2牛津高中英语模块一至四语法总结及练习.doc

牛津英语模块1至模块4语法总结及练习
第一单元
一定语从句：定语从句的介绍
1.就像是一个形容词或介词短语修饰名词一样，定语从句也可以修饰名词。

定语从句所
修饰的名词称为先行词。

形容词：The green team
介词短语：The team in green
定语从句：The team who were wearing green
2.定语从句通常由关系代词来引导，如which, that, who, whom, whose,或关系副词来引
导，如when, where, why。

关系代词可以在定语从句中担当主语，宾语，表语，定语；
关系副词可以在定语从句中担当状语。

如：做主语The trees which are on the school campus have lost their leaves.
做宾语The student whom we saw just now is the best runner in our school.
做表语Jack is no longer the lazy boy that he used to be.
做定语She has a brother whose name I can’t remember.
做状语The school where he studied is in Shenzhen.
二定语从句：关系代词：that，which，who，whom，和whose
1.在定语从句中，that和which用来指代物。

eg：This is the story that /which we wrote for our storytelling contest.
2.在定语从句中，who 用来指代人。

eg：I am going to see a friend who has just come back from the UK.
3.当who在定语从句中做宾语时，可以用whom来取代，且whom比who更正式。

eg：I don’t know the name of the teacher who/whom I saw in the computer room the other day.
4.当关系代词在定语从句中做宾语时，who，whom，which和that可以被省略。

eg：He likes all the birthday presents(that/which)his friends gave him.
5.Whose用来表示所属，它既可指人也可指物。

eg：I sat next to a girl whose name was Diane.
The club whose members are music fans meet in the school garden every Saturday
afternoon.
第二单元
一定语从句：介词提前的定语从句（preposition＋which; preposition ＋whom）
1.当关系代词（which/whom）做定语从句中介词的宾语时，可以把介词提到关系代词的
前面。

eg：We thought you were a person from whom we could expect good decisions.
2.在非正式英语中，介词通常放在定语从句的最后。

eg：Art is the subject which I know little about.
3.如果介词放在定语从句的最后，which 可以被that取代，whom可以被that和who取
代。

eg：Dad is a person whom/that/who I can easily talk to.
4.当关系代词做定语从句中介词的宾语，并且介词又放在定语从句的末尾时，我们通常
省略关系代词who和that。

eg：The topic (which) Eric is interested in is Physics.
Daniel is the person (whom) I want to make friends with.
5.当先行词是way时，我们用in which或that来引导定语从句，这种情况下，in which
或that 可以被省略。

eg：I d idn’t like the way (that /in which) she talked to me.
二定语从句：关系副词：when，where，why
1．我们通常用关系副词when 引导先行词是time，moment，day，season，year 等的定语从句。

eg：Do you remember the day when we left you in charge?
I often think of the moment when I saw the UFO.
2．我们通常用关系副词where引导先行词是place，house，city，country，city，world 等的定语从句。

eg：The police searched the house where the thief had stayed.
This is not a family where bad behavior goes unpunished.
3．我们通常用关系副词why引导先行词是reason的定语从句。

eg：I don’t know the reason why the house is so dirt y.
4．在更加正式的英语中，where，when和why能够被介词＋which 所替代。

eg：The study is the place where/in which I often have talks with my father.
This is the reason why/for which my parents got home earlier.
It rained the whole day when/on which he traveled with his family.
第三单元
一定语从句：非限制性定语从句
1．非限制性定语从句是一个为主句添加额外信息的从句，在非限制性定语从句前通常有个逗号。

eg：Amy, who took weight-loss pills, now realizes that health is important.
My pills are in the bathroom, where I always keep them.
2．当先行词是整个主句时，可以用which来引导定语从句。

eg：He missed the show, which was a great pity.
3．我们可以用all＋whom/which 来表示全部数量，用some of＋whom/which来表示部分数量。

