75-442-BR中文资料
常用阀门材料中美对照、热处理规范以、机械性能以及适用介质温度
A182 F1
16Mo(YB)
900-950
620
900-950
485
275
143-192
水、蒸气、油品
≤425
A182 F2
GB/T3077 12CrMo
900-950
620
485
275
143-192
水、蒸气、油品
≤540
A182 F11
GB/T3077 15CrMo
955-970
620
980-1020
720-760
485
255
≤179
蒸
≤570
铁素体钢锻件
A182 FXM
27cb
000Cr27Mo
1010-
1050
415
240
≤190
有机酸、卤离子、
苛性碱
≤540
A182 F430
1Cr17(08Cr17)
800-850
415
240
≤190
水、油品、重油
≤450
优质碳素钢
低碳钢锻件
水、蒸气、油品
-29~425
A216 WCB
GB/T12229 WCB
870-890
890-910
485
250
≥137
水、蒸气、油品
-29~425
A216 WCC
GB/T12229 WCC
870-890
890-910
485
275
≥137
水、蒸气、油品
-29~425
A216 WC1
ZG20Mo
950-970
515
205
≤187
（-254-540）
心肌兴奋-收缩偶联在心力衰竭中的研究进展
心肌兴奋-收缩偶联在心力衰竭中的研究进展李青;李菊香【摘要】心肌兴奋-收缩偶联(ECC)是心脏电活动转换成机械收缩的过程,Ca2释放通道(RyR2)在ECC中起核心作用.Ca2+和Na+转运参与ECC的全过程.Ca2+转运蛋白和细胞内激酶与心力衰竭的发生发展密切相关,Ca2转运的改变常发生在心功能衰竭之前.Ca2+转运与Na+转运相互影响,细胞内Na+转运因细胞内Na+浓度和晚钠电流增加而受到干扰,舒张期Ca2持续增加导致舒张功能障碍,并诱导心律失常.【期刊名称】《基础医学与临床》【年(卷),期】2014(034)008【总页数】4页(P1129-1132)【关键词】兴奋-收缩偶联;钙/钙调蛋白依赖性蛋白激酶;钙转运;钠转运【作者】李青;李菊香【作者单位】南昌大学第二附属医院心内科,江西南昌330006;南昌大学第二附属医院心内科,江西南昌330006【正文语种】中文【中图分类】R331.3+1兴奋-收缩偶联(excitation-contraction coupling, ECC)是指心肌细胞电活动转化成机械收缩的过程。
ECC异常包括参与兴奋-收缩偶联过程的蛋白质的表达、磷酸化和功能异常，尤其是肌浆网Ca2+渗漏和晚期Na+电流异常，在心脏舒缩功能障碍及心律失常的发生中起重要作用，并可能成为心力衰竭治疗新的分子靶点。
本文就ECC在心力衰竭中的变化作一综述。
肌丝的激活以及由此发生的心脏收缩受胞质内Ca2+调控。
动作电位期间，心肌细胞膜上L-型Ca2+通道(L-type Ca2+ channel, LTCC)开放，形成内向Ca2+流(ICa)激活肌浆网(SR) Ca2+释放通道(RyR2)，使得大量Ca2+释放入胞质，与肌钙蛋白C结合，引起收缩完成心肌细胞的ECC。
有报道动作电位期间肌浆网Ca2+的释放不仅受细胞内Ca2+的调控，还受细胞内Na+的调控[1]。
心肌细胞舒张有赖于胞质内Ca2+的消除，细胞内Ca2+的流动对维持正常的心脏功能非常关键。
75_442_EEC
This document is meant purely as a documentation tool and the institutions do not assume any liability for its contents►B COUNCIL DIRECTIVEof15July1975on waste(75/442/EEC)(OJ L194,25.7.1975,p.39)Amended by:Official JournalNo page date►M1Council Directive91/156/EEC of18March1991L783226.3.1991►M2Council Directive91/692/EEC of23December1991L3774831.12.1991►M3Commission Decision96/350/EC of24May1996L13532 6.6.1996►M4Regulation(EC)No1882/2003of the European Parliament and of theL284131.10.2003 Council of29September2003Corrected by:►C1Corrigendum,OJ L146,13.6.2003,p.52(91/692/EEC)COUNCIL DIRECTIVEof15July1975on waste(75/442/EEC)THE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES,Having regard to the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community,and in particular Articles100and235thereof;Having regard to the proposal from the Commission;Having regard to the Opinion of the European Parliament(1);Having regard to the Opinion of the Economic and Social Committee(2);Whereas any disparity between the provisions on waste disposal already applicable or in preparation in the variousMember Statesmay create unequal conditionsof competition and thusdirectly affect the functioning of the common market;whereas it is therefore necessary to approximate lawsin thisfield,asprovided for in Article100of the Treaty;Whereas it seems necessary for this approximation of laws to be accompanied by Community action so that one of the aims of the Community in the sphere of protection of the environment and improvement of the quality of life can be achieved by more extensive rules;whereas certain specific provisions to this effect should therefore be laid down;whereasArticle235of the Treaty s hould be invoked as the powersrequired for thispurpos e have not been provided for by the Treaty;Whereas the essential objective of all provisions relating to waste disposal must be the protection of human health and the environment against harmful effects caused by the collection,transport,treatment, storage and tipping of waste;Whereas the recovery of waste and the use of recovered materials should be encouraged in order to conserve natural resources; Whereasthe programme of action of the European Communitieson the environment(3),stresses the need for Community action,including the harmonization of legislation;Whereas effective and consistent regulations on waste disposal which neither obstruct intra-Community trade nor affect conditions of compe-tition should be applied to movable property which the owner disposes of or is required to dispose of under the provisions of national law in force,with the exception of radioactive,mining and agricultural waste, animal carcases,waste waters,gaseous effluents and waste covered by specific Community rules;Whereas,in order to ensure the protection of the environment,provi-sion should be made for a system of permits for undertakings which treat,store or tip waste on behalf of third parties,for a supervisory system for undertakings which dispose of their own waste and for those which collect the waste of others,and for a plan embracing the essen-tial factors to be taken into consideration in respect of the various waste disposal operations;Whereasthat proportion of the cos tsnot covered by the proceedsof treating the waste must be defrayed in accordance with the‘polluter pays’principle,(1)OJ No C32,11.2.1975,p.36.2HAS ADOPTED THIS DIRECTIVE:▼M1Article1For the purposes of this Directive:(a)‘waste’shall mean any substance or object in the categories set outin Annex I which the holder discards or intends or is required todiscard.The Commission,acting in accordance with the procedure laiddown in Article18,will draw up,not later than1April1993,alist of wastes belonging to the categories listed in Annex I.Thislist will be periodically reviewed and,if necessary,revised by thesame procedure;(b)‘producer’shall mean anyone whose activities produce waste(‘original producer’)and/or anyone who carries out pre-processing,mixing or other operationsres ulting in a change in the nature orcomposition of this waste;(c)‘holder’shall mean the producer of the waste or the natural or legalperson who is in possession of it;(d)‘management’shall mean the collection,transport,recovery anddisposal of waste,including the supervision of such operationsand after-care of disposal sites;(e)‘disposal’shall mean any of the operations provided for in AnnexII,A;(f)‘recovery’shall mean any of the operations provided for in AnnexII,B;(g)‘collection’shall mean the gathering,sorting and/or mixing ofwaste for the purpose of transport.Article21.The following shall be excluded from the scope of this Directive:(a)gaseous effluents emitted into the atmosphere;(b)where they are already covered by