Farmer Participatory Evaluation of Nursery Bed Treatments for the Control of Root-Knot Nematodes
农民专业合作社法英文版
农民专业合作社法英文版Here's a draft of the "Farmers' Professional Cooperatives Law" in an informal and conversational English style, with each paragraph maintaining independence in language characteristics:Farming's a tough job, but farmers can make it easier by banding together. That's where farmers' professional cooperatives come in. They're groups of farmers who share resources, knowledge, and even profits. It's a way to strengthen their voices and improve their livelihoods.These cooperatives aren't just about pooling resources. They're also about learning from each other. Farmers can share best practices, like new farming techniques or ways to market their products. It's like having a built-in support group and training center right in their backyard.And guess what? Joining a cooperative doesn't mean giving up control. Farmers still run their own farms andmake their own decisions. But having that network behind them gives them more negotiating power with suppliers, buyers, and even the government.So how does it work? Well, farmers get together and decide what kind of cooperative they want to form. Then they elect leaders to manage the group and make sure everyone's voice is heard. It's a democratic process that ensures fairness and equality.Now, I'm not saying there aren't challenges. Starting and running a cooperative takes time and effort. But for many farmers, the benefits outweigh the costs. They feel more secure knowing they have a group they.。
奶牛早期妊娠诊断技术的研究进展
奶牛早期妊娠诊断技术的研究进展陈超，张欣欣，安志高，胡祥维，华丽萍，李可可，杨利国（华中农业大学动物科技学院，武汉 430070）中图分类号：S823.3 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1004-4264（2019）04-0026-04DOI: 10.19305/ki.11-3009/s.2019.04.006摘 要：高效准确的早期妊娠诊断，可以缩短母牛的产犊间隔，从而达到提高母牛繁殖效率的目的。
家畜早期妊娠诊断方法的研究具有悠久的历史，从原始的外部观察法到目前应用最广泛且最直接的直肠检查法，再到后期发展起来的超声波检查法以及近年来研究比较多的易于商业化的间接检测法。
本文对在生产中具有实际应用效果且具有一定发展前景的早期妊娠诊断技术应用现状进行了综述。
关键词：奶牛；早期妊娠诊断；繁殖随着经济的高速发展和生活水平的不断提高，人们对于乳制品的需求量越来越大，要求也越来越高，这也对奶牛养殖业的发展提出了更高的要求，所以为了满足社会发展的需要，需不断推进奶牛养殖的现代化和科学化。
经过半个多世纪的发展，中国奶牛产业已经从传统、落后、粗放的养殖模式转变成规模化、标准化、精细化、产业化养殖的模式，很多先进技术也得到了大力的推广[1]，其中早期妊娠诊断技术在近些年也得到了快速的发展。
早期妊娠诊断技术在畜牧养殖业中一直扮演着重要的角色，特别是在奶牛养殖业中。
母牛在配种后应尽早地确定是否妊娠，这对于保胎、减少空怀、提高母畜的繁殖力是非常重要的[2]。
经过早期妊娠诊断，对于确定怀孕的母牛，尽早提供妊娠母牛所需要的营养与环境，加强饲养管理，能够保证胎儿的正常发育，避免胚胎的早期死亡或流产；对于未妊娠的母牛，找出原因后及时采取措施进行二次配种，对于多次配种不孕的母牛及时淘汰，通过缩短产犊间隔而达到提高母牛繁殖效率的目的。
简便有效的妊娠诊断方法，尤其是早期妊娠的诊断方法，能够大大提高母畜的繁殖效率。
母畜繁殖效率一直是畜牧生产中极为重视的问题，繁殖效率的提高能大大提高畜牧生产的经济效益。
兽医在农业中作用英语作文
兽医在农业中作用英语作文Title: The Role of Veterinarians in Agriculture。
In modern agriculture, the role of veterinarians is indispensable. These professionals play a crucial role in ensuring the health and well-being of livestock, thereby contributing to the efficiency and sustainability of agricultural practices. In this essay, we will explore the multifaceted contributions of veterinarians to agriculture and their significance in maintaining a thrivingagricultural sector.First and foremost, veterinarians are responsible forthe prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases infarm animals. Livestock diseases can have devastatingeffects on agricultural productivity, leading to economic losses and food shortages. Through routine health check-ups, vaccination programs, and disease surveillance,veterinarians help prevent outbreaks and control the spread of infectious diseases among livestock populations. Byidentifying and treating illnesses promptly, veterinarians safeguard animal welfare and ensure the production of safe and wholesome food for human consumption.Furthermore, veterinarians play a vital role in promoting animal welfare standards on farms. They work closely with farmers to ensure that animals are housed, handled, and transported in accordance with ethical guidelines and regulatory requirements. By providing guidance on proper nutrition, housing conditions, and husbandry practices, veterinarians help optimize animal welfare and minimize stress-related health problems. Their expertise in animal behavior and physiology allows them to implement strategies for enhancing the overall well-being of farm animals, thereby improving productivity and reducing the incidence of injuries and diseases.In addition to their clinical duties, veterinarians are involved in various aspects of food safety and quality assurance. They conduct regular inspections of food production facilities to ensure compliance with hygiene and sanitation standards. Veterinarians also monitor the use ofveterinary drugs and additives in livestock farming to prevent residues from contaminating food products. By implementing strict quality control measures, veterinarians help maintain consumer confidence in the safety andintegrity of agricultural products.Moreover, veterinarians play a crucial role in environmental sustainability and public health. They advise farmers on sustainable farming practices that minimize the environmental impact of agricultural operations, such as waste management, water conservation, and soil conservation. Veterinarians also contribute to the prevention of zoonotic diseases, which are infectious diseases that can be transmitted from animals to humans. By monitoring animal health and implementing disease control measures, veterinarians help reduce the risk of disease transmission and protect public health.In conclusion, veterinarians are indispensable to the success and sustainability of modern agriculture. Their expertise in animal health, welfare, and food safety is essential for ensuring the productivity, efficiency, andethical conduct of agricultural practices. By working collaboratively with farmers, policymakers, and other stakeholders, veterinarians contribute to the development of a resilient and responsible agricultural sector that meets the needs of society while safeguarding the well-being of animals and the environment.。
英语作文 农民
When discussing the topic of farmers,it is essential to consider their significant role in society.Farmers are the backbone of the agricultural sector,contributing to the production of food and other agricultural products that are vital for the sustenance of the population.The Importance of FarmersFarmers play a crucial role in the economy of any country.They are responsible for cultivating the land,planting,and harvesting crops.Without farmers,there would be a shortage of food,which could lead to a crisis in food security.Daily Life of a FarmerThe life of a farmer is often characterized by hard work and dedication.They wake up early in the morning to tend to their crops and livestock.The work is physically demanding and requires a deep understanding of the land and the weather patterns. Farmers must also be adept at problemsolving,as they often face challenges such as pests, diseases,and unpredictable weather conditions.Technological Advancements in FarmingWith the advent of technology,farming has become more efficient and less laborintensive.Modern farming techniques,such as precision agriculture,use GPS and other technologies to optimize crop yields and reduce waste.This has allowed farmers to produce more with less,contributing to global food security.Challenges Faced by FarmersDespite the advancements in technology,farmers still face numerous challenges.Climate change has led to unpredictable