13-The Influence of the Technical
科技英语写作高级教程参考答案
V、练习参考答案练习1I、1、the（各项均为负。
)2、the; a （功率额定值是电阻器不会引起温度太大的上升而能安全地耗散的最大功率。
）3、an（这是均方根值伏特计。
）4、The; a（该设备的成功设计需要详细地了解性能指标。
）5、the; a; a（在氢原子的布尔模型中，一个电子绕一个质子以半径为R的圆周运转。
）6、the（电阻的单位是欧姆。
）7、an （这是一个h参数。
）8、/; /（图5－1画出了Oersted的实验。
）9、A; a; a（机器是能够传递力来完成某一确定目的的一种设备。
）10、/（水压机将在第14章加以考虑。
）11、the; the [/]（我们容易确定参数μ的值。
）12、/; the（根据式（2－1），我们得到以下的关系式。
）13、the; /（作者工作在位于阿林顿的得克萨斯大学。
）14、an（甚至当积分区间并不是无穷时，能够恰当地显示一个时函数的傅氏变换的仪器是多么重要啊！）II、1.Dr. Emmet graduated from Harvard University in 2001.2.Professor Li earned his Ph.D. degree in mechanical engineering from the Xi’anUniversity of Technology in 1988.3.Now we shall turn to the discussion of local area networks.4.The Bainbridge mass spectrometer is as important an instrument as the opticalspectrometer.5.How long a time [或How much time] is required to this experiment? The densityof a substance is its mass per unit volume.6.An increase in pressure always causes a decrease in volume.7.Fig. (2-5) shows what is expressed by Eq. (2-2).8.The unit of inductance is the henry.III、1.The UASMA protocol employs a unique frame structure.2.Finally, a broad stepped impedance transformer is designed by this method.3.Dynamic analysis and evaluation of the security of a proactive secret sharingsystem4.The approach can be applied to the one-dimensional potential barrier with anarbitrary profile.5.We propose a numerical method based on Newton’s iterative method.练习2I、1. This circuit consists of a battery, an inductor and a capacitor.2. Compute the electric fields at points a, b, and c.3. This satellite is used for communications between the United States and Great Britain, France and Italy.4. We assume that the antenna is vertical and that its loss is zero.5. Chapters 6, 7, and 8 deal with transmission lines.II、1. Its error is six parts in 1012.2. This computer stores four times more information than that one (does).3. The demand for this kind of equipment in the near future will be 20 times what it is.4. The voltage across this component is a few tenths of a volt.5. Now its internal pressure is one sixteenth what it was.III、1. This object is over five times heavier than that one is.2. Unless otherwise stated, it is assumed that silicon transistors are used and that I CBOcan be neglected.3. This circuit has the advantages of simple structure and easy adjustment.4. Figs. 1, 2, and 3 show this process in detail.5. For further information, consult references [3, 5, 9].练习3I、1. This new type of computer has many advantages over the general type.2. It is not difficult to solve this differential equation for the unknown quantity.3. Of these five new chapters, the first one deals with the basic principles of negative feedback.4. At this point/time, current differs in phase from voltage by 90o.5. By analyzing [By the analysis of] the parameters of the instrument, we can understand its performance.6. We will find out its average velocity over this distance.7. The science of electronics is too important in the world today.8. They solved this problem with great difficulty.II、1. For x＞1, there is no solution to this equation [this equation has no solution].2. Upon [On] substituting [substitution of] these values into [in] theequation, we obtained the following expression..3. This circuit is similar in operation to that of Fig. 1-10.4. This computer is very good in performance.5. These waves travel only in one direction.III、1. This paper presents a new method for the recognition of radar targets.2. The influence of the moving state of the target on the tracking accuracy of the EKF is great.3. Another comsat was launched on the morning of the 8th of October.4. V oltage is measured in volts.5. They will leave for Beijing to attend an international conference on mobile communication.6. Unless otherwise stated, it is assumed that silicon transistors are used and that I CBO can be neglected.7.练习4I、1. The force acts perpendicular to the surface of the table.2. The three coefficients here remains to be determined.3. The two equations below will be often (frequently) used in later chapters/in thechapters which follow.4. Here we use two metal balls 10 cm apart.5. The output remains/stays constant/unchanged/fixed/unaltered/the same.6. All the textbooks available discuss this problem.7. Accurate in operation and high in speed, computers have found wide applications.8. The answer to this problem looks correct.9. Two parallel wires a distance (of)δapart carry the current i.10. The problem now is how to measure the voltage across this component.11. These data will be sent to the computing center 2 kilometers away.12. Upon rearranging the equation above, we have [get, obtain] the following expression.13. These charges can interact with other charges present.14. Forces can be transmitted without contact, contrary to the common belief.15. This coefficient is typically 0.35.II、1. In this case, the input does not fall; nor [neither] does the output. […; the outputdoes not fall, either.]2. The resistance of a conductor depends not only on the material of which theconductor is made, but also on the size and temperature of the conductor.3. These scientists are very interested in this topic.4. This parameter can hardly be measured.5. In this laboratory, this instrument is more expensive than any other one/ any one else.6. The features of this device are small size and light weight.练习5I、1. This equation can be solved in either of the following two ways/the two ways which follow.2. This baseball will soon come to rest because of its interaction with the ground.3. Our choice of this coefficient as 1 is correct.4. From its definition as the ratio of a force to a length, we can see that k has the same unit as work (does).5. Our analysis of the machine is of great significance.6. This facilitates their use in circuit analysis.II、1. This police car is equipped with a receiver the size of a matchbox.2. Wires one hundredth the diameter of a silk thread are used to connect these components.3. We must water cool these equipments/devices.4. In the past, telephone calls were operator connected.5. AC can be changed/turned/converted/transformed/translated into/to DC, a process called/known as/referred to as rectification.6. A magnet attracts iron materials, a familiar phenomenon.7. Computers are capable of processing information, a process that previously could be accomplished only inside our heads.8. An instrument for measuring current, voltage, and resistance, the multimeter is widely used in electrical engineering.III、1. Secs. 1.1 and 1.2 will discuss several other problems.2. Problems are listed/given on pp. 1-5.3. In the equations above, all h’s are the hybrid parameters.4. The mass of the standard pound is equal to 0.4535924277 kilograms.5. All a’s and b’s in Eq. (5-1) are related to the impedance R o.6. We must take the effect of temperature on [upon] semiconductors into account.7. In this case, the variation of output with input is very small.8. This curve shows the dependence of distance on/upon speed.IV、1. None of them can solve this special type of differential equation.2. They do not know whether this material can stand so large a force or not.3. There are M polygons altogether, each of which has N vertexes.4. These two engineers are busy (in) designing a new kind of software.5. Iron is almost as good a conductor as aluminum.练习6I、1. This image, it will be noticed, is a real image.2. This technical problem, we hope, will be solved soon.3. 210 is approximately 1000, a fact that we think is very useful in the study of digital electronics.4. A resistor of say 100 ohms should be used here.II、1. None of those textbooks have/has mentioned this point.2. All of these x values cannot satisfy the equation.3. Neither of the two conditions is satisfied here.4. In the preceding/previous chapter, we discussed all kinds of force.5. This paper describes a new method for designing aircraft.6. By the end of the last century, the company had manufactured 5 000radars.7. Since 2008, this research institute has been developing a special kind of robot.III、1. In Section 1-2, the concept of force was introduced.2. As early as the 1940s, it was found that semiconductors are very useful.3. This result can also be arrived at in another way.4. At that time no use was made of this phenomenon/…, thisphenomenon was made no use of.5. This point will be dealt with in the next section.IV、1. This computer works much better than that one (does)/This computer is much better in performance than that one (is)..2. This computer requires many more components that that one (does).3. The distance of the moon from the earth is as great as 240 000 miles.4. The greater the resistance, the longer time it takes for the capacitor to reach its maximum voltage/…, the longer time is required for the capacitor to reach its maximum voltage.)5. The current as small as 0.1 A cannot produce enough heat.V、1. It is easy for us to determine the weight of the body. 或：We can determine the weight of the body easily.2. The two engineers are busy (in) designing a new type of computer.3. We find this concept very difficult to explain.4. None of these windows can withstand so large a force.5. Work equals [is equal to] force multiplied by/times distance.6. The results obtained agree with the experimental values. [… are in agreement with the experimental values.]练习7I、1. It will take a few months to design this kind of aircraft with the help of a computer.2. It is left as a problem to [for] the reader to show that this expression holds.3. The program to be executed is stored in this unit.4. This valley acts as the foundation on which to build the dam.5. In this laboratory there are many kinds of instrument for students to choose from.6. Let t0 equal/be equal to zero.7. The farther away the target (is), the longer time it takes for the echo to return.8. For the series to converge, x must be less than 1.9. We find this concept very difficult to understand.10. This method makes it much easier to detect targets.11. This factor will affect the ability of a computer to store information.12. We have to find out how large to make r so as for the series to converge.13. This is a pen to draw pictures with.14. Elasticity is the tendency of a body to return to its original condition after being deformed.15. Ordinary matter is said to be electrically neutral.16.This property makes it possible for metals to be made into any shape.17. This table is unfit for a student to do experiments on.18. Now we consider what path of integration to take.II、1. The sine law of the variation of light intensity with the cylinder diameter has been emphasized.2. Not only do temperature and light affect the conductivity, but the addition of impurities to semiconductors also makes it change greatly.3. Various satellites are frequently launched to obtain information about/on space.4. Our semiconductor industry came into being at the end of the 1950s.5. My colleagues and I would like to express our thanks to Professor W. Smith for his great help.练习8I、1. The amplifier amplifies the received signals.2. Moving molecules have kinetic energy.5. Fig. 1 – 3 shows the photo of a freely falling body.3. Speed equals distance divided by time.4. V oltage equals/is equal to current multiplied by resistance.5. The resistance of air increases with the increased/increasing/an increase in speed.6. A transformer is a device consisting of two or more coils wound on/round an iron core.7. It is necessary to find out the current flowing through this component.8. This book, properly used, will be of great help to the reader.9. Flowing through a circuit, the current will lose part of its energy.10. Given/Knowing time and speed, we/one can find out distance.11. Having studied this chapter, the student will understand/will have understood the principle of a computer.12. The speed of light being extremely great, we cannot measure it by ordinary methods.13. Several comsats were launched, all of them (being) high-altitude satellites.14. Called “the mother of all networks,”the Internet is a widely used international network.15. This force can be resolved into two components, one (being) horizontal and the other vertical.II、1.Let us construct/draw a circle with the origin as the center and of radius R.2.This parameter should be measured with E grounded.3. With no resistance in the circuit,the current will increase indefinitely.4. With this in view, we have written this book.5. This paper introduces a new design method/technique, with emphasis on its principle. III、1.Let us consider designing a computer.2.We refer to these components as being passive.3.This involves taking the Fourier transform.4.On/Upon rearranging the above equations, we obtain the following set ofequations.5.In using this equation, it does not matter which plane is considered as 1.IV、1. Given/Knowing resistance and current, one/we can determine/calculate voltage.2. The price of this instrument is high.3. A robot is a special kind of electronic device.4. The current starts flowing at the very moment we close the circuit.5. They have been designing a new type of computer these six months.练习9I、1. The problem was not solved until a completely different method was introduced.2. Nearly 100 years passed before the existence/presence of subatomic particles was confirmed by experiment/experimentally.3. The year this device was invented, World War II broke out.4. Small as they are, atoms are made up of still smaller particles.5. These two resistors should be selected/chosen so that the transistor can operate normally.6. The body is in such a state that it can do work.II、1. The relation that voltage is the product of current and resistance applies to all the dc circuits.2. The discovery that magnetism can produce current is extremely important in the field of electricity.3. An equation is an algebraic statement that two algebraic expressions are equal.4. There is evidence that no life exists on the moon.5. The question now arises whether the algorithm is of practical use.6. In this case there is no guarantee that the series is convergent.7. There is a growing/increasing awareness that these techniques/methods are very useful.8. One of/Among the most noteworthy achievements at that time was the realization that light consists of electromagnetic waves.9. This is due to/is caused by/results from the fact that there are many free electrons in conductors.10. Besides/In addition to the fact that the properties of the material should be included in the analytical model, we must take other factors into account.III、1.These features make it difficult for electronic counter-measure systemsto intercept, analyze and jam this kind of signal.2. The existence of and the ability to control these phenomena make those devicespossible.3. The variation of/in the number of the filter’s teeth has a greater effect on the performance of its passband than the variation of/in its dimensions.4. Scalar detection will result in the loss of some phase information.5. Fig. 6 shows the schematic diagram of measuring scatter parameters by the natural parameter transformation method.练习10I、1. Now it remains to be determined when the series converges.2. It is clear from Dubamel’s Theorem that this limit exists.3. It follows from Maxwell’s hypothesis that whenever there is a change in an electric field, a magnetic field is produced.4. It does not matter whether the magnet is moved in this case.5. Temperature determines in what direction the transfer of heat will take place.6. It is now a well-known fact that all matter consists of tiny particles.II、1. What a generator does is (to) change mechanical energy into electrical energy.2. What this chapter describes/What is described in this chapter is of great importance.3. Matter is what can occupy space.4. What we have discovered in this experiment is the entirely new realm of electrical phenomenon.5. This direction is opposite to what has been assumed.6. Magnitude, direction, and place of application are what we call the three elements of a force.7. These numbers constitute what is known as the real number system.8. In what follows, we shall acquaint ourselves with some basic concepts.III、1. An x-band wave-guide test system is shown in Fig.7. [或：Fig. 7 shows …].2. This method lowers the requirement for the hardware of a sample network.3. On the basis of the above analysis of the decomposition of the polynomial, a novel configuration results. [或：The above analysis of the decomposition of the polynomial results in a novel configuration.]4. Finally, an analysis of packet loss probability is made by computer simulation.5. The sparse ratio of the resulting impedance matrix is as high as 40%.