other legislation:(i)radioactive waste;(ii)waste resulting from prospecting,extraction,treatment and storage of mineral resources and the working of quarries;(iii)animal carcases and the following agricultural waste:faecal matter and other natural,non-dangerous substances used infarming;(iv)waste waters,with the exception of waste in liquid form;(v)decommissioned explosives.2.Specific rules for particular instances or supplementing those ofthisDirective on the management of particular categoriesof was temay be laid down by meansof individual Directives.Article31.Member States shall take appropriate measures to encourage:(a)firstly,the prevention or reduction of waste production and itsharmfulness,in particular by:—the development of clean technologies more sparing in their use of natural resources,—the technical development and marketing of productsdes igned so as to make no contribution or to make the smallest possiblecontribution,by the nature of their manufacture,use or finaldisposal,to increasing the amount or harmfulness of waste andpollution hazards,—the development of appropriate techniques for the final disposal(b)secondly:(i)the recovery of waste by means of recycling,re-use or reclama-tion or any other process with a view to extracting secondaryraw materials,or(ii)the use of waste as a source of energy.2.Except where Council Directive83/189/EEC of28March1983 laying down a procedure for the provision of information in the field of technical standards and regulations(1)applies,Member States shall inform the Commission of any measures they intend to take to achieve the aims set out in paragraph1.The Commission shall inform the other Member Statesand the committee referred to in Article18of s uch measures.Article4Member States shall take the necessary measures to ensure that waste is recovered or disposed of without endangering human health and without using processes or methods which could harm the environment, and in particular:—without risk to water,air,soil and plants and animals,—without causing a nuisance through noise or odours,—without adversely affecting the countryside or places of special interest.Member States shall also take the necessary measures to prohibit the abandonment,dumping or uncontrolled disposal of waste.Article51.Member States shall take appropriate measures,in cooperation with other Member States where this is necessary or advisable,to establish an integrated and adequate network of disposal installations, taking account of the best available technology not involving excessive costs.The network must enable the Community as a whole to become self-sufficient in waste disposal and the Member States to move towardsthat aim individually,taking into account geographical circum-stances or the need for specialized installations for certain types of waste.2.The network must also enable waste to be disposed of in one of the nearest appropriate installations,by means of the most appropriate methodsand technologiesin order to ens ure a high level of protection for the environment and public health.Article6Member States shall establish or designate the competent authority or authorities to be responsible for the implementation of this Directive.Article71.In order to attain the objectivesreferred to in Article3,4and5, the competent authority or authoritiesreferred to in Article6s hall be required to draw up as soon as possible one or more waste management plans.Such plans shall relate in particular to:—the type,quantity and origin of waste to be recovered or disposed of,—general technical requirements,—any special arrangements for particular wastes,—suitable disposal sites or installations.Such plansmay,for example,cover:—the natural or legal persons empowered to carry out the managment of waste,—the estimated costs of the recovery and disposal operations,—appropriate measures to encourage rationalization of the collection, sorting and treatment of waste.2.Member Statess hall collaborate asappropriate with the other Member States concerned and the Commission to draw up such plans. They shall notify the Commission thereof.3.Member States may take the measures necessary to prevent movements of waste which are not in accordance ance with their waste management plans.They shall inform the Commission and the Member States of any such measures.Article8Member States shall take the necessary measures to ensure that any holder of waste:—hasit handled by a private or public was te collector or by an under-taking which carriesout the operationslis ted in Annex II A or B,or —recovers or disposes of it himself in accordance with the provisions of thisDirective.Article91.For the purposes of implementing Articles4,5and7,any estab-lishment or undertaking which carries out the operations specified in Annex II A must obtain a permit from the competent authority referred to in Article6.Such permit shall cover:—the typesand quantitiesof was te,—the technical requirements,—the security precautions to be taken,—the disposal site,—the treatment method.2.Permitsmay be granted for a s pecified period,they may be renewable,they may be subject to conditions and obligations,or, notably,if the intended method of disposal is unacceptable from the point of view of envrionmental protection,they may be refused.Article10For the purposes of implementing Article4,any establishment or undertaking which carriesout the operationsreferred to in Annex II B must obtain a permit.Article111.Without prejudice to Council Directive78/319/EEC of20March 1978on toxic and dangerouswas te(1),aslas t amended by the Act of Accession of Spain and Portugal,the following may be exempted from the permit requirement imposed in Article9or Article10:(a)establishments or undertakings carrying out their own wastedisposal at the place of production;and(b)establishments or undertakings that carry out waste recovery. Thisexemption may apply only:—if the competent authoritieshave adopted general rulesfor each type of activity laying down the typesand quantitiesof was te and the conditionsunder which the activity in ques tion may be exempted from the permit requirements,and—if the types or quantities of waste and methods of disposal or recovery are such that