weather patterns,which can greatly affect crop yields. Additionally,farmers often struggle with the economic pressures of maintaining their farms,such as the high costs of equipment,seeds,and fertilizers.The Role of Government and SocietyGovernments and societies play a vital role in supporting farmers.Policies that provide financial assistance,education,and resources can help farmers overcome the challenges they face.Moreover,consumers can support farmers by choosing to buy locally produced food,which not only supports the local economy but also reduces the environmental impact of food transportation.The Future of FarmingAs the worlds population continues to grow,the role of farmers becomes increasingly important.Sustainable farming practices,which focus on longterm productivity and environmental protection,will be key in ensuring that farmers can continue to meet the food demands of the future.ConclusionIn conclusion,farmers are an integral part of our society,and their work deserves recognition and support.By understanding their daily life,the challenges they face,and the importance of their contribution to food production,we can better appreciate the dedication and hard work that goes into every meal we enjoy.。
参与式农村评估介绍
参与式农村评估一、参与式农村评估的概念参与式农村评估（PRA，Participatory Rural Appraisal），是在农村项目设计、实施、评估中常用的一种农村调查研究方法。
这种方法源于是由泰国研究人员首先提出并实践的快速农村评估方法（RRA，Rapid Rural Appraisal），是由国际咨询专家根据在肯尼亚和印度的工作实践于80年代末-90年代初发展而来的。
PRA是由一个包括地方人员在内的多学科小组采用一系列参与式工作技术和技能来了解农村生活、农村社会经济活动、环境及其它信息资料，了解农业、农村及社区发展问题与机会的一种系统的、半结构式的调查研究方法。
其最突出的特点是工作的全过程都强调农户的参与，从而使结果更具可操作性和易于被农户所接收。
PRA在农村项目中主要用于编制和制订社区发展计划和进行社区发展决策。
主要内容包括需求评价、可行性研究、确定项目活动和其优先顺序、项目的监测和评估等。
二、PRA工作的要点和核心PRA工作的要点和核心是：真诚和广泛地听取农民的意见；在工作中注意尊重社区成员，对社区成员所知、所说、所为、所示表现出兴趣；耐心听取意见，不鲁莽、不打断对方；多听、少说、忌用自己的观点诱导农民；谦虚，并热情鼓励社区成员表达、交流、分析他们的知识。
PRA源于“参与发展理论”，强调来自农户、依靠农户、与农户一道学习、了解农村、实现农村可持续发展，真正做到“从群众中来，到群众中去”。
农村的可持续发展实质上是社会在进步方向上的变革。
农民是农村社会的主体，只有农村社会的主体－农民充分行使自我管理、自我决策的权力，并组织起来，形成一致行动，即形成以农民为主体的参与发展机制，才可能实现这种进步。
1、“谁受益”在任何项目中，“谁受益”都是一个首要问题，它贯穿所有自然资源管理和开发、社区发展项目的评定之中。
从广义上讲，合理、均衡地分配利益是参与项目的部门和行业在项目中取得成功的基础。
不同的项目，项目目标和项目资源不同?项目资源能否被目标受益人合理使用，并促进自身发展"就成为衡量项目成功与否的关键指标。
国外农场动物福利评价体系概述
国外农场动物福利评价体系概述
农场动物福利评价体系是一个用于评估和监测农场动物福利状
况的框架。
这个评价体系包括了许多指标，如动物健康、食物和水的供应、住所条件、社交环境以及对待方法等方面。
国外一些机构已经形成了较为完善的评价标准和指南，例如美国农业部的《动物福利法》和英国《农场动物福利委员会》的《五自由指南》。
动物健康是农场动物福利评价体系中的重要指标之一。
它包括对动物疾病的防治和治疗，以及对动物的常规健康检查和疫苗接种等方面。
此外，食物和水的供应也是一个重要的指标。
农场动物需要充足的饮食和水分才能保持健康生长。
住所条件也是评价体系的关键指标之一。
动物需要舒适、清洁、干燥且适温的住所环境，以保证它们的基本需求得到满足。
农场动物福利评价体系中还包括了社交环境和对待方法等方面。
农场动物需要适当的社交环境来满足它们的天性，例如家畜需要与同类动物交往以及进行其他行为，如啃咬、刨土等。
对待方法则包括了动物在养殖、运输和屠宰等过程中的待遇，如是否给予足够的麻醉和安乐死等。
总之，国外的农场动物福利评价体系为我们提供了一个全面、科学的标准来评估和监测农场动物的福利状况。
这不仅有助于促进动物福利的提升，也有利于保障动物的健康和安全，同时也能推动整个养殖业的可持续发展。
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世界著名农业科学家
世界著名农业科学家作者：孙启禄来源：《疯狂英语·新读写》2023年第11期主题语境：人物介绍篇幅：363词关键词：agricultural scientistListed below are some of the most famous agricultural scientists who have dedicatedtheir lives to this science.Norman Ernest BorlaugNorman Ernest Borlaug was an American agronomist （农学家） who promoted an extensive increase in agricultural productionworldwide， called the Green Revolution. He started agricul⁃tural research with CIMMYT （国际玉米与小麦改良中心） inMexico， where he developed high⁃yield and disease⁃resistantwheat varieties. He introduced high‑yield varieties with modern agricultural productiontechniques to Mexico， Pakistan， and India. As a result， Mexico became a net exporter ofwheat by 1963. He was awarded multiple honors for his contribution， including the NobelPeace Prize， the Presidential Medal of Freedom， and the Congressional Gold Medal.Monkombu Sambasivan SwaminathanMonkombu Sambasivan Swaminathan is a scientist，known for his part in Indias Green Revolution， a programunder which he planted various high⁃quality wheat and ricevarieties. His suggestions make the agricultural world strongerand he tried to eliminate （消除） the problem of hunger and poverty. He achieved manyawards， like the Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement in 1991， Padma Bhushan in1972， the World Food Prize in 1987， Padma Vibhushan in 1989，and many more.George Washington CarverGeorge Washington Carver was an American agricultural scientist who encouragedalternative crops to cotton and methods to prevent soil depletion（损耗）. He developed techniques to improve soil used up by repeatedplanting of cotton. He educated poor farmers to grow othercrops like peanuts and potatoes to enhance their quality of life.Carver was a leader in promoting environmentalism. He receivedmany awards for his work， including the Spingarn Medal of theNAACP. He has been praised for his vision and achievements.Benjamin Peary PalBenjamin Peary Pal was an Indian plant breeder and anexpert in the science of soil management and crop production. Hewas appointed as a director of the Indian Agricultural ResearchInstitute in Delhi and as the first director?general of the IndianCouncil of Agricultural Research. He worked on wheat genetics andbreeding， and he was also known for the love of rose varieties. Hewas a bachelor and donated his whole property to the Indian Council of Agricultural Research.He received many awards， including Padma Shri in 1959 and Padma Bhushan in 1968.ReadingCheck1. Which of the scientists developed wheat varieties that could resist diseases？A. Benjamin Peary Pal.B. Norman Ernest Borlaug.C. George Washington Carver.D. Monkombu Sambasivan Swaminathan.2. What do Monkombu Sambasivan Swaminathan and George Washington Carver have incommon？A. They led Indias Green Revolution.B. They were devoted to soil management.C. They showed a special love for peanuts and potatoes.D. They were devoted to environmental protection.3. Which of the following can best describe Benjamin Peary Pal？A. Strict.B. Serious.C. Generous.D. Humorous.语篇解码本文是一篇说明文，介绍了四位世界著名的农业科学家。
畜牧兽医的劳模作文
畜牧兽医的劳模作文英文回答：Being recognized as a model worker in the field of animal husbandry and veterinary medicine is truly an honor and a testament to my dedication and hard work. Throughout my career, I have strived to provide the best care and support for animals, as well as contribute to the advancement of veterinary medicine. This recognition not only validates my efforts but also serves as a motivation to continue pushing boundaries and making a positive impact in the industry.One of the key aspects of my work as a model worker in animal husbandry and veterinary medicine is ensuring the health and well-being of livestock. I have developed innovative approaches to prevent and treat diseases, implement effective vaccination programs, and improve animal nutrition. By staying up-to-date with the latest research and advancements in the field, I am able toprovide the most effective and efficient solutions for the farmers and livestock owners.In addition to the physical health of animals, I also prioritize their mental well-being. I understand that stress and anxiety can have a significant impact on the overall health and productivity of livestock. Therefore, I have implemented various enrichment activities and stress reduction techniques to create a more comfortable and stimulating environment for the animals. This not only improves their quality of life but also enhances their performance and productivity.Furthermore, as a model worker, I actively participate in community outreach programs to educate farmers and livestock owners about best practices in animal husbandry and veterinary medicine. By sharing my knowledge and experiences, I aim to empower individuals to make informed decisions and take proactive measures to ensure the health and welfare of their animals. This not only benefits the individual farmers but also contributes to the overall improvement of animal husbandry practices in the community.中文回答：被认可为畜牧兽医领域的劳模是我莫大的荣誉，也证明了我对工作的奉献和努力。