eg：I am doing different types of exercises, all of which are quite helpful to my health.
Many people, some of whom are not overweight, are going on diet.
定语从句练习
1. Is this the factory __________ you visited the other day?
A. that
B. where
C. in which
D. the one
2. Is this factory __________ some foreign friends visited last Friday?
A. that
B. where
C. which
D. the one
3. Is this the factory __________ he worked ten years ago?
A. that
B. where
C. which
D. the one
4. The wolves hid themselves in the places __________ couldn’t be found.
A. that
B. where
C. in which
D. in that
5. The freezing point is the temperature __________ water changes into ice.
A. at which
B. on that
C. in which
D. of what
6. The reason is __________ he is unable to operate the machine.
A. because
B. why
C. that
D. whether
7. I’ll tell you __________ he told me last week.
A. all which
B. that
C. all that
D. which
8. That tree, __________ branches are almost bare, is very old.
A. whose
B. of which
C. in which
D. on which
9. I have bought the same dress __________ she is wearing.
A. as
B. that
C. which
D. what
10. We’re talking about the piano and the pianist _________ were in the concert we attended last night.
A. which
B. whom
C. who
D. that
11. Anyone __________ this opinion may speak out.
A. that againsts
B. that against
C. who is against
D. who are against
12. Didn’t you see the man __________?
I nodded just now B. whom I nodded just now
C. I nodded to him just now
D. I nodded to just now
13. Is there anything __________ to you?
A. that is belonged
B. that belongs
C. that belong
D. which belongs
14. ---- “How do you like the book?”
---- “It’s quite different from __________ I read last month.”
A. that
B. which
C. the one
D. the one what
15. Mr. Zhang gave the textbook to all the pupils except __________ who
had already taken them.
A. the ones
B. ones
C. some
D. the others
16. The train __________ she was travelling was late.
A. which
B. where
C. on which
D. in that
17. It’s the third time __________ late this month.
A. that you arrived
B. when you arrived
C. that you’ve arrived
D. when you’ve arrived
18. May the fourth is the day __________ we Chinese people will never forget.
A. which
B. when
C. on which
D. about which
19. Is it in that factory __________ “Red Flag” cars are produced?
A. in which
B. where
C. which
D. that
20. He must be from Africa, __________ can be seen from his skin.
A. that
B. as
C. who
D. what
21. He has two sons, __________ work as chemists.
A. two of whom
B. both of whom
C. both of which
D. all of whom
22. I, __________ your good friend, will try my best to help you out.
A. who is
B. who am
C. that is
D. what is
23. I don’t like __________ you speak to her.
A. the way
B. the way in that
C. the way which
D. the way of which
24. The two things ______they felt very proud are Jim’s gold watch and Della’s hair.
A. about which
B. of which
C. in which
D. for which
25. Do you know which hotel __________?
A. she is staying
B. she is staying in
C. is she staying
D. is she staying in
26. Who can think of a situation __________ this idiom can be used?
A. which
B. that
C. where
D. in that
27. The astronaut did many experiments in the spaceship, ___much help for knowing space. which we think it is B. which we think are of
C. of which we think is
D. I think which is of
28. The great day we looked forward to __________ at last
A. come
B. came
C. coming
D. comes
29. I like the second football match __________ was held last week.
A. which
B. who
C. that
D. /
30. This is the very film _______ I've long wished to see.
A. which
B. that
C. who
D. whom
31.The house ______the capitalist used to live in is now a nursery.
A. that
B. where
C. what
D. when
32.The doctor did all_______ to save the wounded boy.
A. what he could
B. he could
C. everything which he could
D. for which he could do
33. _____you know, he is a famous musician.
A. As
B. which
C. That
D.／
34.He is the only one of the three______ got the new idea.
A. who have
B. whom have
C. who has
D. whose had
35.This is the baby____________ tomorrow.
A. after whom I shall look
B. whom I shall look after
C. whose I shall look after
D. after whom I shall look after
36. These students will graduate from the university next summer, __ they will have studied here for four years.
A. by then
B. by that time
C. by what time
D. by which time
37. This is the house the window __________ faces the south.
A. of which
B. which
C. of it
D. whose
38. It is five o’clo ck in the afternoon _________ they arrived at the hotel.
A. since
B. before
C. when
D. that
39. In some countries, _____is called “equality” does not really mean equal rights for all people.
A. which
B. what
C. that
D. one
40. --- How about the games?
---Very interesting, and the ones _____the young men competed were really exciting
A. what
B. for whom
C. where
D. in which
二附加疑问句
1．附加疑问句是放在陈述句后面的短问句。

