经济学人介绍

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economist 经济学家

economist 经济学家简介经济学家是指研究经济学的专家，他们通过分析市场和经济数据，为决策者提供经济政策建议，并对经济开展趋势进行预测。

他们的研究范围包括宏观经济学、微观经济学、国际经济学、金融经济学等。

在现代社会中，经济学家在政府、金融机构、学术界都扮演着重要的角色。

经济学家的职责经济学家的职责主要包括以下几个方面：1. 经济数据分析经济学家需要收集和分析各种经济数据，例如国内生产总值〔GDP〕、通货膨胀率、失业率等。

通过对这些数据的分析，经济学家可以评估经济的健康状况，发现问题，并提供解决方案。

2. 经济政策研究经济学家对各种经济政策进行研究，包括财政政策、货币政策、税收政策等。

他们通过分析政策的影响和效果，为政府和决策者提供建议，帮助他们制定正确的经济政策。

3. 经济预测和预警经济学家通过分析市场和经济趋势，预测未来的经济开展走势，并提供预警和建议。

他们可以预测通货膨胀、经济增长，以及其他与经济相关的指标。

这些预测对于政府、企业和个人做出正确的决策非常重要。

4. 教育和研究经济学家在学术界发挥着重要的作用，他们进行经济学的教育和研究工作。

他们培养新一代的经济学家，推动经济学的开展，并发表各种经济学研究成果。

经济学家的重要性经济学家在现代社会中扮演着至关重要的角色。

他们的研究和分析对于决策者和各个领域的人士具有指导意义。

以下是经济学家的重要性的几个方面：1. 经济政策指导经济学家的研究成果和政策建议对于政府和决策者在制定和实施经济政策时具有重要指导作用。

通过经济学家的分析，政府可以制定出更为科学合理的政策，促进经济的稳定和开展。

2. 企业战略规划经济学家对市场和行业的研究可以帮助企业制定战略规划。

他们可以预测市场的需求和开展趋势，为企业提供决策依据，帮助企业降低风险，拓展市场。

3. 个人投资决策对于个人投资者来说，经济学家的研究和分析可以提供投资建议，帮助他们做出明智的投资决策。

个人投资者可以通过了解经济的开展趋势和市场的行情，躲避风险，获得更好的投资回报。

economist经济学人

BusinessThe future of the FirmMcKinsey looks set to stay top of the heap in management consultingIT IS one of the engines of global capitalism. Not only does McKinsey provide advice to most of the world's leading companies. It also pioneered the idea that business is a profession rather than a mere trade—and a profession that thrives on raw brainpower more than specialist industry knowledge or plain old common sense. Yet McKinsey's name has suffered a succession of blows in the past 15 years.The Firm, as it calls itself, was deeply involved in the Enron debacle: the energy company's boss, Jeff Skilling, was a McKinsey veteran who praised the consultancy for doing God's work, and the McKinsey Quarterly published articles on Enron as enthusiastically as Hello! runs pieces about the Beckhams. In 2010 Anil Kumar, a McKinsey consultant, admitted passing inside information to Raj Rajaratnam of Galleon, a hedge fund. Last year Rajat Gupta, a former McKinsey managing partner, was also convicted of passing inside information to Mr Rajaratnam.Life is getting tougher for professional-services firms. Midsized consultancies are already suffering: Monitor Group went bankrupt last year—Deloitte later bought it for120m—and Booz & Co and Roland Berger are agonising about their futures. If the legal profession is anything to go by, worse is to come: Dewey & LeBoeuf collapsed last year after borrowing heavily in a dash for growth, and other elite law firms are struggling to win business.So, are McKinsey's best days behind it? Two new publications offer some interesting answers. The Firm, by Duff McDonald, is a generally admiring book that nevertheless asks hard questions about the organisation's future. Consulting on the Cusp of Disruption, by Clayton Christensen and two colleagues, is a penetrating article in the October Harvard Business Review, arguing that the comfortable world of the strategy consultancies is about to be turned upside down.McKinsey's success depends above all on an unimpeachable reputation for integrity. It cannot continue to serve most of the world's leading companies if its consultants are willing to spill secrets. Mr McDonald argues that the firm's size makes it impossible to avoid repeats of the Kumar problem. It is now a giant factory with 1,200 consultants rather than the cosy club of old. The firm has to keep growing, not least to provide itspartners with the 1.5mor so a year that they earn. But every time it grows it puts its most important asset at risk.McKinsey's success also depends on its ability to remain at the cutting edge of business. But in recent years it has seemed to be on the wrong cutting edge. Mr McDonald points out that whereas McKinsey has led the financialisation of basic industries such as oil and gas, it has had little if any role in shaping the giants of the internet economy, such as Apple and Google.The new lords of business are engineers in hoodies, not MBAs in pinstripes. Mr Christensen focuses on a bigger subject: how the forces that have disrupted so many other businesses, from steel to publishing, are disrupting consulting.The big three strategy consultants—the other two are the Boston Consulting Group and Bain—are masters of opacity. But Mr Christensen argues that light is being let in on the magic. Companies are getting better at measuring results and demanding value for money. They also have access to more business expertise than ever before: the big three have more than 50,000 living alumni.The big three have been masters at bundling lots of different services into a single, high-priced package. But clients no longer want to pay fat fees for a bit of strategic advice from a senior partner and a lot of humdrum work from neophytes. Mr Christensen says low-priced competitors are beginning to dismember the consultants' business. Eden McCallum cuts costs by deploying freelancers, most of whom once worked for the big three. BeyondCore replaces overpriced junior analysts with Big Data, crunching vast amounts of information to identify trends. McKinsey clearly faces a more difficult market than it is used to.But it has overcome serious challenges before—such as in the 1980s, when it lost the intellectual high ground to BCG and then Bain before regaining it. The firm is fixing some of the problems from the Gupta era. It has elected two successive managing directors, Ian Davis and Dominic Barton, who have worked hard to restore its professional ethos. Mr Barton urges companies to embrace long-term capitalism rather than quarterly capitalism and corporate responsibility rather than financial engineering: the very opposite of the Enron-era McKinsey's gospel.Old boys everywhereMcKinsey also has two huge assets: talent and knowledge. It retains an unrivalled ability to recruit hundreds of clever young people and turn them into an army ofproblem-solving worker ants. It also has an enviable network of alumni, many of whom are happy to hire their old employer: in 2011 more than 150 ex-McKinseyites were running companies with more than 1 billion in annual sales.The firm has also invested heavily in knowledge for decades: perhaps no other organisation has as much interesting data on global capitalism. Though lesser firms may be facing disruption, McKinsey dispenses a special sort of consultorial fairy-dust that is hard to replicate, and as much in demand as ever. The global ruling class is seized with a toxic combination of status-obsession and status-insecurity. Decision-makers also fear being swept away by one of Mr Christensen's disruptive forces. They seek constant reassurance and reaffirmation from prestigious institutions. McKinsey knows better than almost anyone how to exploit this peculiar mindset. That will guarantee the Firm a solid future, even if no one can prove that its advice actually does any good.BusinessCommercial aircraftBombardier lights a fuseCanada's new passenger jet threatens an old duopolySINCE the late 1990s airlines wanting to buy short-to-medium-haul narrowbody planes with 100-200 seats have had little choice but to pick either Boeing's 737 or Airbus's A320. As orders for such planes have boomed in recent years, aircraft-makers in China, Russia and Canada have been working on new contenders to break this American-European duopoly.On September 16th Canada's Bombardier got there first, launching the maiden flight of its CSeries plane. Bombardier is duelling the duopolists because the prospects for the planes it already makes—regional jets of under 100 seats and corporate jets—are not as juicy as those for mainstream commercial airliners.Global passenger traffic is set to grow by 5% a year for the next two decades, reckons Boeing, and airlines are seeking ones that seat 100-200 to fill much of the new demand. In regional jets Bombardier has enjoyed a near-duopoly of its own, with Embraer of Brazil. But Japanese, Russian and Chinese rivals are moving in to the market just as operators of regional jets are going for bigger planes.Corporate jets and their owners took a knock in the financial crisis, and their prospects still look weak. Although lots of new metro systems are being built worldwide, Bombardier's other main business, building trains does not look so strong. Abouttwo-thirds of the division's revenues come from Europe, where trains are largely bought with public purses drained by faltering economies.Bombardier is trying to slip in under the radar, not competing head-on with its rivals. The first two versions of the CSeries will have only 100-150 seats, whereas most 737s and A320s sold are 150-200 seaters. However, Bombardier hopes airlines will be attracted by its plane's low fuel consumption—20% less than its rivals',it claims—and 15% lower running costs.Much of that advantage comes from a new engine, the geared turbofan, made by Pratt & Whitney, an American firm. So far, though, airlines have held back and waited to see how the CSeries flies. Only 177 firm orders have been placed as yet.Some analysts wonder if starting out at the bottom end of the range was a good idea: Darryl Genovesi of UBS, a bank, reckons that there are 5,000 jets of 90-150 seats in operation and that only 2,000 are likely to be replaced over the next five to ten years, with another 1,000 on the borderline. Furthermore, Boeing and Airbus are not giving up without a dogfight.Both are working on completely new narrowbodies, to be launched in a decade or so, and in the mean time their existing models are being upgraded. The 737 MAX andA320neo, out in a couple of years, will get improved engines, narrowing the efficiency gap with the CSeries. Indeed, buyers of the A320neo will be able to choose the geared turbofan.And as Zafar Khan of Societe Generale, a bank, notes, the CSeries is a new airframe and a new engine, a double risk. No doubt Boeing and Airbus have been pointing this out to customers, as well as offering attractive prices to deter airlines from taking