如何做好summarize spoken text-Jessie
雅思阅读14类题型解题技巧之Summary
雅思阅读14类题型解题技巧之Summary雅思阅读_类题型解题技巧--Summary(摘要填空)Summary(摘要填空)1. 题型要求:该类题目是一小段文字,是原文或原文中的几个段落主要内容的缩写或改写,我们称之为摘要.摘要中有几个空白部分要求填空.摘要可分为两种:全文摘要和部分段落摘要.全文摘要信息来自全文,题目空格的数目较多.部分段落摘要信息来自原文某几个连续的段落,题目空格的数目较少.考试中出现的大部分是部分段落摘要,信息来自原文连续的两到三段,题目空格的数量在5题左右.对于部分段落摘要,有的在题目要求中会指出它来自原文的哪些段落,但大部分的部分段落摘要只是在题目要求中说它是原文的一个摘要或部分段落摘要,并不指出它来自原文的哪些段落.按照填空内容,摘要也可分为三种:1. 原文原词2. 从多个选项中选词3. 自己写词.原文原词的题目要求中常有from the Reading Passage 的字样.从多个选项中选词,选项的数目常常超过题目空格的数目.最近考试中,绝大部分是原文原词或从多个选项中选词,很少有自己写词的.这类题在A类和G类考试中出现的频率一般都是每两次考一次,每次考一组,共五题左右.2. 解题步骤(1) 仔细读摘要的第一句话,找出它在原文中的出处,通常是和原文某段话的第一句相对应.如果题目要求中已经指出了摘要的出处,则此步可以略去不做.(2) 注意空格前后的词,到原文中去找这些词的对应词.对应词的特点如下:A. 原词B. 词性变化;如空格前的词为threatening, 是形容词,原文中的词为threat, 是名词.C. 语态变化;一个是主动语态,一个是被动语态.D. 同义词;如空格前的词为throw away,原文中的词为discard(丢弃,抛弃,遗弃),它们是同义词.(3) 仔细阅读对应所在的句子,确定正确答案.(4) 注意语法,所填答案必须符合语法规定.(5) 注意顺序性,即题目的顺序和原文的顺序基本一致.NOTICE1. 注意题目要求中是否有字数限制.若要求从原文选词或自己写词,会有字数要求,如Use ONE OR TWO WORDS等,答案必须满足这个要求.2. 若从原文选词,只能选原文中连续的几个词,不能改变它们的顺序.如原文为virgin fibre, 发生答案不可能是fibre virgin.原文为 advances in the technology,答案不可能是technology advances.3. 若要求从原文选词,越是生词,越可能是答案.下列比较生僻的词如sustainable(可持续的).biodegradable(可生物降解的).contaminants(废物,杂物).nostrils(鼻孔)都是一些题目的答案.4. 从选项中选词,要注意看题目要求是写答案本身,还是写选项前的代表字母.选项前有代表字母的,肯定是要求答代表字母.最近的考试中,选项前大部分都有代表字母.5. 从选项中选词,答案与原文的六大对应关系.(1) 原文原词:与原文完全相同的词或短语.(2) 词性变化:原文为necessary,是形容词,选项为necessity,是名词.(3) 语态变化:原文为Governments have encouraged waste paper collection and sorting schemes,是主动语态.摘要中的句子为people have also beenencouraged by government to collect their waste on a regular basis,是被动语态.(4) 图表:如果原文中有图表,一般会有一题答案来自图表.(5) 同义词:原文为tight,选项为restricted,是同义词.(6) 归纳:有时文中没有直接提及,须从几句话中归纳出答案.一般比较难,目前考试中,至少有一个空格是归纳出来的.6.从选项中选词,如果时间不够,可以直接从选项中选择,不看原文.这时,要特别注意语法.这样做的准确性50%左右(视题目的难易及考生的水平而定).所以除非时间不够,否则不建议大家这样做.7. 如果要求自己写词,答案绝大部分是原文原词,少部分是对原文原词做的形式上的修改.要求自己写词的机率很小,遇到过一次.在这一次的5个题目中有4个答案是原文原词,剩下一个,原文原词是de-inked,答案根据语法的需要改为de-ink.雅思阅读机经真题解析--How to Achieve HappinessYou should spend about 20 minutes on Question 1-_ which are based on Reading Passage below.Throughout the whole period of one’s lifetime, the achieving of happiness can be seen as our ultimate and everlasting goal. Happiness is far more than a strong body, a magnificent villa or an around-the-world tour; it is something we need from our heart. However, we can investigate happiness through scientific methods.AWhen we are asked the question Where can we find happiness , it is a puzzle difficult to answer accurately. We can find happiness right in our own home, in our workplace, in school, in the company of our friends, etc. It is up to us to find the ways and means to achieve that happiness each of us seek and long for. However, it is essential to recognize that there is no one absolute way to achieve happiness. People may have different ideaswith regard to the ways of achieving happiness. The following five classifications are perceived by many people as sources of happiness: family and friends, wealth, position, educational achievement and fame.BTo give it a comprehensive definition, happiness is a mental state of well-being characterized by positive or pleasant emotions ranging from contentment to intense joy. A variety of biological, psychological, religious, and philosophical approaches have striven to define happiness and identify its sources. Various research groups, including Positive Psychology, endeavor to apply the scientific method to answer questions about what happiness is, and how we might attain it. While philosophers and religious thinkers often define happiness in terms of living a good life, or flourishing, rather than simply as an emotion. Happiness in this sense was used to translate the Greek Eudaimonia, and is still used in virtue ethics.CWhile the level of physical healthiness is the biggest determinant of happiness, comparison of financial success with others of the same age group is the second largest source of happiness and unhappiness. Financially richer people tend to be happier than poorer people, according to sociological researcher Glenn Firebaugh of Pennsylvania State University. Their research is focused on whether the income effect on happiness results largely from the things money can buy (absolute income effect) or from comparing one s income to the income of others (relative income effect). They present their research in a session paper, tided Relative Income and Happiness: Arc Americans on a Hedonk Treadmill? Firebaugh argues that, in evaluating their own incomes, individuals compare themselves to their peers of the same age. Therefore, a persons reported level of happiness dependson how his or her income compares to others in the same age group. Using comparison groups on the basis of age, the researchers find evidence of both relative and absolute effects, but relative income is more important than absolute income in determining the happiness of individuals in the United States. This may result in a self-indulgent treadmill, because incomes in the United States rise over most of the adult lifespan. They always dissatisfy with the salary. For e_ample, the survey indicates that the students studied in Harvard University e_pect to earn much more money than their classmates rather than care about the e_act amount of the salary.DWe have long been aware that elements from various perspectives of We could contribute to realizing happiness. The Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart (MISTRA) has recently conducted a research project, choosing _0 pairs of reared-apart twins as subjects to test their perception of happiness. In an early report of results it was found that, on most measurable psychological traits, the level of welfare between the twins in a set felt is varied instead of being the same or similar. Thus environmental factors may not be the only factor that affects the feeling of happiness significantly. In another investigation, among persons of European ancestry, for psychological features that can be measured, heritability range from about 25 percent to 80 percent. Or, to put it more concretely, from one-fourth to four-fifths of the variation from person to person in such features as IQ, creativity