练习11I、1. The meter (that/which) we use to measure the voltage across a resistor is called a voltmeter.2. Computers are the most efficient assistants (that) man has ever had.3. Now this disease is no longer the serious problem (that) it once was.4. Radar can measure the time (that) it takes for the radio echo to return.5. We must calculate the distance (that/through which) the body is lifted.6. The direction (that/in which) a body moves is also very important.7. The number of times (that/by which) this particle vibrates per/a second is called/termed/named/known as/spoken of as/referred to as frequency.8. We equate these two ratios, from which the simplest formula follows/results.9. It is necessary to determine the time when/that/at which the y-component has decreased to zero.10.. The curve the y-coordinate of each point on which is zero is just the x-axis.II、1. The point at which the circle cuts the axis of reals is where α= ω.2. The force of gravity means the force with which the earth attracts a body.3. The surface of a picture tube upon which the electrons produce the picture is called the screen.4. The author would like to express thanks to the editors of the series of which this book is a part/to which this book belongs.5. This is a parallelogram of which the two given vectors are/form sides.6. The pressure is equal to the total force divided by the area over which it is exerted.7. The two elements of which water consists are hydrogen and oxygen.8. This depends on the efficiency with which electrons are produced.9. These two laws are the foundation on which all other laws are built.10. The temperature at which water freezes is generally 0o C.III、1. As the title indicates, this chapter will discuss nonlinear equations.2. As the name shows, a fluid is a substance which flows readily.3. This single force produces the same effect as is produced by those forces together.4. Now we are able to solve such differential equations as occur in physics.5. This function can be accomplished by using the full adder as was described in the previous section.6. These concepts enable us to understand a wide range of phenomena in electrostatics, or “static electricity,” as it is called.7. This current is, as predicted, very small,8. First let us consider the simplest circuit as shown on page 2.IV、1. This is a slightly higher value than we predicted.2. This reactor can produce more fuel than it consumes.3. Let us consider the case when the torque is zero.4. We must determine the values of currents and voltages after the switch closes.5. During the ten years since this book was first published, significant changes have taken place/have been seen in metal-making.V、1. Even in this case these protocols can provide a limited number of users with the acceptable quality of voice service.2. This paper presents a method for an 8098 microcontroller to series-communicate witha 386 personal computer.3. The effect of equalizer parameters on equalization performance is analyzed in detail.[A detailed analysis is made of the effect of equalization parameters on equalization performance.]4. Each receiver channel in Fig. 1 contains an RF amplifier, a mixer, an IF amplifier, an A/D converter, etc.（注意：句尾的句号与缩略词“etc.”的黑点重合在一起了）5. The larger the abnormal extent (is), the larger is the residual mismatch, with the curve going up.练习12I、1. be grounded;2. be carried;3. be raised;4. be;5. not try;6. be; be satisfied;7. be;8. be; was; have; 10. were concentrated; 11. had been; 12. were moving; 13. is going to rain; 14. be; 15. leakII、1. Should anything abnormal happen, switch/turn off the power supply at once/immediately.2. Had electronic computers not been used, it would have taken them a long time to solve this problem.3. It is very important that all solutions (should) be checked in the original equation.4. It is suggested that this design (should) be modified at once.5. Without semiconductors, satellite communications would be impossible.6. We could also have used Theorem (6) to derive the result.7. The requirement that energy (should) be conserved must be satisfied.8. Everything here, be it a component or a device, is home-made.III、1. It was this scientist who/that discovered this phenomenon a century ago.2. Tungsten is the very metal used in electric lamps.3. The speed with which sound waves move through a medium does depend on the properties of the medium.4. It is not clear yet under what conditions it is that this formula can be used.5. This property we call inertia.IV、1. The author is engaged in the teaching of and the research on computer vision, and image processing and recognition.2. Let P and Q be two Boolean permutations of the same order, and then their composition is a new Boolean permutation.3. Three algorithms are presented, which can remarkably reduce the time to raise the pen, thus raising the drawing efficiency.4. What this paper describes is of great interest to communications engineers.5. The minimum entropy technique for estimating the Doppler frequency rate is presented, which has the advantages over the classical techniques of high accuracy and a small amount of computation.练习13II、1. By electromagnetic force is meant the potential difference across the battery when there is no flow of current.2. In the table below/which follows are listed various parameters of familiar computers.3. An element cannot be decomposed, nor can it be broken up by chemical methods.4. Only when x = 8, does this equation hold/apply.5. Of particular importance/Especially important are the two concepts which follow.6. Such a set we call the mathematical system.7. Rarely does one know this function with precision.8. This interrelationship between electric and magnetic fields makes possible such things as the electromagnet and the electric motor.9. Not until 1818 was the diffraction of light interpreted/explained.10. By no means do electrons move from the positive terminal to the negative terminal ina wire.II、1. The effect of air resistance is discussed in Chapter 15, and the decrease in acceleration with altitude in Chapter 17.2. It is necessary to determine the charge on and the voltage across this capacitor.3. In this case, no standard is needed, but only a numerical convention.4. This voltage is greater than or equal to 0.4 volt.5. The cathode, when heated, emits electrons.6. Every body, whether accelerated or not, is considered (to be) in equilibrium.7. If necessary, the wire will be covered with some insulation.8. The transistor has its materials arranged p-n-p, hence the name pnp transistor.III、1. An initial analysis is made of the performance of the device.2. The magnetic field is the space around a magnet occupied by the magnetic lines of force.3. This leads to the battery voltage in the model of 500 mV.4. This graph shows the variation with frequency of the resistance of the resistor.5. This is responsible for the direct return to the atmosphere of more than half the water that falls on the land.6. The question now arises how these unknowns can be determined.7. It is necessary to determine the effect on the device of changing the ambient temperature.8. The assumption has been made that the pressure always remains constant during the test.IV、1. The simulation results show that both the schemes are easy to implement.2. The model and algorithm proposed in this paper are to a certain degree/extent superior in performance to the conventional BP algorithm.3. A new technique for estimating the frequency deviation is proposed which gives a high accuracy and requires a small amount of computation.4. Improvement of the accuracy of range alignment in ISAR imaging (by) using the super resolution technique5. Research on and the realization of DTMF in a Cipher Coder6. Analysis of the ability of a quartz flexibility accelerometer to resist bad environment。
关于现代科技对人类影响四级英语范文
关于现代科技对人类影响四级英语范文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1The Impact of Modern Technology on HumanityIntroductionIn today's rapidly advancing world, technology has become an integral part of human life. From smartphones to artificial intelligence, modern technology has transformed the way we live, work, communicate, and even think. The impact of these technological advancements on humanity is profound andfar-reaching. In this essay, we will explore the various ways in which modern technology has influenced human beings and our society.CommunicationOne of the most significant impacts of modern technology on humanity is in the field of communication. With the advent of the internet, social media, and smartphones, people can now connect with each other at any time and from anywhere in the world. This has revolutionized the way we communicate, making it easier and faster to share information, ideas, and emotionswith others. However, this constant connectedness also has its drawbacks, such as the prevalence of cyberbullying and the erosion of face-to-face communication skills.Work and ProductivityModern technology has also changed the way we work and be productive. In many industries, automation and artificial intelligence have replaced human labor, leading to increased efficiency and lower costs. However, this has also resulted in job displacement and income inequality, as many workers find themselves out of a job due to technological advancements. On the other hand, technology has also enabled people to work remotely, allowing for greater flexibility and work-life balance.Health and WellnessAdvances in modern technology have had a significant impact on human health and wellness. Medical technologies such as MRI machines, robotic surgery, and telemedicine have revolutionized the way we diagnose and treat illnesses. Wearable devices such as fitness trackers and smartwatches have also made it easier for people to monitor their health and stay active. However, technology has also led to an increase in sedentary lifestyles and screen time, which can have negative effects on physical and mental health.EducationModern technology has transformed the way we learn and educate ourselves. Online learning platforms and educational apps have made it possible for people to access information and resources from anywhere in the world. Virtual reality and augmented reality technologies are also being used to create immersive educational experiences. However, the digital divide remains a significant issue, with many individuals lacking access to reliable internet connection and devices.Social ImpactThe impact of modern technology on society is not limited to communication, work, health, and education. Technology has also changed the way we socialize, consume media, and engage with the world around us. Social media platforms have amplified our voices and connected us with like-minded individuals, but they have also been criticized for spreading misinformation and fostering addiction. The rise of fake news and echo chambers has also polarized society and contributed to political division.Ethical ConsiderationsAs technology continues to advance at a rapid pace, ethical considerations become increasingly important. Issues such asdata privacy, cybersecurity, algorithmic bias, and the misuse of technology for malicious purposes must be addressed in order to ensure that modern technology benefits humanity as a whole. The development of ethical guidelines and regulations is crucial to mitigate the negative impacts of technology on individuals and society.ConclusionIn conclusion, modern technology has had a profound impact on humanity in various aspects of our lives. While the benefits of technology are undeniable, it is also important to consider the potential drawbacks and ethical implications of technological advancements. As we continue to embrace and adapt to new technologies, we must strive to use them in ways that promote human well-being and social good. By harnessing the power of technology responsibly, we can create a future that is both innovative and sustainable for generations to come.篇2The Impact of Modern Technology on HumanityIn today's fast-paced world, modern technology has completely transformed the way we live, work, and interact with each other. From smartphones to social media to artificialintelligence, technology has become an integral part of our daily lives, influencing every aspect of society. While there are many positive aspects of modern technology, such as increased efficiency and convenience, there are also negative impacts that cannot be ignored.One of the most significant ways in which modern technology has influenced humanity is through communication. With the advent of social media platforms like Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram, people are now able to connect with others from around the world at the touch of a button. While this can be incredibly beneficial for maintaining relationships and staying informed, it has also led to a rise in cyberbullying, fake news, and the spread of misinformation. In addition, the constant need to be connected and available online has had a negative impact on mental health, leading to increased feelings of anxiety, depression, and loneliness.Another area in which modern technology has had a significant impact on humanity is in the workplace. With the rise of automation and artificial intelligence, many jobs that were once done by humans are now being done by machines. While this has led to increased efficiency and productivity in many industries, it has also resulted in widespread job loss andunemployment. In addition, the constant need to stay connected and available online has blurred the boundaries between work and personal life, leading to increased stress and burnout.Furthermore, modern technology has had a profound impact on education. With the rise of online learning platforms and digital textbooks, students now have access to a wealth of information at their fingertips. While this can be incredibly beneficial for enhancing learning outcomes and increasing access to education, it has also led to a decline in critical thinking skills and a reliance on technology for learning. In addition, the constant use of screens and devices has been linked to decreased attention spans and poor academic performance.Overall, while modern technology has brought about many positive changes in society, it has also had negative impacts that cannot be ignored. As we continue to integrate technology into our daily lives, it is important to be mindful of its effects on humanity and take steps to mitigate its negative impacts. By striking a balance between the benefits and drawbacks of modern technology, we can ensure that technology continues to enhance our lives without sacrificing our well-being.篇3The impact of modern technology on human beings is undeniable in today's world. From advancements in communication and transportation to innovations in healthcare and entertainment, technology has revolutionized the way we live and interact with the world around us. While there have been many positive effects of technology on human life, there are also some negative implications that need to be considered.One of the key ways in which modern technology has affected human beings is through communication. The advent of the internet and social media has made it easier than ever before to connect with people from all over the world. This has allowed us to share information, ideas, and experiences in ways that were previously unimaginable. However, the constant bombardment of notifications and messages can also lead to feelings of overwhelm and information overload. The rise of cyberbullying and online harassment has also become a growing concern as more and more people turn to the internet as their primary mode of communication.Another area in which modern technology has had a significant impact on human beings is in the field of healthcare. Advances in medical technology have led to significant improvements in the diagnosis and treatment of various diseasesand conditions. From robotic surgery and telemedicine to wearable health devices and personalized medicine, technology has transformed the way healthcare is delivered and received. However, the increasing reliance on technology in healthcare also raises concerns about data privacy and security, as well as disparities in access to care for marginalized populations.Furthermore, modern technology has revolutionized the way we work and learn. The rise of remote work and online education has made it possible for people to work and study from anywhere in the world. This has opened up new opportunities for collaboration and learning, but it has also blurred the boundaries between work and personal life. The constant connectivity that technology affords can make it difficult to switch off and disconnect, leading to increased levels of stress and burnout.In addition to its impact on communication, healthcare, and work, modern technology has also transformed the way we entertain ourselves. The proliferation of streaming services, online gaming, and social media platforms has made it easier than ever before to access a wide range of entertainment options. While this has brought us closer to the things we enjoy, it has also raised concerns about the impact of excessive screen time on our physical and mental health.In conclusion, the impact of modern technology on human beings is both profound and complex. While it has brought us closer together and improved our lives in many ways, it has also raised new challenges and concerns that need to be addressed. As we continue to embrace and integrate technology into our lives, it is important to be mindful of its effects and to strive for a balance that allows us to harness its benefits while mitigating its drawbacks. Only by doing so can we ensure that technology continues to enhance our lives and empower us to thrive in an increasingly digital world.。