a punt on the CSeries. Both are bound to worry that Bombardier will add a larger model carrying up to 200 passengers. Such concerns would intensify if Bombardier makes progress on its partnership with COMAC, a Chinese state firm strongly backed by its home government, which is also building a narrowbody plane.The market for the current CSeries models may be only around 100 planes a year. That may not deliver a decent return on its 4 billion development costs. But it will keep Bombardier in the skies, circling for a more vigorous counter-attack on the duopoly.BusinessSelling art onlineEnter AmazonThe internet giant's fine-art venture is unlikely to sell many masterpieces WITH a mouse click you can add Norman Rockwell's Willie Gillis: Package from Home to your Amazon shopping cart. But you will need boldness and a bulging bank account to proceed to checkout: it costs 4.85m.The oil painting went on sale in August, when Amazon splashily announced that it would add fine art to earth's biggest selection of consumables. But it will not be easy to sell art alongside books and barbecues. Amazon's arty initiative is not revolutionary. Hundreds of dealers already sell art online, swarming into every niche and bristling with gimmicks.Sedition sells digital works, some by famous artists. Artsy figures out buyers' tastes from their browsing activity. Artnet, the self-proclaimed market leader, auctioned15m-worth of art last year and provides online exhibition space to 1,700 galleries. Christie's and Sotheby's, the best-known auction houses, have long accepted online bids as an extension of their traditional sales. So far, all this has made little impression.Online art sales were 870m in 2012, less than 2% of the 56 billion global art market, according to a report published by Hiscox, an insurer. Assuming that art will progress online at the same rate as luxury goods, the report predicts that sales will more than double to 2.1 billion by 2017. Even then, online's share will still be modest.Pure online art sales, in which anyone can buy and deals are struck on a website, happen mainly on the blurry boundaries between art, craft and mass production. Jonas Almgren, the boss of London-based Artfinder, sees his site as a painterly version of Etsy, a successful American portal for selling handmade wares. Both cater to a popular craving for one-of-a-kind goods. Artspace sells mainly limited-edition prints and photographs.The lower end of the art market will largely shift online, predicts Skate's, anart-market research firm. Higher up, things get more complicated. Artists yearn to exhibit in real galleries; collectors want to experience first-hand a work's scale and texture. In the secondary market the spectre of forgery makes them wary of dealing with virtual vendors.When the price of an artwork tops 5,000, you want a relationship with a client, says Steve Lazarides, a specialist in urban art who runs both physical galleries and an online shop. The priciest bargains are struck between dealers and coteries of collectors they know well. The terms are almost always secret.With living artists, relationships matter even more. Dealers are expected to nurture their careers, which means managing prices, too. It is an unwritten law that they must never fall, says Friederike Hauffe, who teaches a course in art marketing atBerlin's Free University. Some dealers discourage collectors from selling the work of an artist they represent; if one comes up for auction they might bid up prices. To fail to sell an item at auction is to burn it.That does not mean that online marketing plays no role at the top end. Swanky galleries have long e-mailed images to potential buyers. Many exhibit art online to attract global interest but conduct transactions in cosier settings.Nearly four-fifths of galleries insist on some direct contact with buyers, according to the Hiscox report. Most online sales above 100,000 happen via the electronic bidding channels of auction houses such as Christie's. But this may be changing. The prices collectors are willing to pay online are creeping up. Friendships with dealers are beginning to seem less vital.Christie's launched online-only sales in 2011 with an auction of Elizabeth Taylor memorabilia. Saatchi Online thrusts itself into the heart of the new-art nexus: it represents artists directly, bypassing galleries, and is happy to sell to all kinds of people, says its chief curator, Rebecca Wilson.Amazon is not in the business of managing artists' careers. You can buy a Jeff Koons print on the site for 33,750 but are unlikely to find his giant steel Tulips. Mr Almgren thinks Amazon will struggle to sell even more modest works. There is an enormous mismatch between Amazon's utilitarian website and the inspirational approach you need to sell art, he thinks. Perhaps that is why, as late as September 18th, Willie Gillis was still for sale.E commerceTencent's worthA Chinese internet firm finds a better way to make moneyIS TENCENT one of the world's greatest internet firms? There are grounds for scepticism. The Chinese gaming and social media firm started in the same way many local internet firms have: by copying Western success. QQ, its instant messaging service, was a clone of ICQ, an Israeli invention acquired by AOL of America. And unlike global internet giants such as Google and Twitter, Tencent still makes its money in its protected home market.Yet the Chinese firm's stockmarket valuation briefly crossed the $100 billion mark this week for the first time. Given that the valuation of Facebook, the world's leading social media firm, itself crossed that threshold only a few weeks ago, it is reasonable to wonder whether Tencent is worth so much. However, Tencent now has bigger revenues and profits than Facebook. In the first half of this year Tencent enjoyed revenues of $4.5 billion and gross profits of $2.5 billion, whereas Facebook saw revenues of $3.3 billion and gross profits of $935m.The Chinese firm's market value reflects the phenomenal rise in its share price. A study out this week from the Boston Consulting Group found that Tencent had the highest shareholder total return( share price appreciation plus dividends) of any large firm globally from 2008 to 2012 -topping Amazon and even Apple.Tencent has created a better business model than its Western peers. Many internet firms build a customer base by giving things away, be they search results or social networking tools. They then seek to monetise their users, usually turning to online advertising. Google is a glorious example. Other firms try to make e commerce work. But as the case of revenue rich but profit poor Amazon suggests, this can also be a hard slog.Tencent does give its services away: QQ is used by 800m people, and its WeChat social networking app( which initially resembled's America WhatsApp) has several hundred million users. What makes it different from Western rivals is the way it uses these to peddle online games and other revenue raising offerings.Once users are hooked on a popular game, Tencent then persuades them to pay for" value added services" such as fancy weapons, snazzy costumes for their avatars and online VIP rooms. Whereas its peers are still making most of their money from advertising, Fathom China, a research firm, reckons Tencent gets 80% of its revenues from suchkit( see chart).This year China has overtaken America to become the world's biggest e commerce market, in terms of sales. It is also now the biggest market for smartphones. This means it may soon have the world's dominant market in" m commerce", purchases on mobile devices.Tencent's main rivals in Chinese m commerce are Baidu, which dominates search on desktop computers( helped by the government's suppression of Google) and Alibaba, an e commerce giant now preparing for a huge share offering. All three have gone on acquisition sprees, in an attempt to lead the market. The big worry for investors is the cost of this arms race.Alibaba recently invested $300m in AutoNavi, an online mapping firm, and nearly $600m in Sina Weibo, China's equivalent of Twitter. Baidu has been even more ambitious, spending $1.85 billion to buy 91 Wireless, the country's biggest third party store for smartphone apps, and $370m for PPS, an online video firm.Tencent may have an edge over its two rivals in m commerce because of the wild popularity of WeChat, which is used on mobile phones. But to ensure it stays in the race, it is also spending heavily. On September 16th it said it will spend $448m to acquire a big stake in Sogou, an online search firm; it plans to merge its own flagging searchengine( aptly named Soso) into the venture. It had previously invested in Didi Dache, China's largest taxi hailing app, and is rumoured to be interested in online travel and dating firms too.The three Goliaths are buying up innovative firms because they are too big and bureaucratic to create things themselves, mutter some entrepreneurs( presumably not those being bought out handsomely). A more pressing worry for Tencent's shareholders is that its lavish spending, on top of heavy investment in improving its unimpressive e commerce offerings, will eat into profits. Worse, the m commerce arms race risks distracting it from gaming and value added services, the cash cows that are paying for everything else. A $100 billion valuation might then seem too rich.Business this weekVerizon issued $49 billion in bonds, smashing the record for a sale of corporate debt. The telecoms company will use the proceeds to fund its $130 billion purchase of Vodafone's stake in Verizon Wireless, their joint venture. Pension funds and insurance companies flocked to the sale, tempted by the higher yields Verizon offered compared with other, similar quality bonds.Apple brought out two new iPhones, the 5C and the 5S. The 5S is the top-of-the range iPhone, with fingerprint ID replacing the