and happiness, is associated with genetic differences between those persons. That indicates that genetic difference may also affect the happiness. Furthermore, neurobiological evidence shows that left and right frontal lobes play different roles in the emotion (MC) (M). Happiness is a type of emotion, a positive one. From the e_periments, happiness and the left prefrontal lobe are combinedtogether. The more active it is, the more positive emotion you sense.EAt the outset of new millennium, a global research had a result that the people living in the modern world were even unhappier. With crises being on the rise these days, finding happiness can be a bit challenging. Despite of all the stresses associated with life, we still do our best to be happy — because being happy is the only way to keep us afloat. Happiness is considered a very important therapy, both physically and mentally. With it, we are inspired to accomplish whatever goals we want to achieve. It s a strong drive that keeps us going and helps us live our life every single day.FThere are many ways to be happy. Spend time with individuals who are dear to you. There is nothing more joyful than to be with the people you love. During the weekends, try to schedule a fun trip for you and your partner, or one for your whole family. Just go somewhere else for a change and enjoy the change of scenery. Do something nice for others. Helping others is a very honorable way to find happiness. If your schedule is too tight for volunteer work, you can just donate a small sum of money or some old clothes or toys to charity. When you eat out, try to be a good tipper to the waiters or the valet who safely parked your car. All these simple things will not only make you happy, but other people as well. Start and end your day with a smile. Smiling is a very powerful gesture. There s no need for words to describe how pleasant it is. If you have a lousy day, smile your way out of the office. When people smile back at you, it will uplift your mood and make you feel better. Spending some time with your friends. A close circle of friends is one of the most important sources of happiness.Questions 1-5The reading Passage has si_ paragraphs A-FChoose the correct heading for paragraphs A-E from the list of headings below.Write the appropriate number, i-i_. in bo_es 1-5 on your answer sheet. List of Headingsi. Solutions of acquiring happinessii. Happiness helps to ease pressure from modem lifeiii. Smile can make you happyiv. The wealthier, the happierv. The influence of environmentvi. Sources of happinessvii. How to define happinessviii. The comparison of old times and modem lifei_. Factors that affect the happiness1. Paragraph A2. Paragraph B3. Paragraph C4. Paragraph D5. Paragraph EE_ampleParagraph F iQuestions 6-10Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D.Write your answers in bo_es 6-10 on your answer sheet6 Which of the following items is NOT the source of happiness?A. company of wife and childrenB. e_perience of having a big feastC. obtaining higher educationD. high social status7 What is the decisive step of achieving happiness?A. having a positive mindB. strong in social activitiesC. lots of belongings and propertiesD. a healthy body8 Which is NOT mentioned in this passage for affecting the happiness?A. personal characterB. the reflection of frontal lobesC. genetic differencesD. environmental factors9 A worldwide research in the _st century indicates thatA. Male feels more stressful than female.B. People are leading a happy life.C. Modem life makes people upset.D. Most people are not satisfied with current situation.10 Which suggestion is NOT mentioned in the last paragraph for achieving happiness?A. go out for a picnic during weekendsB. to consult a psychologistC. make donations to charitiesD. a beautiful smileQuestions _-_Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-G, below.Write the correct letter, A-G, in bo_es _-_ on your answer sheet._ A study of reared-apart twins_ The left prefrontal lobe of human_ People living in modern cityA. have no method to escape from pressure.B. may cam more sense of happiness by a circle of close friends.C. encouraged people to make further investigation.D. demonstrates that environment is not the sole factor that affects happiness.E. suggests that people have no control on their welfare.F. has affirmative connection with the feeling of happiness.G. are not sure about what is happiness.文章标题: 怎样获得快乐?篇章结构体裁论说文题目怎么获得快乐结构A段幸福的来源B段如何定义幸福C段财富会影响幸福,越富有的越幸福D段影响幸福的因素E段幸福帮助现代生活缓解压力F段获得快乐的方法试题分析Question 1-5试题类型: summary题号定位词文中对应点题目解析1sources of happinessA段倒数第二行A段一开始提问人们从哪里可以找到快乐,然后举例说了很多可以找到快乐的地方,最后总结出获得快乐的5个来源,只有vi sources of happiness符合要求.因此,本题答案为vi2define happiness,definitionB段的第一,三,六行B段从不同的学科角度对获得快乐这个问题进行探讨,试着对快乐进行定义,只有vii选项反复提到了对快乐进行定义.因此,本题答案为vii3wealthier, happierC段的第三行C段第一句说到同龄人的富裕程度决定快乐与否,然后又通过两项具体的相关研究来说明在同龄人当中,通常越富裕的人会觉得越快乐.因此,本题答案为iv4factors, effect happinessD段的第一,六,七,十二行D段第一句说到生活中各个方面的因素可能影响快乐,然后通过一项双胞胎分开抚养的研究结果来说明environment, genetic differences等都有可能是影响快乐获得的因素,只有i_ factors that affect happiness可以概括这段的意思.因此,本题答案为i_5ease, pressure, modern lifeE段的第一,四,五行E段主要在说当代的生活压力大,人们过的并不愉快,但是大家还是尽力寻找快乐,快乐是一个很好的治疗方式,只有ii选项可以概括本段的意思.因此,本题答案为iiQuestion 6-10试题类型:choose the correct answer6not, sources of happinessA段倒数第一,二,三行A段中提到快乐的来源有family and friends, wealth, position, educational achievements和fame,而题目问不是快乐的来源,只有B选项e_perience of having a big feast文中没有提到.因此,本题答案为B7decisive step, achieving happinessC段第一行C段第一句就说到healthiness is the biggest determinant of happiness,由这句话可以推出决定快乐的决定性因素应该是人的身体健康,D选项healthy body刚好是同意表达.因此,本题答案为D8not mentioned ,affecting happinessD段第六,十一行,倒数第一,二行本题提问哪个选项不影响快乐的获得,B,C,D这三个选项分别在D段第六,十一行,倒数第一,二行都有提到,只有A选项是原文没有提及的信息.因此,本题答案为A9worldwide research,_st centuryE段的第一行E段第一句话说在新千年开始的时候,全球的研究表明人们过的不快乐,而题目问这个全球的研究表明了什么,符合原文描述的相同意思的就只有D选项人们对现状不满.因此,本题答案为D10suggestion, not mentioned, achieving happinessF段的第二三行,第五六行,倒数第三,四五行本题问的是以下哪个不属于获得快乐的建议,A,C,D选项分别在原文F段的第二三行,第五六行,倒数第三,四五行都有提到,只有B选项咨询心理医生这点文章并未提及.因此,本题答案为BQuestion _-_试题类型:complete sentence_reared-apart twinsD段第二,三,四五六七行根据关键词reared-apart twins定位到文章D段第二行到第七行提到对_0对双胞胎进行分开抚养,对他们的一些测试结果表明环境并不是唯一的影响快乐的因素,只有D选项符合原文的意思.