范例：参与式农村评估(PRA)调查
範例：参与式农村评估（PRA）调查宋涛（西华师范大学生物系2000级2班南充市 637002）●参与式农村评估（PRA）的基本概念PRA是Partic9ipatory Rural Appraisal的缩写，中文译为参与式农村评估。
参与式农村评估是一种快速收集农村信息资料，资源状况与优势，农民愿望和发展途径的新方法，是一个可促使当地人民不断加强对自身和社区、以及环境条件的理解，与发展工作者共同参与、提高和分析他们生活状况并一同制定计划的步骤和方法，这是个不断发展的方法体系。
大多数情况下，参与式农村评估（PRA）的采用往往是由外来的工作人员发起的。
但运用得当时，参与式农村评估（PRA）能促使当地人（农村或城镇的人）自己担当起评价、分析、实施、监督和评估的工作。
PRA是国际上流行的发展的运作方法，强调三个支柱：第一个叫做思想行为和态度——以什么样的心态去工作，思想是什么，体现的行为方式是什么，这是一个比较关键的问题；第二个支柱是知识共享，当地人有当地人的知识，我们有我们的知识，只是不同的知识体系，在农村要干一件什么事，我们下去是学生，是我们和当地人把我们的知识和他们的知识融合在一起一个共享的过程；第三方面是PRA工具。
这三个支柱支起了PRA工作构架。
通过采用参与式农村评估（PRA）收集信息的方法，可了解当地群众在活动过程中参与的真实性，以及对待调查结果的相应态度。
该调查方式也可用来确定分析、计划和随后引发的活动。
●PRA调查方式农事图；大事记；问题排序图；社区图；问卷；访谈；座谈记录、作图都是非常重要的资料积累方法●PRA调查内容调查对象：青溪村现书记——岳建兵唐家河国家级自然保护区迁出农户——任万金、李银贵、唐磊、唐家珍、吴信平、李慧平、陈红生、李秀珍、黄德贵调查对象所属区域：四川省广元市青川县青溪镇青溪村调查员姓名及所属区域：宋涛——西华师范大学生物系林玉华、姜家宜——西南民族大学化学与环境保护学院与青溪村现书记——岳建兵座谈：1.社区居民分布——街上4个社，附近4个社2.居民户数——718户3.人口增长趋势——人口呈↑（上升）趋势4.年龄结构——5：55.民族构成——汉族居多，回族其次，1户藏民6.医院情况——2个村卫生医疗站，在西街7.当地居民受教育程度——初中以上8.学校情况——离镇近，青溪中学9.当地居民技术支持情况——天麻、香菇有技术支持10.辍学情况——有的话，老师开证明，村里干部（社长、村干部）去找辍学的学生11.居民收入来源——男：务工；女：养猪、鸡等12.居民收入开支——大部分用于小孩读书上学13.税收——农业税附加：40元左右；生产性费用：4.52元左右14.特困户——1社：陈华；2社：贺怀玉（残疾）。
农业推广硕士英语翻译审批稿
农业推广硕士英语翻译 YKK standardization office【 YKK5AB- YKK08- YKK2C- YKK18】1、A Story About Stress巴里在出门的路上，对着他的孩子们的玩具，对着他的妻子大喊大叫，在上班的路上，他坐在交通堵塞的路上。
当他到达办公室时，肌肉紧张，他盯着电脑，准备回答迄今为止的42封电子邮件.此外，还有一大堆工作要做;这就意味着，他将不得不跳过午餐和晚餐——再一次，喝无数杯咖啡。
当他12个小时的工作日结束后，他开车上下班，并在路上捡起一些垃圾食品。
现在是晚上11点。
他想念他的妻子和年幼的孩子们，因为他们已经在床上躺了好几个小时了。
精疲力竭的他上床睡觉，睡得不规律，整夜都在咬牙切齿。
早晨来得太快了，他醒了过来，从头再来。
他的眼睛没有放松，没有时间去看孩子，他的妻子也开始像他想象中的样子。
难怪现在北美的离婚率高达62%。
这听起来很有戏剧性，但对我们很多人来说，它已经成为我们的生活。
无论我们是农民、渔夫还是银行家，我们都有压力，疲惫不堪，不堪重负;而压力正在扼杀我们。
最近的一项调查显示，51%的人口每周工作40-60小时;12%的人每周工作超过60小时。
最近有一种过度工作的流行，我们为此付出了代价。
压力是一种“损耗”疾病。
某些疾病增加了——男性的前列腺癌、女性的乳腺癌、II型糖尿病等等。
这些症状没有那么显着，但更常见的症状是失眠、头痛、下腰痛和消化系统紊乱。
你知道心脏病是加拿大男人和女人的头号杀手吗?每年治疗心脏病的费用约为180亿美元。
儿童肥胖一直处于高水平，加拿大卫生部报告说，5岁到7岁的加拿大人中有一半的人不够活跃，无法获得最佳的生长和发育。
这也适用于家庭的其他成员;总的来说，加拿大人没有足够的体力活动来保持他们精神上的警觉，从而避免身体和精神上的紊乱。
户外运动也能刺激心理健康，因为它能激发好奇心、解决问题和创造性思维。
“当你在户外的时候，也会有一些能让你精神上的东西，”多伦多大学的病人教育主管迈克尔埃文斯博士说，他每天都要骑车上班。
农民受益：探讨农业福利改善的英语作文题目
农民受益：探讨农业福利改善的英语作文题目In today's rapidly evolving global economy, agriculture plays a pivotal role in supporting communities, providing sustenance, and driving rural development. The welfare of farmers is not only a matter of their personal well-being but also a crucial factor in ensuring food security and economic stability. This essay delves into the various ways agricultural welfare has improved over the years, the challenges faced, and the potential for further advancements.Firstly, advancements in technology have significantly boosted agricultural productivity. The introduction of precision farming techniques, such as GPS-guided tractors, drones for crop monitoring, and genetically modified seeds, has led to higher yields, reduced input costs, and enhanced environmental sustainability. These innovations have directly translated to better incomes for farmers, enabling them to invest in their families' welfare and improve living standards.Secondly, government policies and international aid programs have played a significant role in enhancing farmer welfare. Manycountries have implemented subsidies, crop insurance schemes, and low-interest loans to protect farmers from market fluctuations and natural disasters. Additionally, initiatives like the Green Revolution have focused on improving access to credit, education, and infrastructure, empowering farmers with the tools necessary for growth.However, despite these improvements, challenges persist. Access to finance remains a major issue, especially for small-scale farmers in developing countries. Limited access to credit hampers their ability to invest in modern equipment and diversify their income sources. Furthermore, the digital divide poses a challenge, as many farmers lack the necessary technological know-how to fully leverage these advancements.Another concern is the need for sustainable practices. As the world shifts towards environmentally conscious agriculture, farmers must adapt to new methods that balance profitability with environmental protection. This often requires additional training and resources, which can be a barrier for some.Moving forward, there is a pressing need for a holistic approachto agricultural welfare. This includes investing in rural infrastructure, promoting agribusiness, and fostering partnerships between farmers, researchers, and policymakers. Encouraging the adoption of sustainable farming methods and integrating technology into education and training programs can help bridge the gap and ensure farmers continue to reap the benefits of a changing landscape.In conclusion, while significant progress has been made in improving agricultural welfare, much more needs to be done. By addressing the challenges faced by farmers, investing in their education and access to resources, and promoting sustainable practices, we can create a future where farmers worldwide enjoy increased prosperity and contribute to the global food system's resilience.中文翻译：题目：“农民得利：农业福利提升的探讨”在瞬息万变的全球经济中，农业不仅是社区支持、食物供应和农村发展的重要支柱。
【人力资源】参与式农村评估(PRA)培训手册(二)资料
三、相关者发展项目排序工具箱工具箱的内容这个工具组不仅帮助我们了解源丁现实情况的优先性问题，还帮助我们利用快速评估信息来关注未来。
这些工具都是为发展规划而特意设计的。
3. 1相关者发展项目排序工具1:简单排序目的：排序能帮助我们了解不同的社区成员所各自面临的最重要的问题。
它还能帮助我们迅速比较不同群体的优先性。
表5-24-2广西东兰县某村（与衰5 24 1为同一村）问题优先性排序表（男农民组）________________ __ 社区存在的问融石杨曹杨杨总分排序粮食不倍吃111010109502经济收入来源少911111111531妇女劳动负担过暇25518218妇女病多&4474276妇女无分娩住院条件393271711妇女文盲半文盲多63262】910饮水困难10115320g缺少弄殖技术培训178410305环境卫生差48931257自然环境恶劣566g6324自然资源少797g5362注：①r 1”代表最重要的何瞻，依次类推代表最次要的间题。
②对比男女两组的排序靖栗，男性小组的第一位问题垫“经济收入来源少'而女性小组的第一位的何是“槌食不翳吃二可亚男性与女性对问）8的看法是有差珊的. 皆料来源*中国农业大学农村发展学院在广两河恤进行社区发展行动培训的实地操作成果，1998年.表5* 1广西东兰县某村向题优先性排序（女农民组）社区存在的问题兰XX蒙杨石1石石石石石合计排序粮食不够吃111111101010111111961经济收入来源少10101011111110109922妇女劳动负担过重966945Z710584妇女病多773734443428妇女无分晚住院条件537858755536妇女文盲半文盲多455589667555饮水困雄699697988713缺少养殖技术培训848376834517外境卫生差211131261711自然环境恶劣8442392329自然资源少12265111810« 5-24-2 广西东兰县某村（与表5 24 1为同一村）问题优先性排序表（男农民组）社区存在的问题石杨曹杨杨总红排芭粮食不够吃n1010109SO2经济收入来源少g111111H531妇女劳动负担过重25518218妇女病多84474276妇女无分晚住院条件323271711妇女文盲半文盲多63262】910饮水困难101153209缺少养殖技术培训178410305环境卫生差48931257自然环境恶劣56696324自然资源少79785362注：（"】】”代表最重要的问JK,依次类推丁「代表最次要的间速。
生长在超现代化有机农场的幸福的猪
292017年34卷第01期 SWINE INDUSTRY SCIENCE 猪业科学国际瞭望GLOBAL NEWS精选文章母猪群中胎次在3～5胎的母猪的比例较高，后备母猪的比例较低。
因此，群内差异影响繁殖母猪群的生产效率。
4.5 产房的数量产房数量是绝大多数繁殖母猪群生产能力的一个瓶颈。
最近的一项研究表明，高繁殖性能的母猪群每年在每个产床生产130（± 3.5）头断奶仔猪，总重量为836（±2.3） kg（KOKETSU，et al.2015）。
较高的产房产床利用效率与较低的群内差异有关，也就是与16周前配种的母猪数的变异系数（%）有关。
4.6 公猪和精液的影响精液品质，包括精液活力，会影响母猪的繁殖性能。
然而，公猪精液品质的数据并没有与商品繁殖母猪的生产表现数据很好地结合起来（美国Neil DeBuse 博士认为）。
这就需要更多研究来综合分析公猪精液品质数据和母猪繁殖性能表现的关系，依据公猪、母猪及群体水平来确定导致差的繁殖表现的原因，同时判断精液活力和每份精液中最佳的有活力的精子数目（BROEKHUIJSE，et al.2011）。
5 使用商品群数据分析的局限生产领域研究可以使用流行病学的研究方法，有些需要特定条件或时间点的研究还可以使用条件性控制实验来研究。
随着信息技术的发展，生产研究可以利用商品群体数据向生产者或兽医提供很多信息。
然而，非条件性控制的观测实验有一些局限，一些现象在高校科研人员控制实验条件的情况下并不会发生。