traditional numerical locking code. The 5C is being billed as a cheaper handset, though at $549 in America and $733 in China, a market that Apple is keen to crack, it is still more expensive than many Android alternatives. Apple's share price fell by 5%.Koch Industries, a conglomerate, forked out $7.2 billion to buy Molex, which is based in Illinois and makes a wide range of electrical components and connectors used in industrial and consumer products, including the iPhone.Carl Icahn conceded defeat in his attempt to block the $24.8 billion buy-out of Dell by the computer-maker's founder, Michael Dell, days before a shareholder vote on the issue. Mr Icahn, a legendary activist investor, had proposed an alternative plan to Mr Dell's buy-out, which he thinks is undervalued. Mr Dell raised his offer to win over sceptics, leading Mr Icahn to claim that "shareholders would have gotten a lot less if I hadn't shown up."Meanwhile, Southeastern Asset Management, Mr Icahn's ally in his fight with Dell, revealed that it had built a 12% voting stake in News Corporation, making it the publishing group's second-biggest investor after Rupert Murdoch. Its regulatory filing suggests the investment is "passive".The Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States, which assesses the risks to national security from foreign takeovers, gave its approval to the $4.7 billion offer for Smithfield Foods from China's Shuanghui. When approved by shareholders it will be the biggest acquisition of an American company by a Chinese one, and create a global beast in pork products. Some American politicians had raised concerns about Chinesefood-safety standards.An investigation into allegations of corruption in the office that handles compensation claims for the 2010 BP oil spill found no wrongdoing among its senior management, and concluded that the processing of "honest" claims should continue. But the report, written by Louis Freeh, a former director of the FBI, also described the co-operation between some staff in the office and lawyers for the victims of the spill as "problematic", and possibly causing a "conflict of interest".TSB returned to the British high street as a stand-alone bank, 18 years after being merged with Lloyds. Following its bail-out by the British government Lloyds was ordered by the European competition authority in 2009 to sell off assets in retail banking. TSB hasbeen rebranded and is handling the accounts of 5m customers moved over from Lloyds. Lloyds will float TSB on the stockmarket next year.An ongoing study of income distribution found that the richest 1% in America took 19% of national income last year, their biggest share since 1928. The top 10% of earners held a record 48.2%. During the recovery between 2009 and 2012 real family incomes rose by an average of 4.6%, though this was skewed by a 31.4% increase for the top 1%. For the other 99% incomes rose by just 0.4%.Three companies are to be chucked out of the Dow Jones Industrial Average and three companies are joining, in the biggest shake-up of the stockmarket index in a decade. Alcoa, Bank of America and Hewlett-Packard are leaving, to be replaced by Goldman Sachs, Nike and Visa. The DJIA is composed of just 30 stocks and isprice-weighted, so dearer shares count for more. The share prices of Alcoa, BofA and HP have tumbled over the past five years.Japan's economy grew at a much faster rate in the second quarter than had been thought, because of more corporate and public investment. A revised estimate put the pace of growth at 3.8% at an annual rate, up from the 2.6% initially reported.Suntory, a Japanese company that sells a range of alcoholic and soft drinks, agreed to buy the Lucozade energy-drink and Ribena fruit-juice brands from GlaxoSmithKline, a British drugs company, for £1.35 billion ($2.1 billion). Both beverages are popular in Britain and elsewhere, and were marketed from the 1920s to the 1980s as aids to boosting health (Ribena) or recovery from sickness (Lucozade).bond marketsA big number from VerizonCompanies are still taking advantage of low yields to raise debt.DEBT crisis? What debt crisis? The biggest corporate bond issue ever was completed this week. Verizon Communications, an American telecoms group, issued a whopping $49 billion of bonds in order to finance the buy out of Vodafone's stake in its wireless operations. That shattered the previous record, Apple's paltry $17 billion issue earlier this year.The scale of Verizon's offering may be unprecedented, but its foray into the bond markets is anything but. In the first eight months of this year $1.4 trillion of corporatebonds were issued worldwide, according to Dealogic, a data provider, compared with $1.3 trillion in the same period of 2012. Firms have been keen to lock in long term financing at low yields, particularly since borrowing costs started rising after the Federal Reserve hinted in May at slowing its asset purchases.Oil and gas companies have been particularly enthusiastic issuers, according to Marcus Hiseman of Morgan Stanley, especially in the" Yankee" market where foreign businesses sell bonds, priced in dollars, mainly to American investors. Previously many foreign firms would issue debt in euros and swap the proceeds into dollars, but regulatory restrictions on banks make that much more expensive these days. This year 72% of investment grade issuance has been in dollars, compared with 58% in 2009, according to Morgan Stanley.If companies fear that bond yields are set to rise( meaning that bond prices will fall), why are investors so keen to buy? There was plenty of demand to absorb the Verizon issue, for instance: orders reportedly reached $100 billion. One reason is that corporate bonds offer a spread( excess interest rate) over government bonds that is still attractive in historical terms. The average yield on ten year investment grade debt is 3.5%, compared with just 2.95% on Treasury bonds of the same maturity. The sheer size of the Verizon issue required it to be more generous towards investors, as did its BBB + rating from Standard & Poor's, towards the bottom end of the investment grade category. The firm offered a yield of over 5% on its ten year bonds, for example, more than two percentage points above the equivalent Treasury issue.Many central banks, which hold a large part of their reserves in dollars, remain enthusiastic buyers of corporate debt. In addition, many investors in corporate debt are specialist fund managers who aim to beat the benchmark specific to their asset class, points out Paul Young of Citigroup; they care more about whether they pick the right bonds, as they are able to hedge the underlying interest rate risk.The influx of money nonetheless causes some to worry. The corporate bond market is a lot less liquid than it used to be, thanks largely to the effect of regulations on the willingness of banks to hold large inventories of corporate debt. This could cause a problem should bond investors want to sell their holdings in a rush. For the moment, however, that does not seem likely. Corporate balance sheets look strong and the default rate over the past 12 months, even on speculative debt, was just 2.9%, according to Moody's, another ratings agency.Smartphones in ChinaTaking a bite out of AppleXiaomi, often described as China's answer to Apple, is actually quite differentIT FEELS more like a rock concert than a press conference as the casually dressed chief executive takes to a darkened stage to unveil his firm's sleek new smartphone to an adoring crowd. Yet this was not the launch of the new iPhone by Apple on September 10th, but of the Mi - 3 handset by Xiaomi, a Chinese firm, in Beijing on September 5th. With its emphasis on snazzy design, glitzy launches and the cult like fervour it inspires in its users, no wonder Xiaomi is often compared to its giant American rival, both by admirers and by critics who call it a copycat. Xiaomi's boss, Lei Jun( pictured), even wears jeans and a black shirt, Steve Jobs style. Is Xiaomi really China's answer to Apple?Xiaomi sold 7.2m handsets last year, in China, Hong Kong and Taiwan, earning revenues of 12.6 billion yuan( $2.1 billion). Apple sold 125m smartphones globally, earning about $80 billion of its $157 billion sales. But since it was founded in 2010, Xiaomi has grown fast. A recent funding round valued it at $10 billion, more than Microsoft just paid for Nokia's handset unit. That made Xiaomi one of the 15 most heavily venture backed mobile start ups ever, says Rajeev Chand of Rutberg, an investment bank. In the second quarter of 2013 Xiaomi's market share in China was 5%, says Canalys, a research firm -- more than Apple's( 4.8%) for the first time.Yet" we have never compared ourselves to Apple -- we are more like Amazon," says Lin Bin, Xiaomi's co founder, who once worked for the Chinese arms of Microsoft and Google. Apple sells its iPhone 5 for around $860 in China and has the industry's highest margins. Xiaomi offers its handsets at or near cost: the Mi - 3, its new flagship, costs 2,000 yuan( $330). Xiaomi sells direct to customers online, rather than via network operators or retail stores, which also keeps prices down. Crucially, its business depends on selling services to its users, just as Amazon provides its Kindle readers at low prices and makes its money on the sale of e books. The idea is to make a profit from customers as they use the handset, rather than from the sale of the hardware, says Mr Lin.Xiaomi's services revenues were 20m yuan in August, up from 10m yuan in April. It is a classic internet business model: build an audience then monetise it later, as Google and Facebook did, notes Mr Lin. Selling games, custom wallpapers and virtual gifts may not sound very lucrative, but China's internet giants have found a huge market for virtual goods: the biggest, Tencent, sold $ 5 billion worth of them last year.。