媒介生态和媒介环境（Mediaecologyandmediaenvironment）
媒介生态和媒介环境（Media ecology and media environment）"Media ecology" and "media environment""[Abstract] this article introduces the origin of media ecology subject, put forward some thoughts on "media ecology" and "media environment" two concepts, understanding the differences between these two concepts reflects the Chinese and Western scholars on media ecology disciplines different understanding and understanding perspective, only from the two different "media ecology" between the contact and interaction perspective to a more correct understanding of media ecologyMedia ecology; media ecology; media environmentI. The Origin of vector ecologyMedia ecology is a branch of media research, "from the ecological imagination is involved in the dissemination of research in the social ecological system responsible in perspective, the media and various social forces in a symbiotic relationship, expect to achieve ecological balance." A new branch of learning. (1) in twentieth Century 30s, the world renowned technology philosopher Mumford published his masterpiece "technology and civilization", he believed "technology and culture" discusses the earliest contains "media ecology" thought, and the other founders were Ellul, Innis, Mcluhan, et al. (2)The "media ecology" truly become a subject is Neal? Bozeman, because it is under his leadership, many academic works can be integrated and formed the classical theory of media ecology,at the same time, he also set up a research project in the name of the media ecology degree course in New York University. Many of his own writings are full of wisdom, collation and synthesis of all the classics of media ecology mentioned in this article.Media ecology, as the name suggests, draws on the basic idea of ecology. For the first time, the term "ecology" is used in modern sense as the German zoologist Ernst Haeckel. In the late twentieth Century, he used the term "ecology" to refer to the interaction of various factors in the natural environment, with particular emphasis on how this interaction could lead to a balanced and healthy environment. (3) in fact, the word "ecological" itself contains a variety of elements between harmonious, balanced and healthy development of the meaning of "modern ecological problems with the advent of industrial society followed, with the beginning of twentieth Century the great depression and the two World War to strongly push to the popular narrative ecology." (4) therefore, it has gradually become a social ideological trend, which is directly related to the reflection of Western media ecology theory and social culture development, cultural crisis and scientific and technological crisis." With the idea of ecology drawn from more and more fields, the combination of "ecology" and "media" is very natural.Of course, this combination is a process, is the first technology and ecology will inevitably have a significant impact on the community together, to reflect the various problems due to the large development of technology brings, in an attempt to relieve people from industrial machines, reconstruction of the harmonious state of human existence.Therefore, as a living environment, thinking technology has become the direct source of media ecology, and the representative is Mumford mentioned above. Later, some scholars did not pay attention to the influence of technology on people's living environment, and they reviewed and criticized it from the humanistic point of view,Its representative is the Frankfurt school. Mcluhan inherited the basic thought of Mumford, the "technological determinism" development to a new level, specifically, is the main representative of media technology, media production equilibrium will greatly change people's senses, resulting in a new environment, affect the development of society, so far, Mcluhan we first put forward the "media ecology" thought.Two. Media ecology and media environment"The core concepts of media ecology are "media ecology" and "media environment", but Chinese and Western scholars have different understandings of the concept of understanding and similarities and differences.Can be seen from the above description, in the media ecology of the area, western scholars have two concerns, one is technical or is affected by media technology as the representative of the culture and people's way of life and way of thinking; the two is the technical rational reflection from the point of view of humanism, attempting to restore the nature of people and the human and social subsystems harmonious and healthy; they have a complementary relationship in a certain extent. Although the focus is different, but the westernscholars centered around at the same time, effects of technology or technology on social media environment, the media itself as a kind of ecological environment, is a part of the whole cultural system. In their eyes, "media ecology" is actually the media itself as a kind of environmental structure, different media have different symbols, we in the cognition of the world, the perception of the world, and not in the media, but for the sake of the symbol structure, we use some kind of media is to adapt to it sets up the symbol system; in addition, the symbol environment discussed here, its essence is not a medium or a special code and grammar, but that the coexistence of two or more sets of more specialized code and language method." (5) the symbolic environment produced by a variety of mixed symbols is more complicated.Bozeman once reminded people that humanism exists in two different environments, the natural environment of mountains and trees, and the medium environment with language, technology and other symbols. The latter shapes man himself. It can be seen that media ecology is synonymous with "media environment" in western scholars, which is consistent with Bozeman's definition of media ecology as "media as environment".It is worth noting that Haeckel first put forward the "ecology" in 1866, he will use the word to do ecological interaction of various factors in the natural environment, with particular emphasis on the interaction of how to make a balanced and healthy environment. Therefore, "ecology" is the core of "interaction", i.e. the interaction between systems, but the media ecology in the western scholars, discusses mainly in technology or media on culture and influence to human being,or the use of the media would constitute a part of the culture, the influence of human. "The media as a" media environment "even as culture"; most of them are critical, technology pessimism position, from Mumford to Innis and Mcluhan, from Frankfurt school to Bozeman and Meyrowitz,Influence of the media technology of the arrival of the culture produced a panic, except a few of scholars such as Levinson and other exceptions, he stressed that the lack of compensatory media can remedy the past of the media, the media humanization (6); and discusses the cultural effect on human's media or not, the idea of interaction is not strong. Study on human center may be derived from the western culture gave birth to the Christian culture itself, "the" Bible "of" Genesis "article describes God to control natural rights to Adam (human representative), man and nature has determined the relationship between subject and object." (7) that has long been advocating western "individualism" spirit, influence the social aspects, including the media ecology research orientation: always put people as the most important, as the center; in addition, the media ecology technology on society, and Western emphasis on technical rationality about. The long history of human being is a process of reason gradually overcoming sensibility and breaking through sensibility." Bullock divided human civilization into three parts: the Renaissance, the enlightenment, the industrial revolution of the nineteenth Century and the new century (Twentieth Century).(8) a rational understanding of three periods is deepening, the industrial revolution reached a high degree of rational expansion period, especially with the development of largeindustrial machines with technical rationality and, on one hand the people's living standard has greatly improved, but on the other hand can make people "alienation, become slaves of machines. As Marx? Webb said, as management plays an important role in the development of the western culture, but the development of rational and accumulation is not necessarily a good thing, more and more westerners are "locked into rational" cage "". (9) therefore, it is natural for people to reflect on technological rationality, and to study the influence of technology and media technology on culture, society and human beings.However, the cultural and human reaction to the media is neglected. Ignored by western scholars of culture (especially political culture) on the reaction medium, or human's media use, social intention of construction of "media ecology" and balanced development is played an important role. They do not well reflect the "interactive nature" of the concept of "media ecology".While Chinese scholars have introduced media ecology, they have taken a different approach from western scholars. Our research focuses on media. It mainly studies a series of factors that influence the existence and development of media, such as politics, economy, culture, audience, etc.. I think this research direction is concern with Chinese situation, two pieces of media ecology "also attributed to Professor Shao Peiren's masterpiece" after the media ecology academia tone (10). Using ecological thinking to study the media in China and Western countries is consistent, but China's media ecology does not inherit and continue the study of the west.In Chinese scholars, the different ways of study determine their understanding of "media ecology" and "media environment", which are different from those of Western scholars,Some scholars have made a distinction between the two concepts: Cui Baoguo in his article "fish" in the media is discussed to (11): "media ecology is a macro concept, the media environment is a relatively medium concept, sometimes these two concepts are cross media environment and media ecology...... two the concept of difference is that the former focuses on the overall media environment, the latter emphasizes the relationship between the media and between media and social environment. Media environment and media ecology are closely related to the two concepts, but the former emphasizes the dominant position of human beings in the media environment, and emphasizes the relationship between human beings and the media environment." Although there are some scientific, but only after all the statements of a school. Overall, China in media ecology research and Western comparison seems much weaker, especially for the study of the theory of ontology Chinese in few papers: "the media ecology research and research branch, the number of ontology research papers on a much more limited, a total of 12, accounting for 27.2%, including Shao Peiren the two mountains. For such a complex and complex theoretical system of media ecology, it is still a question whether these few studies can consolidate their theoretical foundation." (12) therefore, the internal connection and difference between "media ecology" and "media environment" are still very few in the academic world, and they are in a hazy situation.Rare is the concept of "media ecology" in China scholars discussed there shows more interactive features, such as the above discussion Cui Baoguo and Professor Shao Peiren in the "five ideas" media ecology mentions "interactive media ecology view" (13), but in the actual research really shows characteristics of "interactive", but it is debatable. That is, only the importance of the media environment and its interaction, while ignoring the media created by their own symbolic environment or created by the special culture of social life.I think that "media ecology" and "media environment" are two different concepts, Cui Baoguo believes that the "media environment" includes two parts, "media environment is a kind of living environment and communication environment for human beings. For the survival and development of the media itself, it is the ecological environment of the media." This actually includes the western scholars' "media environment" concept. This should be a relatively scientific definition of the media environment. The media environment in the West (or the media ecology in their eyes) is only a media environment in the narrow sense". See below:"Media ecology" concept, which have a certain relationship with the media of the non physical environment can be "media ecology" of the elements or subsystems, including economy, politics, technology, culture and other aspects, the interaction between the various subsystems of the formation of "media ecology". It can be seen that "media ecology" emphasizes "interaction", while "media environment" emphasizes static description.It is worth noting that the living environment of the media and the "environment as a medium" (narrow sense of media ecology) these two aspects are related and influence each other (as shown above). Some scholars pointed out that "these two environmental ecology have the time significance in the interaction with the media system.".14) is the medium survival environment (physical) will first change the media system and adaptive adjustment of real life in the media changes, eventually the significance of media environment will change. In fact, this change is not sequential, the two are in constant interaction and interaction, and the result will change the physical environment we live in.Three. EpilogueThe political and economic aspects of the western ecological theory that play a decisive role are very weak. (14) did not reflect the "interactive media ecology", reflect the focus on technical rational criticism and humanism, the hope in the school and education, ignoring the role of major anti social control of political and economic factors of the media, has a certain color in the interpretation of "realistic utopia." (15) Raymond? Williams has criticized this tendency: "ignore the control and use of media institutions and Mcluhan's media theory, technical features of media asserted that way of thinking and behavior of people decided to keep from talking about social problems, intention." (16)The Chinese scholars in the study of media ecology studies and Western complementary, in western scholars neglected areasmake a fuss, pay attention to political and economic factors analysis of media influence, but also reduce the influence of attention on the media itself, the media caused by insufficient attention to pseudo environment. Therefore, if the study of Chinese and Western scholars complement each other, the "media ecology" will be closer to the original meaning of "Ecology". As mentioned above, the survival environment of media and the meaning environment of media creation is a process of constant influence. The generalized media environment should be constructed from this angle.Reference：1) 5) 14) 15) 16. The development of the western media ecology theory and its theoretical values and problems, Dan Bo, Wang Bing, news and communication studies, 2006.2, 72) 4) brief history of media ecology in North America: Lin Wengang, Chen Xing, Cui Baoguo, and Cultural Studies3) 11) the medium is a fish - Some Reflections on media ecology, Cui Baoguo, media observation, 2003.106) mobile phone, Paul, Levinson, people's University Press, 2004, p1478) "one dimension", "super reality", "Implosion" - a critical study of contemporary western communication thought, Shi Yibin, Wuhan University press, 2002, P89) "the sociological theory and its classical roots", Ritzer,2004, Renmin University of China press, p2710) 13) the law of ecological transmission and the strategy of media survival. The five major concepts of media ecology, Shao Peiren, press, 2001.512) "China, media ecology theory review", Ye Fang, Yu Yuee, "news knowledge", 2006.714) re examining the theory of media ecology, Xiong Yanhong, young journalist, 2006.6,。
The development of science and technology解析
result in passivating of art
• The biggest characteristic of technical rule is average, standardization, generalization. So,without regard of the difference of culture, the characters are denied.
1, from the material aspect : technology and our life 2, from the spiritual aspect: 1), technology and culture 2), technology and art
The positive of technology on life
• In modern ciAmercian movies , listen Korean songs, wear fashionable clothes.
result in artistic creation
vulgarizing, even back up
the negative influence of technology on culture and art
result in artistic individuality dispelling
• Mr Wu wenxian ever said: Artistic creation is a unique objectification on creational activity of thinking in images. The really artistic creation is that the artists put their feelings into works.