例如，商品群的一些数据记录是错误的，这意味着数据剔除标准是必不可少的。
在观察研究中群体健康状况、营养状况、管理措施和品种可能没有得到很好的控制。
此外，母猪也不是随机选的，每头母猪的观察测定并没有一个统一的标准。
另一个限制是，群体的数据也不是在一个水平下得出的，因为每个群体的管理操作、生产模式、设施及保健程序各不相同，例如有一些统计生产表现时母猪不单独作为一个群体考虑。
兽医答辩
目录中文摘要------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3 英文摘要------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3 关键词---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3 英文关键词---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3 引言------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3 1 细胞培养方法研究进展---------------------------------------------------------------------------6 1.1 细胞培养的建立、发展与应用-------------------------------------------------------------61.1.1 细胞培养的概念--------------------------------------------------------------------------61.1.2 细胞培养的建立与发展-----------------------------------------------------------------61.1.3 细胞培养的应用--------------------------------------------------------------------------7 1.2 空肠上皮细胞---------------------------------------------------------------------------------71.2.1 空肠上皮细胞的概括--------------------------------------------------------------------81.2.2空肠上皮细胞生长过程------------------------------------------------------------------91.2.3 猪空肠上皮细胞的应用前景-----------------------------------------------------------9 2猪空肠上皮细胞培养-------------------------------------------------------------------------------9 2.1 材料----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------92.1.1 空肠上皮细胞-----------------------------------------------------------------------------92.1.2 培养基-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------102.1.3 血清----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------102.1.4 抗生素-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------112.1.5 缓冲液-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------112.1.6 消化液-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------122.1.7 主要仪器设备----------------------------------------------------------------------------12 2.2 猪空肠上皮细胞培养方法------------------------------------------------------------------122.2.1 培养液的准备----------------------------------------------------------------------------122.2.2 猪空肠上皮细胞的培养----------------------------------------------------------------133 猪空肠上皮细胞冻存与复苏---------------------------------------------------------------------13 3.1 材料----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------133.1.1 DMSO---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------133.1.2 冻存管--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------13 3.2 冻存方法----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------143.2.1 冻存液准备--------------------------------------------------------------------------------143.2.2 冻存步骤-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------143.3 复苏方法----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------144 猪空肠上皮细胞生长结果及讨论---------------------------------------------------------------14 4.1猪空肠上皮细胞生长特性--------------------------------------------------------------------144.1.1 猪空肠上皮细胞生长曲线--------------------------------------------------------------144.1.2 猪空肠上皮细胞的生长状态-----------------------------------------------------------14 4.2 结果讨论----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------15 参考文献------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------17 致谢------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------18CONTENTSChinese Abstract----------------------------------------------------------------------------3 English Abstract----------------------------------------------------------------------------3 Keywords-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3 English Keywords -------------------------------------------------------------------------3 Introduction ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------3 1 the progress of cell culture------------------------------------------------------------------6 1.1 the establishment、development and application of cell culture------------------61.1.1 the conception of cell culture-----------------------------------------------------61.1.2 the establishment and development of cell culture----------------------------61.1.3 the application of cell culture-----------------------------------------------------7 1.2 intestinal epithelial cells(IEC)----------------------------------------71.2.1 the generalication of IEC----------------------------------------------------------81.2.2 the growth progress of IEC-------------------------------------------------------91.2.3 the application of IEC-------------------------------------------------------------92 the IEC culture-------------------------------------------------------------------------------9 2.1 experimental material------------------------------------------------------------------92.1.1 the IEC-------------------------------------------------------------------------------102.1.2 nutrient medium-------------------------------------------------------------------102.1.3 serum---------------------------------------------------------------------------------112.1.4 antibiotics---------------------------------------------------------------------------112.1.5 buffer solution----------------------------------------------------------------------122.1.6 instrument and equipment------------------------------------------------------12 2.2 the IEC culturation method-------------------------------------------------------------122.2.1 the preparation of nutrient medium---------------------------------------------122.2.2 the IEC culturation------------------------------------------------------------------133 the freeze-stored and recovery of IEC---------------------------------------------------13 3.1 experimental material-------------------------------------------------------------------133.1.1 DMSO--------------------------------------------------------------------------------133.1.2 the freeze-stored tube-------------------------------------------------------------13 3.2 the freeze-stored method---------------------------------------------------------------143.2.1 the preparation of freeze-stored liquid-------------------------------------------143.2.2 the freeze-stored procedure------------------------------------------------------143.3 the recovery method---------------------------------------------------------------------144 the growth results and discussion of IEC------------------------------------------------14 4.1 the growth characteristic of IEC-----------------------------------------------------144.1.1 the growth curve of IEC----------------------------------------------------------144.1.2 the growth condition of IEC-------------------------------------------------------14 4.2 the discussion-----------------------------------------------------------------------------14 References ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------17 Thanks------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------18猪空肠上皮细胞培养方法的研究作者：张伟动医三班指导老师：邱建华（山东农业大学动物科技学院山东泰安271000）【摘要】动物细胞的体外培养已被广泛运用于细胞和分子生物学等各个领域。
如何成为一名优秀的农业推广人员英语作文