《经济学人》概念总结

1、绝对优势（Absolute advantage）如果一个国家用一单位资源生产的某种产品比另一个国家多，那么，这个国家在这种产品的生产上与另一国相比就具有绝对优势。

2、逆向选择（Adverse choice）在此状况下，保险公司发现它们的客户中有太大的一部分来自高风险群体。

3、选择成本（Alternative cost）如果以最好的另一种方式使用的某种资源，它所能生产的价值就是选择成本，也可以称之为机会成本。

4、需求的弧弹性（Arc elasticity of demand）如果P1和Q1分别是价格和需求量的初始值，P2 和Q2 为第二组值，那么，弧弹性就等于-（Q1-Q2）（P1＋P2）/（P1-P2）（Q1＋Q2）5、非对称的信息（Asymmetric information）在某些市场中，每个参与者拥有的信息并不相同。

例如，在旧车市场上，有关旧车质量的信息，卖者通常要比潜在的买者知道得多。

6、平均成本（Average cost）平均成本是总成本除以产量。

也称为平均总成本。

7、平均固定成本( Average fixed cost）平均固定成本是总固定成本除以产量。

8、平均产品（Average product）平均产品是总产量除以投入品的数量。

9、平均可变成本（Average variable cost）平均可变成本是总可变成本除以产量。

10、投资的β(Beta）β度量的是与投资相联的不可分散的风险。

对于一种股票而言，它表示所有现行股票的收益发生变化时，一种股票的收益会如何敏感地变化。

11、债券收益(Bond yield）债券收益是债券所获得的利率。

12、收支平衡图（Break－even chart）收支平衡图表示一种产品所出售的总数量改变时总收益和总成本是如何变化的。

收支平衡点是为避免损失而必须卖出的最小数量。

13、预算线(Budget line）预算线表示消费者所能购买的商品X和商品Y的数量的全部组合。

重点总结的经济学人-中英文版)

Finance and EconomicsOffshore private banking离岸私人银行业Bourne to survive伯恩的幸存Aug 6th 2009From The Economist print editionDespite the woes of UBS, Swiss private banking remains in reasonable shape尽管瑞银处境不佳，瑞士的私人银行业仍保有相当规模Illustration by S. KambayashiA FTER visiting his bank in Zurich, Jason Bourne, an amnesic assassin, wonders: “Who has a safety-deposit box full of money and six passports and a gun?” In the popular imagination as well as Hollywood films the answer is clear: customers of Swiss banks do.当失忆的杀手詹森•伯恩(Jason Bourne)从其位于苏黎世的银行走出后，自问到：”什么样的人会有一个装满了钱、6本护照还有一把枪的银行保险箱？”在大众的想像与好莱坞的电影中，这个答案是明确的：瑞士银行的客户就是这样的人。

If this reputation for skulduggery is right, Switzerland, home to about one-quarter of the world’s offshore money, is in big trouble. After nearly going bust, UBS, its biggest bank, is now being pistol-whipped by America’s Internal Revenue Service (IRS), which wants it to hand over the names of tens of thousands of alleged tax dodgers. A preliminary settlement between the two was agreed on July 31st, although its details have yet to be made public. In March Switzerland agreed to comply with an OECD tax code that will oblige it to reveal information on clients that other governments say they need to enforce their laws. Where will crooks, despots and war criminals go now? And what will Swiss private banks do when they leave?如果这种隐秘而无原则的名声不是空穴来风的话，瑞士，这个坐拥世界四分之一离岸资金的国家将会有大麻烦。

八位经济学人

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哪些无辜的小生命惋惜，他们没有错，
错的是这个社会 !
如果当时，田文华把社会使命感摆
在经济效益前，发现三聚有毒当即上报
上级政府，停止奶制品销售，告诫全国人民，呼吁全民停止服用那阶段的三鹿
甘肃齐可嘉
3 G 4 月 1 日要放号了，对于做无线搜索的《宜搜：手机上的百度》来说这可是千载难逢的好时机，一定要好好把握机会，成败就在此一搏，加油 !
吉林邵亮
我恨人人购，前天刚通过贵刊知道了《人人购：一天一件吊胃口》，然后就发现这个网站上面有太多我喜欢的东西，价格又那么的诱人，引的我 I：1 水直流。可是就凭我刚参加工作的那点钱，这可怎么办呢 ? 我恨死人人购了。
L 海 - 黄蕾蕾
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A DVANTAGE
主管主办顾问总策划策划
副总编辑
中国出版集团生活读书新知三联书店吴敬琏张维迎柳传志董秀玉汪文斌高世楫路风石小敏高利民王志乐潘振平