它们通常被用在口语中来引出一段对话，以一个更加礼貌的方式来询问信息，温柔的发号施令或要求某人做某事。

我们用附加疑问句来询问意见或征求同意。

当我们用附加疑问句来询问意见时，为了期待对方能同意我们的观点，附加疑问句会用降调来表达。

当我们用附加疑问句来征求同意时，我们实际上是在询问我们自己也不太能确信的事情，这时候附加疑问句会用升调来表达。

2．附加疑问句的构成有以下几种：
1）在肯定的陈述句之后，我们会用否定的附加疑问句。

在否定的陈述句之后，我们会用肯定的附加疑问句。

eg：We can still be friends, can’t we?
He doesn’t like ice cream, does he?
当主句中有像neither，none，nobody，nothing，few，little，never，hardly或seldom 这类词时，它们被认为是否定的，因此后面会跟个肯定的附加疑问句。

eg：Neither of you will have coffee, will you?
No one has found my CD, have they?
Nobody understood his speech, did they?
His sister seldom argues with people, does she?
人称代词如I，we，you，he，she，it或they会放在附加疑问句中。

eg：I was pretty silly, wasn’t I?
Everyone has advises you not to go on a diet, haven’t you?
助动词，情态动词或be动词会放在附加疑问句中。

eg：You like traveling, don’t you?
There is something wrong, isn’t there?
You can’t speak Italian, can you?
祁使句后用will you，Let’s后用shall we
eg：Post a letter for me, will you?
Let’s have a break, shall we?
反意疑问句
1 He hurt his leg when playing football. He is very unlucky, ____ he?
A is
B didn’t
C isn’t
D does
2 John is a diligent student who spends most of his time studying, ____ he?
A hadn’t
B had
C does
D isn’t
3 –They don’t answer the phone when I call.
--There isn’t any one at home then, ___?
A isn’t there
B is there
C is it
D isn’t it
4 It seldom snows in winter in Shanghai, ___?
A doesn’t it
B isn’t it
C is it
D does it
5 She has already plans for the summer holidays, ____?
A hasn’t she
B isn’t she
C doesn’t she
D hadn’t it
6 Mother loves reading. She never spends time watching TV, ____?
A does she
B will she
C have she
D doesn’t she
7 It is the first time that she has been to the United States, ____?
A isn’t she
B isn’t it
C hasn’t she
D hasn’t it
8 I don’t think he is right, ___?
A do I
B don’t I
C is he
D isn’t he
第一单元
一现在完成时态
1．我们用现在完成时态来表示在最近的过去发生的但跟现在有联系的事情。

eg：The disappearance of Justin has made Kelly very unhappy.
2．我们也用现在完成时态来表示在过去刚开始，并且现在还没结束的事情。

eg：I have not seen Justin since last Friday night.
当动作发生的确切时间不清楚或不重要时，我们也用现在完成时态。

经常连用的时间短语有：already, ever, for, just, lately, never, recently, since, yet, already用于肯定句，yet 用于否定句。

eg：The boy has already come home.
I haven’t heard anything from him yet.
for+一段时间since+点时间
eg：We haven’t seen him for two years. We haven’t seen him since 2002.
注：当已给定具体的时间时，我们往往用一般过去时态，而不是现在完成时态。