the conditions imposed in Article 4are complied with.2.The establishments or undertakings referred to in paragraph 1shall be registered with the competent authorities.3.Member States shall inform the Commission of the general rules adopted pursuant to paragraph 1.Article 12Establishments or undertakings which collect or transport waste on a professional basis or which arrange for the disposal or recovery of waste on behalf of others (dealers or brokers),where not subject to authorization,shall be registered with the competent authorities.Article 13Establishments or undertakings which carry out the operations referred to in Articles 9to 12shall be subject to appropriate periodic inspec-tionsby the competent authorities .Article 14All establishments or undertakings referred to in Articles 9and 10shall:—keep a record of the quantity,nature,origin,and,where relevant,the destination,frequency of collection,mode of transport and treat-ment method in respect of the waste referred to in Annex I and the operationsreferred to in Annex II A or B,—make thisinformation available,on reques t,to the competent autho-ritiesreferred to in Article 6.Member Statesmay als o require producersto comply with the provi-sions of this Article.Article 15In accordance with the ‘polluter pays’principle,the cost of disposing of waste must be borne by:—the holder who has waste handled by a waste collector or by an undertaking asreferred to in Article 9,and/or—the previousholdersor the producer of the product from which the waste came.Article 16At intervals of three years Member States shall send information to theCommission on the implementation of this Directive,in the form of a sectoral report which shall also cover other pertinent Community Directives.The report shall be drawn up on the basis other of a ques-tionnaire or outline drafted by the Commission in accordance with the procedure laid down in Article 6of Directive 91/692/EEC (1).The questionnaire or outline shall be sent to the Member States six months before the start of the period covered by the report.The report shall be made to the Commission within nine months of the end of the three-year period covered by it.The first report shall cover the period 1995to 1997inclusive.The Commission shall publish a Community report on the implementa-tion of the Directive within nine monthsof receiving the reportsfrom the Member States.▼M2▼C1The amendments necessary for adapting the Annexes to this Directiveto scientific and technical progress shall be adopted in accordance withthe procedure laid down in Article18.▼M4Article181.The Commission shall be assisted by a committee.2.Where reference ismade to thisArticle,Articles5and7of Deci-sion1999/468/EC(1)shall apply,having regard to the provisions ofArticle8thereof.The period laid down in Article5(6)of Decision1999/468/EC shall beset at three months.3.The Committee shall adopt its rules of procedure.▼BArticle►M119◄Member States shall bring into force the measures needed in order tocomply with thisDirective within24monthsof itsnotification andshall forthwith inform the Commission thereof.Article►M120◄Member States shall communicate to the Commission the texts of themain provisions of national law which they adopt in the field coveredby thisDirective.Article►M121◄This Directive is addressed to the Member States.(1)Council Decision1999/468/EC of28June1999laying down the proceduresCATEGORIES OF WASTEQ1Production or consumption residues not otherwise specified belowQ2Off-specification productsQ3Products whose date for appropriate use has expiredQ4Materials spilled,lost or having undergone other mishap,including any materials,equipment,etc.,contaminated as a result of the mishapQ5Materials contaminated or soiled as a result of planned actions(e.g.resi-dues from cleaning operations,packing materials,containers,etc.)Q6Unusable parts(e.g.reject batteries,exhausted catalysts,etc.)Q7Substances which no longer perform satisfactorily(e.g.contaminated acids,contaminated solvents,exhausted tempering salts,etc.)Q8Residues of industrial processes(e.g.slags,still bottoms,etc.)Q9Residues from pollution abatement processes(e.g.scrubber sludges, baghouse dusts,spent filters,etc.)Q10Machining/finishing residues(the turnings,mill scales,etc.)Q11Residues from raw materials extraction and processing(e.g.mining resi-dues,oil field slops,etc.)Q12Adulterated materials(e.g.oilscontaminated with PCBs,etc.)Q13Any materials,substances or products whose use has been banned by law Q14Productsfor which the holder hasno further us e(e.g.agricultural,hous e-hold,office,commercial and shop discards,etc.)Q15Contaminated materials,substances or products resulting from remedial action with respect to landQ16Any materials,substances or products which are not contained in the above categories.DISPOSAL OPERATIONSNB:This Annex is intended to list disposal operations such as they occur in practice.In accordance with Article4waste must be disposed of without endangering human health and without the use of processes or methods likely to harm the environment.D1Deposit into or onto land(ndfill,etc.)D2Land treatment(e.g.biodegradation of liquid or sludgy discards in soils, etc.)D3Deep injection(e.g.injection of pumpable discards into wells,salt domes or naturally occurring repositories,etc.)D4Surface impoundment(e.g.placement of liquid or sludgy discards into pits,ponds or lagoons,etc.)D5Specially engineered landfill(e.g.placement into lined discrete cells which are capped and isolated from one another and the environment, etc.)D6Release into a water body except seas/oceansD7Release into seas/oceans including sea-bed insertionD8Biological treatment not specified elsewhere in this Annex which results in final compoundsor mixtureswhich are dis carded by meansof any of the operationsnumbered D1to D12D9Physico-chemical treatment not specified elsewhere in this Annex which results in final compounds or mixtures which are discarded by means of any of the operationsnumbered D1to D12(e.g.evaporation,drying, calcination,etc.)D10Incineration on landD11Incineration at seaD12Permanent storage(e.g.emplacement of containers in a mine,etc.)D13Blending or mixing prior to submission to any of the operations numbered