经济学人

IN THE search for the villain behind the global financial crisis, some have pointed to inequality as a culprit. In his 2010 book “Fault Lines”, Raghuram Rajan of the University of Chicago argued that inequality was a cause of the crisis, and that the American government served as a willing accomplice. From the early 1980s the wages of working Americans with little or no university education fell ever farther behind those with university qualifications, he pointed out. Under pressure to respond to the problem of stagnating incomes, successive presidents and Congresses opened a flood of mortgage credit.全球金融危机的幕后黑手究竟是谁。

各方对此问题的调查从未停止过，其中就有一种观点认为，收入不平等是造成危机的罪魁祸首。

芝加哥大学的拉古拉迈•拉詹教授在他2010年出版的《断层线》一书中说，引发危机的主犯是收入不平等，而政府则充当了心甘情愿的帮凶角色。

他指出，自1980年代初起，美国劳动者的收入出现了两极分化，未受过高等教育的人的工资远低于拥有大学学历者，而且二者的差距还在扩大。

民众收入停滞不前成了历任政府和国会都头痛不已的老大难问题，迫于现实压力，他们作出了放开抵押贷款限制的决定。

功能对等理论视角下财经新闻英汉翻译研究——以《经济学人》为例

功能对等理论视角下财经新闻英汉翻译研究——以《经济学人》为例一、引言当今世界，经济全球化不断深入，各国在政治、经济等领域交流日益密切，了解国际市场、掌握国际经济形势成为广大群众一大诉求，因此英语财经类新闻的翻译显得尤为重要。

《经济学人》作为一本财经类杂志，具有较高的国际知名度，其新闻报道兼具权威性与实效性，该杂志的准确翻译可成为了解国际金融信息的高质量渠道之一。

奈达的功能对等理论强调信息的准确传递和强调读者反应，即在准确传递信息的基础上，原文读者与译文读者应有一致的阅读体验。

文章以功能对等理论为基础，试图探讨财经类新闻在翻译中如何实现原文与译文读者取得一致的阅读体验。

二、功能对等理论动态对等的概念是尤金•奈达于20 世纪60 年代在《翻译科学探索》一书中提出的。

动态对等指出，译者不能仅仅关注源语与目的语间的对应关系，而该关注一种动态的关系，即目的语读者和目的语信息间的关系应与源语读者和源语信息间的关系保持一致[1]。

后来，为避免公众对“动态”一词的误解，在《从一种语言到另一种语言》一书中，奈达将动态对等替换为功能对等，进一步完善了理论内容[2]。

功能对等理论强调读者反应，即目的语读者对译文的阅读反应需与源语读者对源语的阅读反应保持基本一致，这就要求译文与原文在功能上达到最贴近的对等。

然而，在翻译实践中译者不可避免地会遇到无法跨越的障碍，例如源语中的文化表述、语言形式等很难再现，根据功能对等理论，这时应首先保证信息的准确传递，即最自然的对等。

可见，功能对等理论的两大核心即是信息的准确传递与读者反应[3]。

国内对功能对等理论的研究与应用涉及广泛，包括新闻、广告、文学、影视字幕等诸多翻译领域。

而新闻具有面向大众、真实准确、及时简明的特点，因此新闻翻译应具有更高的可读性与交际性。

财经类新闻同时具有专业性与民生性，二者的对立统一关系需要译者在翻译中更需要坚持功能对等，以最大限度让目的语读者获得与源语读者相同的阅读体验。

TheEconomist《经济学人》常用词汇总结我眼泪都流出来了太珍.

两种变量系统地相互联系在一起的程度。

307、Cost ，average 平均成本等于总成本（参见 "总成本" ， cost ，total ）除以产出的单位数。

The Economist 《经济学人》常用词汇总结我眼泪都流出来了太珍The Economist 《经济学人》常用词汇总结我眼泪都流出来了太珍贵了 !! 16 小时前 301、Consumption function 消费函数总消费与个人可支配收人（ PDI ）认为会对消费产生影响。

的数值对应关系。

总财富和其他变量也常被 302、Consumption-possibility line 消费可能线见预算线（ budget line ）。

303、Cooperative equilibrium合作性均衡博弈论中，指各方协调行动，以求共同的支付（ joint pay － offs ）最优化的策略而达到的结果。

304、Corporate income tax 公司所得税对公司年净收入课征的税收。

305、Corporation 公司现代资本主义经济中企业组织的主要形式。

它是由个人或其他公司所拥有的企业，具有与个人一样的购买、销售和签订合同的权利。

公司和对公司负责任" 的所有人二者，在法律上是不同的概念。

"有限306、Correlation相关308、Cost ，average fixed 平均固定成本等于固定成本除以产出的单位数。

309、Cost，average variable 平均可变成本等于可变成本（参见" 可变成本" ，cost ，variable ）除以产出的单位数。

310、Cost ，fixed 固定成本一企业在某时段即使在产量为零时也会发生的成本。

总固定成本由诸如利息支出、抵押支出、管理者费用等契约性开支所组成。

311、Cost ，marginal 边际成本多生产1 单位产品所增加的成本（或总成本的增加额），或少生产1 单位产品总成本的减少额。

经济学人

Wynne Godley 韦恩•戈德利Wynne Godley, British economist, died on May 13th, aged 83 英国经济学家韦恩•戈德利于五月十三日辞世，终年83岁May 27th 2010 | From The Economist print edition 源自《经济学人》印刷版，2010年5月27日A CERTAIN ambiguity marked Wynne Godley. Was he at heart an aesthete, happiest making music in beautiful buildings among works of art? Or was he more naturally one of the sophisters, economists and calculators whose rise marked, for Edmund Burke, the passing of the age of chivalry? Was he by temperament a dissenter? Or just a typical scion of the British upper classes, an establishment man who played at being a rebel? Was he a determined pessimist, who took some pleasure in his reputation as the Cassandra of the Fens? Or a convivial, witty friend, who entertained with style and had a taste for gambling? Was he a shy violet, trembling before an audience? Or a controversialist who was hardly publicity-averse? 韦恩•戈利这个人的特点带有几分模棱两可。

economist(经济学人)精品文章中英对照

Whopper to go至尊汉堡，打包带走Will Burger King be gobbled up by private equity?汉堡王是否会被私人股本吞并？Sep 2nd 2010 | NEW YORKSHARES in Burger King (BK) soared on September 1st on reports that the fast-food company was talking to several private-equity firms interested in buying it. How much beef was behind these stories was unclear. But lately the company famous for the slogan “Have It Your Way” has certainly not been having it its own way. There may be arguments about whether BK or McDonald’s serves the best fries, but there is no doubt which is more popular with stockmarket investors: the maker of the Big Mac has supersized its lead in the past two years.有报道披露，快餐企业汉堡王（BK）正在与数个有收购意向的私人股本接洽，9月1日，汉堡王的股值随之飙升。

这些报道究竟有多少真材实料不得而知。

汉堡王的著名口号是“我选我味”，但如今显然它身不由己，心中五味杂陈。

汉堡王和麦当劳哪家薯条最好吃，食客们一直争论不休，但股票投资人更喜欢哪家股票，却一目了然：过去两年里，巨无霸麦当劳一直在扩大自己的优势。

经济学人(The economics)人文类

人声是最佳乐器大问题系列：爱德华·卡尔认为最好的乐器是我们大家都拥有的……From INTELLIGENT LIFE magazine, May/June 2012最好的乐器我们人人都有，时时携带，那就是人声。