国际经贸高级英语
《国际经贸高级英语(精读与翻译)》参考答案罗汉主编key to ExercisesUnit OneⅠ/1. the accumulation of physical capital indispensable to economic growth2. to import advanced equipment and know-how from abroad3. license trade accounting for 90 per cent of the total volumeof the world s trade of technology4. lack of human capital reflected in economic development5. the great impact of high technology on the adjustment of industries6. key factors driving economic growth7. the transformation from an agricultural nation into an industrial one8. the tangible and intangible factors making up the total factor productivity growth9. the improvement of educational systems lurking in technological progress10. the ratio of capital to labour in this industry11. expand the labour force and increase its education and training12. the role of the R&D department in the operations of multinational corporations13. a study report analyzing variations in technical progress across a large number of countries14. to incorporate quantity and models into economic analysis15. great gap in incomes between developed and developing nationsⅡ/1. Many economists attributed the rapid economic growth rate of someland desiring areas, such as HongKong and Singapore, to the enhancement of educational levels of their population. Based on this, they drew their conclusion that knowledge is the key to their economic development.2. In the 1960s, on the basis of importing much sophisticated technology andknow how from developed countries, Japan expanded its e conomy in large scales, enabling its economy to keep up with the most advanced level of the world in 20 years.3. The development of new economic theories has raised many subjects to statistics. For example, high rates of school enrollment may not translate into high rates of economic growth if the quality of education is poor, or if educated people are not employed at their potential because of distortion in the labor market.4. In 1994, after a long period of investigation and research, the famous economist Krugman presented a study report analyzing variations in technical progress across a large number of countries. He said in the report that the economic development of Asia was not based on the progress of technology, so the economy contained much foam in it. Three years later, the sudden break out of southeast Asian Economic Crisis verified his conclusion.5. People haven't hitherto come up with an ideal method to put a value on science and technology, for it is intangible to some degree.Ⅲ. In the information age, knowledge, rather than physical assets or resources, is the key to competitiveness. This is as true for the obviously konwledge intensive sectors,such as software or biotechnology, as it is for industrial age manufacturing companies or utilities.For the knowledge intensive sectors,knowledge which feeds through from research and development to innovative products and processes is the critical element. Butwith industrial age manufacturing companies or utilities, using knowledge aboutcustomers to improve service is what counts.What is new about attitudes to knowledge today is the recognition of the need to harness, manage and use it like any other asset. This raises issues not only of appropriate processes and systems, but also of how to account for knowledge in the balance sheet.In future, the value of intellectual capital will be more widely measured and reported. The measurement and reporting of key performance indicators related to intellectual capital will become a more widespread practice among major organizations, completing the financial accounts.Unit TwoⅠ/1. to crack the FORTUNE Global 5002. a collective enterprise supervised by workers3. be pessimistic about the factory s ability to absorb technology4. the incorporation (mix)of foreign management practices and Chinese nationalism5. a leading guru of Japanese quality control6. to transfer the management concepts to new acquisitions7. the dominant position in China s refrigerator market8. a case study of the management art9. to let shoddy products released to the market in large quantities10. to set the stage for the renovation of the enterprise11. the wholly-owned companies and holding companies under the control of the parent company12. to soak up the laid-offs released from state owned companies13. to sell modern refrigerator making technolog y to the factory14. the state-owned enterprises accounting for the majority of industrial enterprises15. the development of domestic pillar industriesⅡ/1. Although this joint venture has been growing very fast, it still has a long way to go to realize its goal of cracking the Fortune Global 500.2. Haier once tried to place the sample products in sight of the assembly line workers to improve the quality of the products, but now it has outgrown thispractice.3. In the early 1980s, out of every 1000 urban Chinese households, there were only two or three that owned refrigerators. With the enhancement of people's livingstandard, refrigerators have become the first big item in the households buy of many families.4. The company has 70 subsidiaries around the world, one third of which arewholly-owned, with their products sold to 108 countries and areas. In recent years, it has averaged an increase of 50% a year in revenues.5. The rapid development of collective and private enterprises will help to soak up the labour force released from poorly operated state-owned enterprises and to relieve the nation's employment burden.Ⅲ. Many managers feel uncomfortable if not actively involved in accomplishing a given job. This is said to result from a“low tolerance for ambiguity”. The manager desires to know what is happening on a moment by moment basis. A wise manager should know clearly what work must be delegated, and train employees to do it. If after training, an employee is truly unable to perform the work, then replacement should be considered. A manager should avoid reverse delegation.This happens when an employee brings a decision to the manager that the employee should make. An acceptance of reverse delegation can increase the manager'swork load and the employee is encouraged to become more dependent on the boss. Unit ThreeⅠ/1. to issue a vast amount of short term government bonds2. plenty of capital inflow to the security market in the recent period3. the preference of investors to the inflation protected treasury bonds4. to decrease the risk by hedging5. diversified portfolio6. to reach more than 50% of the initial public offering7. dilution of securities caused by the distribution of shares8. the trigger event that causes the imploding on market index9. short maturity U.S. government and corporate fixed income secu r ities10. real assets like commodities and real estate11. to avoid insider-trading charges through legal windows12. some trigger events that will charge the interest rate in the capital market13. reflect investors' wary view of the market14. shepherd the funds every step of the way15. the agriculture bonds that come back in the stock marketⅡ/1. During the past several months, the interest rate and the exchange rate have fluctuated greatly, which has brought enormous loss to many investors. But this institution overrode the adverse factors in the market and still obtained a big profit by wise hedging investments.2. The diversification of portfolio can decrease the non-systematic riskof individual securities in the portfolio efficiently, but it is unable to remove the systematic risk of the market.3. During the period of high inflation in capitalist countries between the late 1960s and late 1970s, many people tended to convert their money incomes into goods or real estate.4. One of the Bundesbank council members said that the central bank is under no immediate pressure to cut interest rates and that it needs more time to study the economic data before making a decision.5. Many experts consider that the interest rates would trend higher, because, although it is true that there is not much inflation now, wage inflation is evidentand the entire economy is in such high gear right now.Ⅲ. For all the similarities between the 1929 and 1987 stock market crashes, there are one or two vital differences. The most important of these was the reaction of the financial authorities. In 1929, the US Federal Reserve reacted to the crash by raising interest rates, effectively clamping down on credit. This caused manyotherwise healthy companies to fail simply due to cash flow problems. If onecompany failed leaving debts, many others down the line would meet the same fate. In 1987, the authorities were quick to lower interest rates and to ensure that ample credit was made available to help institutions overcome their difficulties. There were no widespread business failures and, more importantly, the economy did not enter another depression. There was a period of recession(milder than a 1930s-style depression), but this was largely due to a resurgence of inflation. The sharp interest rate cuts, and excessively hasty financial deregulation, pushed inflation higher, which in turn forced governments to reverse earlier interest rate cuts, prompting an economic slow-down.Unit FourⅠ/1. to rely heavily on monetary flexibility to reign in inflation2. to execute tight monetary policy3. to implement fiscal policy in the form of social insurance and national taxes4. to pour into economically expanding regions5. to replace their individual currencies with a single currency6. to bode well for the future of the EMU7. to control government deficits to meet Maastricht conditions8. the overvalued currency as a main barrier to export9. to refrain from dumping surplus goods abroad10. the influence of integrated economy on capital flow11. the balance-of-payments deficit warranting the devaluation policy adopted by the monetary authority12. to eliminate the economic costs associated with holding multiple currencies13. costs that must be taken into account when estimating profits14. to take advantage of the small difference between the central bank's pegged rates and market rates15. to hedge against risks coming from volatile exchange ratesⅡ/1. Ironically, Europe will see an increase in economic specialization along with the European unification process.2. The European Central Bank will face a dilemma when two member countries both badly need certain monetary policies to regulate their economies but the policies they need are of opposite directions.3. A person will be called an“arbitrageur"if, to gain profits, he takes advantage of the different exchange rates on different markets, or at different times on a same market.4. The national economies of many European countries have recently been forced to fit Maastricht conditions and arbitrary deadlines, and such actions have created unnecessary economic turmoils.5. As a central bank, the Federal Reserve System currently uses its control over the money supply to keep the national inflation rates low and to expand national economies in recession.Ⅲ. Even before construction of the euro is complete, governments can point to one notable success. The past year has seen extraordinary turmoil in global financial markets. Rich country stock markets and currencies have not been spared. Yet Europe has been, comparatively speaking, a safe haven, Intra-European movements in exchange rates have been tiny. This is something that the euro-11 governments had committed themselves to, but their success could not have been taken for granted a year ago. The fact is, at a time of unprecedented financial turbulence, theforeign exchange markets regarded the promise to stabilize intra-European exchange rates as credible. Currencies have held steady and interest rates have converged: it augurs well for the transition to the new system.Unit FiveⅠ/1. a major engine of growth in Asian economy2. the structural weakness in South Korea's financial system3. to execute economic policies which adhere to IMF-aid programs4. a sharp decline in the price competitiveness of that country's exports5. the slump in the Japanese stock market6. a more advantageous position than its rivals in terms of price competitiveness7. trade disputes sparked by price distortion8. the financial panic triggered by the devaluation of Japanese yen9. to stabilize the recently turbulent capital flows10. the advantageous position of industrial countries in the world trade system11. the serious welfare losses for all nations resulted from a full scale trade war12. a USD 58 billion bailout which South Korea was forced to seek from the IMF13. the great expenditure caused by huge government institutions14. technology intensive and knowledge intensive products with high competitiveness15. the country's economy which remains mired in recessionⅡ/1. While the Asian economy regained stability, the possibility of devaluation of the HongKong dollar will be an important variable affecting the recurrence of similar economic crises in Asia.2. In order to connect the improvement of price competitiveness brought about bythe currency depreciation to a better balance of payment, internationalcooperation is as essential as are internal reforms.3. The Asian financial crisis owing to the heavily indebted banking systems,excessive government spending and over reliance on foreign loans has damaged the world economy seriously.4. Some Japanese companies began to fall out of their over reliance on loansfrom the banking system, focusing on profits and cutting out wasteful spending.5. Erupted in July 1997, the Asian financial crisis reflected the defectsin the fragile financial systems of Asian countries.Ⅲ. Like death and taxes, international economic crises cannot be avoided. Theywill continue to occur as they have for centuries past. But the alarmingly rapid spread of the 1997 Asian crisis showed these economies' vulnerability to investor skittishness. Unfortunately, there is no international“911" that emerging markets can dial when facing economic collapse. Neither the IMF nor a new global financial architecture will make the world less dangerous. Instead, countries that want toavoid a rerun of the devastating 1997—98 crisis must learn to protect themselves. And liquidity is the key to financial self help. A country that has substantial international liquidity—large foreign currency reserves and a ready source offoreign currency loans—is less likely to be the object of a currency attack. Substantial liquidity also enables a country already under a speculative siege to defend itself better and make more orderly financial adjustments. The challenge is to find ways to increase liquidity at reasonable cost.Unit SixⅠ/1. capital flight depleting a country s foreign exchange reserves2. domestic hyperinflation caused by devaluation3. to adopt expansionary fiscal policy to increase national income4. be faced with the danger of increasingly shrinking aggregate demand5. capital market harassed by liquidity trap6. to rule out the possibility of massive speculative activities7. to drive down domestic prices at the expense of economic stagnation8. the international gold standard system characterized by fixed exchange rates9. the pressure of hot money flow on currencies10. the neoclassical theory centering on the spontaneous adjustments of market11. intelligent policy makers who will use variable means to achieve economic goals12. flexible fiscal and financial policies that can help the economy out of depression13. the different dilemmas that the developing countries and the mature economies are faced with14. to sacrifice full employment to achieve high output rate15. the increased demand for this currency that will lead to the devaluation of another currencyⅡ/1. The economic turmoil in that country made the central bank and the treasury department take each other to task, which reflected the importance of the collaboration of a country s monetary and fiscal policies.2. The government has now slipped into such a dilemma that if it wants toimprove its balance of payment, it will need to lower the exchange rate, but to lower the exchange rate will lead to inflation.3. Although devaluation will magnify exports, it can also lead to the increasing foreign curren cy denominated debt;it can even cause the collapse of people's confidence in the government. Therefore, the government did not dare to adopt the devaluation policy without careful consideration.4. The increase of foreign currency denominated debt is not necessarilythe indispensable cost of economic development. Because, although it may promote economic growth in the short run, it will increase the burden of domestic enterprises and lead to imbalanced balance of payment in the long run.5. Major capitalist countries had been seeing gold standard as a symbol of strong economic power, but they were forced to give it up for good during the Great Depression.