因此,本题答案为D_left prefrontal lobeD段倒数第一二行根据关键词left prefrontal lobe定位到D段的倒数第1,2行,原文说的是happiness and left prefrontal lobe are combined together这句话,而选项F 中affirmative connection刚好可以看成是combined together的同意改写.因此,本题答案为F_people,modern cityF段倒数第一二行本题需要用到排除的方法,因为正面去做的话,根据题干people living in the modern city这句在原文可以找到很多相关的信息,A选项的描述和E段的第3,4行信息相反,C,E,G的信息原文并没有提及,D和F已经选完,只有B 参考译文怎样获得快乐终其一生,快乐是我们最终和永恒的最求目标.快乐不仅仅是一个强健的体魄,一栋豪华的别墅,或者一场环球旅行,而是我们自己心底的某种感觉.然而,我们可以通过科学的方法来研究快乐.A〝我们可以从哪里找到快乐?〞当被问到时,会发现这个问题很难准确回答.我们可以从家里,工作中,学校,朋友的陪伴中找到快乐.获得我们自己所寻找和渴望的快乐的方式和方法取决于我们自己.然而,有一点我们非常清楚,获得快乐并没有绝对唯一的方式.不同的人可能对于获得快乐的方式的看法不一样.以下五种分类被很多人认为是快乐的来源:亲人朋友,财富,地位,教育成就和名望.B快乐的宽泛定义是一种以积极或愉快的情绪为特点的良好的精神状态,其中情绪从满足到极度快乐都有可能.很多生物学的,心理学的,宗教的和哲学的方法都已经试图定义快乐和它的来源.各种各样的研究组,包括积极心理学,致力于应用科学的方法来回答诸如〝快乐是什么以及我们如何可能获得快乐〞这样的问题.哲学家们和宗教思想家们仍然定义快乐为好好生活或者健康成长,而不是简单的定义为一种情绪.从这个层面上来说,快乐被用来理解希腊的快乐主义并且仍然被用在美德伦理学.C身体健康的程度是快乐最大的决定因素,而同年龄层的人们财务成功的对比则是快乐与否的第二大来源.根据宾夕法尼亚州立大学的格伦菲尔鲍社会学研究表明,财务上富裕的人比贫穷的人更倾向于变得快乐.他们的研究注重收入对快乐的影响是否很大程度上因为金钱能够买到的东西(绝对收入影响)或对比人与人之间的收入(相对收入影响).他们把自己的研究以〝相对收入和快乐:美国人处于享乐适应症吗?〞为标题放在了学期的论文上.格伦菲尔鲍通过估计他们自己的收入证明人们会把自己和同龄人比较.因此,个人所报告出来的快乐程度取决于和同龄的其他人比起来,他或她的收入怎么样.通过基于同龄人群的比较,研究者们发现了相对和决定影响的证据,但是在决定美国个体快乐程度方面,相对收入比觉得收入更重要.这可能导致自我放纵的单调的工作,因为在美国大部分成年人的整个生命中收入是上升的.他们总是对收入不满.比如,这个研究表明哈佛大学的学生期望比他们的同学挣更多的钱而不关心工资的准确数量.D我们很早就知道来自生活的各个方面的因素能够促进实现快乐.米尼苏达州双胞胎分开抚养研究最近做了一个研究项目,选了_0对分开抚养的双胞胎作为测试快乐理解的对象.在早期的结果报告中发现,在大部分可测的心理学特点方面,双胞胎之间的良好程度并非相同或相似而是不同.因此环境因素可能不是唯一的对快乐感影响巨大的因素.在另一项调查中,研究对象的祖先都是欧洲人,对于可以测量的心理学特点而言,遗传可能性从25%到80%都有可能,或者更加具体的来说,人和人之间在智商,创造力和快乐方面的差异度从四分之一到五分之四,遗传性和这些人之间的基因不同有联系.那就表明基因不同可能也会影响快乐.此外,神经生物学的证据表明左右大脑额叶可能在情绪在有不同的作用.快乐是一种情绪,一种积极的情绪.从这个实验来看,快乐和左前额叶是结合在一起的.左前额叶越活跃,你就会感觉到越积极的情绪.E在新千年的开始,一项全球的研究表明生活在现代的人们甚至感觉更加不快乐.在那些日子里伴随着危机上升,寻找快乐比较有挑战.尽管和生活相关的所有压力,我们任然尽力变得快乐,因为变得快乐是我们保持活动起来的唯一方式.快乐被认为是一种非常重要的身心的治疗方法.有了它,我们被激励去完成任何我们想要到达的目标.它是一个保持我们继续向前和帮助我们过好每一天的强大动力.F有很多方法可以变得快乐.花时间和自己爱的人在一起.没有什么比和自己爱的人在一起更开心.周末,试着组织一次你和朋友或者全家人的旅行.只需要去其他的地方并且享受由此带来的变化的风景.为其他人做件好事.帮助他人是一种寻找快乐的可敬方式.如果你的安排太满以至于没有时间去做志愿者工作,你可以捐点钱,旧衣服或者玩具给慈善机构.当你外出吃饭的时候,多给服务员或者帮你安全停好车的服务人员一些小费.所有这些事情,不仅可以使你自己快乐而且也可以让别人快乐.用微笑来开始和结束你的一天.微笑是一个非常有力量的表情.没有必要去表述它有多愉快.如果你的一天过得不顺利,在离开办公室的路上微笑.当人们对你的微笑给予回复,这会使你情绪变好并使你感觉好起来.花更多时间和你的朋友在一起.一群关系亲密的朋友是快乐最重要的来源之一.参考答案:Version5-4主题怎样获得快乐1vi2vii3iv4i_5ii6B7D8A9D10B_D_F_B 雅思阅读_类题型解题技巧之Summary。
专四作文summary的写作技巧
专四作文summary的写作技巧英文回答：When it comes to writing a summary for the CET-4 exam, there are several key techniques that can help you excel. First and foremost, it is important to read the passage carefully and understand its main points. This will allow you to effectively summarize the information in your own words.One useful technique is to identify the topic sentence of each paragraph. The topic sentence usually provides a clear indication of what the paragraph is about. By focusing on these sentences, you can quickly grasp the main ideas of the passage.Another important skill is to avoid including unnecessary details in your summary. Stick to the main points and omit any examples or supporting evidence that are not essential to the overall message of the passage.This will help you keep your summary concise and to the point.Additionally, it is crucial to use your own words when writing a summary. Avoid copying phrases or sentencesdirectly from the passage. Instead, try to rephrase the information in a way that demonstrates your understandingof the content.Furthermore, including relevant examples in your summary can make it more engaging and relatable. For instance, if the passage discusses the benefits of exercise, you could mention a personal experience or a famous athlete to illustrate the point.In summary, to excel in writing a summary for the CET-4 exam, it is important to read the passage carefully,identify the main points, avoid unnecessary details, use your own words, and include relevant examples. Bypracticing these techniques, you can improve your summarizing skills and achieve success in the exam.中文回答：英文回答：谈到如何写CET-4考试的摘要，有几个关键技巧可以帮助你取得好成绩。
英语翻译：英语翻译考试阅读技巧
阅读完后，问问自己这篇文章的主题是什么。自己是否对这个话题已经了解透彻，有没有必要再做一些背景资料调查，这样才能加深印象。
谈过阅读习惯后，下面我要谈谈考试的阅读技巧。最好要有先读题的习惯，目的是通过读题，大致了解文章的基本内容。在读选项的过程中，要圈出关键词。比如说经常考到的一种题：就是有关“某某”或“某事”，下面那一项是不正确的，然后就有ABCD四个statements. 碰到这类题，要先把题目涉及到的人名或地名圈出来，在阅读的时候只要提到跟此人或此事有关的就要格外小心了。处理细节类的题型采取这样的做法应该是最恰当不过的。
高口阅读有一部分摘抄自《时代杂志》，《经济学者》，《New scientist》等等，笔者在这里建议广大考生登入他们的网站去阅读。阅读考试的内容包罗万象，有政治，经济，商业，客家话科技，健康，这些板块在杂志的官方网站上都能找到。 就某一个板块，每天至少要阅读一篇。
平日阅读的过程中，要注意养成良好的阅读习惯。先阅读首末两段，然后仔细阅读每段的首句，通常由它引出细节内容。每段的首句帮助你了解写作结构。同时，还要注意过渡词比如说："however" "nevertheless" "but" "Nonetheless", 一看到马上就应该圈出来，因为后面的句子往往会是重点。第二点，在阅读的过程要学会预测内容。一个好的阅读者能与作者产生共鸣。碰到生词，切勿立马翻字典，要检测自己是否能根据上下文大致推出生词的意思。尤其是阅读考试里面往往都会有单词推断题，只要思路顺着记者走，通常都是可以回答出来的。第三点，要注意总结。比如说金融类的单词，最近常出现的有"bailout" "economic stimulus package", "credit crunch" "Mortgage crisis" 等等，要进行归类。一回生，二回熟。而且记单词的时候也要注意看词根，词缀。比如说"reversible" --"irreversible" ( 不可避免的），阅读考试里用的生词通常都比较高级， 他们会用"ubiquitous" 代替"everywhere”，因此阅读英文原版的文章，就可以熟悉外国作者的措辞风格，对考试益处多多。最后一点就是巩固。
高考英语概要写作技巧讲解
高考英语概要写作技巧讲解一、考点分析（一）考查内容：1、考查读懂文章内容的能力2、考查识别作者写作目的的能力3、考查归纳总结的能力4、考查组织文章的能力（二）评分要点•1）字数50左右•2）理解准确，涵盖全部要点•3）准确使用相应的语法结构和词汇•4）完全使用自己的语言•5）有效使用语句间的连接成分，结构紧凑二、专题详解定义：It is a brief, thorough and objectiverestatement of the main idea and key points of a longer composition.读者在正确理解文章的基础上, 在不改变原文中心思想、体裁和结构的前提下，用简明、精练的语句高度浓缩文章的主要内容和观点。
（三）写作方法Step 1.确定体裁，明确主题Step 2.明确文章结构（总-分，总-分-总，分-总，并列）Step 3. 划主题句与关键信息Step 4. 写纲要，打草稿Step 5. 润色成文1)找准体裁，提炼要点按体裁2)语言：同义词&词组替换；句式简化；句子重构①同义转换：近义词、同义词和词组的替换，尽量用单词替换短语（例improve=promote, of great importance = greatly important）②句式转换：简化句子结构（例如，定语从句改成分词作后置定语；状语从句改成非谓语作状语；）③句子重构：调整词类（名词、动词、形容词转换）、时态、语态（主动变被动）等3)衔接（替换；省略；增加）：表逻辑关系的连接词替换：并列关系and, moreover, furthermore, in addition,转折关系but, instead, however, on the other hand省略：并列观点有时可省略连接词;记叙文可省略衔接词。
