跨文化交际视听说(复习)

Chapter 11 Space
• Proxemics • Territory
• Territoriality • A set of behaviors that people display to show that they “own” or have the right to control the use of a particular geographic area. • Cultural differences in territoriality can be exhibited in three ways • Personal space • the portable territory with invisible boundaries that expand or contract depending on the situation. • Four spatial zones or distance ranges
Chapter 2
Communication
• 1. Defining Communication
• the process in which participants create and share information with one another as they move toward reaching mutual understanding.
• What is value?
• A principle, standard, or quality considered worthwhile or desirable
• Kluckhohn and Strodbeck’s Model
Range of Values
Human nature Relationship between humans and nature Basically good Humans dominate Mixture of good and evil Harmony Basically evil Nature dominate
• Masculinity vs. Femininity • Masculine cultures: rigid gender roles, esteem achievement, success , money, self-reliance
• Feminine cultures: fluid gender roles, appreciate affection, compassion, interpersonal relationships, responsibility and nurture
• 2. A Model of Communication
Communication context
Channel Message/Feedback Noise Communicator B Section B Reading: Communication Communicator A Decoding Encoding Response Sender/Receiver Receiver/Sender Response Encoding Decoding
• 3) nonverbal process: body language, time and space, etc.
4) contexts : business , education and health care
Chapter 4 Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck’s model
Past oriented
Chapter 5 Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions
• Individualism vs. Collectivism
• Comparison of the major characteristics of individualism and collectivism
Noise
Feedback/Message Channel
Chapter 3 Intercultural Communication
• 4. Elements of Intercultural Communication
• 1) perception variables: beliefs, attitudes, values and worldviews 2) verbal process: An individual’s culture shapes the meaning of a verbal message .
Chapter 9 Body Language
• Kinesics • Kinesic behaviors
gestures, head movements, facial expressions, eye behaviors, and other physical movements that can be used to communicate Emblems Illustrators Affect Displays Regulators Adaptors
Chapter 6 Hall’s Culture Context Model model
• Communication Styles • Background information
• Fa• In-groups and Out-groups
Chapter 5 Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions
• Uncertainty Avoidance
• norms, values and beliefs related to the toleration of ambiguity.
• Cultures with a high uncertainty avoidance index: Cultures with a low uncertainty avoidance index:
Chapter 10 Time
• chronemics
• the study of how people use, structure, interpret, and understand time
• Time Orientations • Time Systems
• • • • • Technical or scientific time systems Formal time systems Informal time systems A monochronic time system A polychronic time system
Relationship between humans Preferred personality
Time orientation
Individual Doing
Future oriented
Group oriented Growing
Present oriented
Collateral Being
Chapter 12 Ethnocentrism and Stereotypes
• • • • • • • • • • Ethnocentrism What is ethnocentrism? How does ethnocentrism impede intercultural communication ? How can ethnocentrism be overcome? Stereotypes What are stereotypes Why are stereotypes pervasive? What are positive and negative stereotypes? How do stereotypes hamper intercultural communication? How can we go beyond stereotypes?
• Power Distance
• The degree to which the culture accepts the unequal distribution of power • Cultures with a high power distance index: accept inequality; vertical and hierarchical; authoritarian-style communication Cultures with a low power distance index: more horizontal; fighting for equal treatment and questioning authority Mexico; North America; children raised in high-power distance cultures and low- power distance cultures
Chapter 8 Norms of Social Interaction
• Confusion and frustration in the intercultural communication
• the way in which they speak and the way which they interact with the native speakers • • • • Addressing Greetings Saying Goodbye Expressing Gratitude and Thanks
• Orientation to Time
Chapter 7 Cultural Connotation in Language
• Language
• a set of codes and symbols, along with the rules for combining them with together. • Language and Culture • The Tower of Babel / Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis • Cultural Connotations • Categories of Cultural Connotations • 1) cC=cE • 2) cC≠CE • 3) cC=0, cE ≠0 or cC ≠0, cE=0
Chapter 6 Hall’s Culture Context Model model A Brief Introduction to Edward Hall
• • • • • anthropologist the father of intercultural communication high-context culture and low-context culture In high –context cultures: much information is implied in the context, little is provided in the verbal message itself • In low –context cultures: the majority of the information is contained in the verbal code, and the message is stated clearly and explicitly
Chapter 1
Culture
• 1. Defining Culture • Culture refers to the total way of living of particular groups
•
• • • of people. It includes everything that a group of people think, say, do and make. Culture is a whole collection of our living patterns and behaviors. 2. Metaphors of Culture 3. Characteristics of Culture 4. Subculture and Coculture