Cyberbully_Channels_Are_Cancer_
写一篇关于网络暴力并分析原因的英语作文
写一篇关于网络暴力并分析原因的英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Cyberbullying is Really Mean and HurtfulCyberbullying happens when people use the internet, phones, or other technology to be mean and bully others. It's really hurtful and can make people feel awful. Bullies might send mean messages, post embarrassing pictures online, or spread nasty rumors about someone. It's not okay and we need to stop cyberbullying!There are a few main reasons why cyberbullying happens. One reason is because bullies think it's funny or want to look cool and powerful in front of their friends. They don't realize how much pain they are causing. Another reason is jealousy - some bullies pick on others because they are jealous of how smart, talented or popular the person is. Bullies often have lowself-esteem themselves, so putting others down makes them feel better temporarily.Some bullies cyberbully because they are going through really hard times themselves, like problems at home, and theytake out their anger and sadness on innocent people online. That's never a good excuse though - hurting others doesn't make your own problems go away. Others cyberbully because they can hide behind screens and remain anonymous online, so they don't think there will be consequences for their mean actions.I have seen cyberbullying happen to kids in my class and school, and it's really sad. One time, a group of girls created a Instagram page pretending to be another girl in our grade. They posted mean memes about her appearance and made fun of her interests. That girl ended up leaving our school because she was so upset. In another case, a boy was getting horrible messages every day telling him to kill himself because some bullies didn't like the way he dressed and acted. This stuff is not a joke at all - kids can really get depressed and feel worthless from being cyberbullied.When someone is cyberbullied, it can lead to anxiety, loneliness, low self-esteem and even thoughts of self-harm or suicide. It really messes with your mental health in a big way. Victims often suffer academically too because it's hard to focus in school when you are so upset and embarrassed about the mean things being said about you. Getting bullied online ishorrible because it follows you everywhere, even into your home and bedroom when you try to escape by going online. There's no getting away from it.We need to put a stop to cyberbullying for a lot of important reasons. First of all, it's just wrong and mean to intentionally make someone else feel small, insecure and depressed. We should be uplifting each other, not tearing others down. Cyberbullying also creates an environment of fear, distrust and negativity at school which prevents kids from learning, making friends, getting involved and just being kids. If we let bullying continue unchecked, it teaches the bullies that their behavior is okay and allows the cycle of cruelty to just keep going.Everyone deserves to feel safe, supported and confident. We need kids to understand that cyberbullying is never acceptable, no matter how mad or unhappy you are yourself. There are much better ways to deal with negative emotions than taking them out on innocent people. We should be building an atmosphere of kindness, empathy and community in our schools.What can we do to stop cyberbullying? For one, teachers and parents need to be educated on what cyberbullying looks like and take it seriously when incidents happen. Too many adults brush it off by saying "It's just kids being kids" or"Toughen up and ignore it." But this is serious and harmful behavior that can have devastating effects. Schools should have clear consequences for cyberbullying, like suspensions or getting banned from using tech at school. Maybe even get the police involved for really bad cases.Secondly, schools should run anti-cyberbullying campaigns and lessons so kids understand how to treat others online and what to do if they are bullied. We need to create an environment where reporting bullies is encouraged and seen as the right thing to do, not something to feel ashamed of. Kids who cyberbully should have to go through counseling and learn