增加：按逻辑关系，补充连接词firstly…, secondly…, finally…;and…, moreover…, furthermore…; but, instead, however,例（一）_____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ __________ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ __________ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ __________ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ __________ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____Summary:Chris, whose job is exciting and dangerous, works for MFS. Chris and other MFS’s doctors need to be ready to go almost anywhere in the world and might be sent on an emergency task. Christ thinks his job is meaningful/helpful and he gains a lot. （同义词转换）_____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ __________ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ __________ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _______________ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ __________ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____Summary ：People from countryside generally live longer than city people because they enjoy many advantagessuch as close with nature, physicalwork, being free from urban pressure, more free walk, quiet and peaceful environment, fresh food, etc. （句式改变）_____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ __________ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ __________ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ __________ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ __________ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____Keys:Windbreak, which is formed by trees and other plants, is used by farmers to protect their land from damage by farming and the forces of the nature. Windbreak can protect the crops and help improve grain production. However, windbreak should be planted properly to work its best.练习实战练习（一）One hot night last August, I tried everything I could think of—a warm bottle, songs, etc. to make him fall into sleep, but he just couldn’t do it. Since I believed that a long night was waiting for me ahead, I had no choice but to bring a TV into his room to kill off the hours until dawn. I was surprised that the moment I turned on the TV, the baby became quiet right away and fixed his little eyes brightly on the screen. Not willing to waste an opportunity for sleep, I then tiptoed(用脚失走）out of the room, leaving him to watch the boring TV programs.I heard no more of the baby’s crying that night and the next morning when I went int o his room, I found him still watching TV by himself. I found there was a metaphor (暗喻) in my baby’s behavior for the new generation. When I gave my boy some books to go over, he only spit upon them; when I read to him, he did not feel comfortable. So is it in the schools with my students. I find that our students don’t read and they look down upon reading and make light of those of us who teach it. All they want to do is to watch TV. After this experience with the baby, however, I have drawn a conclusion: “Let them watch it!” If television is much more attractive to children than books, why should we fight against it? Let them watch what they want!_____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ __________ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ __________ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ __________ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ __________ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____Summary：The writer tried everything to make her baby fall asleep but failed. Surprisingly, when she turned on the TV, the baby kept quiet himself. Then she found that her students liked watching TV as much as her baby. So the writer suggested that we should let children watch what they want.实战练习（二）More and more people like bicycling and it is no surprise. It is fun, healthy and good for the environment. Maybe that’s why there are 1.4 billion bicycles and only 400 million cars on roads worldwide today.Bikes can take you almost anywhere, and there is no oil cost! Get on a bicycle and ride around your neighbourhood. You may discover something new all around you. Stopping and getting off a bike is easier than stopping and getting out of your car. You can bike to work and benefit from the enjoyable exercise without polluting the environment. You don’t even have to ride all the way.Folding bikes work well for people who take the train. Just fold the bike and take it with you. You can do the same on an airplane. A folding bike can be packed in a suitcase. You can also take a common bike with you when you fly. But be sure to look for information by getting on airline websites. Not all airlines are bicycle-friendly to travelers.Health Benefits of Bicycling: It helps to prevent heart diseases. Bicycling helps to control your weight. A 15-minute bike ride to and from work three times a week bums off five kilos of fat in a year. Bicycling can improve your mood. Exercise like bicycling has been shown to make people feel better, more relaxed and self-confident. Bicycling is healthier than driving._____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ __________ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ __________ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ __________ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ __________ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____Summary:Many people like bicycling because it’s fun, heathy and good for environment and it’s easy to stop and get off. Sometimes folding bikes can be taken with you on an airplane or a train. Most importantly, bicycling has a lot of health benefits.强化练习练习（一）Understanding body language is important to success, whether in the business world or in ourpersonal lives. However, some of our ideas about body language are wrong, according to modern communication research.There is a belief that people with shifty(变化的) eyes are probably lying. As Paul Ekman says, “When we asked people how they could tell if someone was lying, too much blinking(眨眼) and shifty eyes were the answers.” Ekman goes on to argue against such a wrong belief. Although this kind of body language is probably an expression of nervousness, it is not always because the person is lying. Shyness can, for example, make people shift their eyes. To understand what someone’s behavior means, you have to watch them carefully.There is also a belief that when meeting someone, the more eye contact, the better. As a result people would like to make initial (开始的) contact in formal situations, like a job interview, by staring fixedly at the other human. Yet Ekman points out