几年之前，在爱尔兰临大西洋的当风海岸上，有几位老农拜访了我家的小屋。

那晚家里有茶有酒，火炉里还有干草在燃烧。

待到深夜屋外又黑又冷之时，一个老农突然开始唱歌。

寂静之中只有他的声音在空气中回荡，高亢且刺耳，悲伤地吟咏着班纳海滩的民谣。

在那样的时刻，歌声变成了我们生命的配乐。

所有一切都始于我们最早听到的音乐——母亲的声音。

在世界各地，每周六在体育场的看台上，每周日在教堂的长椅中，人们合声高唱。

正是人们张嘴歌唱赋予生日、婚礼和葬礼庄重的典礼感。

一旦音乐中混有声音，不管你所喜欢的是卡拉斯还是阿黛尔，抑或是皇后乐队，乐器都变成了陪衬。

声音如同指纹一般在音乐上加入了个性化的标记，且能够带出无尽的变化。

借用口语中的爆破音和摩擦音，人声赋予音乐一层感觉、一种情绪或是一个故事，这个故事可能涉及到一位负心人，也可能讲述着为爱尔兰复活节起义运送枪弹却最终无缘抵达班纳海滩的船只。

几乎所有形式的音乐都带有人声的痕迹。

当你倾听肖邦委婉的序曲时，你所听到的是模仿人声的钢琴。

当你倾听弦乐四重奏时，你所听到的是女高音、女低音、男高音和男低音的合唱。

我的小提琴老师克莱伦斯·梅亚斯克福想要让我理解如何为一首旋律分节时，他并不会用他那架精美的17世纪马吉尼来做示范，相反他会用自己平淡无奇的20世纪声音演唱示范。

歌唱对我们有很大的益处。

集中精神用力歌唱可以赋予头脑和身体活力。

唱歌过程中的呼吸吐气清通我们的气管，可以预防咳嗽和感冒。

大声高歌也可以发泄心中的不平。

为什么不试试这是否有效呢？如果你没有足够的信心加入本地合唱团，那你至少可以在家里无人的情况下，把自己安全地关在浴室里淋个浴，同时张开嘴，深吸一口气，释放一下你自己的灌耳魔音。

经济学人

美国企业管理Business商业Corporate governance in America美国企业治理Heating up代理权争夺战升温Shareholders are ever more willing to vote against management股东们比以前更愿意投管理层的反对票TWENTY years ago Bob Monks bought an ad in the Wall Street Journal declaring mem bers of the board ofSears, to which he hoped (in vain) to be elected,"non-performing assets". Nowadays, shareholder activists justcreate a website. On April 2nd Dan Loeb, a hedge-fund boss, launched , which brims withproposals for reviving the struggling web firm. Mr Loeb is trying to get himself elected to Yahoo!'s board againstthe wishes of its managers-a fight that could be the highlight of the annual corporate proxy season that is gettingunder way. He may win the shareholder vote, if Ya hoo! does not strike a deal with him first.二十年前，Bob Monks在《华尔街日报》登了一则广告，声称Sears公司董事会成员为"不良资产"，并徒劳希望能被当选为其中一员。

中国经济学人简介

办刊使命
让世界了解真正的中国经济，让中国走向世界为决策者们创造一个中国资源高度整合的机会平台为寻求真正了解中国经济，进而分享中国机会的合作伙伴提供一条直接沟通的渠道为国际国内同行建立一个互动交流的平台为全球关注中国经济的投资决策者们建立一个活动交流平台为读者打开一扇洞察中国经济的窗口
杂志特点
《ＣＨＩＮＡＥＣＯＮＯＭＩＳＴ》一座无边界的资源库，它的每个读者和参与者背后都代表着无限的资源：大到国家，小到世界级企业。
《ＣＨＩＮＡＥＣＯＮＯＭＩＳＴ》一个视野得以拓展、思想得以激荡的世界权利的俱乐部。
《ＣＨＩＮＡＥＣＯＮＯＭＩＳＴ》是国内首选的将中国的投资环境和投资需求展示给世界有实力的投资者的平台。
Ｉｎｔｅｎｔｉｏｎｔｏｂｕｙｉｎｔｈｅｃｏｍｉｎｇｙｅａｒ未来一年的投资意向ＰｒｉｖａｔｅＣａｒ私人汽车．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．３８％Ｌａｐｔｏｐ笔记本电脑．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．３５％ＡＤ／ｒｅｆｒｉｇｅｒａｔｏｒｙ／ＴＶ空调／冰箱／电视．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．３３％Ｄｅｓｉｇｎｅｒｃｌｏｔｈｅｓ名牌服装．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．３０％ＣｅｌｌＰｈｏｎｅ（ＲＭＢ３，０００＋）高端手机（３千元以上）．．．．．．２９％ＤｉｇｉｔａｌＣａｍｅｒａ数码相机．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．２８％Ｌｕｘｕｒｙｗａｔｃｈ名牌手表．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．２２％

the economist 经济学人

THE AMERICAN GOTHIC OF GORDON PARKS~ Posted by George Pendle, January 20th 2015In 1950, the Life magazine photographer Gordon Parks returned to his hometown of Fort Scott, Kansas, to create a photo essay on segregation in American schools. Parks was the only African-American photographer on the staff at Life and he was no stranger to the subject. The youngest of 15 children born to a tenant farmer and a maid, he had attended the segregated Plaza School, where an all-black student body had been taught by an all-black faculty. For the young Parks this had seemed quite normal, as had the black Main Street that existed on one side of the railroad tracks and the white Main Street that existed on the other. But by 1950 this forced separation was starting to splinter(分裂) and Kansas was at the centre of a growing national debate over segregation: in 1954 the Supreme Courtdecision, Brown v Board of Education of Topeka, Kansa s, would order schools to desegregate, kick-starting 强力启动，提供最新动力the civil-rights revolution.Parks' idea was to personalise the story of segregation by tracking down his former classmates from the Plaza School. The photographs he took are now on view in a precise and powerful show at the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston. By the time he began work on the project, many of them had left Fort Scott and so his commission became a quest追求that followed the Great Migration of African-Americans out of the rural southern states to the urban Midwest. In St Louis, Chicago and Detroit, Parks caught up with and photographed his old schoolmates in an almost identical manner. He would stand them shoulder to shoulder with their spouses or children, with their apartment blocks or houses behind them (above). This was by no means incidental. In fact this seemingly simple composition held within it a powerful message.At the time, Life was the most popular news magazine in the United States. It had a weekly readership of some 20m, drawn primarily from the urban and suburban white middle classes. Parks realised that in telling his story he would have to counter many of the unfavourable preconceptions that the magazine's readers would have about African-Americans. He needed to normalise his subjects in the eyes of his audience. Buthow? His answer was to appropriate盗用，侵吞what might have beenthe United States' most beloved artwork at the time—Grant Woods' "American Gothic" (1930). In Woods' original painting a gaunt憔悴的，骨瘦如柴的, bespectacled戴眼镜的farmer holding a pitchfork stands shoulder to shoulder with a woman in an apron. Both look grimly out of the picture. In the background sits a small white clapboard house with an ornate Gothic window. To the majority of Americans this image spoke of a pioneer spirit and grit刚毅，勇气in the face of the Great Depression. Parks chose to replicate this painting's composition in the photographs of his schoolfriends not as a pastiche模仿作品or satire, but as a subliminal 潜意识的signal of normalcy, a connotation of Americanness.He had, in fact, quoted Woods' painting in one of his earliest photographs from 1942. In "American Gothic, Washington DC" he had photographed a charwoman in the Farm Security Administration building where heworked, holding up a mop in front of the American flag. It was a polemical好辩的，挑起争端的piece that criticised a deeply segregated city, but Parks' quotation of the painting in his Fort Scott photographs was softer and less controversial. He simply wanted to show his classmates as couples defined by something other than the colour of their skin, and as modern American pioneers, travelling north from their hometown, foreheads creased with worry (like the Iowa farmers of Woods' image) but similarly united in their pursuit of the fundamental American rights of life, liberty and property. It was not just an aesthetic equivalence that Parks was drawing, but a moral one too.He supplemented these portraits with depictions of his schoolmates and their families going to church, saying grace before a meal or playing pianos—an expensive status symbol—in order to further shorten the distance between them and Life's readership. But he didn't sugarcoat his story. Some of his classmates had been successful—we see one of them smoking a pipe on the porch of his house with his family, the epitome of suburban content. But others had fallen on hard times. Parks can't hide the suffering in one of his old schoolmates' eyes as she stares out of the window of her transient hotel while her abusive husband lies on a bed next to her (above). Shortly after the picture was taken he would rob Parks of his money. By mixing the good and the bad in equal measure Parks was trying to show that his classmates suffered the same everydaytragedies and worried about the same things—house payments, schools for their children—that white people did. A further emotional heft分量is added to this show by the painstaking curation of Karen Haas, who has found the yearbook photos of Parks' subjects and displayed them next to the portraits. Their chosen mottos ("To be young forever; to be a Mrs.", "Tee hee, tee ho, tee hee, ha hum; Jolly, good natured, full of fun") are as optimistic and silly as those of any young person of any colour.As it was the feature never ran in Life. It appears to have been bumped to one side as more important news events thrust themselves into the magazine's pages. Parks would go on to become a composer, a poet, a novelist and the first African-American to direct a Hollywood studio film (as well as the groundbreaking开创性的black action movie, "Shaft", in 1971). But despite these achievements and an increasingly globe-trotting life, it was to Fort Scott that he felt consistently drawn: "This small town into which I was born,/has, for me, grown into the largest,/and most important city in the universe./Fort Scott is not as tall, or heralded as New York, Paris or London—/or other places my feet have roamed,/but it is home."Heral n 使者，先驱v 预示着。