D1to D12D14Repackaging prior to submission to any of the operations numbered D1 to D13D15Storage pending any of the operationsnumbered D1to D14(excluding temporary storage,pending collection,on the site where it is produced)RECOVERY OPERATIONSNB:ThisAnnex isintended to lis t recovery operationsasthey occur in prac-tice.In accordance with Article4waste must be recovered without endangering human health and without the use of processes or methods likely to harm the environment.R1Use principally as a fuel or other means to generate energyR2Solvent reclamation/regenerationR3Recycling/reclamation of organic substances which are not used as solvents(including composting and other biological transformation processes)R4Recycling/reclamation of metalsand metal compoundsR5Recycling/reclamation of other inorganic materialsR6Regeneration of acidsor bas esR7Recovery of componentsus ed for pollution abatementR8Recovery of componentsfrom catalys tsR9Oil re-refining or other reuses of oilR10Land treatment resulting in benefit to agriculture or ecological improve-mentR11Use of wastes obtained from any of the operations numbered R1to R10 R12Exchange of wastes for submission to any of the operations numbered R1to R11R13Storage of wastes pending any of the operations numbered R1to R12 (excluding temporary storage,pending collection,on the site where it is produced)。
塑料缩写对照表
塑料缩写对照表
中文名称
丙烯酸甲酯 甲基丙烯酸 甲基丙烯酸甲酯-丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯共聚物 甲基丙烯醛 甲基丙烯酸-丁二烯-苯乙烯共聚物 甲基纤维素 三聚氰胺氰脲酸盐 改性聚己内酰胺(铸型尼龙6) 改性氯丁冷粘鞋用胶 二苯甲烷二异氰酸酯(甲撑二苯基二异氰酸酯) 中密聚乙烯 丁酮(甲乙酮) 过氧化甲乙酮 酯肪酸甲酯磺酸盐 三聚氰胺-甲醛树脂 改性高冲聚苯乙烯 甲基异丁基酮 甲基丙烯酸甲酯 甲基甲酰胺 甲基丙烯腈 乙醇酸乙酯 三聚氨胺-酚醛树脂 甲基丙基甲酮 改性聚丙烯 改性聚苯醚 改性聚苯乙烯 苯乙烯-甲基丙烯酸甲酯树脂 石油醚 甲基叔丁基醚 氯丁胶新型交联剂 旋转模塑 醇溶三元共聚尼龙 间苯二甲基二胺 丁腈橡胶 二异氰酸萘酯 邻苯二甲酸正癸辛酯 邻苯二甲酸己正癸酯 偏苯三酸正己酯 癸二酸二异辛酯 正硬酯酸铅 N-甲基吡咯烷酮 己二酸正辛正癸酯 邻苯二甲酸正辛正癸酯 壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚 天然橡胶
塑料缩写对照表
中文名称
异辛醇 丙烯酸 丙烯酸酯-丙烯酸酯-苯乙烯共聚物 丙烯腈/丁二烯/丙烯酸酯共聚物 偶氮(二)甲酰胺 壬基苯氧基丙烷磺酸钠 丙烯腈/丁二烯/苯乙烯共聚物 偶氮(二)异丁腈 丙烯腈/甲基丙烯酸甲酯共聚物 聚芳香酯 丙烯腈-苯乙烯树脂 丙烯腈/苯乙烯/丙烯酸酯共聚物 苯甲醇 正丁醛苯胺缩合物 碱式氯化铝 新型阻燃剂 双水杨酸双酚A酯 2，3-巯(基)丙醇 邻苯二甲酸丁苄酯 N-叔丁基-乙-苯并噻唑次磺酰胺 叶酸 β －环糊精 苯顺二醇 氯化亚硝脲 丁二烯 丙烯酸乳胶外墙涂料 苯偶姻乙醚 硼纤维增强塑料 丁二醇 反应性稀释剂 特丁基-4羟基茴香醚 二丁基羟基甲苯 丁内酯 丙酮-二苯胺高温缩合物 粉末涂料流平剂 甲基丙烯酸丁酯 团状模塑料 氨基树脂皮革鞣剂 氮化硼 新型环氧树脂 β －萘磺酸甲醛低缩合物 己二酸辛苄酯 邻苯二甲酸丁辛酯 双向拉伸（双轴取向）聚丙烯 双酚A
常用橡胶的技术性能指标参数之欧阳德创编
常用橡胶的技术性能指标参数时间：2021.03.07 创作：欧阳德本文介绍了天然橡胶（NR）异戊橡胶（IR）丁苯橡胶（SBR）顺丁橡胶（BR）氯丁橡胶（CR）丁基橡胶（IIR）丁腈橡胶（NBR）乙丙橡胶（EPR）橡胶品种（简写符号）化学组成性能特点主要用途1．天然橡胶（NR）以橡胶烃（聚异戊二烯）为主，含少量蛋白质、水分、树脂酸、糖类和无机盐等。
弹性大，定伸强度高，抗撕裂性和电绝缘性优良，耐磨性和耐旱性良好，加工性佳，易于其它材料粘合，在综合性能方面优于多数合成橡胶。
缺点是耐氧和耐臭氧性差，容易老化变质；耐油和耐溶剂性不好，第抗酸碱的腐蚀能力低；耐热性不高。
使用温度范围：约－60℃～＋80℃。
制作轮胎、胶鞋、胶管、胶带、电线电缆的绝缘层和护套以及其他通用制品。
特别适用于制造扭振消除器、发动机减震器、机器支座、橡胶－金属悬挂元件、膜片、模压制品。
2．丁苯橡胶（SBR）丁二烯和苯乙烯的共聚体。
性能接近天然橡胶，是目前产量最大的通用合成鸾海涮氐闶悄湍バ浴⒛屠匣湍腿刃猿烊幌鸾海实匾步咸烊幌鸾壕取Ｈ钡闶牵旱越系停骨印⒖顾毫研阅芙喜睿患庸ば阅懿睿乇鹗亲哉承圆睢⑸呵慷鹊汀Ｊ褂梦露确段В涸迹?0℃～＋100℃。
主要用以代替天然橡胶制作轮胎、胶板、胶管、胶鞋及其他通用制品。
3．顺丁橡胶（BR）是由丁二烯聚合而成的顺式结构橡胶。
优点是：弹性与耐磨性优良，耐老化性好，耐低温性优异，在动态负荷下发热量小，易于金属粘合。
缺点是强度较低，抗撕裂性差，加工性能与自粘性差。
使用温度范围：约－60℃～＋100℃。
一般多和天然橡胶或丁苯橡胶并用，主要制作轮胎胎面、运输带和特殊耐寒制品。
4．异戊橡胶（IR）是由异戊二烯单体聚合而成的一种顺式结构橡胶。
化学组成、立体结构与天然橡胶相似，性能也非常接近天然橡胶，故有合成天然橡胶之称。
它具有天然橡胶的大部分优点，耐老化由于天然橡胶，弹性和强力比天然橡胶稍低，加工性能差，成本较高。
使用温度范围：约－50℃～＋100℃可代替天然橡胶制作轮胎、胶鞋、胶管、胶带以及其他通用制品。
75_442_EEC
This document is meant purely as a documentation tool and the institutions do not assume any liability for its contents►B COUNCIL DIRECTIVEof15July1975on waste(75/442/EEC)(OJ L194,25.7.1975,p.39)Amended by:Official JournalNo page date►M1Council Directive91/156/EEC of18March1991L783226.3.1991►M2Council Directive91/692/EEC of23December1991L3774831.12.1991►M3Commission Decision96/350/EC of24May1996L13532 6.6.1996►M4Regulation(EC)No1882/2003of the European Parliament and of theL284131.10.2003 Council of29September2003Corrected by:►C1Corrigendum,OJ L146,13.6.2003,p.52(91/692/EEC)COUNCIL DIRECTIVEof15July1975on waste(75/442/EEC)THE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES,Having regard to the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community,and in particular Articles100and235thereof;Having regard to the proposal from the Commission;Having regard to the Opinion of the European Parliament(1);Having regard to the Opinion of the Economic and Social Committee(2);Whereas any disparity between the provisions on waste disposal already applicable or in preparation in the variousMember Statesmay create unequal conditionsof competition and thusdirectly affect the functioning of the common market;whereas it is therefore necessary to approximate lawsin thisfield,asprovided for in Article100of the Treaty;Whereas it seems necessary for this approximation of laws to be accompanied by Community action so that one of the aims of the Community in the sphere of protection of the environment and improvement of the quality of life can be achieved by more extensive rules;whereas certain specific provisions to this effect should therefore be laid down;whereasArticle235of the Treaty s hould be invoked as the powersrequired for thispurpos e have not been provided for by the Treaty;Whereas the essential objective of all provisions relating to waste disposal must be the protection of human health and the environment against harmful effects caused by the collection,transport,treatment, storage and tipping of waste;Whereas the recovery of waste and the use of recovered materials should be encouraged in order to conserve natural resources; Whereasthe programme of action of the European Communitieson the environment(3),stresses the need for Community action,including the harmonization of legislation;Whereas effective and consistent regulations on waste disposal which neither obstruct intra-Community trade nor affect conditions of compe-tition should be applied to movable property which the owner disposes of or is required to dispose of under the provisions of national law in force,with the exception of radioactive,mining and agricultural waste, animal carcases,waste waters,gaseous effluents and waste covered by specific Community rules;Whereas,in order to ensure the protection of the environment,provi-sion should be made for a system of permits for undertakings which treat,store or tip waste on behalf of third parties,for a supervisory system for undertakings which dispose of their own waste and for those