that most of us are comfortable with eye contact lasting a few seconds，but any eye contact that is longer than that cm make us nervous.In short, you must carefully consider the speaker and the speaking environment. Experts suggest that unless you know about someone’s basic communication style, you will have little hope in understanding their true feelings through body language. In other words, body language carries important but not always true messages._____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ __________ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ __________ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ __________ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ __________ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____Summary:The passage argues two wrong ideas about body language. One is that people believe shifty eyes means that person is lying. The other is that people believe the more eye contact, the better during communication. Finally, the writer gives us a suggestion that we should be careful when we judge somebody body language.练习（二）Linda Evans was my best friend—like the sister I never had. We did everything together: having piano lessons, going to movies, swimming, and horseback riding.When I was 13, my family moved away. Linda and I kept in touch through letters, and we saw each other on special time—like my wedding and Linda’s. Soon we were busy with children and moving to new homes, and we wrote less often. One day a card that I sent came back, stamped “Address Unknown.” I had no idea how to find Linda.Over the years, I missed Linda very much. I wanted to share happiness of my children and then grandchildren. And I needed to share my sadness when my brother and then mother died. There was an empty place in my heart that only a friend like Linda could fill.One day I was reading a newspaper when I noticed a photo of a young woman who looked very much like Linda and whose last name was Wagman—Linda's married name. “There must be thousands of Wagmans,” I thought, but I still wrote to her.She called as soon as she got my letter. “Mrs. Tobin!’’ she said excitedly, “Linda Evans Wagman is my mother.Minutes later I heard a voice that I knew very much, even after 40 years, laughed and cried and caught up on each other’s lives. Now the empty place in my heart is filled. And there’s one th ing that Linda and I know for sure: We won’t lose each other again!_____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ __________ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ __________ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ __________ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ __________ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____Summary：Linda Ev ans and the writer are best friends. After the writer’s family moved away, they kept in touch through letters. Then, they were all busy and wrote letters often. Finally, they lost in touch with each other and the writer felt empty. After 40 years, the writ er found Linda and they won’t lose each other again.1．他利用她人好心软，三番五次向她借钱。
How to Summarize
Step 5: Organizing Sentences
• Work with the sentences you have created to produce a summary. • Be ruthless: a good summary is SUCCINCT (you may leave some information out -- as long as it is ‘extraneous’) • Make sure you reveal the relationships between the ideas. Are there contrasts or comparisons between some of the ideas?
How Long is a பைடு நூலகம்ummary?
It may be any length, from 25% of the original to one sentence.
What you Need
1. A big, ugly, overwhelming text: to dissect and shrink. 2. A Hi-lighter: to locate the text’s important parts. 3. Paper: to write down the main point, purpose of the text, major points and documentation information. 4. A ruthless, but respectful attitude: to conquer the mess.
Checklist
1. Reread your source until you fully understand it. 2. Write a one sentence restatement of the source's main idea without looking at the source. 3. Use the text’s main idea as your summary's topic sentence. 4. Pull out the text’s main ideas. 5. Write the summary in your own words. Avoid looking at your source while writing your summary. 6. If you must include some of the source's original words and phrases, quote and paraphrase accurately. 7. Document the source's author, title, date of publication and any other important citation information.
Summary的写作技巧和常见句型
S u m m a r y的写作技巧和常见句型一、概括原文（一）阅读1.读懂文章读文章的时候，要养成良好的阅读习惯，划划写写，英文阅读的时候，用铅笔轻轻划出重点词汇。
认真阅读给定的原文材料。
如果一遍不能理解，就多读两遍。
阅读次数越多，你对原文的理解就越深刻。
2.拆分文章按照作者的思路，把文章分段，每个段落用几个词，几个短语概括。
尽量简短，精炼。
段落中心句，在段落的开头或末尾。
有时也会变态的在当中。
3.概括主旨写出文章的thesis, 一句话概括文章的主旨。
（二）基本结构和技巧1.重新拟定标题给summary起一个标题。
用那些能概括文章主题思想的单词、短语或短句子作为标题。
也可以采用文中的主题句作为标题。
2.阐述观点摘要应全部用自己的话完成。
不要引用原文的句子。
写概述的时候，如果能够明确是他人写作的文章，注意要把作者的名字放在第一句（或者是the author…….）。
接着写出要阐述的main ideas（主要观点）和supporting points（对主要观点的支持）。
3.词汇运用注意概述的coherence（连贯性），运用好transition words（过渡词）, like however, furthermore, nonetheless, besides, therefore etc.4.删除细节只保留主要观点。
5.选择一至两个有代表性的例子原文中可能包括5个或更多的例子，你只需从中筛选一至二个例子。
6.把长句变成短句，把长段的描述变成短小、简单的句子。
“He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor.”可以概括为：“He was in financial difficulties.”“His courage in battle might without exaggeration be called lion-like.” 可以概括为：”He was very brave in battle.”“He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor.” 可以概括为：“He was in financial difficulties.”6) 你还可以使用词组代替整句或者从句。
怎样写英语文章的简短概括summary
Once, while visiting my parents, I found the pickle jar was gone. 4) ___A__lu_m__p__ro_s_e____ in my throat, because the
pickdleeterjmarinahtiaodn, ptearuseghvteramncee atnhde favitahlues of 5) ______________________________________. The first
Christmas after my dTaougmhytear mJeaszseicmaewnats born, I returned
with my family. 6) ____________________, on the floor
besmidyedathueghdtreers’sseedr usctoaotidonthe old pickle jar again. I reaaliczeodntinuimtyy father was saving for 7) _____________________________. The jar shows 8)
6.使用概括性的名词代替具体的词，
比如： “She brought home several Chinese and English novels, a few copies of Time and Newsweek and some textbooks. She intended to read all of them during the winter vacation.”
