, Mandelboim O. The role of NK cells in innate immunity. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2000;479:137-45.Peritt, et al. Differentiation of human NK cells into NK1 and NK2 subsets. J Immunol 1998; 161:5821-48. Mast Cells and BasophilsForsythe P, Ennis M. Clinical consequences of mast cell heterogeneity. Inflamm Res 2000;49:147-54.Dvorak AM. Cell biology of the basophil. Int Rev Cytol 1998;180:87-236.Tkaczyk, et al. In vitro and in vivo immunostimulatory potential of bone marrow-derived mast cells on B- and T-lymphocyte activation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2000; 105:134-42Lorentz, et al. Human intestinal mast cells are capable of producing different cytokine profiles: role of IgE receptor cross-linking and IL-4. J Immunol 2000; 164:43-89. EosinophilsGleich GJ. Mechanisms of eosinophil-associated inflammation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2000;105:651-63.10. NeutrophilsJohnston RB Jr. Function and cell biology of neutrophils and mononuclear phagocytes in the newborn infant. Vaccine 1998;16:1363-8.Berliner N. Molecular biology of neutrophil differentiation. Curr Opin Hematol 1998;5:49-53.11. Platelets and RBC’sKlouche M, Klinger MH, Kuhnel W, et al. Endocytosis, storage and release of IgE by human platelets: Differences in patients with type I allergy and non-atopic subjects. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1997;100:235-41.10C.Regulators of Cell Actions and Interactions1. Adhesion MoleculesPanattieri RA Jr. Cellular and molecular mechanisms regulating airway smooth muscle proliferation and cell adhesion molecule expression. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998;158:S133-40.Bochner BS. Cellular Adhesion and its antagonism. J.Allergy Clin Immunol 1997;100:581-5.2. Cytokines, chemokines, growth factorLuster AD. Chemokines – Chemotactic Cytokines that mediate inflammation. N Eng. J Med 1998;338:436-45.Leonard WJ, Lin JX. Cytokine receptor signaling pathways. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2000;105:877-88.Rothenberg & Zimmermann. Eosinophil chemokines. In: Chemokines in allergic disease. Editor Rothenberg. Marcel Dekker, Inc. 2000 p151-171Cyster, J. G. Chemokines and cell migration in secondary lymphoid organs. Science 199; 286:2098-21023. Cytokines and the lungsDoucet, et al. Interleukin (IL) 4 and IL-13 act on human lung fibroblasts. Implication in asthma. J Clin Invest 1998; 101:2129-39Hakonarson, et al. Autocrine interaction between IL-5 and IL-1beta mediates altered responsiveness of atopic asthmatic sensitized airway smooth muscle. J Clin Invest 1999; 104:657-67Hakonarson, et al. Regulation of TH1- and TH2-type cytokine expression and action in atopic asthmatic sensitized airway smooth muscle. J Clin Invest 1999; 103:1077-87Humbert, et al. IL-4 and IL-5 mRNA and protein in bronchial biopsies from patients with atopic and nonatopic asthma: evidence against "intrinsic" asthma being a distinct immunopathologic entity. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996; 154:1497-5044. DefensinsYang et. al. Beta-defensins: linking innate and adaptive immunity through dendritic and T cell CCR6 [see comments] Science 1999; 286:525-285. Beta Adrenergic ReceptorIsrael E. Drazen JM, Liggett SB, Boushey HA, et al. The Effect of Polymorphisms of the beta(2)-Adrenergic Receptor on the Response to Regular Use of Albuterol in Asthma. Am J Resp Crit Care Med 2000;162:75-80.11Nagatomo T, Koike K. Recent advances in structure, binding sites with ligands and pharmacological function of beta-adrenoceptors obtained by molecular bilogy and molecular modeling. Life Sci 2000;66:2419-26.6. LigandsAnderson AC, Waldner H, Turchin V. Jabs C, et al. Autoantigen-responsive T cell clones demonstrate unfocused TCR cross-reactivity toward multiple related ligands: implications for autoimmunity. Cell Immunol. 