Ⅲ. Troubled Asian Economies have turned out to have many policy and institutional weaknesses. But if America or Europe should get into trouble next year or the year after, we can be sure that in retrospect analysts will find equally damning things to say about Western values and institutions. And it is very hard to make the case that Asian policies were any worse in the 1990s than they had been in previous decades, so why did so much go so wrong so recently?The answer is that the world became vulnerable to its current travails not because economic policies had not been reformed, but because they had. Around the worldcountries responded to the very real flaws in post Depression policy regimes bymoving back toward a regime with many of the virtues of pre-Depressionfree-market capitalism. However, in bringing back the virtues of old fashioned capitalism, we also brought back some of its vices, most notably a vulnerability both toinstability and sustained economic slumps.Unit SevenⅠ/1. government reforms compatible with a country's development program2. lay emphasis on the resolution of government involvement3. the state induced transfer of wealth from the rich to the less fortunate4. to finance the development of public sectors5. a sharp decrease in the subsidy expenditure of a welfare state6. to minimize the public expenditure of this country7. the growth rate of gross fixed asset formation8. heavy interest obligations resulting from huge interest payments9. a certain share of shadow economy in the government performance10. to avoid increasing government spending and lowering the economic growth rates11. the benchmark to assess the scope for reducing the size of government12. be of growing importance in government reforms13. to facilitate adjustment to the new economic environment14. the detrimental short-run effects of reforms on some groups15. the protectionist and competitive devaluation policies administered by some industrial countriesⅡ/1. Over the years, opinions about the role of state have been changing, andpolitical institutions have been changing as well, to accommodate the demand for more state involvement in the economy.2. It's generally believed that even if welfare states cut down the hugewelfare expenditures, they can't necessarily solve their serious economic problems such as large budget deficits and hyperinflation.3. The government carried out the expansionary fiscal policy, which resulted inthe increase of budget deficits. To compensate the deficits, it should take certain measures, such as issuing bonds or increasing the money supply.4. Many industrial countries face the dilemma during their reforms between high inflation rates and low unemployment rates, so they must consider all around to minimize the losses.5. Radical reforms must aim at maintaining public sector objectives while reducing spending. In this process, the role of the government will change from the provider to the overseer or the regulator of activities.Ⅲ. Modern societies have accepted the view that governments must play a larger role in the economy and must pursue objectives such as income redistribution andincome maintenance. The clock cannot be set back and, in fact, it should not be. For the majority of citizens, the world is certainly a more welcoming place now than it was a century ago. However, we argue that most of the important social and economic gains can be achieved with a drastically lower level of public spendingthan that which prevails today. Perhaps the level of public spending does not needto be much higher than, say, 30 percent of GDP to achieve most of the importantsocial and economic objectives that justify government intervention. Achievingthis expenditure level would require radical reforms, a well-functioning private market, and an efficient regulatory role for the government.Unit EightⅠ/1. winds of reform in Japan s banking sector2. the amended Bank of Japan Law in line with the global standards for autonomy and transparency3. touch on the paramount goal in the sphere of monetary policies4. charge the central bank with maintaining price stability and nurturing a secure credit system5. generate unnecessary panics in the financial markets6. the execution of monetary policies independent of the bureaucracy7. the institutions in charge of formulating the interest rate policies8. a discount rate at a historical low of 0.5%9. to keep maintaining and nurturing the credit system in accordance with the state policy10. in the spheres of fiscal and monetary policies11. the new economic law entering force this year12. in the context of propelling economic reforms13. to strengthen the government s functions through fiscal policies14. key measures which have won confidence from the market15. the implementation of a merit based promotion systemⅡ/1. It is no overstatement to say that the bad accounts in Japan's banks have accumulated to a very high level.2. The central bank's quasi-bureaucratic status has stymied its normal operations, so many economists call for the enhancement of its autonomy in accordance with the global standards.3. It has been normal for bank shares to march in line with movements in net interest margins, which means bank shares tend to rise as net margins widen and fall as the latter narrow.4. Japan's bank shares are in a different position from their American counterparts: America s bank shares have already risen sharply thanks to the country's full-fledged economic recovery, while Japan's bank shares are still weak as the banks struggle to get to grips with their bad debts.5. Runs on the banks proliferated and a sharp fall in bank loans followed, before the non-performing loans, amounting to 30% of bank assets, were taken over by the state in 1997.Ⅲ. How fast Japan's financial system seems to be reforming. Barely a week goes by without news of another merger between Japan s huge but troubled financial firms. Deregulation is the spur. Three years ago the government announced a “Big Bang"for the country's financial-services industry. This would tear down firewallsthat had largely stopped insurance companies, banks and stockbrokers from competing in each other's patches. It was also meant to put an end to arbitrary, stiflingand often corrupt supervision.The biggest reason for deregulation in this way was that Japan's incestuous,Soviet'style financial system was hopelessly bad at allocating credit around the economy. The massive bad-loan problems that have plagued the country's banks for most of the 1990s are merely one symptom of an even bigger ill. Even so, there was wide spread scepticism that the government would go through with the cure. It deserves some credit, therefore, for largely sticking to its plans.Unit NineⅠ/1. the most commonly used measures of income distribution2. the shift from labour to capital markets3. specialization in production and the dispersion of specialized production processes4. the widening gap between the wages of skilled workers and those of unskilled workers5. new production techniques biased toward skilled labor6. economic inefficiency and distortions retarding growth7. sustainable growth and a viable balance of payments policy8. a broadly based, efficient and easily administered tax system9. reduce disparities in human capital across income groups10. targeted programs consistent with the macroeconomic framework11. constitutional rules on revenue sharing12. to promote equality of opportunities through deregulating economy13. cash compensation in lieu of subsidies14. stimulate the use of public resources and the overall economic growth15. take effective measures to promote employment and equityⅡ/1. Much of the debate about income distribution has centered on wage earnings, which have been identified as an important factor in the overall distribution of incomes. But in Africa and Latin America, unequal ownership of land is a factor that cannot be ignored.2. Globalization has linked the labor, product and capital markets of theeconomies around the world and has indirectly led to specialization in production and the dispersion of specialized production processes to geographically distant locations.3. Although fiscal policies are usually viewed as the principal vehicle for assisting low-income groups and those affected by reform programs, quite a number of countries have adopted specific labor market policies in an effort to influence income distribution.4. Measures governments can take to promote equality of opportunities include deregulating the economy;setting up strong and responsible institutions, including a well functioning judicial system;reducing opportunities for corrupt practices;and providing adequate access to health and education services.5. Another important issue is whether governments should focus on outcomes—such as decreasing the number of people living in poverty, or ensuring that all members of society have equal opportunities.Ⅲ. One theory on wealth distribution indicates that irrational distribution andcorruption are the major reasons for the uneven income level. According to this theory, wealth goes through four stages of distribution—the market, the government, non governmental organizations and unlawful activities, mainly corruption. Usually the first stage of distribution—the market—will result in an uneven spread of resources, which should be redressed by the second distribution stage, the government. In the third stage, the distribution of wealth is realized through contributions and donations made by non governmental organizations. The contributions are given to the poor in the form of charity activities. Thenfollows illegal grabbing of wealth, such as robbery, embezzlement, tax evasion andbribery. Their harm to social equality and stability is enormous and cannot really be measured.Unit TenⅠ/1. to facilitate the establishment of a new form of leadership in today's corporations2. to link a corporation's developing prospective to its present business performance3. companies which forge ahead in the rather changeable world economy4. to encourage domestic enterprises to seek out opportunities to enter foreign markets5. to instill development strategies of new products into employees at all levels6. to consider the promotion in the company the criteria to judge whether one is successful or not。
BH1750光强传感器
Digital 16bit Serial Output Type Ambient Light Sensor IC
BH1750FVI
No.09046EBT01
●Descriptions BH1750FVI is an digital Ambient Light Sensor IC for I2C bus interface. This IC is the most suitable to obtain the ambient light data for adjusting LCD and Keypad backlight power of Mobile phone. It is possible to detect wide range at High resolution. ( 1 - 65535 lx ).
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Fig.5 Directional Characteristics 2
Fluorescent Light
Incandescent Light
Halogen Light
Kripton Light
Artifical Sun Light
White LED
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1
VCC=3V
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Fig.12 Measurement Result DVI Dependency
© 2009 ROHM Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
listen to this：高级英语听力 lesson 13
listen to this：高级英语听力 lesson 13 Lesson ThirteenSection One： News in BriefTapescript1. A special committee of twelve senators today began theimpeachment trial of Federal J udge Harry Claiborne.It's the firstsuch proceeding in fifteen years. Claiborne is serving a jail sentencefor tax evasion.2. President Reagan today continued his campaign for a drUg7freeAmerica. He ordered mandatory testing for federal workers in sensi-tive positions. And he also sent Congress a legislative package thatwould increase federal anti-drug spending by nine hundred milliondollars, much of that on increased border patrols. The President saidthe legislation is the federal government's way of just saying no todrugs. "We're getting tough on drugs; we mean business. To thosewho are thinking of using drugs, we say 'Stop.' And to those whoare pushing drugs, we say 'Beware.' " Mandatory drug testing forsome federal workers is the most controversial part of the President'splan. It's been condemned by some employee groups.3. One person was killed and more than fifty injured today in Pariswhen a bomb exploded at the drivers' permit office at police head-quarters. It was the fourth blast in seven days in the French capital.Section Two： News in DetailTapescriptin Paris today, one person was killed and more than fifty wereinjured when a bomb exploded at police headquarters. This is thefourth attack on a crowded public target in a week. A police officerwas killed yesterday while removing a bomb from a restaurant onthe Avenue Champs Elysee. Minutes after that incident, Prime Min-ister Jacques Chirac announced new security measures aimed atcurbing terrorist activities in, France. Melodie Walker reports fromParis.A group calling itself 'the Committee for Solidarity with Araband Middle-Eastern Prisoners' has claimed responsibility for thecurrent series of bombings in Paris, in addition to ten other attacksin the French capital over the past year. The Committee has deliv-ered messages to news agencies in Beirut threatening to continue itsbombing campaign in Paris until the French government agrees torelease three men jailed in France on charges of terrorism. One of theconvicted prisoners, George lbraham Abdullah, is believed to be theleader of the Lebanese Army Faction suspected of killing a US mili-tary attache in Paris in 1982. The French government has officiallydeclared it will not release tht prisoners. In response to the repeatedattacks in Paris, Prime Minister Chirac last night announced newanti-terrorist measures： military patrols along the French boiderswill be increased and, beginning today, all foreigners will require avisa to enter France. Citizens of European Common Market coun-tries and Switzerland will be exempt from the visa requirement. ButAmericans planning to visit France will need to apply for visas at thenearest French consulate. For an initial period of fifteen days, how-ever, emergency visas will be granted at French airports and otherborder checkpoints. France has been plagued with terrorism at homeand abroad in recent years. In the past two weeks, three Frenchmembers of the United Nations peace keeping force in Lebanonhave been killed by remote-controlled bombs. Today, France,calledfor an emergency meeting of the UN Security Council to discuss therole and safety of the force. Seven French hostages in Beirut are alsoa major concern for the Chirac government. Dominique Moazi, As-sociate Director of the French Institute forInternational Relations,says the bombings in Paris, the attacks on the UN troops, and thehostage situation are all indirectly related.'I think there is a global goal, which is looked after, and that isto punish France for its involvement in Middle-Eastern affairs, ei-ther Lebanon or the war between Iran and Iraq. And France is, atthe same time, more visible than any other European actors, inLebanon and in the Gulf.'According to Moazi, the long French tradition of granting polit-ical asylum has made France more open and accessible to terroristactivities."In the past we have given, unfortunately, the impression, whichwas maybe a reality, of being less resolute in our treatment of terror-ist action than, for example, the Israelis. So that combination of visi-bility, vulnerability, and lack of resolution has made us the ideal tar-get of terrorists now.'In a statement released today, President FrancoisMitterandsaid, ' The fight against terrorism is the business ofthe entirenation.' But despite the govemment's determination to combat ter-rorism, the question of how to do it remains unanswered. For Na-tional Public Radio, this is Melodie Walker in Paris.Section Three： Special ReportTapescriptThe United States Senate Intelligence Committee today releaseda report calling for sweeping changes in US security policies andcounter-intelligence, its first unclassified assessment of recent spycases. The Committee says the damage done has cost billions of dol-lars, threatening America's security,as never before. NPR's DavidMalthus has the story.The report states that the damage done from espionage and laxsecurity is worse than anyone in the government has yet acknow-ledged publicly. It concludes that US military plans and capabilitieshave been seriously compromised, intelligence operations gravelyimpaired. US technological advantages have been overcome in someareas because of spying. And diplomatic secrets were exposed to ad-versaries. Vermont Democrat Patrick Leahy is Vice-Chairman ofthe Senate Intelligence Committee.'The national security is many times threatened more by thisthan by the buildup of Soviet arms, or the buildup of Soviet person-nel, or breakthrough in weapon development."The Committee report says foreign intelligence services havepenetrated some of the most vital parts of US defense, intelligence,and foreign policy structures. The report cites a string of recentcases, including the Walker-Whitworth spy ring, which gave the So-viets the ability to decode at least a million military communications.Despite some improvements by the Reagan Administration in securi-ty and tough talk over the last two years, the report also concludesthat the administration has failed to follow through with enoughspecific steps to tighten security, and that its counter-intelligenceprograms have lacked the needed resources to be effective. Republi-can Dave Durenberger of Minnesota, Chairman of the IntelligenceCommittee, sums up the current situation this way：'Too many secrets, too much access to secrets, too many spies,too little accountability for securing our national secrets, and too lit-tle effort given to combatting the very real threat which spies repre-sent to our national security.'Senator Durenberger said the Committee found someprogresshas been made in toughening up security clearances for personnel,and some additional resources have been devoted to counteringtechnical espionage, but he said much more needs to bedone and hedescribed the current security system as one 'paralyzed by bureau-cratic inertia.' The Committee makes ninety-five specific recom-me,ndations, including greater emphasis on re-investigations ofcleared personnel, a streamlined classification system, more moneyfor counter-intelligence elements of the FBI, CIA and the militaryservices, and tighter controls on foreign diplomats from hostile coun-tries. The report cites FBI assessments on how extensively the Sovi-ets use, diplomatic cover to hide spying activity. There aretwenty-one hundred diplomats, UN officials, and trade representa-tives from the Soviet Union and Warsaw Pact countries living in theUnited States. And according to the FBI, 30% of them are profes-sional intelligence officers. The Committee report also says the Sovi-et Union is effectively using United Nations organizationsworldwide to conduct spying operations. It says approximately eighthundred Soviets work for UN agencies, three hundred of them inNew York, and one fourth of those are working for the KGB or theSoviet military intelligence, the GRU. Next week, the Reagan Ad-ministration is to deliver to. the Congress its, classified report oncounter-intelligence. I'm David Malthus in Washington.。