____________ of family values for a new generation.
summarize汇总的名词形式
summarize汇总的名词形式在这篇文档中，我们将讨论名词形式的summarize（汇总）。
Summarize，作为一个动词，指的是总结或概括某个话题、文章或事件的要点。
相应地，名词形式的summarize则是指从原文中提取出来的核心内容的总结。
名词形式的summarize在各种场合中都非常常见，特别是在学术写作、新闻报道以及商业领域中。
它帮助读者迅速了解文档的要点，同时节省了阅读长篇文章的时间。
下面是一些关于如何撰写精确准确的summarize的指导原则：1.准确性：名词形式的summarize必须准确地反映原文的核心内容。
它应该概括文章的主旨，重点讨论或结论，并避免包含与主题无关的细节。
2.生动简洁：名词形式的summarize应该使用简洁生动的语言，使读者易于理解。
避免使用过于复杂的词汇或文献引用，以确保信息的流畅传达。
3.逻辑连贯：名词形式的summarize中的句子之间应该有明确的逻辑联系，以达到信息连贯的效果。
使用连接词来引导读者阅读，例如"此外"、"然而"、"事实上"等。
4.高综合质量：名词形式的summarize不应包含任何与主题无关的内容，例如广告、商业化或网站链接。
它应该是一篇高质量的文档，仅关注于核心内容的提炼与重述。
在撰写名词形式的summarize时，请记住上述原则。
通过尽可能清晰、简明地总结文章的重点，你将能够提供一个有价值且易于阅读的文档。
以此为基础，读者将能够更好地了解原文，并且从中获得所需的信息。
提示：为了使名词形式的summarize更具可读性，你可以在撰写时参考原文的结构与重点，并对其进行适当的重组和简化。
这样可以确保你的summarize能够清晰地传达原文的核心内容，而不会给读者带来困惑。
一些英文写作的语言技巧总结
一些英文写作的语言技巧总结一些常见的英文文章语言技巧a)如何指出当前研究的不足以及有目的地引导出自己的研究的重要性通常在叙述了前人成果之后，用However来引导不足，比如However, little information..little attention...little work...little datalittle researchor few studiesfew investigations...few researchers...few attempts...or nonone of these studieshas (have) been lessdone on ...focused onattempted toconductedinvestigatedstudied(with respect to)Previous research (studies, records) has (have)failed to considerignoredmisinterpretedneglected tooverestimated, underestimatedmisleadedthus, these previus results areinconclisive, misleading, unsatisfactory, questionable, controversial..Uncertainties (discrepancies) still exist ...这种引导一般提出一种新方法，或者一种新方向。
如果研究的方法以及方向和前人一样，可以通过下面的方式强调自己工作的作用：However, data is still scarcerareless accuratethere is still dearth ofWe need toaim tohave toprovide more documentsdatarecordsstudiesincrease the datasetFurther studies are still necessary...essential...为了强调自己研究的重要性，一般还要在However之前介绍自己研究问题的反方面，另一方面等等比如：1)时间问题如果你研究的问题时间上比较新，你就可以大量提及对时间较老的问题的研究及重要性，然后说(However)，对时间尺度比较新的问题研究不足2)物性及研究手段问题如果你要应用一种新手段或者研究方向，你可以提出当前比较流行的方法以及物质性质，然后说对你所研究的方向和方法，研究甚少。
summarize函数的用法(一)
summarize函数的用法(一)summarize函数使用指南1. 概述summarize函数是一个用于生成文本摘要的工具。
它可以根据给定的文章或文本，自动提取出其中的关键信息，以便快速了解文章的主要内容。
2. 安装summarize函数可以在Python中使用，可以通过以下方式安装所需的库：pip install sumy3. 使用方法summarize函数的基本使用方法如下：from import PlaintextParserfrom import Tokenizerfrom import LsaSummarizerdef summarize_text(text, num_sentences=3):parser = _string(text, Tokenizer("english"))summarizer = LsaSummarizer()summary = summarizer(, num_sentences)return "\n".join([str(sentence) for sentence in summ ary])以上代码是一个简单的示例，具体步骤如下：•首先，我们将待摘要的文本存储在text变量中。
•然后，我们使用PlaintextParser将文本转换为解析器对象。
•接下来，我们选择一个合适的摘要算法，这里使用的是LsaSummarizer。
•最后，我们使用num_sentences参数指定摘要的句子数量，并将摘要结果以字符串的形式返回。
4. 可选参数summarize函数还提供了一些可选参数，以便进一步优化生成的摘要结果。
下面是一些常用的可选参数：•PlaintextParser对象的Tokenizer可接受不同的语言作为参数，以便正确解析特定语言的文本。
•摘要算法可以选择其他算法，例如LuhnSummarizer、LexRankSummarizer等。
summarize快速记忆法
Summarize快速记忆法引言在学习和工作中，我们经常需要记忆大量的信息和知识。
尤其是在考试前夕或处理繁杂任务时，我们都希望能够快速而准确地记住重要的内容。
然而，人类的记忆力是有限的，我们需要一种高效的方法来帮助我们快速记忆和复习。
Su mm ar i ze快速记忆法就是一种很好的选择。
什么是Summ arize快速记忆法S u mm ar iz e快速记忆法是一种基于概括和总结的记忆方法。
它通过将大量信息压缩成简明扼要的摘要，帮助我们更好地理解和记忆。
使用这种记忆法，我们可以将庞大而复杂的知识点和内容归纳为几个简单易懂的核心概念，从而提高我们的学习效率和记忆效果。
如何使用S ummariz e快速记忆法步骤一：梳理和整理信息在使用S um ma ri ze快速记忆法之前，我们首先需要梳理和整理要记忆的信息。
可以将每个信息点写在一张纸上或使用电子文档记录，方便后续处理和整合。
步骤二：提取核心概念接下来，我们需要仔细阅读和理解每个信息点，并提取出其中的核心概念。
核心概念通常是指一个知识点的最重要、最基础的要点，是整个信息的基础和纲领。
步骤三：简化表达和概括在提取出核心概念后，我们需要将其简化表达和概括。
可以采用简短的语言表达、关键词或简洁的句子来表达核心概念。
这样可以帮助我们更快地记忆和理解。
步骤四：整合和总结将所有核心概念整合起来，形成一个完整的总结。
可以按照不同的主题和内容进行分类，确保每个主题都包含了相应的核心概念。
步骤五：反复强化记忆记忆是一个反复强化的过程。
在使用S umm a ri ze快速记忆法后，我们需要不断地复习总结的内容，巩固记忆效果。
可以通过重复阅读、小结和测试等方式进行。
Summa rize快速记忆法的优势相比其他记忆方法，S u mm ar iz e快速记忆法具有以下优势：1.简洁高效：通过将大量信息压缩成简明扼要的核心概念，帮助我们更快地理解和记忆内容。
2.独立性：每个核心概念都可以独立理解和记忆，不需要过多的背景知识。
summarize the information by selecting范文
summarize the information by selecting范文
摘要：
1.介绍中文知识类写作助理的任务
2.提供文本的概括
3.编写
4.编写文章
正文：
中文知识类写作助理的任务通常是根据所提供的文本，完成概括全文的提纲，并按照提纲详细具体地撰写一篇文章。
为了更好地完成这项任务，我们需要在理解文本内容的基础上，进行分析和总结，从而形成一个完整且清晰的提纲。
以下是根据所提供的文本编写的提纲和文章：
提纲：
1.介绍中文知识类写作助理的任务
2.提供文本的概括
3.编写提纲
4.编写文章
正文：
作为一名中文知识类写作助理，我们的主要任务是根据所提供的文本完成以下工作：首先，我们需要对文本进行概括，形成一个清晰的提纲；然后，按照提纲的要求，详细具体地撰写一篇文章。
在这个过程中，我们需要对文本进
行深入的理解和分析，以确保文章的质量。
让我们以一个例子来说明这个流程。
假设我们得到的文本是关于“环境保护”的话题，那么我们可以根据这个话题，编写一个如下的提纲：
1.环境保护的现状和重要性
2.我国在环境保护方面的政策和措施
3.个人和企业在环保方面的责任和行动
4.对未来环境保护工作的展望和建议
有了这个提纲，我们就可以开始按照提纲的要求撰写文章了。
在文章中，我们需要详细阐述环境保护的现状和重要性，介绍我国在环境保护方面的政策和措施，讨论个人和企业在环保方面的责任和行动，并对未来环境保护工作提出展望和建议。
总之，作为一名中文知识类写作助理，我们需要具备良好的理解、分析和写作能力，以便能够根据所提供的文本完成任务。
summarize函数的用法
summarize函数的用法
summarize()函数是一个文本摘要方法，用于从给定的文本中生成简洁、有意义的摘要。
它基于自然语言处理和机器学习技术，通过提取关键信息和主题来对原始文本进行剪裁和压缩，以便用户可以更快速地了解文本的核心内容。
使用summarize()函数通常需要提供一个文本字符串作为输入，并可以指定生成摘要的长度。
长度可以根据需要来选择，通常用于控制生成的摘要的字数或句子数量。
此外，还可以指定其他参数，例如语言模型、句子权重、句子相似度等来优化生成的摘要。
在拓展方面，使用summarize()函数可以应用于多个领域和场景。
例如，可以用于新闻报道中提取关键信息，用于学术研究中总结文献综述，或用于社交媒体数据中生成摘要和摘录等。
此外，还可以与其他自然语言处理技术结合使用，例如命名实体识别、关键词提取等，以提高生成的摘要的质量和准确性。