which collect the waste of others,and for a plan embracing the essen-tial factors to be taken into consideration in respect of the various waste disposal operations;Whereasthat proportion of the cos tsnot covered by the proceedsof treating the waste must be defrayed in accordance with the‘polluter pays’principle,(1)OJ No C32,11.2.1975,p.36.2HAS ADOPTED THIS DIRECTIVE:▼M1Article1For the purposes of this Directive:(a)‘waste’shall mean any substance or object in the categories set outin Annex I which the holder discards or intends or is required todiscard.The Commission,acting in accordance with the procedure laiddown in Article18,will draw up,not later than1April1993,alist of wastes belonging to the categories listed in Annex I.Thislist will be periodically reviewed and,if necessary,revised by thesame procedure;(b)‘producer’shall mean anyone whose activities produce waste(‘original producer’)and/or anyone who carries out pre-processing,mixing or other operationsres ulting in a change in the nature orcomposition of this waste;(c)‘holder’shall mean the producer of the waste or the natural or legalperson who is in possession of it;(d)‘management’shall mean the collection,transport,recovery anddisposal of waste,including the supervision of such operationsand after-care of disposal sites;(e)‘disposal’shall mean any of the operations provided for in AnnexII,A;(f)‘recovery’shall mean any of the operations provided for in AnnexII,B;(g)‘collection’shall mean the gathering,sorting and/or mixing ofwaste for the purpose of transport.Article21.The following shall be excluded from the scope of this Directive:(a)gaseous effluents emitted into the atmosphere;(b)where they are already covered by other legislation:(i)radioactive waste;(ii)waste resulting from prospecting,extraction,treatment and storage of mineral resources and the working of quarries;(iii)animal carcases and the following agricultural waste:faecal matter and other natural,non-dangerous substances used infarming;(iv)waste waters,with the exception of waste in liquid form;(v)decommissioned explosives.2.Specific rules for particular instances or supplementing those ofthisDirective on the management of particular categoriesof was temay be laid down by meansof individual Directives.Article31.Member States shall take appropriate measures to encourage:(a)firstly,the prevention or reduction of waste production and itsharmfulness,in particular by:—the development of clean technologies more sparing in their use of natural resources,—the technical development and marketing of productsdes igned so as to make no contribution or to make the smallest possiblecontribution,by the nature of their manufacture,use or finaldisposal,to increasing the amount or harmfulness of waste andpollution hazards,—the development of appropriate techniques for the final disposal(b)secondly:(i)the recovery of waste by means of recycling,re-use or reclama-tion or any other process with a view to extracting secondaryraw materials,or(ii)the use of waste as a source of energy.2.Except where Council Directive83/189/EEC of28March1983 laying down a procedure for the provision of information in the field of technical standards and regulations(1)applies,Member States shall inform the Commission of any measures they intend to take to achieve the aims set out in paragraph1.The Commission shall inform the other Member Statesand the committee referred to in Article18of s uch measures.Article4Member States shall take the necessary measures to ensure that waste is recovered or disposed of without endangering human health and without using processes or methods which could harm the environment, and in particular:—without risk to water,air,soil and plants and animals,—without causing a nuisance through noise or odours,—without adversely affecting the countryside or places of special interest.Member States shall also take the necessary measures to prohibit the abandonment,dumping or uncontrolled disposal of waste.Article51.Member States shall take appropriate measures,in cooperation with other Member States where this is necessary or advisable,to establish an integrated and adequate network of disposal installations, taking account of the best available technology not involving excessive costs.The network must enable the Community as a whole to become self-sufficient in waste disposal and the Member States to move towardsthat aim individually,taking into account geographical circum-stances or the need for specialized installations for certain types of waste.2.The network must also enable waste to be disposed of in one of the nearest appropriate installations,by means of the most appropriate methodsand technologiesin order to ens ure a high level of protection for the environment and public health.Article6Member States shall establish or designate the competent authority or authorities to be responsible for the implementation of this Directive.Article71.In order to attain the objectivesreferred to in Article3,4and5, the competent authority or authoritiesreferred to in Article6s hall be required to draw up as soon as possible one or more waste management plans.Such plans shall relate in particular to:—the type,quantity and origin of waste to be recovered or disposed of,—general technical requirements,—any special arrangements for particular wastes,—suitable disposal sites or installations.Such plansmay,for example,cover:—the natural or legal persons empowered to carry out the managment of waste,—the estimated costs of the recovery and disposal operations,—appropriate measures to encourage rationalization of the collection, sorting and treatment of waste.2.Member Statess hall collaborate asappropriate with the other Member States concerned and the Commission to draw up such plans. They shall notify the Commission thereof.3.Member States may take the measures necessary to prevent movements of waste which are not in accordance ance with their waste management plans.They shall inform the Commission and the Member States of any such measures.Article8Member States shall take the necessary measures to ensure that any holder of waste:—hasit handled by a private or public was te collector or by an under-taking which carriesout