The Impact of Technology on Modern Society(雅思阅读)
The Impact of Technology on Modern Society技术对现代社会的影响Technology has become an integral part of modern society, shaping the way we live, work, and interact with one another. From smartphones to artificial intelligence, technological advancements have revolutionized various aspects of our daily lives. While technology offers numerous benefits, it also raises concerns about its impact on society.技术已经成为现代社会的一个不可或缺的组成部分，塑造了我们生活、工作和相互交流的方式。
从智能手机到人工智能，技术进步已经彻底改变了我们日常生活的各个方面。
虽然技术带来了许多好处，但也引发了人们对其对社会影响的担忧。
One significant effect of technology is the transformation of communication. The rise of social media platforms and instant messaging apps has made it easier for people to connect and share information across the globe. However, the prevalence of digital communication has also led to issues such as cyberbullying, misinformation, and addiction to screens.技术的一个重要影响是通信方式的转变。
高中英语科技伦理探讨单选题40题
高中英语科技伦理探讨单选题40题1. The development of new technology often brings _ effects.A. variousB. sameC. singleD. few答案：A。
本题主要考查形容词的用法。
A 选项“various”表示各种各样的，新技术的发展通常会带来多种影响，符合科技伦理中关于技术影响多样性的探讨。
B 选项“same”相同的，不符合实际情况。
C 选项“single”单一的，过于绝对。
D 选项“few”很少，也不准确。
2. We should _ the potential risks of technology before using it.A. ignoreB. considerC. forgetD. avoid答案：B。
这里是对动词的考查。
B 选项“consider”考虑，在使用技术之前应该考虑其潜在风险，这是科技伦理中强调的重要方面。
A 选项“ignore”忽视，不符合正确的做法。
C 选项“forget”忘记，也不合适。
D 选项“avoid”避免，强调的是结果而不是行动。
3. The ethical _ of artificial intelligence is a hot topic nowadays.A. problemB. questionC. issueD. matter答案：C。
这道题考查名词的辨析。
C 选项“issue”通常指具有争议性或重要性的问题，人工智能的伦理问题是当前的热门话题，符合语境。
A 选项“problem”更侧重于困难或麻烦。
B 选项“question”主要指需要回答的问题。
D 选项“matter”泛指事情。
4. Scientists are _ to find solutions to ethical challenges in technology.A. tryingB. succeedingC. failingD. refusing答案：A。
关于现代科技对人类影响四级英语范文
关于现代科技对人类影响四级英语范文The Impact of Modern Technology on HumanityIn the ever-evolving landscape of the 21st century, the rapid advancements in modern technology have profoundly impacted various aspects of human life. From the way we communicate and access information to the manner in which we work and entertain ourselves, the influence of technological innovations is undeniable. This essay will explore the multifaceted ways in which modern technology has transformed the human experience and the implications it holds for the future.One of the most significant impacts of modern technology is the way it has revolutionized communication. The advent of smartphones, social media platforms, and instant messaging applications has made it easier than ever before to stay connected with friends, family, and colleagues across the globe. The ability to share information, exchange ideas, and collaborate in real-time has facilitated the breakdown of geographical barriers and fostered a more interconnected world. This enhanced connectivity has had both positive and negative consequences for individuals and society as a whole.On the positive side, modern communication technologies have enabled individuals to maintain strong social ties despite physical distance. The ability to video chat with loved ones, share updates and experiences, and participate in virtual events has helped to mitigate the sense of isolation that can arise from physical separation. Additionally, the ease of communication has facilitated the exchange of knowledge and the dissemination of important information, empowering individuals and communities to stay informed and engaged on a global scale.However, the reliance on digital communication has also given riseto some concerning trends. The constant bombardment of notifications, the pressure to maintain an online presence, and the temptation to constantly check one's devices can lead to a phenomenon known as "digital addiction." This addiction can have detrimental effects on mental health, as individuals may experience increased anxiety, depression, and difficulty in maintaining healthy relationships and work-life balance.Moreover, the widespread use of social media platforms has introduced new challenges, such as the spread of misinformation, cyberbullying, and the cultivation of unrealistic social comparisons. The curated and often idealized nature of online personas can contribute to feelings of inadequacy and low self-esteem, particularlyamong younger generations. This has led to a growing concern about the impact of social media on mental health and the need for a more balanced and mindful approach to its use.In addition to its influence on communication and social interactions, modern technology has also transformed the way we work and conduct business. The rise of remote work, cloud-based collaboration tools, and automation has fundamentally altered the traditional work environment. While these advancements have brought about increased flexibility, efficiency, and productivity, they have also raised concerns about job displacement, the erosion of work-life boundaries, and the potential for increased job insecurity.Furthermore, the integration of technology into the workplace has led to a growing reliance on data-driven decision making and the increased use of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning algorithms. While these technologies can enhance decision-making processes and streamline operations, they also raise questions about the ethical implications of algorithmic bias, privacy concerns, and the potential for job losses due to automation.Another significant impact of modern technology is its influence on education and learning. The COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated the adoption of online and hybrid learning models, providing students with increased access to educational resources and the ability tolearn at their own pace. However, this shift has also highlighted the digital divide, where some students may lack access to the necessary technology or face challenges in adapting to the new learning environment.Moreover, the integration of technology into the classroom has introduced both opportunities and challenges. On the one hand, digital tools and educational software can enhance the learning experience, offering interactive and engaging content, personalized learning pathways, and opportunities for collaboration. On the other hand, the overreliance on technology in the classroom can lead to concerns about the development of critical thinking skills, the ability to focus, and the potential for technology-related distractions.The impact of modern technology on healthcare is another area of significant importance. The advancements in telemedicine, wearable devices, and AI-powered diagnostic tools have revolutionized the way healthcare is delivered. Patients now have greater access to remote consultations, real-time monitoring of their health, and personalized treatment plans. These innovations have the potential to improve healthcare outcomes, particularly in underserved or remote communities.However, the integration of technology into healthcare also raises concerns about data privacy, the potential for algorithmic bias inmedical decision-making, and the widening of existing healthcare disparities if access to these technologies is not equitable. Additionally, the reliance on technology in healthcare can lead to concerns about the dehumanization of the patient-provider relationship and the potential for over-reliance on technology at the expense of human expertise and empathy.Finally, the impact of modern technology on the environment and sustainability cannot be overlooked. The development of renewable energy sources, advancements in transportation, and the increasing adoption of smart home technologies have the potential to reduce our carbon footprint and promote more sustainable living. However, the production, use, and disposal of electronic devices and the energy-intensive nature of some technological solutions also raise concerns about their environmental impact.In conclusion, the impact of modern technology on humanity is multifaceted and complex. While it has undoubtedly brought about numerous benefits, such as enhanced communication, increased efficiency, and improved access to information and healthcare, it has also introduced new challenges and concerns. As we continue to navigate the rapidly evolving technological landscape, it is crucial that we approach these advancements with a critical and balanced perspective, considering both the opportunities and the potential pitfalls. By doing so, we can strive to harness the power of moderntechnology in a way that enhances the human experience, promotes social and environmental well-being, and ensures a sustainable future for generations to come.。
技术对于高等教育的影响英语作文
技术对于高等教育的影响英语作文The Impact of Technology on Higher EducationIntroductionTechnology has significantly impacted various aspects of our lives, including education. In the realm of higher education, the integration of technology has brought about both challenges and opportunities. This essay will explore the ways in which technology has influenced higher education, focusing on its benefits and drawbacks.Benefits of Technology in Higher Education1. Accessibility: One of the most significant benefits of technology in higher education is the increased accessibility to learning resources. With the rise of online courses and virtual classrooms, students now have the flexibility to study at their own pace and from any location with an internet connection. This has opened up opportunities for individuals who may not have been able to pursue higher education due to geographical or financial constraints.2. Improved Learning Experience: Technology has revolutionized the way students learn and engage with course materials. Interactive digital textbooks, multimedia tools, andvirtual simulations provide students with a more immersive and engaging learning experience. This not only makes learning more enjoyable but also improves retention and understanding of complex concepts.3. Collaboration and Communication: Technology has made it easier for students and professors to collaborate and communicate in real-time. Online forums, video conferencing, and collaborative software enable students to work together on projects, discuss ideas, and seek help from peers and instructors. This fosters a sense of community among students and promotes a more collaborative learning environment.4. Personalized Learning: Technology has the potential to personalize the learning experience for each student based on their individual needs and learning styles. Adaptive learning platforms use algorithms to analyze student performance and tailor instruction to address their strengths and weaknesses. This enables students to learn at their own pace and receive customized feedback to improve their understanding of the material.Drawbacks of Technology in Higher Education1. Digital Divide: Despite the increased accessibility to technology, there is still a digital divide that exists amongstudents. Not all students have access to reliable internet connections, computers, or the necessary technical skills to fully benefit from online learning. This can create inequalities in education and hinder the academic success of disadvantaged students.2. Distraction and Lack of Focus: The constant presence of technology in the classroom can be a source of distraction for students. Social media, texting, and other digital distractions can negatively impact students' ability to focus on their studies and absorb course material. In addition, the temptation to multitask while using technology can lead to decreased productivity and academic performance.3. Privacy and Security Concerns: The use of technology in higher education raises concerns about the privacy and security of student data. Online learning platforms often collect vast amounts of personal information about students, raising questions about how this data is used and protected. Cybersecurity threats such as data breaches and hacking pose a risk to the confidentiality of student records and academic information.4. Over-reliance on Technology: While technology can enhance the learning experience, there is a danger ofover-reliance on technology in higher education. The human element of teaching, such as face-to-face interactions and personalized mentorship, is essential for student success and cannot be replaced by technology alone. It is important for educators to strike a balance between leveraging technology and maintaining a human connection with their students.ConclusionIn conclusion, technology has had a profound impact on higher education, creating both opportunities and challenges for students, educators, and institutions. While technology has enabled greater access to learning resources, improved collaboration, and personalized learning experiences, it also poses concerns about privacy, distraction, and inequality. It is crucial for educators and policymakers to actively address these challenges and harness the potential of technology to enhance the quality of higher education for all students. By leveraging technology responsibly and thoughtfully, higher education institutions can empower students to succeed in the digital age and prepare them for the challenges of the future.。
13高考英语作文
13高考英语作文In the era of rapid technological advancement, the way we learn and teach has been significantly transformed. The integration of technology into the educational system has brought about a myriad of benefits, as well as some challenges. This essay aims to explore the impact of technology on education, focusing on its advantages and potential drawbacks.Firstly, technology has made education more accessible. With the advent of online learning platforms, students from all corners of the globe can now access a wealth of knowledge and resources. This has been particularly beneficial for those who are unable to attend traditional schools due to geographical or financial constraints.Secondly, technology enhances the learning experience. Interactive tools such as educational apps and virtualreality can make learning more engaging and enjoyable. For instance, students can virtually visit historical sites or conduct experiments in a safe and controlled environment.However, the integration of technology in education is not without its challenges. One of the major concerns is the digital divide, where students from less privileged backgrounds may not have access to the necessary technology, thus widening the gap in educational opportunities. Additionally, there is a risk of students becoming overlyreliant on technology, potentially neglecting the development of critical thinking and problem-solving skills.In conclusion, while technology has the potential to revolutionize education, it is crucial that it is implemented thoughtfully and equitably. Schools and educators must strive to balance the use of technology with traditional teaching methods to ensure that all students benefit from the advantages it offers. Furthermore, efforts should be made to bridge the digital divide and ensure that no student is left behind in this technologically-driven age.。
[英语作文]The influence of technology技术的影响
![[英语作文]The influence of technology技术的影响](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/959c394aa9114431b90d6c85ec3a87c240288ab0.png)
[英语作文]The influence of technology技术的影响Technology has had a profound impact on our lives, transforming the way we communicate, work, learn, and interact with the world around us. The influence of technology can be seen in various aspects of society, including education, healthcare, transportation, and entertainment.One of the most significant impacts of technology is on communication. With the advent of smartphones, social media, and instant messaging platforms, people can now connect with each other instantly, regardless of their location. This has made the world a smaller place, bringing people closer together and enabling them to share ideas, experiences, and cultures.In the field of education, technology has revolutionized the way we learn and teach. Online courses, digital textbooks, and educational apps have made learning more accessible and flexible, allowing students to study at their own pace and on their own schedule. Additionally, technology has enabled educators to create engaging and interactive lessons that cater to different learning styles and preferences.Healthcare has also been transformed by technology. Medical devices such as pacemakers, insulin pumps, and prosthetic limbs have improved the quality of life for millions of people. Moreover, telemedicine and electronic health records have made healthcare more efficient and accessible, allowing patients to receive medical attention from the comfort of their own homes.The transportation industry has also been significantly impacted by technology. Self-driving cars, electric vehicles, and ride-sharing services are changing the way we travel, making it more convenient, affordable, and environmentally friendly. Furthermore, advances in air travel technology have made it possible for us to travel longer distances in shorter periods, connecting us with different parts of the world.Finally, technology has had a profound impact on entertainment. Streaming services such as Netflix, Hulu, and Amazon Prime have changed the way we consume movies and television shows, while video games and virtual reality have created new forms of interactive entertainment. Social media platforms have also become a popular source of entertainment, allowing users to share and consume content from around the world.In conclusion, the influence of technology on our lives is undeniable. It has transformed the way we communicate, work, learn, and entertain ourselves, making our lives more convenient, efficient, and connected. As technologycontinues to advance, it will undoubtedly have an even greater impact on our society, shaping the way we live and interact with each other in the future.。
高科技对大学生的影响英语作文