总之，summarize()函数是一个强大的工具，可以帮助用户快速生成文本摘要，节省时间和精力，并提供对文本内容的更深入理解。
summarize函数
summarize函数
summarize函数是一种重要的NLP应用，它有助于内容概括和精确提取信息，提高可读性。
目前，summarize函数已经发展成为自然语言处理中广泛使用的一种技术。
summarize函数可以用于文本摘要，缩短文本内容，提取关键信息，提高可读性等。
该函数具有多种应用，最常见的用途是文本摘要，即
将文章总结为更简短的文本。
除此之外，summarize函数还可以用于文本提取，关键词抽取和词表分析等。
它可以有效地提取文档中的关键
信息以及难查的文本。
此外，该函数还可以用于句子的抽取，以减少
文本的可读性，提高文档的逻辑性和语义性，改善文本的结构。
summarize函数在新闻机构、学术研究机构、商业研究机构等环境中广泛应用。
它不仅可以提高文档可读性，而且可以帮助用户快速了
解文档内容，更容易让用户得到有价值的信息。
因为它可能涵盖到文
档中更多的关键信息，对于许多用户来说，summarize函数可以更有效地获取文档的关键信息，提炼出有用的信息。
总的来说，summarize函数是一种实用的NLP技术，它有助于提高文档的可读性，提取有用的信息，提高文档的可识别性，缩短文本长度。
它在新闻、学术、商业和其他多个领域中也有广泛的应用，对于许多用户来说，该函数可以帮助快速获取更有价值的信息。
英语作文分析的技巧与方法
英语作文分析的技巧与方法When it comes to analyzing English essays, there are several key techniques and methods that can be employed to dissect the text effectively and understand its nuances. Here's a breakdown of some valuable strategies:1. Understanding the Prompt: Before diving into the essay,it's crucial to understand what the author was asked to address. The prompt often sets the context and the expectations for the essay.2. Identifying the Thesis Statement: The thesis statement is the backbone of any essay. It's usually found in the introduction and succinctly states the author's main argument or point.3. Structural Analysis: Look at how the essay is organized. A well-structured essay will have a clear introduction, body paragraphs that develop the thesis with supporting evidence, and a conclusion that summarizes the main points.4. Evaluating the Argument: Assess the logic and coherence of the author's argument. Are the claims supported by evidence? Is there a clear progression of ideas?5. Analyzing the Use of Language: Pay attention to theauthor's choice of words, tone, and style. Are they formal or informal? Do they use persuasive language effectively?6. Considering the Audience: Think about who the intended audience is and whether the essay is written in a way that would appeal to and be understood by that audience.7. Examining the Evidence: Check the types of evidence used—whether it's statistical data, quotes from experts, orlogical reasoning. Is the evidence relevant and convincing?8. Looking at the Counterarguments: A strong essay will often acknowledge and address counterarguments. This shows the author's understanding of the subject and strengthens their own argument.9. Assessing the Conclusion: The conclusion shouldeffectively wrap up the essay by summarizing the main points and restating the thesis in a new light.10. Providing Constructive Feedback: After analysis, it's important to provide feedback that is specific, actionable, and encourages improvement. Point out strengths and suggest areas for development.11. Cross-Referencing with Criteria: If there are specific grading criteria or standards, use them as a checklist to ensure the analysis covers all required aspects.12. Considering Cultural and Contextual Elements: Sometimes, understanding the cultural or contextual background can provide deeper insights into the essay's content and the author's perspective.By applying these methods, you can perform a thorough analysis of an English essay, understanding not just the surface meaning but also the deeper implications and the effectiveness of the author's communication.。
How_to_Summarize
How to Summarize1. Read the article.2. Re-read the article. Underline important ideas. Circle key terms. Find the main point of thearticle. Divide the article into sections or stages of thought, and label each section or stage of thought in the margins. Note the main idea of each paragraph if the article is short.3. Write brief summaries of each stage of thought or if appropriate each paragraph. Use a separatepiece of paper for this step. This should be abrief outline of the article.4. Write the main point of the article. Use your own words. This should be a sentence thatexpresses the central idea of the article as you have determined it the from steps above.5.Write your rough draft of the summary. Combine the information from the first four steps intoparagraphs.N OTE: Include all the important ideas.U se the author's key words.F ollow the original organization where possible.I nclude any important data.I nclude any important conclusions.6. Edit your version. Be concise. Eliminate needless words and repetitions.(Avoid using "the author says...," "the author argues...," etc.)pare your version to the original.D o not use quotations, but if you use them be sure to quotecorrectly. Indicate quotations with quotation marks. Cite eachquotation correctly (give the page number).D o not plagiarize. Cite any paraphrases by citing the page numberthe information appears on. Avoid paraphrasing whenever possible.Use your own words to state the ideas presented in the article.