我们用现在完成时态来谈论刚刚完成的动作。

eg：The police have just finished searching the area.
我们也用现在完成时态来表示重复的动作。

eg：Some villages say that they have seen UFOs many times.
现在完成时态的构成是：have/has+动词的过去分词
二现在完成进行时态
1．我们用现在完成进行时态来表示在过去发生的并且仍将继续的动作。

eg：I have not been sleeping well since I returned home.
2．我们用现在完成进行时态来表示刚刚结束但以某种方式和现在有联系的动作。

eg：--- Sorry I’m late. Have you been waiting long?
--- Yes, I’ve been waiting for an hour.
3．现在完成进行时态的构成：have/has +been +doing
注：for和since和现在完成进行时态连用。

eg：I have been waiting for a long time.
He has been waiting since nine o’clock.
三现在完成时态还是现在完成进行时态
1．我们用现在完成时态来谈论刚刚完成的动作，用现在完成进行时态来表示发生在过去并且现在仍在发生的动作。

eg：Li Jia has read a book about Stonehenge. (She finished reading the book.)
Li Jia has been reading a book about Stonehenge. (She is still reading the book.)
2．我们用现在完成时态表示重复的动作，用现在完成进行时态来表示不停的动作。

eg：I have visited Egypt twice this month.
I have been touring Egypt for two months.
现在完成时态用于回答how many/much的提问，现在完成进行时态用于回答how long 的提问。

eg：How many times have you swum in the lake?
How long have you been swimming in the lake?
3．状态动词和动作动词都可以用在现在完成时态中，但只有动作动词可以用在现在完成进行时态中。

eg：I have had this camera for five years. (状态动词)
I have taken photos of UFO with this camera. （动作动词）
I have been taking photos of UFO with this camera. （动作动词）
注：动作动词表示发生或变化的动作，如go，play。

状态动词表示保持不变的动作，如like，know，exist
4．当never，yet，already，ever出现在句子中时，只用现在完成时态，而不用现在完成进行时态。

eg：I’ve never visited Paris.
I’ve already been to Paris.
第二单元
一将来进行时态
1．我们用将来进行时态来：
1）谈论将来一段时间正在进行的事情。

eg：Toby will be climbing in the Himalayas all next week
2）谈论从将来的某一点开始并且有可能要持续一段时间的事情。

eg：Toby will not be in London next Tuesday. He will be climbing in the Himalayas.
3）没有任何意图的表达将来的事情。

eg：The weather report says that it will be raining when we arrive in London.
(在这种情况下表示事情是很自然的发生的，没有人为的安排.)
4）礼貌地询问有关其他人将来的计划。

eg：Will you be visiting your uncle in Tanzania?
2．将来进行时态的构成：
1）陈述句：will(not)+v-ing
eg：Toby and his brother, Colin, will (not) be flying to Morocco.
2）疑问句：will 提到主语的前面
eg：Will they be flying to Morocco on 15th July?
3）回答：will（not）
eg：Yes, they will. /No, they will not(won’t)
二过去将来时态
1．我们用过去将来时态和过去进行时态来：
1）表示过去的将来某一时间要发生的动作。

eg：They set off at 9 a.m. and would reach the airport an hour later.
2) 暗指一个过去的目的。

eg：I was going to leave, but then it rained.
3) 暗指一个过去的安排。

eg：Colin called Jennifer to say that he was seeing her later that afternoon.
4) 指代实际已经发生过的将来的动作。

eg：The journey that was to change Toby’s life started in July that year.
2．陈述句中过去将来时态的构成：
1）would +动词原形
eg：I told you Colin and I would spend a few weeks traveling.
2) was/were going to，was /were to , was/were about to
eg：We were going to see the wild animals, but then we didn’t have time.
It was his last day at school---he was to leave the next morning.
Colin was about to get off the camel when a child ran towards him.
第三单元
一过去完成时态
1．我们用一般过去时态来谈论一个过去的动作。