2000;202:88-96.Surh CD, Ernst B, Lee DS, Dummer W, LeRoy E. Role of self-major histocompatibility complex/peptide ligands in selection and maintenance of a diverse T cell repertoire. Immunol Res 2000;21:331-9D.Inflammatory Mediators1. NeuropeptidesForsythe P, McGarieg LP, Heaney LG, et al. Sensory Neuropeptides induce histimine release from bronchoalveolar lavage cells in both nonasthmatic coughers and cough variant asthmatics. Clin Exp Allergy 2000; 30:225-32.van Hagen PM, Hofland LJ, ten Bokum AM, et al. Neuropeptides and their receptors in the immune system. Ann Med 1999;Suppl 2:15-22.2. Neuroendocrine InteractionsSternberg, EM. Interactions between the immune and neuroendocrine systems. Prog Brain Res. 2000;122:35-42.3. PAFBanyon Y, Alonso A, Hernandez M, et al. Mechanisms of cell signaling in immune mediated inflammation. Cytokines Cell Mol Ther 1998;4:275-86.4. HistamineNovak I, Falus A. Molecular biology and role of histamine in physiological and pathological reactions. A review. Acta Biol Hung. 1997;48:385-94.5. Arachadonic Acid ProductsWenzel, SE. Inflammation, leukotrienes and the pathogenesis of the late asthmatic response. Clin Exp Allergy. 1999;29:1-3.Devillier P, Baccard N, Advenier C. Leukotrienes, Leukotriene receptor antagonists and leukotriene synthesis inhibitors in asthma: an update. Part I: synthesis, receptors and role of leukotrienes in asthma. Pharmacol Res. 1999 40:3-13.6. Nitric OxideLiaudet L; Soriano FG; Szabo C. Biology of nitric oxide signaling. Crit Care Med 2000;28(4 Suppl):N37-52.7. Immunomodulatory agents (mechanisms).12Mashi KN. Immunomodulatory agents for prophylaxis and therapy of infections. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2000;14:181-191.Klinman DM; Barnhart KM; Conover J. CpG motifs as immune adjuvants. Vaccine 1999;17:19-25.E.Immune Responses1. IgE MediatedKinet JP. The high-affinity IgE receptor (Fc epsilon RI): from physilogy to pathology. Ann Rev Immunol 1999;17:931-72.Bacharier and Geha. Molecular mechanisms of IgE regulation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2000; 105:S547-58Cameron, et al. Local synthesis of epsilon germline gene transcripts, IL-4, and IL-13 in allergic nasal mucosa after ex vivo allergen exposure. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2000;106:46-522. IgG, M and A MediatedHexam JM, Carayannopoulos L, Capra JD. Structure and function of lgA. Chem Immunol 1997;65:73-87.Isaacs JD; Greenwood J; Waldmann H Therapy with monoclonal antibodies. II. The contribution of Fc gamma receptor binding and the influence of C(H)1 and C(H)3 domains on in vivo effector function. J. Immunol 1998;161:3862-9.3. IgD MediatedHonkawa K, Nishizumi H, Umemori H, et al T(h)Z cytokine dependence of IgD production by normal human B cells. Int Immunol 1999;11:1819-284. Immune Complex ReactionsSchippereli JA. Complement and Immune complexes. Res. Immunol 1996; 147:109-10 A review.5. Cell mediated immunity, granuloma formation; contact sensitivityRuth JH, Warmington KS, Shang X, Lincoln P, et al. Interleukin 4 and 13 participation in mycobacterial (type-1) and schistosomal (type-2) antigen-elicited pulmonary granuloma formation: multiparameter analysis of cellular recruitment, chemokine expression and cytokine networks. Cytokine, 2000;12:432-44.Hoyne GF, Dallman MJ, Lamb, JR. T-cell regulation of peripheral tolerance and immunity: the potential role for Notch signaling. Immunology, 2000;100:281-8.Grabbe S, Schwarz T. Immunoregulatory mechanisms involved in elicitation of allergic contact hypersensitivity. Immunol Today 1998;19:37-44.6. Cytotoxic CellShresta S; Pham CT; Thomas DA; Graubert TA; Ley TJ. How do cytotoxic lymphocytes kill their targets? Curr Opin Immunol 1998;10:581-7.137. Memory and AnergyFarber DL. T cell memory: heterogeneity and mechanisms. Clin Immunol 2000;95:173-81.F.Mucosal Immunity1. Basic Mechanisms: GALT, BALT, Secretary IgA, IgECampbell N; Yio XY; So LP; Li Y; Mayer L . The intestinal epithelial cell: processing and presentation of antigen to the mucosal immune system. Immunol Rev 1999;172:315-24.Tschernig T; Pabst R. Bronchus-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (BALT) is not present in the normal adult lung but in different diseases. Pathobiology 2000; 68:1-8.2. Nonspecific: Lysozyme, mucus, salivaJeffery PK; Li D. Airway mucosa: secretory cells, mucus and mucin genes [see comments]. Eur Respir J 1997;10:1655-62.Tenovuo J. Antimicrobial function of human saliva – how important is it for oral health? Acta Odontol Scan. 1998;56:250-6.G.Transplant ImmunologyBush WW. Overview of transplantation immunology and the pharmacotherapy of adult solid organ transplant recipients: focus on immunosuppression. AACN Clin Issues. 