empathy.Lastly, we need more internet safety lessons so kids know how to keep themselves safe online, how to avoid escalating online conflicts, how to disengage from trolls and bullies, and how to be responsible digital citizens who are kind to others on the web. Learning good digital habits and ethics from a young age is so important these days.I hope schools, parents and kids can all work together to stand up against cyberbullying and create a kinder, safer climate online and off. It's not okay to intentionally hurt others, period. Let's treat each other how we want to be treated ourselves - with compassion and respect. If we work on making this the norm inour schools and society, we can overcome cyberbullying and create healthier communities for all of us.篇2Cyber Bullying: The Dark Side of the InternetHello there! My name is Emma, and I'm a 10-year-old girl who loves spending time online. I enjoy playing games, watching videos, and chatting with my friends on social media. However, there's a scary thing that can happen on the internet, and it's called cyber bullying.Cyber bullying is when someone is mean, rude, or hurtful to others through the internet, phones, or other digital devices. It can happen in many ways, like sending mean messages, posting embarrassing photos or videos, spreading rumors, or even pretending to be someone else to make fun of them.I've seen cyber bullying happen to some of my friends, and it made me feel really sad for them. One time, a girl in my class shared a silly picture of another girl on social media, and everyone started making fun of her. The girl who was bullied ended up crying and didn't want to come to school for a few days because she was so upset.Cyber bullying can really hurt people's feelings and make them feel sad, angry, or even scared. Sometimes, it can even lead to more serious problems like depression, anxiety, or thoughts of hurting themselves.But why do people cyber bully others? Well, there could be a few reasons:They think it's funny or just a joke: Some bullies might think that being mean online is just a harmless prank or a way to get attention from their friends. But the truth is, it can really hurt the person they're bullying, even if they didn't mean it.They're jealous or want to feel powerful: Sometimes, bullies might be jealous of someone else's looks, talents, or popularity, and they cyber bully to feel better about themselves or to put the other person down.They're being bullied themselves: Some bullies might have been bullied themselves, and they take out their anger and frustration on others as a way to cope with their own pain.They don't understand the consequences: Some bullies might not realize how much their actions can hurt someone, or they might think that because they're not doing it in person, it's not as bad.No matter what the reason is, cyber bullying is never okay. It can really hurt people and make them feel scared, alone, and helpless.So, what can we do about cyber bullying? Here are some things that can help:Be kind online: Treat others the way you want to be treated. If you see someone being bullied, don't join in or encourage it. Instead, try to be a friend and stand up for them.Tell a trusted adult: If you or someone you know is being cyber bullied, it's important to tell a parent, teacher, or other trusted adult. They can help stop the bullying and provide support.Block and report bullies: Most social media and gaming platforms have ways to block or report bullies. Use these tools to stop the bullying and prevent the bully from contacting you or your friends.Be careful what you share: Think twice before posting or sharing something that could be embarrassing or hurtful to someone else. Once it's online, it can be hard to take back.Take a break from the internet: If the bullying is really getting to you, it's okay to take a break from the internet orsocial media for a little while to give yourself some time to heal and feel better.Remember, cyber bullying is never your fault. You deserve to feel safe and happy online, just like you do in the real world. Together, we can make the internet a kinder and more welcoming place for everyone.