当我们想要谈论比过去更早的时间里发生的事情时，就用过去完成时态。

eg：Upon entering the tomb, Carter’s lucky pet bird, which had led him to the place, was eaten by a snake.
2．在直接引语中，我们用过去完成时态来指代说话的时候就已经发生的动作。

直接引语中的一般过去时态和现在完成时态在间接引语中改为过去完成时态。

eg：“We emptied the tomb of everything it contained,” said Carter.-------
Carter said that they had emptied the tomb of everything it contained.
3．过去完成时态只是指在另一个过去的动作之前发生的动作，并不是指发生在一长段时间以前的动作。

eg：I had done my homework this morning before I went to the museum.
4．过去完成时态经常跟以下引导的时间短语连用，如when, after, before, as soon as, until, since, by, for, already.
eg：Then a few months after Carter had opened the tomb, Lord Carnarvon fell ill with a fever and died.
5．过去完成时态的构成：had+v-ed
eg：Howard Carter had received money from Lord Carnarvon before he made his most amazing discovery.
二现在完成时态还是过去完成时态
1.当我们谈论一个与现在有关的过去的事情时，我们用现在完成时态。

eg：Howard Carter is one of the most famous explorers the world has ever known.
2.当我们在谈论过去，并要说明一个更早发生的动作的时候，我们就要用过去完成时态。

eg：Not long after the tomb had been opened, people in Carter’s team began to fall ill and die strangly.
语法复习模快二
I 1—Alice’s second-hand computer_____ wrong although she used it only once.
A goes
B has gone
C is going
D had gone
2 Robert _____me his address the ot her day, but I’m afraid I ____it.
A had given; lost
B has given; have lost
C gave ; have lost
D gives; lost
3 I____ nothing about it before you told me the news
A know
B knew
C had known
D has known
4 --What ____these days? Still busy writing your new book?
--Yes, I think I can finish it next week.
A do you do
B have you been doing
C have you done
D did you do
5 --what was the film like?
--Well，I____ it____ very interesting.
A thought; would be
B thought; may be
C think; is going to be
D think; will be
6 It was the third time that he ____us about his story.
A has told
B told
C is telling
D had told
7 I forget what I was taught, I only remember what I_____.
A learn
B learned
C have learned
D had learned
8 My younger sister____ the Youth League ____2004.
A has joined; in
B has joined; since
C had joined; since
D joined; in
9 –Where ____my pen? I cann’t find it anywhere.
--I ___it on this table, but now, it’s gone.
A did you put; have put
B have you put; put
C had you put; was putting
D were you putting; have put
10 She was praised for what she___.
A had done
B has done
C would do
D does
11 I____ he would help me with my English, in fact he didn’t.
A has thought
B thought
C think
D had thought
12 -- Tom, your shirt is so dirty?
-- Mom, I ___our storeroom downstairs and I will wash it after finishing the cleaning.
A cleaned
B have cleaned
C was cleaning
D have been cleaning
13 They___ friends since they met in New York.
A have made
B have become
C have been
D have turned
14 Nobody but the twins___ some interest in the project till now.
A shows
B show
C have shown
D has shown
15.The students don’t want to have their supper until they ____ their experiment.
A finished
B have finished
C had finished
D will finish
16 By now students in Grade One ____ 1,700 English words and phrases.
A should learn
B have learned
C learned
D learn
17 –Sorry to have kept you waiting!
--I _____ here for fifty minutes.
A have arrived
B have got
C have reached
D have been
18 –Where have you been? I ____you the whole day.
--I was in the library reading magazines.
A have been telephoning
B had telephoned
C telephoned
D was telephoned
19 –Hi, Tracy , you look tired.
--I am tired. I____ the living room all day.
A painted
B had painted
C have been painting
D have painted
20 –why didn’t you come yesterday?
--I ____ ,but I had an unexpected visitor.
A had
B would
C was going to
D did
21 –Will you be free at three o’clo ck tomorrow afternoon.
--No, I __ a meeting at that time.
A will have
B was going to have
C will be having
D would have
22 –What were you doing when I phoned you yesterday.
--I ____ just finished my homework and ___to watch TV.
A have; am going
B have; was going
C had; was going
D had; am going
23 –My father will be here tomorrow.
--Oh, I thought that he ___ today.
A was coming
B is coming
C will come
D comes
24 When we reach New York, it ____.
A probably will rain Bwill probably be raining
C is probably raining
D has probably rained
25—Is this the last exam we have to take this term?
--Yes, but there ___ another test three months from now.
A has
B is
C was
D will be
26 It was said that the machine ___ sometime the next week.
A had been repaired
B would repair
C was to be repaired
D needs repairing
27 –Why did you buy this paint so early?
--I ___ my bedroom tomorrow, but I changed my mind.
A was going to paint
B am going to paint
C am painting
D will paint
28 At this time tomorrow I __ a report in my office and I __ by noon.
A will be writing C will have finished
B will write D will finish
29 _____(打算) see Mr. Li this evening.
30--Have you cleaned your room?
--Sorry, I haven’t. But I ____(表意愿）go and clean it at once.
31 The journey that _______change Toby’s life started in July that year. (必然的情况)
32 I told you Colin and I _______spend a few weeks traveling. (过去将来时)
33 We __________ see the wild animals, but then we didn’t have time.(过去的打算)
34 I ____ show you the photo ___ I was interrupted.(正打算)
名词性从句
名词性从句相当于名词，可分别作主句的主语、表语、宾语和同位语。