1999;May;10(2):253-69;quiz 304-6.1. Graft RejectionKabelitz D. Apoptosis, graft rejection, and transplantation tolerance. Tranplantation. 1998;65:869-75.2. Graft vs Host DiseaseFerrara JL. Pathogenesis of acute graft-versus-host disease: cytokines and cellular effectors. J. Hematother Stem Cell Res. 2000;9:299-306.H.Tumor Immunology1. Tumor Antigens, Antibodies, Cellular ResponsesNishimura T, Naku;I M, Sato M, Iwakabe K, et al. A critical role of Th1-dominant immunity in tumor immunology. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2000;46suppl:S52-61.Sogn JA. The status of tumor immunology and cancer immunotherapy. Introduction. Immunol Invest 2000; 29:81-4I.Immunoregulation1. Immune ToleranceNagler-Anderson C. Tolerance and immunity in the intestinal immune system. Crit Rev Immunology 2000;20:103-20.Carosella ED; Dausset J; Rouas-Freiss N. Immunotolerant functions of HLA-G. Cell Mol Life Sci 1999;55:327-33.142. Idiotypic NetworkSherer Y, Shoenfeld Y Idiotypic network dysregulation: a common etiopathogenesis of diverse autoimmune diseases. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2000;83:155-62; discussion 297-313. Shoenfeld Y, George J. Induction of autoimmunity. A role for the idiotypic network. Ann N Y Acad 1997;815:342-9.3. Autoimmunity and Autoimmune AntibodiesAlbert LJ and Inman RD. Molecular mimicry; and Autoimmunity. N Engl J Med 1999; 341:2068-74.Dighiero G. Natural autoantibodies, tolerance and autoimmunity. Ann NY Acad Sci 1997;815:182-92.4. ApoptosisVaux DL. Immunopathology of apoptosis - introduction and overview. Springer Semin Immunopathol 1998;19:271-8.J.Diagnostic Laboratory ImmunologyThe objective of this section is to understand the principles and methodology of diagnostic laboratory immunology techniques related to humoral and cellular elements of the imune system and histocompatibility markers. The Training Program Directors’ Committee recommends knowledge in the following areas:a.Serological: ELISA, RIA, RID, nephelometry, immunoblots, HPLC, isoelectric focusing,immunoelectrophoresis, EID, protein, electrophoresis.b.Cellular: flow, cytometry, chemotaxis, phagocytosis, killing, lymphocyte proliferation.c.Histochemistry and Immunofluorescence:d.Molecular: Northern, Southern and Western blots, PCR, ligase chain reactions, crossoverbreakpoint analysis.e.Hybridomas and Monoclonal Antibodies:General ReferencesRose NR, deMacario EC, Fahey JL, Freedman H, PennGM (eds). Manuel of Clinical Laboratory Immunology, 4th ed. Washington DC, Amer Soc for Microbiol 1992.Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, Pober JS. Cellular and Molecular Immunology, 4th ed. WB Saunders, Philadelphia 2000 (Highly recommended by recent AI graduates. Ed)Fleisher TA, Tomar RH. Introduction to diagnostic laboratory immunology. JAMA 1997;278(22):1823-34.Specific TestsHahn BH. Antibodies to DNA. N Engl J Med 1998;338:1359-68.K.Research Principles1. Experimental DesignShaywitz DA; Martin JB; Ausiello DA. Patient-oriented research: principles and new approaches to training. AM J Med 2000;109:136-140.15Grover FL; Shroyer AL. Clinical science research. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2000;119:S11-21.2. Data Interpretation/biostatisticsConn HO. Interpretation of data from multiple trials: a critical review. J Intern Med1997;241:177-83.16II. CLINICAL SCIENCESA.ALLERGIC DISORDERSAllergy and Asthma. Nature 1999; 402S: B1-B391.UPPER AIRWAY DISEASEa.RhinitisConnell. Quantitative intranasal pollen challenges. 