篇3Cyberbullying: Why Do People Do It?Hi, my name is Jamie and I'm going to talk to you today about something called cyberbullying. Cyberbullying is when someone bullies or harasses another person online or through technology like computers, smartphones, and tablets. It's a really big problem, especially for kids and teenagers.Cyberbullying can take many different forms. Sometimes cyberbullies send mean messages or post embarrassing photos or videos of someone online without their permission. Other times they create fake profiles or webpages to make fun of someone. They might also spread rumors and gossip, or even hack into someone's accounts and pretend to be them while saying horrible things.No matter what form it takes, cyberbullying is never okay. It can make the person being bullied feel really sad, scared, angry, and alone. Some kids who have been cyberbullied badly have even hurt themselves or committed suicide because of it. That's how serious and damaging it can be.So why do cyberbullies do this kind of mean stuff online? There are a few different reasons:AnonymityOne of the biggest reasons why some people cyberbully is because they can hide behind screen names and fake profiles. They don't have to reveal who they really are, so they feel braver about saying and doing mean things that they might not do in real life. The anonymity of the internet lets them escape consequences.DisinhibitionSort of related to anonymity, some cyberbullies feel less inhibited or held back when they're online compared toin-person. The lack of face-to-face interaction makes them act more impulsively and aggressively than normal. They say and do things they wouldn't in the real world.Misunderstanding of ImpactA lot of cyberbullies, especially younger ones, don't fully understand how hurtful and damaging their online bullying can be. To them it might seem like just jokes or funny pranks, but their words and actions can have serious negative impacts on their victims that they don't realize.Revenge or RetaliationIn some cases, cyberbullying starts as retaliation or revenge against someone else who bullied or mistreated the cyberbully first, whether online or in-person. So it becomes this cycle of back-and-forth bullying that just makes the situation worse and worse.Jealousy and InsecurityBelieve it or not, many cyberbullies actually feel jealous, insecure, and bad about themselves deep down. To make themselves feel better, they put others down and try to make them feel as insecure as they do. Cyberbullying becomes a way to lift up their own shaky self-esteem.Lack of Empathy and CompassionAt the core of it, most cyberbullies lack empathy - the ability to understand and share the feelings of others. They struggle to imagine how much their cruel words and behaviors can hurt theperson they're bullying. They just don't have enough compassion.Peer Pressure and ConformitySometimes kids cyberbully not because they want to, but because their friends are doing it and they feel pressured to fit in. Going along with the crowd's cruel behavior online becomes a way to belong and avoid being the one who gets bullied.Those are some of the major reasons why cyberbullying happens. It's a complicated problem with lots of different root causes. The most important thing is being aware of it and knowing that cyberbullying is never okay, no matter what the reason is behind it. If you ever experience or see it happening, you need to speak up and get help from parents, teachers, and other trusted adults.Nobody deserves to feel scared, hurt, or alone because of cruel online behaviors. By learning more about cyberbullying and its causes, we can start working together to prevent it and make the internet a safer, kinder place for everyone. Let me know if you have any other questions!。
确定癌症患者的个性化治疗策略的方法[发明专利]
![确定癌症患者的个性化治疗策略的方法[发明专利]](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/e48a403e195f312b3069a57a.png)
专利名称：确定癌症患者的个性化治疗策略的方法
专利类型：发明专利
发明人：多米尼克·巴格纳德,奥罗雷·佛尔纳德兹,劳伦特·雅各布,贾斯汀·福里兹
申请号：CN201680067364.9
申请日：20161121
公开号：CN108368553A
公开日：
20180803
专利内容由知识产权出版社提供
摘要：本发明提供了一种确定个性化治疗策略的强大工具。
具体而言，本发明提供了用于确定来自患有实体癌的受试者的癌症样本中的治疗上可靶向显性信号通路，确定受试者的治疗方案，选择受试者用于治疗，确定受试者是否易受益于治疗，预测受试者的临床结果，治疗受试者和/或预测实体癌对治疗的敏感性的方法。
申请人：斯特拉斯堡大学,法国国家卫生及研究医学协会