如何成为一名优秀的农业推广人员英语作文How to Become an Excellent Agricultural Extension WorkerAgricultural extension plays a crucial role in promoting the development of agriculture. As an agricultural extension worker, it is essential to possess the following skills and qualities:1. Knowledgeable: An excellent agricultural extension worker should have a good understanding of agricultural science and technology. This includes knowledge of plant and animal sciences, soil science, and pest control.2. Good Communication Skills: Communication is a vital skill for an agricultural extension worker. The ability to effectively communicate with farmers to help them understand new technologies, practices, and solutions is critical.3. Empathy: An excellent extension worker should be able to empathize with farmers and their challenges. They should be understanding and patient in offering support and guidance while being respectful of cultural and regional differences.4. Adaptability: Agricultural practices evolve over time, and an excellent agricultural extension worker should stay updated with the latest technologies and approaches that can benefit farmers.5. Marketing Skills: An excellent agricultural extension worker should have marketing and analytical skills to identify farming trends, consumer preferences, and market opportunities. This information can be used to support farmers and enable them to make appropriate production and marketing decisions.6. Teamwork: Agricultural extension workers should collaborate with farmers, local governments, and other stakeholders to enhance production and improve the livelihoods of farmers.To become an excellent agricultural extension worker, one needs to continue learning, focus on building and strengthening relationships with farmers, and remain committed to their profession. With hard work and dedication, a career in agricultural extension can be rewarding and fulfilling.。
Farmer Participatory Evaluation and Dissemination
CONTENTSTitle 1Contents 2List of Tables 3Project summary 41.0 Project summary 52.0 Background 63.0 Methodology 83.1 Baseline survey 83.2 On-farm farmer participatory 84.0 Findings 104.1 Results of baseline study 104.2 On-farm participatory selection 145.0 Conclusions and Recommendations 165.1 Lessons learnt 175.1.1 General 175.1.2 Partnership and collaborators 175.1.3 Environmental Impact 175.1.4 Stakeholders 175.1.5 Social Equity 175.1.6 Economic Impact 176.0 Annexes 19List of TablesTable Pagebackground 10 1.Socio-economiceducation10 Formal2.Trends10 3.Production4. Varieties of millet grown by farmers 1111preference5.Variety6. Sources of seed for propagation 11income11 7.ofsourceMilletasmanagementpractices 12 milletFinger8.utilization12milletFinger9.10. Millet as a source of income 1311. Farmers’ reasons for preferring the improved finger millet varieties grown 141. Project Administration summaryProject Title: Farmer participatory evaluation and dissemination of improvedfinger millet varieties in the Teso and Lango farming systemsReference No. TPF 3009Lead organization SAARIProject Leader Dr. Nelson WanyeraOrganisation NameDamalie Akwango SAARIJ.P. Takan SAARIW. Emokol SAARINathan Nangoti SAARIDistrict Extension Officer PallisaExtension Officer KumiCollaborating Organisations &Names of Project implementersPurpose Accelerate the widespread adoption by farmers of recommendedvarieties of finger millet through the use of end-user participatorymethods for evaluation of varieties, production practices and post-harvest technologies as well as multiplication and delivery of qualityseed.District Sub-countyKumi KapirBukedeaKanyumNyeroMukongoroKobwinPallisa KibukuKasodoKibaleBudakaBulangiraLocation (Districts, sub-counties ButagiraStart date June 2003End date October 2004Total cost 45,364,000/=1.0EXECUTIVE SUMMARYThe study whose results are presented here set out to establish key technical and socio-economic factors that affect adoption of finger millet improved production technology inthe Teso and Lango farming systems. Because of the insecurity problems at the inception ofthe project, the Lango farming system was not investigated instead it was substituted for byPallisa district. The Katakwi district was also left out because of the security problems that prevailed during the first half life of the project.This project was supported by the NARO/DFID project on Client-oriented AgriculturalResearch and Dissemination through the Technology Partnership Fund by providing Ug. Shs.45,364,000/= as financial support to execute farmer participatory evaluation anddissemination of improved finger millet varieties in the Teso and Lango farming systems. Theproject was carried out in 12 sub-counties of the two districts of Kumi, and Pallisa. The overallgoal was to enhance adoption of improved finger millet varieties and appropriate crop management practices through the use of end-user participatory methods. Thisparticipatory on-farm evaluation of finger millet, that was a part of a diagnostic study,facilitated the characterization of production systems and enhanced adoption of fingermillet improved technologies. The project lasted for 18 months and involved scientists from SAARI, field extension agents, farmers, NGOs and the private sector as project implementers.The study involved a baseline survey in the project areas to establish the current level ofadoption and reasons underlying its rate and farmers’ needs. The study also undertook anon-farm testing of pre-release and released improved finger millet varieties with farmer participation in evaluation and selection.The baseline study revealed that finger millet production trends are decreasing in both Kumiand Pallisa districts due to frequent droughts, declining soil fertility, labour, and lack of goodquality seed.The study also showed that the majority of farmers still plant local varieties due to lack of awareness and very few in both districts were planting improved varieties.Utilization of finger millet is limited to use as food and making local beer. Farmers are notaware of any other use.The evaluation of new varieties with farmer participation created some enthusiasm among farmers, extension agents and NGO personnel. PESE 1 and SEREMI 2 varieties came out asvery promising varieties that would meet the farmers’ needs. Farmers’ most important criteriafor adopting millet varieties grown were early maturity, drought tolerance, yield, colour ofgrain and taste.Participating farmers declared their readiness to buy seeds so that they could plant largeareas next year.The findings point to several recommendations for research and policy makers. First, the national millet project should address some of these problems by providing improved early maturing, drought escaping or tolerant varieties, update fertiliser packages, incorporate draft animals into finger millet husbandry as a technology package. Second, the project should provide farmers with more alternative finger millet varieties possibly through farmer participatory variety selection trials. Thirdly, it is recommended that the national finger millet project scales up the promotion of production and post harvest technologies to include finger millet food and non-food products. Fourthly, the on-farm farmer participatory variety selection and evaluation should be promoted for enhancing adoption of promising technologies.2.0BACKGROUNDAmong the cereal crops grown in Uganda, finger millet (Eleusine corarcana (L.) Gaertn ranks second to maize in terms of total national production. During