Economist(经济学人)

What's wrong with America's economy?Its politicians are failing to tackle the country’s real problems. Believe it or not, they could learn from EuropeApr 28th 2011 | from the EconomistPESSIMISM about the United States rarely pays off in the long run. Time and again, when Americans have felt particularly glum, their economy has been on the brink of a revival. Think of Jimmy Carter’s cardigan-clad gloom in the inflation-ridden late 1970s, or the fear of competition from Japan that marked the “jobless recovery” of the early 1990s. Both times the United States bounced back, boosted on the first occasion by Paul V olcker’s conquest of inflation and on the second by a productivity spurt that sent growth rates soaring in the mid-1990s even as Japan stalled.That record is worth bearing in mind today. Americans are unhappy, and becoming more so, about their country’s prospects and politicians’ efforts to improve them. In a new New York Times/CBS News poll, seven out of ten respondents said America is on the wrong track. Almost 60% of Americans disapprove of Barack Obama’s handling of the economy, and three out of four think Congress is doing a lousy job.This malaise partly reflects the sluggishness of the recovery. Though unemployment has been falling and share prices are close to a three-year high, house prices are still in the dumps and the price of petrol has soared to levels not seen since the summer of 2008. But it’s not all about oil or indeed the short term. A careful reading of the polls suggests that Ameri cans’ worries stretch well beyond the next couple of years: about stagnating living standards and a dark future in an economy slow to create jobs, saddled with big government deficits and under threat from China. Tellingly, a majority now regard China, not America, as the world’s leading economy.Are these worries justified? On the plus side, it is hard to think of any large country with as many inherent long-term advantages as America: what would China give to have a Silicon Valley? Or Germany an Ivy League? But it is also plain that the United States does indeed have long-term economic weaknesses—and ones that will take time to fix. The real worry for Americans should be that their politicians, not least their president, are doing so little to tackle these underlying problems. Three failings stand out.The competitiveness canardThe first failing, of which Mr Obama in particular is guilty, is misstating the problem. He likes to frame America’s challenges in terms of “competitiveness”, particularly versus China. America’s prosperity, he argues, depends on “out-innovating, out-educating and out-building” China. This is mostly nonsense. America’s prosperity depends not on other countries’ productivity growth, but on its own (actually pretty fast) pace. Ideas spill over from one economy to another: when China innovates Americans benefit.Of course, plenty more could be done to spur innovation. The system of corporate taxation is a mess and deters domestic investment. Mr. Obama is right that America’s infrastru cture is creaking. But the solution there has as much to do with reforming Neanderthal funding systems as it does with the greater public spending he advocates. Too much of the “competitiveness” talk is a canard—one that justifies misguided policies, such as subsidies for green technology, and diverts attention from the country’s real to-do list.High on that list is sorting out America’s public finances. The budget deficit is huge and public debt, at over 90% of GDP when measured in an internationally comparable manner, is high and rising fast. Apart from Japan, America is the only big rich economy that does not have a plan for getting its public finances under control. The good news is that politicians are at last paying attention: deficit reduction is just about all anybody talks about in Washington, DC, these days. The bad news—and the second reason for gloom about what the politicians are up to—is that neither party is prepared to make the basic compromises that are essential to a deal. Republicans refu se to accept that taxes will have to rise, Democrats that spending on “entitlements” such as health care and pensions must fall. No real progress is likely until after the 2012 presidential election. And the antagonism of today’s deficit debate may even ha rm the economy, as Republicans push for excessive cuts in next year’s budget.When growth doesn’t bring jobsMeanwhile, the biggest dangers lie in an area that politicians barely mention: the labour market. The recent decline in the jobless rate has been misleading, the result of a surprisingly small growth in the workforce (as discouraged workers drop out) as much as fast job creation. A stubborn 46% of America’s jobless, some 6m people, have been out of work for more than six months. The weakness of the recovery is mostly to blame, but there are signs that America may be developing a distinctly European disease: structural unemployment.Youth unemployment is especially high, and joblessness among the young leaves lasting scars. Strong productivity growth has been achieved partly through the elimination of many mid-skilled jobs. And what makes this all the more worrying is that, below the radar screen, America had employment problems long before the recession, particularly for lesser-skilled men. These were caused not only by sweeping changes from technology and globalisation, which affect all countries, but also by America’s habit of locking up large numbers of young black men, which drastically diminishes their future employment prospects. America has a smaller fraction of prime-age men in work and in the labour force than any other G7 economy. Some 25% of men aged 25-54 with no college degree, 35% of high-school dropouts and almost 70% of black high-school dropouts are not working.Beyond the toll to individuals, the lack of work among less-skilled men could have huge fiscal and social consequences. The cost of disability payments is some $120 billion (almost 1% of GDP) and rising fast. Male worklessness has been linked with lower marriage rates and weakening family bonds.All this means that grappling with entrenched joblessness deserves to be far higher on America’s policy agenda. Unfortunately, the few (leftish) politicians who acknowledge the problem tend to have misguided solutions, such as trade barri ers or industrial policy to prop up yesterday’s jobs or to spot tomorrow’s. That won’t work: government has a terrible record at picking winners. Instead, America needs to get its macro-medicine right, in particular by committing itself to medium-term fiscal and monetary stability without excessive short-term tightening. But it also needs job-marketreforms, from streamlining and upgrading training to increasing employers’ incentives to hire the low-skilled. And there, strange as it may seem, America could learn from Europe: the Netherlands, for instance, is a good model for how to overhaul disability insurance. Stemming the decline in low-skilled men’s work will also demand more education reform to boost skills, as well as a saner approach to drugs and imprisonment.Technology and globalisation are remaking labour markets across the rich world, to the relative detriment of the lower-skilled. That’s why a rosier outlook for America’s economy does not necessarily mean a rosy future for all Americans. Mr Obama and his opponents can help to shape the process. Sadly, they are doing so for the worse rather than the better.美国的经济怎么了？——它的政客们都未能解决国家的真正的问题。