地址：法国斯特拉斯堡
国籍：FR
代理机构：中原信达知识产权代理有限责任公司
更多信息请下载全文后查看。
【精品】翻译综合
一个抑制肿瘤的连续模型-------艾丽斯H伯杰，阿尔弗雷德G. Knudson 与皮埃尔保罗潘多尔菲今年，也就是2011 年，标志着视网膜母细胞瘤的统计分析的第四十周年，首次提供了证据表明，肿瘤的发生，可以由两个突变发起。
这项工作提供了“二次打击”的假说，为解释隐性抑癌基因（TSGs）在显性遗传的癌症易感性综合征中的作用奠定了基础。
然而，四十年后，我们已经知道，即使是部分失活的肿瘤抑制基因也可以致使肿瘤的发生。
在这里，我们分析这方面的证据，并提出了一个关于肿瘤抑制基因功能的连续模型来全方位的解释肿瘤抑制基因在癌症过程中的突变。
虽然在1900 年之前癌症的遗传倾向已经被人认知，但是，是在19 世纪曾一度被忽视的孟德尔的遗传规律被重新发现之后，癌症的遗传倾向才更趋于合理化。
到那时，人们也知道，肿瘤细胞中的染色体模式是不正常的。
接下来对癌症遗传学的理解做出贡献的人是波威利，他提出，一些染色体可能刺激细胞分裂，其他的一些染色体 a 可能会抑制细胞分裂，但他的想法长期被忽视。
现在我们知道，这两种类型的基因，都是存在的。
在这次研究中，我们总结了后一种类型基因的研究历史，抑癌基因（TSGs），以及能够支持完全和部分失活的肿瘤抑制基因在癌症的发病中的作用的证据。
我们将抑制肿瘤的连续模型与经典的“二次打击”假说相结合，用来说明肿瘤抑制基因微妙的剂量效应，同时我们也讨论的“二次打击”假说的例外，如“专性的单倍剂量不足”，指出部分损失的抑癌基因比完全损失的更具致癌性。
这个连续模型突出了微妙的调控肿瘤抑制基因表达或活动的重要性，如微RNA（miRNA）的监管和调控。
最后，我们讨论了这种模式在┲⒌恼锒虾椭瘟乒 讨械挠跋臁！岸 未蚧鳌奔偎?第一个能够表明基因的异常可以导致癌症的发生的证据源自1960 年费城慢性粒细胞白血病细胞的染色体的发现。
后来，在1973 年，人们发现这个染色体是是第9 号和第22 号染色体异位的结果，并在1977 年，在急性早幼粒细胞白血病患者中第15 号和第17 号染色体易位被识别出来。
癌症幸存者复发恐惧模型的构建与验证
跨文化研究
深入探讨干预机制
比较不同文化背景下癌症幸存者的复发恐惧 状况，以发现可能存在的文化差异，并探讨 相应的心理干预措施。
进一步探讨心理干预对癌症幸存者复发恐惧 的作用机制，以便为临床心理干预提供更为 科学的理论依据。
05
参考文献
参考文献
参考文献1
引用文献1，探讨了癌症幸存者复发恐惧模型构建的研究背景、研究方法、研究结果和结论。该文献为后续研究提供了重要 的参考和借鉴。
通过统计软件对模型进行拟 合度评估，包括R方、F检验 等指标。
模型预测能力评估
通过ROC曲线、AUC值等 指标对模型预测能力进行评 估。
模型诊断能力评估
通过计算各类诊断指标，如 敏感度、特异度、准确度等 ，对模型诊断能力进行评估 。
结果可视化
将验证结果进行可视化展示 ，如制作图表、生成报告等 。
结果讨论与解释
通过在线或纸质形式进行调查问卷的发放和收集 工作，确保数据的质量和可靠性。
6. 模型构建
基于数据分析结果，构建癌症幸存者复发恐惧模 型，明确各因素之间的相互关系和作用机制。
模型构建结果
• 结果概述：通过以上方法流程，研究发现复发恐惧在癌症幸存者中普遍存在，且受到多种因素的影响。其 中，治疗方式、治疗后的身体状况、生活质量、社会支持、心理适应能力等因素与复发恐惧显著相关。
参考文献2
引用文献2，重点分析了癌症幸存者复发恐惧模型中心理因素对复发恐惧的影响，并探讨了该模型的适用性和局限性。该文 献对于完善该模型具有一定的指导意义。
参考文献3
引用文献3，通过对癌症幸存者复发恐惧模型的实证研究，验证了该模型的可行性和有效性。该文献为后续研究提供了重要 的参考和借鉴。
感谢您的观看
Academic Writing(学术英语写作)中国大学mooc课后章节答案期末考试题库2023年
Academic Writing（学术英语写作）中国大学mooc课后章节答案期末考试题库2023年1.__________ is a very unique genre in academic context for it recalls what youhave learned.答案:Reflective writing2.__________ will contain raw data and other materials not central to the mainwork.答案:Appendix3.__________are a way of combing two sentences which have a close relationshipinto one.答案:Semicolons4.What is problem in the following statement?"Many people like large families."答案:Unspecific language5.What hedgin g language is used here to show the author’s degree ofconfidence?“One of the main functions of the pancreas is to produce hormones.”答案:Adjective6.The words “this”, “which” and “likewise” can be used as __________.答案:reference7.Read the following definition and identify the problem in it."By commercial advertisements, I mean these tricks and traps manufacturers use to advocate their products in all kinds of mass media."答案:Loaded definition with negative emotions8.Which of the following is NOT true about a paragraph developed byclassification?答案:Items from different classes can be discussed here.9.Read the following sentences and decide what kind of causal analysis thesesentences follow?"What has sparked the increasing interest in exercise? Firstly, people have gained a greater awareness of the need for physical fitness. Furthermore, the constantly improving standard of living enables Chinese people to patronize the increasing number of recreational venues. The main thing perhapscenters on the healthcare and psychological benefits exercise provides."答案:One single effect is caused by multiple causes.10.When we are planning to write an essay developed by comparison orcontrast, what should we consider as the first step?答案:Points of comparison11.Which of the following is NOT a function of the Conclusion?答案:It adds some new evidence or ideas to the essay.12.Read the following short paragraph and decide which arguing approach is used here."Autonomous vehicles (AVs) are imperfect, but they are likely to eventually become safer drivers than humans. According to data of automotive fatalities from the World Health Organization in 2018, 1.35 million humans died in car accidents, with tens of millions more injuries and disabilities (World Health Organization, 2018). Few of those deaths were the results of part failure or bad luck; the majority results from intoxication, texting while driving, and other distractions."答案:deductive13.Look at the copyright page of a book. What is the publishing house?