the 1994 commodity ranking exercise, finger millet emerged as the nationals’ top priority with respect to food crops. It was ranked a priority crop for the Teso and Lango farming systems (NARO/DFID, 1998). The following major constraints to finger millet production were identified for research: lack of improved varieties, blast diseases, drought stress and striga. Finger millet grain is a staple diet of many subsistence farmers and rural workers in Uganda, especially in the eastern and northern regions of the country and is an important source of calories and protein. Finger millet is increasingly becoming a major cash crop. The grain can be sold directly for cash at local markets or shops soon after harvest or may be stored until the market conditions become favourable. Often the grain is brewed and the beer sold for cash. The grain may be used as a means of payment for labour wages either directly or in the form of beer or used in the barter exchange for other commodities like meat, livestock or chicken (Esele, 1986).Research on finger millet began in 1965, with the ultimate objective being to raise the yield and grain quality and stabilize yields by generating technology appropriate to the specific farming communities. The cereals program at Serere Agricultural and Animal Production Research Institute (SAARI) under the National Agricultural Research Organization (NARO), has the mandate to carry out research on finger millet, pearl millet and sorghum. Over the years the cereals program has released improved, finger millet varieties namely: ENGENY, GULU E, SERERE 1, PESE 1, SEREMI 1, SEREMI 2, and SEREMI 3. Three more varieties are on restricted release namely, SX 8, SEC 292, and SEC 787. Several agronomic recommendations have also been made to improve the farmers’ yields: use of proper rotational system (Koma-Alimu, 1985), seed bed preparation, timely planting, row planting, and use of farm-yard manure (Oryokot, 1985).Although there has been some effort to transfer these technologies, adoption has been inadequate. Use of improved or modern varieties (MVs) of finger millet in the Lango and Teso systems is very low. In a study conducted by Longley et al., 2002, Only 28% of the farmers interviewed in Lira use modern varieties and 0% was recorded in the Teso system. A survey on finger millet blast (Takan, 2003) also showed that farmers still largely grow un-improved varieties. The source of seed for planting was 50% farmer-to-farmer, 36% farmer to grain market and 14% from other sources. Of the released varieties of finger millet, only PESE 1 was reported being used by farmers. Lack of awareness by farmers of new varieties or MVs was given as a reason for non-adoption. Low yields in farmers’ fields are usually the result of poor crop husbandry, use of un-improved and un-adapted varieties, and low soil fertility. Oryokot (1985) addressed in length the reasons for limited transfer and adoption at that time. The situation does not appear to have changed much to date. Farmers still get inadequate extension services, have limited access to improved seed as well as other improved technologies (Longley et al., 2002), have serious labour bottle-necks due to lack of (or limited) mechanization and no formal market for their produce.Several avenues for transferring technologies to the farmers have been explored. These included on-farm Adaptive research, seed multiplication projects, institute-farmer collaboration and farmer-to-farmer linkages. In 1985 SAARI embarked on a seed multiplication program in collaboration with various organizations such as Kidetok Catholic Mission, Karamoja Seed Scheme, the Arapai Agricultural College and Prison farms around Soroti and Serere (Iputo, 1985). The successes of these initiatives were greatly hampered by poor security in subsequent years. Between 1986 and 1993 the Agricultural Development Project (ADP) embarked on technology transfer activities through on-farm trials. The activities initially covered the districts of Kumi, Soroti, Pallisa and Tororo. Later in 1990, Lira, Apach and Gullu districts were included. In addition to PESE 1, three other promising varieties namely SEREMI 2, SX 10 and P 249 were used in the trials. The procedure involved providing ½kg of seed of a given variety to a farmer. At the end of the season, 1 kg was recovered. The recovered seed was then distributed to other farmers the following season (Nangoti, 1995). This meant that the number of farmers reached the first year, doubled every subsequent year. The premise was that farmers would multiply these varieties and later give to their members and other farmers. These systems worked well while there was funding, and in Tororo district some farmers were reported to have taken up seed multiplication as a business, selling it to other farmers. Seed multiplication projects were also tried. For example, the Northern Uganda Reconstruction Program (NURP), working in hand with SAARI, multiplied seed of PESE 1 on 61 acres in the first season of 1995. SAARI provided the land and technical know-how, while NURP provided the funds. This seed was to be distributed to the districts that fell under NURP. No follow up was made to find out who got and did not benefit from this scheme. The Uganda seed Company is responsible for seed multiplication and sale of seed of various crops including finger millet on the open market to the farmers. However, the price of these improved seed is about twenty times the price of farmers’ produce. Also the distribution channels are not favourable for the smallholder farmer. Finger millet being a subsistence crop and highly self-pollinating crop with limited potential for out-crossing, farmers prefer saving seed from the previous crop rather than buying expensive seed every season.Efforts to disseminate these technologies were made but mainly due to limited funding these activities covered a small area involving only a few farmers. Besides, in the above cases there were no follow-up studies to gauge the spread and impact of the newly introduced varieties. Apparently after such projects ended, farmers mixed up the improved varieties with their local landraces. During the time of insurgency there was a lot of food shortage, and this led to eating up everything including seed.Farmers are unlikely to adopt new technologies unless they are convinced that they will work on their farms. For a new technology to be adopted, the target groups go through a seriesof stages: awareness, interest, evaluation, and trial. Besides, for easy adoption the innovation must be superior to the existing one, compatible, simple and the results must be visible to the target group. The finger millet varieties already released and those about to be released satisfy some of these properties. Fieldwork undertaken by Longley et al., (2002) supports the view that a major constraint to the uptake of new varieties is farmers’ lack of knowledge.The objectives of the study were to:1.Identify factors that affect adoption of improved finger millet technologies in the Tesoand Lango farming systems2.Identify promising varieties for further evaluation with farmer participation3.Classify desirable plant and grain characteristics for continued integration into thevarietal development process.e this information