the operationslis ted in Annex II A or B,or —recovers or disposes of it himself in accordance with the provisions of thisDirective.Article91.For the purposes of implementing Articles4,5and7,any estab-lishment or undertaking which carries out the operations specified in Annex II A must obtain a permit from the competent authority referred to in Article6.Such permit shall cover:—the typesand quantitiesof was te,—the technical requirements,—the security precautions to be taken,—the disposal site,—the treatment method.2.Permitsmay be granted for a s pecified period,they may be renewable,they may be subject to conditions and obligations,or, notably,if the intended method of disposal is unacceptable from the point of view of envrionmental protection,they may be refused.Article10For the purposes of implementing Article4,any establishment or undertaking which carriesout the operationsreferred to in Annex II B must obtain a permit.Article111.Without prejudice to Council Directive78/319/EEC of20March 1978on toxic and dangerouswas te(1),aslas t amended by the Act of Accession of Spain and Portugal,the following may be exempted from the permit requirement imposed in Article9or Article10:(a)establishments or undertakings carrying out their own wastedisposal at the place of production;and(b)establishments or undertakings that carry out waste recovery. Thisexemption may apply only:—if the competent authoritieshave adopted general rulesfor each type of activity laying down the typesand quantitiesof was te and the conditionsunder which the activity in ques tion may be exempted from the permit requirements,and—if the types or quantities of waste and methods of disposal or recovery are such that the conditions imposed in Article 4are complied with.2.The establishments or undertakings referred to in paragraph 1shall be registered with the competent authorities.3.Member States shall inform the Commission of the general rules adopted pursuant to paragraph 1.Article 12Establishments or undertakings which collect or transport waste on a professional basis or which arrange for the disposal or recovery of waste on behalf of others (dealers or brokers),where not subject to authorization,shall be registered with the competent authorities.Article 13Establishments or undertakings which carry out the operations referred to in Articles 9to 12shall be subject to appropriate periodic inspec-tionsby the competent authorities .Article 14All establishments or undertakings referred to in Articles 9and 10shall:—keep a record of the quantity,nature,origin,and,where relevant,the destination,frequency of collection,mode of transport and treat-ment method in respect of the waste referred to in Annex I and the operationsreferred to in Annex II A or B,—make thisinformation available,on reques t,to the competent autho-ritiesreferred to in Article 6.Member Statesmay als o require producersto comply with the provi-sions of this Article.Article 15In accordance with the ‘polluter pays’principle,the cost of disposing of waste must be borne by:—the holder who has waste handled by a waste collector or by an undertaking asreferred to in Article 9,and/or—the previousholdersor the producer of the product from which the waste came.Article 16At intervals of three years Member States shall send information to theCommission on the implementation of this Directive,in the form of a sectoral report which shall also cover other pertinent Community Directives.The report shall be drawn up on the basis other of a ques-tionnaire or outline drafted by the Commission in accordance with the procedure laid down in Article 6of Directive 91/692/EEC (1).The questionnaire or outline shall be sent to the Member States six months before the start of the period covered by the report.The report shall be made to the Commission within nine months of the end of the three-year period covered by it.The first report shall cover the period 1995to 1997inclusive.The Commission shall publish a Community report on the implementa-tion of the Directive within nine monthsof receiving the reportsfrom the Member States.▼M2▼C1The amendments necessary for adapting the Annexes to this Directiveto scientific and technical progress shall be adopted in accordance withthe procedure laid down in Article18.▼M4Article181.The Commission shall be assisted by a committee.2.Where reference ismade to thisArticle,Articles5and7of Deci-sion1999/468/EC(1)shall apply,having regard to the provisions ofArticle8thereof.The period laid down in Article5(6)of Decision1999/468/EC shall beset at three months.3.The Committee shall adopt its rules of procedure.▼BArticle►M119◄Member States shall bring into force the measures needed in order tocomply with thisDirective within24monthsof itsnotification andshall forthwith inform the Commission thereof.Article►M120◄Member States shall communicate to the Commission the texts of themain provisions of national law which they adopt in the field coveredby thisDirective.Article►M121◄This Directive is addressed to the Member States.(1)Council Decision1999/468/EC of28June1999laying down the proceduresCATEGORIES OF WASTEQ1Production or consumption residues not otherwise specified belowQ2Off-specification productsQ3Products whose date for appropriate use has expiredQ4Materials spilled,lost or having undergone other mishap,including any materials,equipment,etc.,contaminated as a result of the mishapQ5Materials contaminated or soiled as a result of planned actions(e.g.resi-dues from cleaning operations,packing materials,containers,etc.)Q6Unusable parts(e.g.reject batteries,exhausted catalysts,etc.)Q7Substances which no longer perform satisfactorily(e.g.contaminated acids,contaminated solvents,exhausted tempering salts,etc.)Q8Residues of industrial processes(e.g.slags,still bottoms,etc.)Q9Residues from pollution abatement processes(e.g.scrubber sludges, baghouse dusts,spent filters,etc.)Q10Machining/finishing residues(the turnings,mill scales,etc.)Q11Residues from raw materials extraction and processing(e.g.mining resi-dues,oil field slops,etc.)Q12Adulterated materials(e.g.oilscontaminated with PCBs,etc.)Q13Any materials,substances or products whose use has been banned by law Q14Productsfor which the