因此，名词性从句厅分为主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位从句。

（一）引导名词性从句的连接词
1、连接代词：who, whose, whom, what, which。

有词义，在从句中担任成分，如主语、表语、宾语、或定语等。

2、连接副词：when, where, why, how。

有词义，在从句中担任成分，作状语。

3、连接词：that, whether, if, as if。

that 无词义，在从句中不担任成分，有时可省略；if (whether), as if虽有词义，但在从句中不担任成分。

注意：连接代词与连接副词在句中不再是疑问句，因而从句中谓语不用疑问式。

连接代词与连接副词在从句充当句子成分，连接词whether 和if（是否），as if（好象）在从句中不充当句子成分，只起连接作用。

根据句义，如果连接代词与连接副词，whether、if 和as if 都用不上时，才用that作连接词（that本身无任何含义）。

（二）主语从句
1、主语从句在复合句作主语。

e.g. Who will go is not important.
2、用it作形式主语，主语从句放在句末。

e.g. It doesn’t matter so much whether you will come or not.
3、that引导主语从句时，不能省略。

e.g. That he suddenly fell ill last week made us surprised.
（三）表语从句
1、表语从句在复合句中作表语，位于系动词之后。

e.g. The question was who could go there.
2、引导表语从句的连接词that有时可省去。

e.g. My idea is (that) we can get more comrades to help in the work.
（四）宾语从句
1、宾语从句在复合句中作宾语。

引导宾语从句的连词that一般可省略。

e.g. I hope (that) everything is all right.
2、介词之后的宾语从句，不可用which或if连接，要分别用what或whether。

e.g. I’m interested in whether you’ve finished the work..
I’m interested in what you’ve said.
3、whether与if都可以引导宾语从句，常可互换。

但下面情况不能互换。

①宾语从句是否定句时，只用if，不用whether。

e.g. I wonder if it doesn’t rain.
②用if 会引起误解，就要用whether。

e.g. Please let me know whether you want to go.（此句如果把whether改成if，容易当成条件句理解）
③宾语从句中的whether 与or not直接连用，就不能换成if；不直接连用，可换。

e.g. I don’t know whether or not the report is true.
I don’t know whether/ if the report is true or not.
④介词后的宾语从句要用whether引导。

whether 可与不定式连用。

whether也可引导主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句，还可引导让步状语从句，以上均不能换成if。