(Adapted from Writing Across the Curriculum 4th edition, L. Behrens and L. Rosen, eds., 1991, Harper/Collins, pp. 6-7.)In the summary, you should include only the information your readers need.1. State the main point first.2. Use a lower level of technicality than the authors of the original article use. Do not write asummary your readers cannot understand.3. Make the summary clear and understandable to someone who has not read the original article.Your summary should stand on its own.4. Write a summary rather than a table of contents.Wrong: This article covers point X. Then the article covers point Y.Right: Glacial advances have been rapid as shown by x, y, and z.(see sample)5. Add no new data and none of your own ideas.e a simple organization:m ain pointm ain results: give the main results See samplec onclusions/recommendations7. Unless the examples in the article are essential, do not include the examples in your summary. Ifyou include them, remember to explain them.Here is an easy way to begin a summary: In "[name of article]" [author] states . . . . [State the main point of the article first.] For example: In "Computer Chess"* Hans Berliner states that the CYBER 170 series computer can perform well in a chess tournament.Cite the source with correct bibliographic form.*Berliner, H.J. (1981). Computer Chess. Nature, 274(567), 745-748.[ author. article title. journal title. vol(number)/month: pages. ]So when you write a summary:1. State the main point first.2. Emphasize the main stages of though.3. State the article’s conclusion.4. Summarize rather than give a table of contents.Example:Wrong:This article covers the topic of measuring the extent of global deforestation. The article discusses reasons for concern, the technique, the results, and the project’s current goal.Right:According to the author of “Seeing the Forest,” the extent of global deforestation was difficult to measure until satellite remote sensing techniques were applied. Measuring the extent of global deforestation is important because of concerns about global warming and species extinctions.The technique compares old infrared LANDSAT images with new images. The authors conclude the method is accurate and cost effective.5. Keep summary short: 3 to 7 sentences.摘要是对一篇文章的主题思想的简单陈述。
summarise的用法
summarise的用法Summarise的用法概述在许多不同场景中，我们需要对长篇文章、演讲或者会议记录进行概括和总结。
这时，我们可以使用summarise这个工具来提取文本的关键信息并生成简洁准确的摘要。
本文将介绍summarise的用法，并提供详细的讲解。
用法以下是summarise的几种常见用法，每一种用法都适用于不同的情况和需求。
1. 文本概括如果你有一篇长篇文章，想要将其内容概括成简短的几句话，可以使用以下方法：from summarise import summarisetext = "这里是一篇长篇文章的内容..."summary = summarise(text)summarise函数将返回一个字符串，其中包含对输入文本的简短摘要。
2. 会议纪要在会议结束后，你可能需要撰写会议纪要并将讨论的要点总结出来。
summarise可以帮助你快速提取关键信息：from summarise import summarisemeeting_notes = "这里是会议记录的内容..."summary = summarise(meeting_notes)通过对meeting_notes应用summarise函数，你将得到一个简明扼要的会议摘要。
3. 新闻报道作为一名新闻记者，你可能需要从大量的新闻报道中挑选出最重要的信息，以编写自己的新闻报道。
使用summarise函数可以帮助你快速筛选新闻要点：from summarise import summarisenews_article = "这里是新闻报道的内容..."summary = summarise(news_article)通过对news_article应用summarise函数，你将得到一个简短但信息丰富的新闻摘要。
4. 演讲总结在听完一场演讲后，你可能需要整理出讲话者的主要观点和重点。
英文论文写作技巧
一些英文文章写作的技巧总结zz一定要注意绝对不能全面否定前人的成果，即使在你看来前人的结论完全不对。
这是前人工作最起码的尊重，英文叫做给别人的工作credits.所以文章不要出现非常negative的评价，比如Their results are wrong, very questionable, have no commensence, etc.遇到这类情况，可以婉转地提出：Their studies may be more reasonable if they had considered this situation.Their results could be better convinced if they ...Or Their conclusion may remain some uncertanties.讨论部份还包括什么内容?1. 主要数据特征的总结2. 主要结论以及与前人观点的对比3. 本文的不足第三点，在一般作者看来不可取。
事实上给出文章的不足恰恰是保护自己文章的重要手段。
如果刻意隐藏文章的漏洞，觉得别人看不出来，是非常不明智的。
所谓不足，包括以下内容:1. 研究的问题有点片面讨论时一定要说，It should be noted that this study has examined only..We concentrate (focus) on only...We have to point out that we do not..Some limitations of this study are...2. 结论有些不足The results do not imply,The results can not be used to determinebe taken as evidence ofUnfortunately, we can not determien this from this dataOur results are lack of ...但是，在指出这些不足之后，随后一定要再一次加强本文的重要性以及可能采取的手段来解决这些不足，为别人或者自己的下一步研究打下浮笔。
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如何做好‘Summarize Spoken Text’题型？
在 PTE 的听力考试中，summarize spoken text 相信是很多同学眼中的老大难，今天进来给大家提供一下小贴士，帮大家更好地解决这一类问题。
1． 关注内容，弱化套路
由于 SST 题型有 50-70 的字数限制，建议同学们省掉客套话‘this lecture talks about…’ 直接进入整体，对笔记中总结的关键信息注意描述即可。
2． 关注同义替换，弱化复杂语法
虽然 SST 的得分也会影响到 writing 一项的分数，但是在 SST 评分标准的 grammar 一项中，官方只提到如果考试者的表达中没有语法错误即可以打满分，而并未对大家所使用语法的负责程度做任何要求，因此建议大家不要追求用长难句进行表达。
同时，在官方对 vocabulary 一项的解释中提到，考试者只有在合理使用词汇并全部正确的前提下此项才可以得到满分，因此建议大家不要大量使用听力中的原词，可以将部分单词进行同义词/短语的替换，让自己的词汇表达更加丰富。
3.关注拼写统一
容易被很多同学遗忘的是 Summarize Spoken Text 的评分标准中特别提到了一项
spelling，除了要求同学们的单词拼写要正确，更要求同学们使用统一的拼写方式（英式/美式），如果不能统一的情况超过两个以上该项就不得分哦。
中欧课堂。