holder hasno further us e(e.g.agricultural,hous e-hold,office,commercial and shop discards,etc.)Q15Contaminated materials,substances or products resulting from remedial action with respect to landQ16Any materials,substances or products which are not contained in the above categories.DISPOSAL OPERATIONSNB:This Annex is intended to list disposal operations such as they occur in practice.In accordance with Article4waste must be disposed of without endangering human health and without the use of processes or methods likely to harm the environment.D1Deposit into or onto land(ndfill,etc.)D2Land treatment(e.g.biodegradation of liquid or sludgy discards in soils, etc.)D3Deep injection(e.g.injection of pumpable discards into wells,salt domes or naturally occurring repositories,etc.)D4Surface impoundment(e.g.placement of liquid or sludgy discards into pits,ponds or lagoons,etc.)D5Specially engineered landfill(e.g.placement into lined discrete cells which are capped and isolated from one another and the environment, etc.)D6Release into a water body except seas/oceansD7Release into seas/oceans including sea-bed insertionD8Biological treatment not specified elsewhere in this Annex which results in final compoundsor mixtureswhich are dis carded by meansof any of the operationsnumbered D1to D12D9Physico-chemical treatment not specified elsewhere in this Annex which results in final compounds or mixtures which are discarded by means of any of the operationsnumbered D1to D12(e.g.evaporation,drying, calcination,etc.)D10Incineration on landD11Incineration at seaD12Permanent storage(e.g.emplacement of containers in a mine,etc.)D13Blending or mixing prior to submission to any of the operations numbered D1to D12D14Repackaging prior to submission to any of the operations numbered D1 to D13D15Storage pending any of the operationsnumbered D1to D14(excluding temporary storage,pending collection,on the site where it is produced)RECOVERY OPERATIONSNB:ThisAnnex isintended to lis t recovery operationsasthey occur in prac-tice.In accordance with Article4waste must be recovered without endangering human health and without the use of processes or methods likely to harm the environment.R1Use principally as a fuel or other means to generate energyR2Solvent reclamation/regenerationR3Recycling/reclamation of organic substances which are not used as solvents(including composting and other biological transformation processes)R4Recycling/reclamation of metalsand metal compoundsR5Recycling/reclamation of other inorganic materialsR6Regeneration of acidsor bas esR7Recovery of componentsus ed for pollution abatementR8Recovery of componentsfrom catalys tsR9Oil re-refining or other reuses of oilR10Land treatment resulting in benefit to agriculture or ecological improve-mentR11Use of wastes obtained from any of the operations numbered R1to R10 R12Exchange of wastes for submission to any of the operations numbered R1to R11R13Storage of wastes pending any of the operations numbered R1to R12 (excluding temporary storage,pending collection,on the site where it is produced)。
双相不锈钢
2.需要掌握双相不锈钢的组织转变规律，熟悉每一个钢种的TTT和CCT转变曲线，这是正确指导制定双相不锈 钢热处理，热成型等工艺的关键，双相不锈钢脆性相的析出要比奥氏体不锈钢敏感的多。
3.双相不锈钢的连续使用温度范围为-50～250℃，下限取决于钢的脆性转变温度，上限受到475℃脆性的限 制，上限温度不能超过300℃。
根据耐腐蚀性、接头韧性的要求不同来选择与母材化学成分相匹配的焊条，如焊接Cr22型双相不锈钢，可选 用Cr22Ni9Mo3型焊条，如E2209焊条。采用酸性焊条时脱渣优良，焊缝成形美观，但冲击韧性较低，当要求焊缝 金属具有较高的冲击韧性，并需进行全位置焊接时，应采用碱性焊条。当根部封底焊时，通常采用碱性焊条。当 对焊缝金属的耐腐蚀性能具有特殊要求时，还应采用超级双相钢成分的碱性焊条。
（1）含钼双相不锈钢在低应力下有良好的耐氯化物应力腐蚀性能。一般18-8型奥氏体不锈钢在60°C以上中 性氯化物溶液中容易发生应力腐蚀断裂，在微量氯化物及硫化氢工业介质中用这类不锈钢制造的热交换器、蒸发 器等设备都存在着产生应力腐蚀断裂的倾向，而双相不锈钢却有良好的抵抗能力。
（2）含钼双相不锈钢有良好的耐孔蚀性能。在具有相同的孔蚀抗力当量值（PRE=Cr%+3.3Mo%+16N%）时， 双相不锈钢与奥氏体不锈钢的临界孔蚀电位相仿。双相不锈钢与奥氏体不锈钢耐孔蚀性能与AISI 316L相当。含 25%Cr的，尤其是含氮的高铬双相不锈钢的耐孔蚀和缝隙腐蚀性能超过了AISI 316L。
欧盟气雾剂法令75 324 EEC
L 122 36
Commission Directive 2008/47/EC of 8 April 2008
L 96
15
Regulation (EC) No 219/2009 of the European Parliament and of the L 87 109 Council of 11 March 2009
1975L0324 — EN — 20.04.2009 — 006.001 — 1
This document is meant purely as a documentation tool and the institutions do not assume any liability for its contents
Article 4
The Member States may not, for reasons related to the requபைடு நூலகம்rements laid down in this Directive and the Annex thereto, refuse, prohibit or restrict the marketing of any aerosol dispenser which complies with the requirements of this Directive and the Annex thereto.
HAS ADOPTED THE FOLLOWING DIRECTIVE:
Article 1
This Directive shall apply to aerosol dispensers as defined in Article 2, with the exception of those with a maximum capacity of less than 50 ml, and those with a maximum capacity greater than that specified in points 3.1, 4.1.1, 4.2.1, 5.1 and 5.2 respectively of the Annex to this Directive.
梅特勒Cx水分测定仪中文操作说明书
METTLER TOLEDO 方法 创建方法 方法样本 更改或删除方法 开始方法 结束方法 方法句法 - 创建方法的规则 方法功能的可能数目 循环类型和可能的循环数目 样品循环 循环内部的方法功能 循环外部的方法功能 方法功能概览 方法功能 标题 漂移测定 样品 (KF) 滴定台 混合时间 滴定 (KF Coul) 滴定 (EP Coul) 辅助值 空白值 说明 计算 报告 样品结束 待机 隐藏的方法功能
12.1 12.2 12.3 12.3.1 12.3.2
方法功能的指示 在计算中使用分析数据的名称约定 公式 在公式中使用分析数据 数学函数和算符
目录
52 52 54 54 56 56 57 57 57 59 59 59 60 60 61 63 64 64 64 65 66 66 66 68 68 69 70
单独成册的安装信息讲述了安装和开始使用滴定仪的所有必要步骤。其中的“简 明指南”将 借 助一个实例来指导您完成第一次滴定工作。如果您还有其它问题，METTLER TOLEDO 随时 愿意向您提供支持。
C20/C30
7
卡尔费休水份测定 - 测量原理
2 卡尔费休水份测定 - 测量原理
卡尔费休法是一种定量测定液体和固体中的含水量的滴定测量法。卡尔费休滴定可以应用于各 种领域，比如测定食品、化学试剂、药品、化妆品或矿物油中的含水量。
一旦全部水量在反应中消耗完，测量溶液中就会产生微量的多余碘。这种多余的碘被极化测量 电极探测到，从而停止提供生成碘的电流。我们可以提供带或不带隔膜的发生器电极。碘的生 成和探测在两种情况下是相同的。
卡尔费休滴定在 5.5 至 8 的 pH 范围内进行速度最快。因此在实践中不得超过 pH 8，也 不 得低于 pH 4。 对于酸性或碱性样品，必须通过添加缓冲物质将 pH 值调节到理想范围 (酸 性 样品添加咪唑，碱性样品添加水杨酸基)。
三溴甲烷75-25-2
1 化学品及企业标识
1.1 产品标识符
化学品俗名或商品名： 三溴甲烷 CAS No.： 75-25-2 别名： 三溴甲烷;溴仿;
1.2 鉴别的其他方法
无数据资料
1.3 有关的确定了的物质或混合物的用途和建议不适合的用途
仅供科研用途，不作为药物、家庭备用药或其它用途。
2 危险性概述
2.1 GHS分类
健康危害 急性毒性（经口）：AcuteTox.4 严重损伤/刺激眼睛：EyeIrrit.2 皮肤腐蚀/刺激：SkinIrrit.2 环境危害 急性水生毒性：AquaticAcute1 慢性水生毒性：AquaticChronic2
2.2 GHS 标记要素，包括预防性的陈述
危害类型
GHS06:急毒性物质; GHS09:环境危害;
14.1 UN编号
欧洲陆运危规 : 2515
国际海运危规 : 2515
国际空运危规 : 2515
14.2 联合国（UN）规定的名称
欧洲陆运危规:BROMOFORM 国际海运危规:BROMOFORM 国际空运危规:BROMOFORM
14.3 运输危险类别
欧洲陆运危规 : 6.1 国际海运危规 : 6.1
镜，继续冲洗。
P311
呼叫解毒中心/医生。
RS
Hazard symbol(s) N
R-phrase(s)
R23;R38;R53
S-phrase(s)
S28;S45;S61
2.3 其它危害物
-无
3 成分/组成信息
3.1 物质
分子式 - CHBr3 分子量 - 252.73
4 急救措施
4.1 必要的急救措施描述
无数据资料
(仅供参考)北美燃烧器样本