但引导条件从句时，只能用if，而不能用whether。

e.g. It depends on whether we have enough time.
They don’t know whether to go there.
Please come to see me if you have time.
（五）同位语从句
同位语从句在句中作某一名词的同位语，一般位于该名词（如：news, fact, idea, suggestion, promise等）之后，说明该名词的具体内容。

e.g. I have no idea when he will be back.
The fact that he had not said anything surprised everybody.
练习：
1.The fact ____ she works hard is well known to us all.
A. that
B. what
C. why
D. which
2.The fact ____ he was successful proves his ability.
A. that
B. what
C. which
D. why
3.The news ____ he was kidnapped surprised us greatly.
A. what
B. that
C. why
D. when
4.His suggestion ____ the meeting be delayed was turned down.
A. which
B. that
C./
D. it
5.I have no idea ____ he will start.
A. when
B. that
C. what
D./
6.I've come from the government with a message ____ the meeting won't be held tomorrow.
A. if
B. that
C. whether
D. which
7.The thought ____ he might fail in the exam worried him.
A. when
B. which
C. what
D. that
8.The order ____ the prisoner be set free arrived too late.
A. which
B. whether
C. that
D. what
9.The nurses are trying their best to reduce the patient's fear ____ he would die of the disease.
A. that
B. as
C. of which
D. which
10.He often asked me the question ____ the work was worth doing.
A. whether
B. where
C. that
D. when
11. Along with the letter was his promise ____ he would visit me this coming Christmas.
A. which
B. that
C. what
D. whether
12. The other day, my brother drove his car down the street at ____ I thought was a dangerous speed.
A. as
B. which
C. what
D. that
13. Luckily, we’d brought a road map without ____ we would have lost our way.
A. it
B. that
C. this
D. which
14.There are signs ____ restaurants are becoming more popular with families.
A. that
B. which
C. in which
D. whose
15. We can see the same signs ____ stand out throughout the city.
A. that
B. which
C. in which
D. whose
主谓一致
在英语句子里，谓语受主语支配，其动词必须和主语在人称和数上保持一致，这就叫主谓一致。

寻其规律，大致可归纳为三个原则，即语法一致、逻辑意义一致和就近一致原则。

（一）语法一致原则：语法上一致就是谓语动词和主语在单、复数形式上保持一致。

1、以单数名词或代词、动词不定式短语、动名词短语或从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式；主语为复数时，谓语动词用复数形式。

如：His father is working on the farm. / To study English well is not easy. / What he said is very important for us all. / The children were in the classroom two hours ago. / Reading in the sun is bad for your eyes.
注意：由what引导的主语从句，后面的谓语动词多数情况用单数形式，但若表语是复
数或what从句是一个带有复数意义的并列结构时，主句的谓语动词用复数形式。

如：What
I bought were three English books. / What I say and do is (are) helpful to you.
2、由连接词and或both … and连接起来的合成主语后面，要用复数形式的谓语动词。

如：Lucy and Lily are twins. / She and I are classmates. / The boy and the girl were surprised when they heard the news. / Both she and he are Young Pioneers.
注意：①若and所连接的两个词是指同一个人或物时，它后面的谓语动词就应用单数形式。

如：The writer and artist has come.; / ②由and连接的并列单数主语前如果分别有no, each, every more than a (an) , many a (an)修饰时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。

如：Every student and every teacher was in the room.. / No boy and no girl likes it.
3、主语为单数名词或代词，尽管后面跟有with, together with, except, but, like, as well as, rather than, more than, no less than, besides, including等引起的短语，谓语动词仍用单数形式；若主语为复数，谓语用复数形式。

如：Mr Green, together with his wife and children, has come to China. / Nobody but Jim and Mike was on the playground. / She, like you and Tom, is very tall.
4、either, neither, each, every 或no +单数名词和由some, any, no, every构成的复合不定代词，都作单数看待。

如：Each of us has a new book. / Everything around us is matter.
注意：①在口语中当either或neither后跟有“of+复数名词（或代词）”作主语时，其谓语动词也可用复数。