3. The priming effect in allergic rhinitis. J Allergy 1969; 43:33-44Ray, et al. Direct expenditures for the treatment of allergic rhinoconjunctivitis in 1996, including the contributions of related airway illnesses. Journal of Allergy & Clinical Immunology 1999; 103:401-7Nash, et al. Optimizing quality of care and cost effectiveness in treating allergic rhinitis in a managed care setting. Am J Manag Care 2000; 6:S3-15; quiz S19-20Linneberg, et al. The prevalence of skin-test-positive allergic rhinitis in Danish adults: two cross-sectional surveys 8 years apart. The Copenhagen Allergy Study [In Process Citation]. Allergy 2000; 55:767-72b.Sinusitis/nasal polyposis1) Nasal polyposis:Kowalski, et al. Differential metabolism of arachidonic acid in nasal polyp epithelial cells cultured from aspirin-sensitive and aspirin-tolerant patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000; 161:391-8 Picado, et al. Cyclooxygenase-2 mRNA is downexpressed in nasal polyps from aspirin- sensitive asthmatics. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999; 160:291-62) Sinusitis:Brooks, et al. Medical management of acute bacterial sinusitis. Recommendations of a clinical advisory committee on pediatric and adult sinusitis. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol Suppl 2000; 182:2-20 Hamilos. Chronic sinusitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2000; 106:213-27Lavigne, et al. Prognosis and prediction of response to surgery in allergic patients with chronic sinusitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2000; 105:746-51Huang. The risk of sinusitis in children with allergic rhinitis. Allergy Asthma Proc 2000; 21:85-8Engels, et al. Meta-analysis of diagnostic tests for acute sinusitis. J Clin Epidemiol 2000; 53:852-6217Schubert. Medical treatment of allergic fungal sinusitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2000; 85:90-7; quiz 97-101Temple and Nahata. Pharmacotherapy of acute sinusitis in children. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2000; 57:663-8Mabry. What we now know about allergic fungal sinusitis. J Respir Dis 2000; 21:23-31Merrett and Pfeiffer. Maxillary sinusitis as an indicator of respiratory health in past populations. Am J Phys Anthropol 2000; 111:301-18ryngeal disordersAndrianopoulos, et al. PVCM, PVCD, EPL, and irritable larynx syndrome: what are we talking about and how do we treat it? J Voice 2000; 14:607-18d.Allergy skin testing (methods and interpretation)Antico, et al. Assay of prick test inoculum volume. II. Average values and individual variability. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2000; 85:145-9Antico, et al. Assay of prick test inoculum volume. I. Use and reliability of a gamma camera-based method. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2000; 85:140-4Valyasevi and Van Dellen. Frequency of systematic reactions to penicillin skin tests [In Process Citation]. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2000; 85:363-5Zweiman, et al. Sequential patterns of inflammatory events during developing and expressed skin late-phase reactions. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2000; 105:776-81e.Nasal challenge and assessment of nasal secretionsAssanasen, et al. Natural and induced allergic responses increase the ability of the nose to warm and humidify air [In Process Citation]. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2000; 106:1045-52Naclerio. Dose-dependent effects of intranasal steroids: how relevant? [editorial] Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2000; 85:248-9Baroody, et al. Comparison of the response to histamine challenge of the nose and the maxillary sinus: effect of loratadine. J Appl Physiol 1999; 87:1038-47Baroody, et al. Relationship between histamine and physiological changes during the early response to nasal antigen provocation. J Appl Physiol 1999; 86:659-68Frieri, et al. Effect of mometasone furoate on early and late phase inflammation in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 1998; 81:431-718。