to develop policy recommendations3.0METHODOLOGYsurvey3.1 BaselineFormal QuestionnaireA baseline survey was conducted and data analyzed by the first quarter of the first year of the project life. The survey was conducted in selected villages in four parishes for each of the sub-counties of the project area in Kumi, and Pallisa districts. The selection of parishes was facilitated by NGOs and Field Extension Workers (FEWs) based in the project areas.This was a formal quantitative survey designed to capture information from farmers from villages in the project area. The questionnaire was drafted as part of the preliminary field visit and pre-tested in non-study sub-counties in Lira and Kumi districts. Insights and salient issues revealed during this process were used to refine and fine-tune the questionnaire before fieldwork was conducted. The questionnaire collect quantitative information on the varieties, seed and seed-sources, management, marketing and availability was asked. The details of the questionnaire are given in annex 1.Sampling procedurePurposive, and multistage random sampling techniques was used to select the study sub-counties, parishes, villages and respondents, with the assistance of district extension staff, NGOs, the local council (LC 1) in the target areas. A total of twelve sub-counties (6 from Kumi, and Pallisa districts respectively) were selected. From each sub-county, two parishes was selected after consultation with the sub-county officials (Local council three Chairpersons, sub-county chief, and Agricultural extension workers in-charge of the particular sub-county). Four villages from the selected parish(es) in each sub-county with one earmarked for group discussions and three for individual interviews. This gives a total of 48 villages: The quantitative questionnaire was implemented in 36 of these villages. Using systematic random sampling, 30 households was selected from village household lists provided by the LC 1 chairperson.The survey did not intend to gather data regarding all crops cultivated in the case study sites, but instead focused on finger millet.Data collectionPrimary data was gathered by two teams of four researchers through the use of formal questionnaire and focus group discussions.Data analysisData collected by quantitative questionnaire was entered into Excel spreadsheet and analyzed using the SPSS Version 10.0 statistical programme.Some of the information from focus group discussions was tabulated to allow for comparisons, while the more narrative details was used to compile the descriptions.3,2 On-farm farmer participatory varietal evaluation and selectionIn August 2003, a set of up to10 (7 released improved and 3 pre-release) finger millet varieties were sown in SAARI to increase seed. In the first rains season of 2004, farmers received free seed of up 3 varieties of improved varieties (PESE1, SEREMI 1, and SEREMI 2) and evaluated them at maximum tillering, grain filling, and post harvest at which stages the varieties selected and the selection criteria are recorded for each farmer. In the second planting season of 2004, farmers are asked to pay for seed of varieties selected to derive an estimate of demand.Site selection for on-farm trials was done in collaboration with farmers, farmer groups, women groups, Field Extension Workers (FEWs), NGOs and Local Council Chairpersons of the area. Field visits were scheduled with farmers at the village level meeting and conducted on an individual basis. During the field visits, an attempt was made to characterize the farms into field type based upon the following criteria: length of fallow, and previous crop(s) before fallow; proximity or distance from house; shading; size of field. Two parishes were identified in each sub-county and five farmers were selected from each parish, giving a total of 10 farmers in a sub-county. Criteria for selecting farmers/farmer groups for the on-farm trials included: have interest in the project activities and ready to carry out operational activities such as land preparation, planting, thinning, weeding, etc. voluntarily; willing to extend knowledge learnt to other farmers; his home/field should be accessible.Treatment selection and Experiment design: The treatments comprised 3 of the already released varieties and a local variety provided by the participating farmer. Each farmer evaluated these varieties. These improved varieties was demonstrated and compared with farmers’ production practices at farmers’ field. Ten farmers in each of the sub-counties in the study districts were selected to participate in the trial. The plot size for each variety ranged from 40m2 to 80m2 depending on the amount of seed the received. Data collected included: name of district, Name of farmer and address, area planted to each variety, amount harvested (bags), Preference for any of the varieties tested and reasons, problems encountered, and future plans.4.0 FINDINGSOutput 1: Baseline data on finger millet production and marketing documented. Indicators:1.1 Formal Questionnaire and checklists for focus group discussions ready by the June/July 2003 Technical reports, database (hard copies,electronic formats) generated by year 14.1 Results of baseline survey General information and finger millet production trendsThe survey was carried out in the districts of Pallisa and Kumi. The respondents ranged between the age of 22years and 70years for both female and male respondents in both districts. A majority of the respondents (85.6%) were married, with rest single and/or divorced. The Education level of respondents; over half the population of respondents (52%) had only primary level education, 27% stopped at secondary level education, only 12.8% stopped at high school level and the rest of the respondents had other institutional learning or not at all. The trend in finger millet cultivation is generally decreasing (given by 68% of respondents), 16.8% of respondents acknowledged the trend as increasing, 10.4% acknowledged the trend in finger millet cultivation as not changing and the rest of did not give any response. The reasons given for the decreasing trend in cultivation were frequent droughts, low soil fertility and labour and lack of good quality seed. Table 1: Farmers Socio-economic background (N =125)Characteristic Proportion (%)Married 85.6Single 14.4Table 2: Formal Education (N =125)Characteristic Proportion (%)Primary 52Secondary 27High School 12.8 Others 18.2Table 3: Production Trends (N =125)Characteristic Proportion (%)Decreasing 68.0Increasing 16.8Not changing 10.4Finger millet varietiesA majority (56%) grow local varieties of finger millet with only 7.2% adopted improved millet variety; PESE 1. Many of the millet cultivators inherited finger millet seeds, and acquired some of the seeds from the local market, relatives and friends. Cultivators who acquired finger millet seeds from SAARI, Other agricultural organizations and NGOs total to 4.8%.Most farmers preferred different finger millet varieties in accordance to high yield, shorter growth cycle (preferred by 95% of respondents), multiple number tillers (preferred by 92% of respondents), big size of finger millet heads (preferred by 88.8% of respondents), and browning of grain (preferred by 90.4% of respondents).Table 