如：Neither of the texts is (are) interesting. ②若none of后面的名词是不可数名词，它的谓语动词就要用单数；若它后面的名词是复数，它的谓语动词用单数或复数都可以。

如：None of us has (have) been to America.
5、在定语从句时，关系代词that, who, which等作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。

如：He is one of my friends who are working hard. / He is the only one of my friends who is working hard.
6、如果集体名词指的是整个集体，它的谓语动词用单数；如果它指集体的成员，其谓语动词就用复数形式。

这些词有family, class, crowd, committee, population, audience等。

如：Class Four is on the third floor. / Class Four are unable to agree upon a monitor.
注意：people, police, cattle等名词一般都用作复数。

如：The police are looking for the lost child.
7、由“a lot of, lots of, plenty of, the rest of, the majority of + 名词”构成的短语以及由“分数或百分数+名词”构成的短语作主语，其谓语动词的数要根据短语中后面名词的数而定。

如：There are a lot of people in the classroom. / The rest of the lecture is wonderful. / 50% of the students in our class are girls.
注意：a number of“许多”，作定语修饰复数名词，谓语用复数；the number of“…的数量”，主语是number，谓语用单数。

8、在倒装句中，谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致。

如：There comes the bus./ On the wall are many pictures. / Such is the result. / Such are the facts.
（二）逻辑意义一致原则：逻辑意义一致就是谓语动词的数必须和主语的意义一致（因有时主语形式为单数，但意义为复数；有时形式为复数，但意义为单数）。

1、what, who, which, any, more, all等代词可以是单数，也可是复数，主要靠意思来决定。

如：Which is your bag? / Which are your bags? / All is going well. / All have gone to Beijing.
2、表示“时间、重量、长度、价值”等的名词的复数作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数形式，这是由于作主语的名词在概念上是一个整体，如：Thirty minutes is enough for the work.
3、若英语是书名、片名、格言、剧名、报名、国名等的复数形式，其谓语动词通常用单数形式。

如：“The Arabian Nights”is an interesting story-book.
4、表数量的短语“one and a half”后接复数名词作主语时，其谓语动词可用单数形式（也可用复数。

如：One and a half apples is (are) left on the table.
5、算式中表示数目（字）的主语通常作单数看待，其谓语动词采用单数形式。

如：Twelve plus eight is twenty. / Fifty-six divided by eight is seven.
6、一些学科名词是以–ics 结尾，如：mathematics, politics, physics 以及news, works 等，都属于形式上是复数的名词，实际意义为单数名词，它们作主语时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。

如：The paper works was built in 1990. / I think physics isn’t easy to study.
7、trousers, glasses, clothes, shoes, 等词作主语时，谓语用复数，但如果这些名词前有a (the) pair of等量词修饰时，谓语动词用单数。

如：My glasses are broken. / The pair of shoes under the bed is his.
8、“定冠词the + 形容词或分词”，表示某一类人时，动词用复数。

（三）就近一致原则：在英语句子中，有时谓语动词的人称和数与最近的主语保持一致。

1、当两个主语由either … or, neither … nor, whether … or …, not only … but also连接时，谓语动词和邻近的主语一致。

如：Either the teacher or the students are our friends. / Neither they nor he is wholly right. / Is neither he nor they wholly right?
2、there be句型be动词单复数取决于其后的主语。

如果其后是由and连接的两个主语，则应与靠近的那个主语保持一致。

如：There are two chairs and a desk in the room..
注意：Here引导的句子用法同上。

练习：
1.I, who____ your friend, will try my best to help you with your English.
A.am
B.is
C.are
D.be
2. The rich ____ not always happy.
A.are
B.is
C.has
D.have
3. Neither Tom nor Jack and I ____ his students.
A.are
B.am
C.is
D.was
4. Mary as well as her sisters ____ Chinese in China.
A. are studying
B. have studied
C. studies
D. study
5. Neither my father nor I ____ at home.
A.am
B.is
C.are
D.be。