The Impact of High-Tech on CollegeStudentsIn the twenty-first century, the influence of high-tech on college students is profound and multifaceted. From the way they learn, communicate, and even entertain themselves, technology has reshaped the college experience. This essay explores the various impacts of high-tech on college students, discussing both the benefits and challenges it poses.Firstly, high-tech has revolutionized the learning process. Online courses and virtual classrooms have made it possible for students to access education from anywhere in the world, at any time. This flexibility has enabled students to pursue their passions and interests, regardless of their geographical location. Additionally, interactive learning tools and software have made learning more engaging and effective, allowing students to retain information better and apply it to real-world situations. However, the rise of high-tech has also presented some challenges. The constant stream of information and notifications from smartphones and social media can bedistracting, making it difficult for students to focus on their studies. This constant connectivity can also lead to feelings of isolation and loneliness, as students spend more time interacting with screens than with real people. Moreover, the high cost of high-tech devices and services can be a significant burden for many students. While some universities provide access to technology resources, not all students have equal access to these opportunities. This digital divide can create disparitiesin educational opportunities, preventing some students from fully benefiting from the technological advancements.Despite these challenges, the benefits of high-tech for college students are numerous. Technology has opened up a world of opportunities for research and academic collaboration. Students can access vast libraries of information, connect with experts in their fields, and participate in projects that were previously unimaginable. This access to resources has the potential to level the playing field, giving students from all backgrounds the chance to succeed.In conclusion, the impact of high-tech on college students is both positive and negative. While it has brought about remarkable advancements in education and access to information, it has also created new challenges and disparities. It is important for students, educators, and policymakers to recognize these impacts and work together to ensure that technology is used effectively and inclusively to benefit all students.**高科技对大学生的影响**在21世纪，高科技对大学生的影响深远而多面。
The Impact of Technology
The Impact of Technology The impact of technology on our lives is undeniable. It has changed the way we live, work, and communicate. Technology has made our lives easier, more efficient, and more connected. However, it has also brought about some negative effects that we must address. In this essay, I will explore the impact of technology from different perspectives. From a positive perspective, technology has made ourlives more convenient. We can now shop online, pay bills, and communicate with people from all over the world with ease. Technology has also made it easier forus to access information. We can now learn about anything we want with just a few clicks. This has opened up opportunities for people to learn new skills and start their own businesses. In addition, technology has also improved our healthcare system. Medical professionals can now use technology to diagnose and treatillnesses more accurately. This has led to better patient outcomes and a higher quality of life for many people. Technology has also made it possible for peopleto monitor their health from home. Devices such as fitness trackers and blood pressure monitors have become more affordable and accessible, allowing people to take control of their health. However, technology has also brought about some negative effects. One of the biggest concerns is the impact of technology on our mental health. Social media and the constant need to be connected have led to increased levels of anxiety and depression. People are now more likely to compare themselves to others and feel like they are not good enough. This has led to an increase in mental health issues, particularly among young people. Another concern is the impact of technology on our privacy. With the rise of social media and the internet, our personal information is now more accessible than ever before. Companies can track our online activity and use this information to target us with advertisements. This has raised concerns about how our personal information is being used and who has access to it. Finally, technology has also had an impacton our job market. While it has created new job opportunities, it has also led to the automation of many jobs. This has led to job losses and a shift in the typesof skills that are in demand. As technology continues to advance, it is likelythat more jobs will become automated, leading to further job losses. In conclusion, the impact of technology on our lives is complex. While it has broughtabout many positive changes, it has also led to some negative effects that we must address. We must find ways to use technology in a way that benefits us without harming our mental health, privacy, or job market. As technology continues to advance, it is important that we consider the impact it will have on our lives and take steps to mitigate any negative effects.。
The Impact of Technology on Society
The Impact of Technology on SocietyThe impact of technology on society has been immense, with both positive and negative effects. Technology has revolutionized the way we live, work, and communicate. It has made our lives easier, more convenient, and more efficient. However, it has also brought about new challenges and risks, such as privacy concerns, job displacement, and social isolation. One of the most significant positive impacts of technology is its ability to connect people across the globe. Social media platforms, instant messaging, and video conferencing have made it possible for people to communicate and collaborate with others from differentparts of the world. This has opened up new opportunities for businesses, education, and social interaction. For instance, businesses can now easily reach out to customers in different countries, while students can take online courses from universities located in other parts of the world. Another positive impact of technology is its ability to automate tasks and increase efficiency. Automationhas made it possible for businesses to produce goods and services more quickly and at a lower cost. It has also made it easier for individuals to perform tasks that would have been time-consuming or impossible without technology. For instance, online banking has made it possible for people to conduct financial transactions from the comfort of their homes, without having to visit a bank. However, technology has also brought about new challenges and risks. One of the most significant risks is the loss of privacy. With the proliferation of social media platforms and other online services, people are sharing more personal information than ever before. This has made it easier for hackers and other malicious actorsto steal personal information and use it for nefarious purposes. Additionally, the use of surveillance technology by governments and corporations has raised concerns about the erosion of privacy rights. Another challenge brought about bytechnology is job displacement. Automation has made it possible for businesses to replace human workers with machines, leading to job losses in some industries.This has led to concerns about the impact of technology on the labor market andthe need for retraining programs to help workers transition to new jobs. Finally, technology has also brought about social isolation. While technology has made it easier to connect with people across the globe, it has also made it easier forpeople to isolate themselves from others. Social media platforms, in particular, have been criticized for promoting a culture of superficial connections and for contributing to feelings of loneliness and depression. In conclusion, the impact of technology on society has been both positive and negative. While technology has brought about new opportunities for communication, collaboration, and efficiency, it has also brought about new challenges and risks. As we continue to develop and adopt new technologies, it is important to be mindful of their potential impacts on society and to take steps to mitigate any negative effects. This includes investing in education and training programs to help workers adapt to new technologies, promoting privacy rights and protections, and encouraging responsible use of technology to promote social connection and well-being.。
The Influence of Technology
The Influence of Technology The influence of technology in today's society is undeniable. It has permeated nearly every aspect of our lives, from the way we communicate to how we work, learn, and entertain ourselves. While there are undoubtedly many benefits to the advancements in technology, there are also concerns about its potential negative impacts. In this essay, we will explore the various perspectives on the influence of technology, considering both the positive and negative effects it has on individuals and society as a whole. One of the most significant positive impacts of technology is its ability to connect people from all over the world. The internet, social media, and communication apps have made it easier than ever to stay in touch with friends and family, regardless of geographical distance. This has undoubtedly enriched many people's lives, allowing them to maintain relationships that would otherwise be difficult to sustain. Additionally, technology has revolutionized the way we access information and learn. With the wealth of educational resources available online, individuals have the opportunity to expand their knowledge and skills in ways that were previously unimaginable. Furthermore, technology has greatly improved efficiency and productivity in the workplace. From advanced software and tools that streamline processes to theability to work remotely, technology has transformed the way businesses operate. This has not only benefited companies by increasing their bottom line, but it has also provided employees with more flexibility and opportunities for a better work-life balance. Moreover, advancements in technology have led to significant improvements in healthcare. From innovative medical devices to telemedicine, technology has played a crucial role in saving lives and improving the overall quality of healthcare services. On the other hand, there are concerns about the negative impacts of technology on individuals and society. One of the most pressing issues is the potential for technology to exacerbate social isolation and loneliness. While technology has made it easier to connect with others virtually, it has also led to a decrease in face-to-face interactions. This has raised concerns about the impact on mental health and well-being, particularly among younger generations who have grown up in a digital world. Additionally, the constant connectivity facilitated by technology has blurred the boundaries betweenwork and personal life, leading to an "always-on" culture that can contribute to burnout and stress. Another significant concern is the impact of technology on privacy and security. With the increasing amount of personal data being collected and shared online, there are legitimate worries about the potential for misuse and exploitation. From data breaches to the proliferation of surveillance technology, individuals are rightfully concerned about the erosion of their privacy and the potential for their personal information to be compromised. Furthermore, the rapid advancement of technology has led to concerns about job displacement and thefuture of work. As automation and artificial intelligence continue to evolve, there is a legitimate fear that many jobs will become obsolete, leading to widespread unemployment and economic instability. In conclusion, the influence of technology is complex and multifaceted. While it has undoubtedly brought about many positive changes, there are also legitimate concerns about its potential negative impacts. As we continue to navigate the ever-changing landscape of technology, it is crucial to carefully consider its implications and work towards harnessing its benefits while mitigating its drawbacks. Ultimately, the influence of technology on individuals and society will continue to evolve, and it is essential to approach it with a critical and thoughtful perspective.。
技术的重要性 Importance of Technology 英语作文
Importance of Technology>Importance of Technology Essay:Technology has changed the life of human beings from ancient times to the modern era. The development in the world can be related to the changes in technology directly. Start of the day or end of the day, a common denominator in our life is technology. Our elders can tell us stories of the difficulties they faced in their day to day activities. On the other hand, we can tell stories of the convenience we have in our daily lives. There are different length essays onImportance of technology to help you in studies, exams and speeches. I hope you find it helpful.Long and Short Essays on Importance of Technology for Students and Kids in EnglishWe provide children and students with essay samples on a long essay of 500 words and a short essay of 150 words on t he topic “Right To Privacy” for reference.Short Essay on Importance of Technology 150 Words in EnglishShort Essay on Importance of Technology is usually given to classes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6.Technology is the way to progress for the human race. From the invention of the wheel to create the internet, the world has walked a long way. Our day to day activities is all dependent in different ways on technology. Technology is the branch of knowledge that caters to creating technical means and their relation to the environment. The changes that technology has brought in our lives are saving time, enabling instant communication and interaction, a better quality of life, easy access to information, andensuring safety. The latest invention to help humankind is considering the changes in the environment. Green technology is the newest way to help humanity. Technology keeps giving gifts to help us progress. It is years of hard work and labour that we have achieved so many marvels of technology. Some of the latest inventions of green technology are solar-powered homes and electric cars.“Technology is a gift of God. After the gift of life, it is perhaps the greatest of God’s gifts. It is the mother of civilisations, of arts and sciences.” by Freeman Dyson. The quote tells us about theimportance of technology in our life. All the different fields are dependent on it.Technology has touched all the generations and all the fields of industry. Sometimes, having a dull day in life has become impossible as there are so many activities and pastimes provided by technology development. A famous quote by the writer Stewart Brand” Once a new technology rolls over you, if you’re not part of the steamroller, you’re part of the road.” Understanding the technology and its changes is vital for your growth, but it’s the new imperative for survival in life. From the tools invented by theancient man to the present era of digitalisation, technology has led the world to the road of success.Technological changes that are visible in various fields and have accelerated the process of changes.Productivity: Tools that allow people to work more in smaller periods and give better results. There are innovations every day for an increase in the productivity level in various industries. Automation is one of the successful techniques which involves the reduction of labour-intensive tasks for better results.Efficiency: The types of equipment give better results with lesser inputs. Improve this efficiency, techniques such as automation, knowledge and information tools for workers to guide them.Health: Development in the medical pieces of equipment to treat and prevent diseasesKnowledge: It is a vast field of information and data to guide and help make informed decisions.Entertainment: technology such as games that have changed the leisure timeSociety: Technology that directly changes social mediaPolitics: Technology to track the current newsCulture: Technology has the power to influence the culture of a place, although it is not easy.Economics: Technology helps in creating economic shifts as it is an essential tool in the development of a firm.Industries: Technology creates new industries as there is a shift in development and the old models become obsolete.Environment: Technology can lead to E-waste, which can be harmful to the environment.Transportation: Many changes in these fields have led to the progress of the automobile industry.Quality of life: A direct graph of growth in quality of life and technology exists, working conditions, safety, and health are all correlated to the development of technology. ConclusionOne day to spend without a gadget will make us realise our dependence on technology. We cannot do simple tasks in our life without thehelp of machines and devices. Technology is an integral part of our life. Clive James, a famous journalist,” when they go wrong, machines remind you how powerful they are”.The bright future of technology holds green technology on high grounds, giving us electric cars and solar-powered homes—a big step to save the environment.Long Essay on Importance of Technology 500 Words in EnglishLong Essay on Importance of Technology is usually given to classes 7, 8, 9, and 10.IntroductionThe technology originated from the Greek word techne, which means art, skill and logia, which means the sum of techniques, skills, methods and processes used in producing goods or services. Technology