4: Varieties of millet grown by farmers(N =125)Characteristic Proportion(%)Local varieties 56Adopted improved Varieties 7.2Local market,relatives&friends32Other Agric organzn &NGOs 4.8Table 5: Variety Preference(N =125)Characteristic Proportion(%)High yield/short cycle 95Multiple tillers 92Big size of heads 88.8Browning of grain 90.4Seed propagationMost of the millet grown is not sold (acknowledged by 52% of respondents). Finger millet seeds for planting are largely obtained from reserves of the harvest from the previous year(s). A few farmers purchase seeds from the market (5.6%). The risk of adopting finger millet varieties for family cash and income is generally not changing/not risky (acknowledged by 72% of respondents), a few of the respondents (9.6%) however said it was risky.Table 6: Source of seed for propagation(N=125)Characteristic Proportion(%)Seed got from reserve 94.4Purchase from market 5.6Table 7: Millet as source of income(N=125)Characteristic Proportion(%)Millet not sold 52Not Risky 72Risky 9.6Finger millet management practicesMost of the gardens for finger millet cultivation prepared by use of hand tools; hoes and a few of the gardens prepared using oxen.A majority of the farmers (78.4%) grow millet in the first rain season with only 2.4% growing in the second season. However, a few of the farmers (14.4%) grow millet in both rain seasons.Most of the farmers (56%) grow millet in the range of 1-3 acres, with 29.6% growing 0 and 1 acre. Those growing beyond 5 acres are very few (0.8%).Fertilizers are less used in finger millet cultivation by farmers with 88.8% not applying fertilizer. The few farmers who responded as using fertilizers (8%) however use basically farm yard manure.Weeding of finger millet is done once by 47.2% of the farmers or twice by 48% of the farmers. A few farmers (4%) weed finger millet more than two times.Harvesting of millet is generally done all at once by farmers (90.4%), with only 5.6% harvesting piece meal. After harvesting is done, most of the millet is stored (73.6%), however, some of the millet is not stored (2.4%).Table 8: Finger Millet Management practices(N=125)(%)Characteristic ProportionGrow millet in first rains 78.4Grow millet in second rains 2.4Grow millet in both seasons 14.4Grow millet in 1-3 acres 56Grow millet in 0 and 1 acre 29.6Grow millet in > 5 acres 0.8Not applying fertilizer 88.8Applying Fertilizer 8Weeding millet once 47.2Weeding millet twice 48Weed more than twice 4Harvesting millet at once 90.4Harvesting piece meal 5.6Store millet 73.6Not storing millet 2.4Finger millet UtilizationMost farmers consume millet in form of Atap and porridge (46.4%), while those who utilize it for Atap, porridge and beer are 44%.Most of the millet (50.4%) is basically served for breakfast, lunch and dinner.A majority of the farmers (89.6%) were very much willing to process millet into other different products if taught how process. Majority of the farmers (88%) as well were not aware of any processed millet products.Table 9: Finger Millet Utilization(N=125)(%) Characteristic ProportionConsume millet inform of Atap and Porridge 46.4Consume as Atap, porridge and Beer 44Serve millet for breakfast, lunch and dinner 50.4Willing to process millet to different products 89.6Not aware 0f any millet products 88Farmers expressed a great preference of finger millet to both sorghum and Mawele (pearl millet), however, most of the farmers were aware of pearl millet and some who were aware of pearl miller did not grow it at all.52.8% of the farmers indicated finger millet being a major source of income to them with 24.8% indicating millet as not a major source of income.Most of the farmers sell at most half of the millet produced; however, some farmers indicated sales depending on the output of millet grown.As a source of income, a majority of farmers ranked millet being the third important source of income.Most of the millet produced is sold to buyers at the local markets (60.8%). Some of the millet however, is sold to farmers who buy from the homes of farmers (17.6%).Table 10: Millet as a source of income(N=125)(%)Characteristic ProportionMillet as major source of income 52.8Not major source of income 24.8Millet sold in local markets 60.8Sold from the homes of farmers 17.64.2On-farm farmer participatory selectionOutput 2:Improved high yielding, pest, disease and drought resistant varieties evaluated, identified by farmers and available for farmer production Indicators:2.1At least one improved variety of fingermillet selected by farmers for adoption in each of at least 4 counties afterevaluation on-farm for cultivation byDecember 20042.2At least 500 farmers in project areaaware of improved crop managementskills for production of finger millet by end of 20042.3Profit margins in production of fingermillet increased by at least 50% due toimproved management practicesFarmers’ evaluation and selections of the three improved varieties were recorded. Throughout the planting season, there was scanty rain leading to a drought condition. Indicators 2.1, and 2.2 of the above output are largely achieved.Farmers’ reasons for preferring the finger millet they grew are shown in Table 11.Among the three improved varieties tested by the farmers, SEREMI 2 was the most preferred variety for cultivation in the future. The most important criteria for selecting a variety were early maturity, drought tolerance and high yield. In Kumi district, SEREMI 2 and PESE1 were selected for further cultivation. The reasons for preference for PESE 1 were high yield, and having big heads; and for SEREMI 2 drought tolerance, early maturity, high yield and grain colour. Similar reasons were also expressed in Pallisa district.Table 11. Farmers’ reasons for preferring the improved finger millet varieties grownDistrict VarietyName Number ofFarmerspreferring Percent ofFarmers (%)Reason for preferencePESE 1 26 42.6 -High yield-Big heads-Convenient height for harvesting SEREMI 1 2 3.3 -Grain colourKumiSEREMI 2 29 47.5 -Early maturity-High yield-Drought tolerance-Grain colourPESE 1 30 38.9 -High yield-Big heads-Colour of the headsSEREMI 1 24 31.2 -High yield-Grain colourPallisaSEREMI 2 50 37.2 -Drought tolerance-Early maturity-Grain colour-weed competition-Taste-High yieldThis participatory approach provided direct information into the technology transfer process to feed back into the varietal development program. Secondly it also provided direct information into the technology transfer process by highlighting promising varieties that address needs of farmers. In the two districts, farmer participatory variety evaluation and selection has proven instrumental in the rapid adoption of the improved varieties. PESE 1 and SEREMI 2 improved varieties of finger millet selected from the on-farm trials will go a long in meeting farmer requirements in terms of their vegetative vigour and ability to suppress weeds, early maturing, stature and height, drought tolerance, and grain yield and quality. The evaluation of improved varieties created some enthusiasm among farmers, extension agents and NGO personnel. Participating farmers declared their readiness to buy seeds of SEREMI 2 and PESE 1 so that they could plant large areas next year.。
目标兽医资格证的作文
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