圣懋控制4343 蓄热式燃气烧嘴蓄热式烧嘴从窑炉烟气中回收热量预热燃烧空气，能显著提高传统烧嘴或带换热器烧嘴的燃烧效率。
此外，4343系列烧嘴的NOx释放量极低，几乎可以与冷空气烧嘴相媲美； 同时它耐热、抗腐蚀，可以在较恶劣的工业环境中使用。
在高温窑炉中使用TwinBedⅡ系列烧嘴可以节省大量燃料。
与传统烧嘴相比，温度越高节省的燃料越多； 其内部有结构紧凑的热量存储交换器， 烧嘴成对工作，一个烧嘴加热时另一个烧嘴排气。
燃烧空气在加热烧嘴的热量存储交换器中预热，窑炉废气在排气烧嘴的交换器中放热。
如此按一定的周期轮换，烧嘴连续进行加热、排气的循环操作。
特 点：∙ 燃烧效率高∙ NOx释放量低∙ 炉温低于788℃时，为普通蓄热式高速烧嘴；高于788℃时，燃料切换到烧嘴两旁的喷嘴超低氮氧化物排放量北美独有的LNI技术是现有蓄热式烧嘴的真正最好的技术。
下面的图表说明了TwinBed II在性能方面是如何超越其他蓄热式烧嘴的—即使与带有烟气再循环的烧嘴相比（FGR）。
即使与冷助燃空气烧嘴相比，现场验证的NOx排放量也非常低。
圣懋控制4422 低NOx烧嘴4422 燃气烧嘴广泛地应用在热处理、非铁熔炉、窑炉、烤炉、空气加热炉、干燥机、化工过程设备和其他要求温度高度均匀的领域中。
特 点：∙ 空气/燃料比范围宽，可从2000%过量空气到50%过量燃料∙ NOx的释放量在任何空气/燃气比下都较小∙ 过量空气使温度均匀性好∙ 操作温度可达1093ºC，温度高于1093ºC的窑炉可选4425烧嘴∙ 可用于焦炉煤气加热1 Btu/h = 0.0002884kw1 Btu = 1.046KJ=0.252Kcal1 scfh = 0.028m3/hr 1”wc = 0.249kpa1 osi = 0.431Kpa=4×10-3 公斤/cm21 inch = 2.54cm F = 32 + 1.8×℃1 lb = 0.4536kg4425 高温燃气烧嘴4425 系列烧嘴是专为高温窑炉（如锻造炉、陶瓷炉、金属熔炉、玻璃熔炉等）设计的一系列高温烧 嘴，是通用型4422系列烧嘴的高温型，广泛的应用于各种工业场合。
sebs 7554 分子量
sebs 7554 分子量sebs 7554 分子量1. 简介SEBS 7554 是一种热塑性弹性体，它由聚苯乙烯-聚乙烯-聚丁烯块共聚物（S-EB-S）组成，具有优异的物理性能和特殊的化学结构。
作为一种多功能材料，SEBS 7554 在各个领域都有广泛的应用。
2. 物性SEBS 7554 的分子量对其物性有影响。
分子量(Mw)越大，材料的物理性能和力学性能通常会提高。
具体到SEBS 7554，较高的分子量可以带来更好的拉伸性、弹性和耐磨性等优势。
分子量较低的SEBS 7554则更适合某些特定领域的应用，如粘合剂和填充剂等。
3. 应用领域SEBS 7554 由于其优异的特性在多个领域得到了广泛应用。
3.1. 包装材料SEBS 7554 作为包装材料被广泛应用于食品包装、医药包装等领域。
其优异的可塑性和耐用性使得其可以承受各种剧烈变形而不影响包装物的完整性。
SEBS 7554 还具有良好的抗腐蚀性和防水性能，可以有效保护包装物。
3.2. 橡胶制品由于SEBS 7554 具有良好的弹性，它是一种理想的橡胶替代品。
它被广泛用于制造橡胶制品，如橡胶管、密封件和防水材料等。
SEBS 7554 的出色的耐磨性和寿命使得制造的橡胶制品更加耐用和可靠。
3.3. 医疗器械由于其良好的生物相容性和可加工性，SEBS 7554 还被广泛应用于医疗器械领域。
它被用于制造医疗设备、医疗用品和人工器官等。
其高纯度和可靠性保证了医疗器械的安全性和可靠性。
4. 观点和理解SEBS 7554 作为一种多功能材料，在各个领域都有广泛的应用，其分子量对其物理性能有影响。
较高的分子量使得材料具有更好的拉伸性、弹性和耐磨性，较低的分子量则更适合某些特定的应用。
在包装材料、橡胶制品和医疗器械等领域，SEBS 7554 都表现出了出色的性能和应用前景。
总结SEBS 7554 是一种热塑性弹性体，由聚苯乙烯-聚乙烯-聚丁烯块共聚物（S-EB-S）组成。
国家和地区缩写
国家和地区缩写国际标准化组织的ISO 3166-1国际标准是ISO 3166的第一部分，有ISO标准国家代码。
1974年首次出版。
ISO 3166-1为国家和地区建立国际认可的代码，代码分为3种，即二位字母代码、三位字母代码、三位数字代码。
分配的代码必须在联合国《国家名称用语公报》（Terminology Bulletin - Country Names）或联合国统计局统计用国家地区代码[1]之中，列入条件为下列三者任其一：联合国会员国、联合国任何特别机构会员、参加《国际法院规约》目前有249个国家和地区被列入“ISO 3166-1”代码表中。
除了这些正式代码外，还有保留代码与私用代码。
译名参考[编辑]中华人民共和国国家标准GB/T 2659-2000《世界各国和地区名称代码》与ISO 3166-1:1997等效采用。
[2]上表中国大陆习用的国家地区名称一般依据此标准，并参考中华人民共和国外交部的用词。
[3] [4] 《中华民国国家标准》CNS 12842《国家名称代码表示法》对应ISO 3166-1:1993，最新修订公布日期版本是民国95年（2006年）4月19日。
[5] [6]，上表台湾习用的国家地区名称一般依据此标准，也参考中华民国外交部的用词。
[7]香港习用的国家地区名称一般依据香港邮政邮政指南附录：海外邮政—运送目的地的服务资料的名称。
ISO 3166-1保留代码[编辑]保留代码不是正式代码，但因特殊原因而保留给有些国家和地区。
保留的原因有过渡保留、限期不定保留、例外保留。
保留代码有二位字母代码和三位字母代码，但没有数字代码。
过渡保留代码[编辑]ISO 3166-1正式代码停用时，就成为过渡保留代码，至少保留5年。
ISO 3166-3收录过时的ISO 3166-1二位字母代码。
以下是过渡保留二位字母代码：BU - 缅甸（英文和法文名称已改变，所以代码改成MM，但中文名称不变。
）NT - 中立区，1983年在沙特阿拉伯和伊拉克之间分割。
世界各国和地区名称代码
068 玻利维亚共和国 Republic of Bolivia 070 072 074 076 086 096 100 854 波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那 Bosnia and Herzegovina 博茨瓦纳共和国 Republic of Botswana 布维岛 Bouvet Island 巴西联邦共和国 Federative Republic of Brazil 英属印度洋领土 British Indian Ocean Territory 文莱达鲁萨兰国 Brunei Darussalam 保加利亚共和国 Republic ov Bulgaria 布基纳法索 Burkina Faso
安提瓜和巴布达 ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA 阿根廷 亚美尼亚 阿鲁巴 澳大利亚 奥地利 阿塞拜疆 巴哈马 巴林 孟加拉国 巴巴多斯 白俄罗斯 比利时 伯利兹 贝宁 百慕大 不丹 玻利维亚 波黑 博茨瓦纳 布维岛 巴西 英属印度洋领土 文莱 保加利亚 布基纳法索 ARGENTINA ARMENIA ARUBA AUSTRALIA AUSTRIA AZERBAIJAN BAHAMAS BAHRAIN BANGLADESH BARBADOS BELARUS BELGIUM BELIZE BENIN BERMUDA BHUTAN BOLIVIA BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA BOTSWANA BOUVET ISLAND BRAZIL BRITISH INDIAN OCEAN TER-RITORY BRUNEI DARUSSALAM BULGARIA BURKINA FASO
两字符 三字符 数字 代码 代码 代码
中文和英文全称
FK FO FJ FI FR GF PF TF GA GM GE DE GH GI GR GL GD GP GU GT GN GW GY HT HM HN HU IS IN ID IR IQ IE IL IT JM JP JO KZ KE KI
0.5％马来酸噻吗洛尔滴眼液外用治疗中度风险婴幼儿血管瘤临床疗效分析
0.5％马来酸噻吗洛尔滴眼液外用治疗中度风险婴幼儿血管瘤临床疗效分析舒虹;张鸫媛;陈欣玥;张曌;周念;喻丽;代红艳;冯建华【摘要】目的探究0.5％马来酸噻吗洛尔滴眼液外用治疗中度风险婴幼儿血管瘤的临床疗效、安全性及必要性.方法将入选的82例中度风险血管瘤患儿随机分成两组,治疗组52例给予0.5％马来酸噻吗洛尔滴眼液局部外敷,对照组30例给予生理盐水外用.每日早晚各使用1次,每月门诊复查,持续监测至患儿满1岁龄,最后用Achauer疗效评定法判定临床疗效.结果治疗组:Ⅳ级(优)8例,Ⅲ级(好)27例,Ⅱ级(中)11例,Ⅰ级(差)6例,总有效率为88.46％.对照组:Ⅳ级(优)2例,Ⅲ级(好)3例,Ⅱ级(中)7例,Ⅰ级(差)18例,总有效率40.00％.两组有效率差异具有明显统计学意义(P ＜0.05).82例患儿治疗过程中均未见明显不良反应.结论对于中度风险婴幼儿血管瘤应早期给予适当干预;0.5％马来酸噻吗洛尔滴眼液外用治疗疗效确切,不良反应少,患儿耐受性好.【期刊名称】《皮肤病与性病》【年(卷),期】2016(038)005【总页数】3页(P319-321)【关键词】噻吗洛尔;婴幼儿血管瘤;临床疗效【作者】舒虹;张鸫媛;陈欣玥;张曌;周念;喻丽;代红艳;冯建华【作者单位】昆明市儿童医院皮肤科,云南昆明650228;昆明市儿童医院皮肤科,云南昆明650228;昆明市儿童医院皮肤科,云南昆明650228;昆明市儿童医院皮肤科,云南昆明650228;昆明市儿童医院皮肤科,云南昆明650228;昆明市儿童医院皮肤科,云南昆明650228;昆明市儿童医院皮肤科,云南昆明650228;昆明市儿童医院皮肤科,云南昆明650228【正文语种】中文【中图分类】R751.05;R732.2血管瘤是常见的儿童良性肿瘤，由增殖活跃的内皮样细胞构成。
在白种人中，其发病率可高达10%，且女性多于男性，比例大致为1∶3～1∶4[1]。
电缆常识型含义
电缆常识--型号含义电缆常识--型号含义型号含义：R－连接用软电缆（电线），软结构。
V－绝缘聚氯乙烯。
V－聚氯乙烯绝缘V－聚氯乙烯护套B－平型（扁形）。
S－双绞型。
A－镀锡或镀银。
F－耐高温P－编织屏蔽P2－铜带屏蔽P22－钢带铠装Y—预制型、一般省略，或聚烯烃护套FD—产品类别代号，指分支电缆。
将要颁布的建设部标准用FZ表示，其实质相同YJ—交联聚乙烯绝缘V—聚氯乙烯绝缘或护套ZR—阻燃型NH—耐火型WDZ—无卤低烟阻燃型WDN—无卤低烟耐火型例如：SYV 75-5-1(A、B、C）S: 射频 Y:聚乙烯绝缘 V:聚氯乙烯护套 A：64编 B：96编 C：128编75：75欧姆 5：线径为5MM 1：代表单芯SYWV 75-5-1S: 射频 Y:聚乙烯绝缘 W:物理发泡 V:聚氯乙烯护套75：75欧姆 5：线缆外径为5mm 1：代表单芯例如：RVVP2*32/ RVV2* BVRR: 软线 VV:双层护套线 P屏蔽2：2芯多股线 32：每芯有32根铜丝：每根铜丝直径为ZR-RVS2*24/ZR: 阻燃 R: 软线 S:双绞线2：2芯多股线 24：每芯有24根铜丝：每根铜丝直径为型号、名称RV 铜芯氯乙烯绝缘连接电缆（电线）AVR 镀锡铜芯聚乙烯绝缘平型连接软电缆（电线）RVB 铜芯聚氯乙烯平型连接电线RVS 铜芯聚氯乙烯绞型连接电线RVV 铜芯聚氯乙烯绝缘聚氯乙烯护套圆形连接软电缆ARVV 镀锡铜芯聚氯乙烯绝缘聚氯乙烯护套平形连接软电缆RVVB 铜芯聚氯乙烯绝缘聚氯乙烯护套平形连接软电缆RV－105 铜芯耐热105oC聚氯乙烯绝缘聚氯乙烯绝缘连接软电缆AF－205AFS－250AFP－250 镀银聚氯乙氟塑料绝缘耐高温－60oC~250oC连接软电线规格表示法的含义：规格采用芯数、标称截面和电压等级表示：①单芯分支电缆规格表示法：同一回路电缆根数＊（1*标称截面）， 1kV，如：4*(1*185)+1*95 1kV②多芯绞合型分支电缆规格表示法：同一回路电缆根数＊标称截面， 1kV，如：4**185+1*95 1kV③多芯同护套型分支电缆规格表示法：电缆芯数×标称截面-T，如：4×25-T完整的型号规格表示法：因为分支电缆包含主干电缆和支线电缆。
女贞子的化学成分研究
女贞子的化学成分研究聂映;姚卫峰【摘要】目的研究女贞子的化学成分.方法通过各种现代色谱技术对女贞子进行化学成分的分离纯化,并根据理化性质和波谱数据进行结构鉴定.结果从女贞子石油醚部位中分离并鉴定了7个化合物分别为棕榈酸(Ⅰ),大黄素甲醚(Ⅱ),羽扇豆醇(Ⅲ),乙酰齐墩果酸(Ⅳ),β-谷甾醇(Ⅴ),白桦酯醇(Ⅵ),19α-羟基-3-乙酰乌索酸(Ⅶ),从乙酸乙酯部位中分离并鉴定了2个化合物分别为齐墩果酸(Ⅷ),熊果酸(Ⅸ).结论大黄素甲醚为从女贞子中首次分离得到.【期刊名称】《南京中医药大学学报》【年(卷),期】2014(030)005【总页数】3页(P475-477)【关键词】女贞子;成分分离;结构鉴定【作者】聂映;姚卫峰【作者单位】中国药科大学药学院,江苏南京210009;南京中医药大学药学院,江苏南京210023【正文语种】中文【中图分类】R284.1女贞子为木犀科常绿乔木女贞Ligustrum lucidum Ait.的干燥成熟果实，味甘苦、性凉，归肝、肾经，具有补益肝肾、滋阴清热、凉血明目等功效。
现代药理研究证实，女贞子具有治疗急性黄疸型肝炎和慢性病毒性肝炎、提高机体免疫力、抗衰老、降血糖、升高白细胞和抗炎抑菌等作用。
本实验对女贞子进行了化学成分研究，以探明其有效成分。
1.1 主要仪器与设备UV-265-FW型紫外-可见分光光度计(日本岛津公司)，X-4熔点测定仪(未校正，巩义英峪高科仪器厂)，Bruker ARX300核磁共振仪(TMS为内标，瑞士Bruker公司)，LC/QTOF-MS(Waters公司)。
1.2 试剂薄层层析硅胶G、GF254，柱层析硅胶(100～200目、200～300目)均为青岛海洋化工厂出品；其余试剂均为分析纯。
1.3 材料干燥女贞子于2009年10月采集于南京中医药大学仙林校区,经南京中医药大学吴启南教授鉴定为女贞(Ligustrum lucidum)的干燥果实。