can be the knowledge of techniques, strategies used in the production of goods or services. The simplest form of technology is the development and use of essential tools. The result we see in technology is hard and laborious work of ages of which we are reaping the benefits. As stated by Bill Gates” The advance of technology based on making itfit in so that you don’t even notice it, so it’s part of everyday life.” Many changes and developments due to changes in technology are visible.Changes in technology over timeA technological change is an increase in the efficiency of the product or process to get better results. There are three processes involved in it.Invention-Creation and giving birth to a new idea, method or product is known as an invention.Innovation-Application of the invention for the first timeThe diffusion-The speed at which others begin to adopt the innovation. All these changes have given us the modern, developed world of technology.Benefits of technologyAs said by the former CEO of Microsoft Steve Ballmer “ The number one benefit o f information technology is that it empowers people to do what they want to do. It lets people be creative. It lets people be productive. It lets people learnthings they didn’t think they could learn before, and so in a sense, it is all about potential”. Technology is the biggest game-changer in the world. People either learn to follow it or are left behind. The significant changes that over modern times in technology are Internet and Mobile have changed the work and home life- Major lifestyle changes are due to the internet and mobile. The world has become very close. Overseas business or to remain in touch with your loved ones has changed. As communication methods and power have shifted, colleagues can easily talk to each other.Automation has increased productivity-Labour intensive tasks are now done by fully automatic or semi-automatic machines. The computer has increased the efficiency of the devices to result in more significant margins in production. Work from home is possible. Monotonous activities can be avoided by employees and give a better show.The information available is vast-Internet is the father of all the information single. The greater the well of knowledge more excellent is the accessibility and affordability of educated society.A person is not required to sit at the desk toobtain information. Click of a button on mobile and the world of knowledge opens.Growth of entertainment industry- This industry’s progress can be seen in the quality of products now coming out. Music, movies, games and shows are available 24 hours and seven days.Self sufficient-Technology used to advance itself and continue to gain progress in the field of technology. We do not need to depend on other people to do simple works.Time saver- Changes in modern science has brought about the changes. Computer-drivencars automated washing machines or automated bankings are time savers and increase our efficiency to do other tasks. Simple daily tasks have become comfortable and time-efficient. In result, we can concentrate on other essential functions of the day.Machines perform better-Changes in technology have made the machines more cost-efficient and made their performance more cost-effective.As some machines work on automation, and some use less power as they automatically switch off. Some devices work on solar panels and wind turbines; they use green energy andare environment friendly. Instead of repairing an old appliance, we need to develop new technology which is more cost-effective.Artificial intelligence: the future of technology. At the pace investment is being made in the industry, new trends keep coming. Computers can make decisions like humans are the future—complex tasks like pattern recognition, speech recognition, weather forecasts and medical diagnosis. Applications require artificial intelligence navigation like Uber, voice assistants like Siri and video streaming. The fastest growing industry globally is virtual reality,security, Fintech, Artificial intelligence and Biotechnology.Importance of Technology Essay ConclusionTechnology has brought many changes in our lives, and the world will keep progressing in hand in hand. Those businesses that can provide digital services will be able to survive the fierce competition in the future. To be the part of the change, join hands with the latest technology changes and move on. By 2020, almost a third of the data will pass through the cloud and within five years, there will be 50 billion smart connected devices in the world. Robots will rulethe future and will be visible more commonly matching more of human skills. Since the ancient to present times, technology has changed the human way of living and thinking. Jobs in the technology industry will never go obsolete, although programming languages of the computer can become obsolete in a few months as the new one comes.。
TheImportanceofTechnology（写作）
TheImportanceofTechnology（写作）The Importance of TechnologyAs we all know, 21st century is the century of technology. Nowadays, new technology is everywhere around us. The development of technology has a significant affect toward the society. Several technologies that we usually use are the internet, computer, and cellphone. Maybe some people think these do more harm than good, but I believe that these new technologies make our life much easier and better.First, the development of computer changes our life radically. Just decades ago, people still needed to do lots of complex calculation on hand because they did not have a computer, and more obvious, they did not have the software for calculation. As the result of that, people spent many hours on the equations that a computer can solve in just less than a minute. Since the development of computer, people are able to use some kinds of software to compute lots of complex functions and mathematical calculation. Computer becomes the most helpful equipment for the scientists and other people because they can use their time more efficiently.Besides, internet is another useful tool for us today, which is necessary for all of us. Nowadays, there is a growing popularity of Internet surfing on college campus. An increasing number of students, majoring either in science or engineering or in liberal arts, spend many hours surfing the Internet with keen interest everyday. The development of internet also brings a great impact toward the society. Instead of going to library and searching all the books to figure out some information we need, we can just simply use a mouse and click on the website to do research. Theinternet leads usto a place where we can find unlimited information and resources without spending a lot of time. It makes our life much easier and better. According to report, United Nations Telecommunications agency responsible for Hamad Tue, said ina statement, as of 2011, the global Internet users has exceeded20 billion people. That is, in the Information Age, it is difficult to imagine modern life without Internet.The last technology is cellphone. Nowadays, many people have a cellphone. But it just appears on the market for about 15 years. However, according to a report, by the end of last year, the global mobile phone users have reached 5.9 billion, 84% of the 7.9 billion global population, in developing countries the ratio was 79%. It is obvious that cellphone is very popular among all of us. There are a lot of advantages that appealed us. Firstly, it is very convenience to the users because we can talk to anyone we want with a phone as small as a wallet. Also, we can communicate with others by making a phone call instead of sending letters. It is very fast and useful way to communicate.In conclusion, I believe the development of technology brings significant impact to our life. It is very helpful to us and I believe technology will keep improving in future.Civil Engineering 1111110560007 Fonzy。
内容型激励理论视阈下技术人才政策对职业教育吸引力的影响分析——以《关于提高技术工人待遇的意见》为例
Analysis on the Influence of Technical Talent Policy on Vocational Education Attractiveness from the Perspective of the Content Theory of Motivation--Taking Improving the Treatment of Skilled Workers
as an Example
作者： 崔天岚[1]
作者机构： [1]沈阳师范大学教育科学院,辽宁沈阳110045
出版物刊名： 职教通讯
页码： 53-59页
年卷期： 2019年 第17期
主题词： 技术人才政策;内容型激励理论;职业教育吸引力
摘要：�关于提高技术工人待遇的意见》是我国政府新近颁布的提高技术人才待遇的重要政策性文件。
以政策内容条目为单元进行编码,以内容型激励理论对政策文本的激励性措施分析为
视角,从职业选择、职业认同和职业发展的角度探讨技术人才政策对职业教育吸引力的影响。
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The Influence of the Technical Barriers to Trade against China’s ExportsLan Wang* Tianjin UniversityAbstract: TBT is one kind of the non-tariff barriers, which has its special characteristics. More and more countries have imposed technical barriers on China’s exports in order to protect their domestic industries. In the process of melting into the international economy, China should deal with TBT more actively not only by counter-attacking them with the aid of the legitimate weapon, but also by establishing China’s own technical standard system in full use of its rationality.Key words: China TBT international trade1. IntroductionTechnical Barriers to Trade (TBT) are some compulsory or voluntary technical measures that a country or a regional organization adopts for the purposes of maintaining the security of a country or region, safeguarding human security and health, protecting the life and health of plants and animals, protecting environment, preventing cheating behavior, guaranteeing product quality and so on.The narrow sense of TBT mainly refers to the technical regulations, standards and conformity assessment procedures that WTO stipulates in The Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade. The broad sense of TBT also includes Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures; requests on packing, label and sign; Green barriers; the information technology barriers and so on which always appear in the forms of technical regulations, standards and conformity assessment procedures.2. The Characters of Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) and Its Influence on the International Trade2.1 The Characters of Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT)TBT is one kind of the non-tariff barriers. Its general characters which are similar with quota, permit and other non-tariff barriers are rationality in name, validity on form, discrimination and focalization on object.It also has its special characteristics: Its correlative domain are more widespread and systematic compared with other non-tariff barriers; its way of implementation has more disguise and the flexibility; its functional effect has the cover of validity and more influences; its implementation process always causes disputes; its functional result has both the advantages and disadvantages. These characteristics make its hindrance function more formidable. The economic effect of TBT is similar with tariff and quota in some aspects but not the same. The most important characteristic is that its short-term static effect is very powerful and long-term dynamic effect is uncertain.2.2 The Influence on the International Trade of Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT)* Lan Wang,Ph.D. candidate of School of Management, lecturer of School of Social Sciences and Foreign Language, Tianjin University; Main research field: Strategy Management in Science and Technology; Address: School of Social Sciences and Foreign Language, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China, Postcode: 300072.65Because TBT has dual functions of both advantages and disadvantages, it also has both positive and negative influences on the international trade development. It promotes to realize the purposes of maintaining the security of a country or region, safeguarding human security and health, protecting the life and health of plants and animals, protecting environment and so on; it promotes the development of international standards and conformity assessment procedures system, and the formulation and implementation of many countries’ technology laws and regulations, especially the mutual authentications between countries are advantageous for the trade liberalization development between them; the high request of technical standard urges a lot of countries to adjust their industrial structure positively, and accelerate the enterprise technology advancement and the industrial promotion; it also increases the external oppress for enterprise development which impels the enterprise technology innovations.But because of the abusing of TBT by certain developed countries’ and the developing countries’ backwardness in technology, it also has serious negative influence on the international trade. Some countries use TBT to implement trade protection, which make the competitions between them being intensified and trade conflicts increased unceasingly; such a great deal of TBT affects and restricts the increasing rate of international trade greatly; the high TBT standards established by the developed countries are disadvantageous to the developing countries’ exportation.3. The Influence of the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) to China’s Exports and the Analysis of the Reason3.1 The Positive and Negative Influences of the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) to China’s ExportsTBT plays a positive roll in making and implementing technical regulations, adopting assessment system, and accelerating enterprise technological transformations and product upgrades to China.But its negative influence on China’s trade is more remarkable. TBT has limited our country’s commodity exportation and already become the first big non-tariff barrier to exporting enterprises. The protective measures in the disguised form of TBT increase the exportation cost, which seriously weaken the international competitive power strength of our country’s products. TBT does harm to the benefit our country received after entering WTO. It causes trade disputes and hinders the normal development of bilateral and multilateral economic and trade relations between China and other countries.3.2 The Present Situation of the Influence of the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) against China’s ExportsIn recent years, China has frequently come across technical barriers in exports. More and more countries have imposed technical barriers, an exogenous trade restriction measure, on China’s exports in order to protect their domestic industries. According to the latest survey provided by the Ministry of Commerce, China’s six sectors, namely agricultural products, light industry, electro-mechanic products, textiles and garments, hardware and chemicals, and medical and health care products have encountered technical barrier restrictions from other countries. Of them, agricultural products have suffered the biggest losses to US$9.5 billion followed by light industrial products, US$4.1 billion; electro-mechanic products, US$1.7 billion; textiles and garments, US$1.0 billion; hardware and chemicals, US$700 million; and medical and health care products, US$300 million.3.3 The Reason Analysis of the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) against China’s ExportsChina’s trade partners mainly concentrate on American, Japan, and the European Union. These three places are the origins of TBT. Therefore, understanding their TBT characteristic and dealing it with pertinence are66supposed to be very important.The characteristic of American TBT is that the number of regulations, standards and conformity assessment procedures is numerous and the management structure is very complex, which is frequently impossible to guard against and very difficult to deal with. The Japanese TBT measures are also very complicated, and their characteristic is that only some of them are consistent with the international standards and when the foreign products enter the Japanese market, they are requested to conform not only to the international standards, but also to the Japanese standards. Along with unceasing consummation of the European Union organization, a more and more consummate and effective TBT system gradually is formed, the technical standard level of which is high and internal member countries’ standards are multitudinous that makes it extremely difficult to deal with.Since the reform and open policy, China’s technical protection work to trade has obtained considerable development. Although we have already basically established technical protection system with technical laws and regulations, technical standards, and authentication, inspection and quarantine and so on, but under the rapidly changing international trade situation, there are also many problems and much insufficiency which mainly display in the following aspects: the technical law and regulation systems are imperfect; the technical standard level is low and lagging; conformity assessment procedure systems are not perfect and the management is chaotic; the management system is not suitable; the information channel is impeded.4. ConclusionIn the process of melting into the international economy, as the biggest developing country in the world, China should deal with TBT more actively, not only by counter-attacking them with the aid of the legitimate weapon, but also by establishing China’s own technical standard system in full use of its rationality. And taking this as a turning point, we should also further impel technical development and get accordance with the international standards in order to make trade fair, the economical engine work better, and realize sustainable development other than falling into the malignant competition of trade protection.References:1. Special Report:China’s Ministry of Commerce to Foreign Trade Barriers and Antidumping, China’s Foreign Trade, 2003(7)2. J. Michael Finger, Merlinda D. Ingco, Ulrich Reincke. The Uruguay Round Statistics on Tariff Concessions Given and Received, The Word Bank, 19963. (Edited by Yanyu, Susan and Sun)67。