经济学人

经济学人经济学人（The Economist）是一家国际知名的经济学与商业杂志，由英国皇家经济学家出版社（The Economist Group）出版。

创办于1843年，内容涵盖全球经济、政治、科技、文化等各个领域，以客观公正、权威独立的报道而闻名于世。

该杂志以其深入剖析问题的独到见解和高质量的调查报告而备受读者青睐。

经济学人的发行周期为每周一期，全年约有50期，每一期都围绕特定的主题进行深入研究。

杂志的各个版块包括国际新闻、财经、科技、商业、金融、文化等，涵盖了全球范围内的经济与商业问题。

经济学人以其独特的编辑风格而广为人知。

在撰写文章时，经济学人特别注重事实准确、分析深入和观点中立。

文章风格简洁明了，条理清晰，语言严谨，充满了经济学的思维方式和逻辑思维。

经济学人的读者群也是其独特性的体现。

经济学人的读者主要是来自商界、政界、学界和金融界的专业人士，以及对经济与商业问题感兴趣的广大读者。

很多政商要人通过阅读经济学人来获取最新的全球经济动态和商业趋势，以帮助他们做出决策。

经济学人作为一家国际化的杂志，在内容策划和报道方面非常注重全球视野。

无论是报道国际政治、全球经济形势还是科技创新发展，经济学人都能提供丰富的信息和独到的观点。

除了纸质杂志以外，经济学人还运营着一个全球性的网站和移动应用，为读者提供更为多样化和实时的资讯。

通过这些数字平台，读者可以随时随地获取经济学人的最新内容，并参与到有关经济与商业的讨论与辩论中。

总之，经济学人以其独特的品牌形象、高质量的报导和权威的分析，成为了经济与商业领域中不可或缺的声音之一。

无论是在政治经济、国际关系、科技创新还是商业趋势等领域，经济学人都始终保持着高度的影响力和价值。

它为读者呈现了一个全球的经济与商业画卷，为读者带来了关于全球经济格局和商业竞争的深刻思考。

中国最具影响力的十大经济学家

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将经济学讲得最清楚的人——茅于轼
• · 1929年1月14日出生于南京，父亲茅以新是铁路机械工程师，伯父茅以升是桥梁专家。 · 1946年毕业于重庆南开中学，同年考入上海交通大学。 · 《世界商业评论》对茅于轼教授的评价是：将经济学讲得最清楚的人！ 1986年赴美国在哈佛大学任注册访问学者。1987年回国，以后7年内担任非洲能源政策研究网顾问。1990年应澳大利亚昆士兰大学经济系招聘任高级讲师，讲授研究生班的微观经济学。 1993年从中国社科院退休，与其他四位经济学家共同创办天则经济研究所。现为该所法人代表。主要兼职如下：亚洲开发银行注册顾问、LEAD国际培训项目中国国家理事会成员、China Economic Review顾问编辑、中国能源研究会副理事长。带有浪漫主义思想色彩的经济学家。茅于轼先生的“厉害”在于他对微观经济学的资源配置问题的透彻研究和精妙阐释，他曾经用一句话来概括整个微观经济学和市场经济体制的核心：充分竞争下的供求均衡达致资源配置最优。他的《择优分配原理》由于深入浅出，颇得经济学之妙处，所以成为很多青年学者进入微观经济学领域的介绍信。由于其著述语言引人入胜、观点精练，茅于轼培养了一大批忠实的"茅于轼迷"。由于其宽容平和的性格，关注民生问题，被认为是经济学家的楷模。
他一直主张市场取向的改革认为只有实行市场经济理顺市场价格体系形成比较充分的市场竞争环境和信息指标体系才能为国有企业改革创造良好的外部条件卸除国有企业背负的政策负担包括社会保障负担和执行赶超战略的负担培育国有企业的自生能力是国有企业改革取得成功的关在深入研究中国和东亚地区经济发展问题的基础上林毅夫教授总结了世界各国经济发展的经验教训提影响政府决策的经济学家—— 厉以宁

《经济学人》(节选)汉译实践报告的开题报告

《经济学人》(节选)汉译实践报告的开题报告尊敬的评委和导师：本人将从翻译与传播角度，选取《经济学人》(以下简称Economist)的节选文章进行汉译实践，以提高自身英语能力和翻译水平。

一、选题理由1、经济学人是国际著名的财经、政治、科技、文化综合类杂志，拥有广泛的读者群体和专业的写作团队，其报道深入浅出、客观中立、文笔优美，具有较高的知名度和影响力。

2、经济学人的节选文章涉及领域广泛，包括经济学、管理学、国际关系、科技前沿等，具有较高的参考价值和实用性。

3、翻译实践是提高英语能力和翻译水平的有效途径，通过对《经济学人》节选文章的汉译实践，可以锻炼自身的英语阅读、理解、表达和翻译能力。

二、研究目标和内容1、研究目标通过对《经济学人》节选文章的汉译实践，达到以下目标：(1) 提高英语文献阅读能力。

(2) 提升翻译水平和语言表达能力。

(3) 加深对国际经济、政治、科技等领域的理解和认识。

(4) 探索英文期刊的汉译策略和技巧，提高汉译质量。

2、研究内容本人拟选取《经济学人》的某一期节选文章进行汉译实践，并结合相关理论和实践经验，探讨如何解决英文阅读难度大、翻译难度高、表达不准确等问题，提升汉译质量和对国际经济、政治、科技等领域的理解和认识。

三、研究方法1、文献阅读法：通过对《经济学人》的相关期刊、文章和资料的阅读，了解其风格特点和汉译难点。

2、对比分析法：通过对英文原文和中文译文的对比分析，发现翻译中存在的问题和不足，同时结合国内外相关理论进行归纳和总结。

3、实证研究法：对所选的一篇英文节选文章进行汉译实践，发现、总结和改进翻译过程中的问题，提高汉译质量。

四、研究意义本研究具有重要意义：1、提高研究者的英语阅读能力和翻译水平，进一步拓展视野，加深对国际经济、政治、科技等领域的理解和认识。

2、通过《经济学人》节选文章的汉译实践，进一步探索英文期刊的汉译策略和技巧，提升汉译质量。

3、提高中国高等教育国际化水平，促进国际文献传播和国际学术交流。

经济学人

出版物刊名：经济纵横
页码： F0002-F0002页
年卷期： 2020年第2期
主题词：国家发展改革委;经济体制改革;所有制改革;国家体改委;综合司;国家图书奖;经济模式;社会主义理想
摘要：范恒山:曾任国家体改委综合规划试点司副司长,国务院体改办综合司司长,国家发展改革委综合改革司司长、地区经济司司长,国家促进中部地区崛起工作办公室副主任,国家发展改革委副秘书长。

长期从事经济体制改革、宏观经济管理与可持续发展等领域研究。

主持并完
成“新时代促进区域协调发展的利益补偿机制研究”等国家社会科学基金重大项目多项,著编译《市场经济新体制建设若干重大问题论要》等学术著作30余部,发表《社会主义理想经济模式》《所有制改革:理论与方案》等论文三百余篇,多项科研成果获国家图书奖等奖项。