答案: Routledge14.Look at the copyright page of a book, who is the author of the book?答案:Stephen Bailey15.In general, titles of science papers have around __________ words.答案:10-1516.When writing the Results section, we should consider the following steps__________:①summarize your findings with the relevant data②determine which results to present③present the data in an appropriate way④organize the data in order答案:②④③①17.From specific to general, a conclusion should contain: ____________,_______________, __________, _______________.①restatement of research purpose②limitation and recommendation③implications and significance④synthesis of main results答案:①④③②18.Which of the following is correct when the same author is cited for twopapers published within the same year?答案:Ellis, 2019a; Ellis, 2019b19._________ can include a general topic in the first part and a specific topic abouta distinctive feature of the study in the second part, which are oftenconnected by a colon.答案:Two-part titles20.__________ is a series of words that will often appear together.答案:Collocation21.“Replacing some of the author’s words in your text with synonyms, butmaintaining the overall structures and the vocabulary of the original” is not considered as plagiarism.答案:错误22.Academic writing is complicated.答案:错误23.In your academic writing, you should try to maximize the number of contentwords. One way to do this is to increase the number of nouns or nounphrases.答案:正确24.Many collocations in English contain function words, such as nouns, verbs,adjectives and adverbs.答案:错误25.Only transitional words, such as “because” and “thus”, can be regarded asgood transition to achieve coherence.答案:错误26.In an essay developed by comparison and contrast, the block pattern ispreferable in long writing in which there are numerous points underdiscussion.答案:错误27.When we write a conclusion for a process essay, we only need to repeat theinformation mentioned in the essay without providing any specific details.答案:正确28.An argumentative essay is an essay in which you agree with an issue andsupport it with evidence.答案:错误29. A thesis statement may state not only the author’s own point of view but a lsothe view from the other side.答案:正确30.An annotated bibliography include the list of all your sources and thesummary of the content of each source.答案:正确31.The following is an acceptable direct quotation:Gould and Brown (1991) explained that Darwin used the metaphor of thetree of life "to express the other form of interconnectedness–genealogicalrather than ecological” (p. 14).Reference:Gould, J. & Brown, A. (1991). The mating mind. Behavior Ecology,22(3),10-19.答案:正确32.Titles need to keep short and concise, and attracts the reader’s attention.答案:正确33.The abstract is the first thing you write.答案:错误34.An abstract should be fully understandable on its own to someone whohasn’t read your full paper or related sources.答案:正确35. A formal review of literature should be in the Introduction section of aresearch paper.答案:错误。
【江苏省自然科学基金】_攻击_期刊发文热词逐年推荐_20140819
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科研热词 推荐指数 无线传感器网络 4 网络安全 2 移动自组网 2 密钥管理 2 入侵检测 2 中间人攻击 2 dos攻击 2 预签名 1 防御措施 1 适应性选择消息攻击 1 身份认证 1 词间相关度 1 证书状态 1 警报关联 1 虫洞攻击 1 节点定位系统 1 自相似 1 肠出血性大肠杆菌(ehec)o157:h7 1 联合免疫 1 置乱 1 粗糙集 1 秘密共享 1 盲提取 1 疾病模型,动物 1 电泳,聚丙烯酰胺凝胶 1 电子邮件 1 环签名 1 特征选择 1 灭活油乳苗 1 椭圆曲线 1 检测 1 智能决策 1 无证书数字签名 1 无线局域网 1 方差时间图 1 数字音频多重水印 1 数字签名 1 数字水印 1 攻击 1 指定验证人代理签名 1 志贺毒素ⅱ型a、b亚单位 1 志贺毒素 1 形式化方法 1 异常检测 1 密码学分析 1 容忍入侵 1 实时检测 1 完美前向机密性 1 安全性 1 安全协议 1 安全 1 大肠埃希菌o157111 112 113
三维量子比特 strand space模型 olsr mpr g-hordes agent ad hoc
推荐指数 3 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
不对称约束多人非零和博弈的自适应评判控制
第40卷第9期2023年9月控制理论与应用Control Theory&ApplicationsV ol.40No.9Sep.2023不对称约束多人非零和博弈的自适应评判控制李梦花,王鼎,乔俊飞†(北京工业大学信息学部,北京100124;计算智能与智能系统北京市重点实验室,北京100124;智慧环保北京实验室,北京100124;北京人工智能研究院,北京100124)摘要:本文针对连续时间非线性系统的不对称约束多人非零和博弈问题,建立了一种基于神经网络的自适应评判控制方法.首先,本文提出了一种新颖的非二次型函数来处理不对称约束问题,并且推导出最优控制律和耦合Hamilton-Jacobi方程.值得注意的是,当系统状态为零时,最优控制策略是不为零的,这与以往不同.然后,通过构建单一评判网络来近似每个玩家的最优代价函数,从而获得相关的近似最优控制策略.同时,在评判学习期间发展了一种新的权值更新规则.此外,通过利用Lyapunov理论证明了评判网络权值近似误差和闭环系统状态的稳定性.最后,仿真结果验证了本文所提方法的有效性.关键词:神经网络;自适应评判控制;自适应动态规划;非线性系统;不对称约束;多人非零和博弈引用格式:李梦花,王鼎,乔俊飞.不对称约束多人非零和博弈的自适应评判控制.控制理论与应用,2023,40(9): 1562–1568DOI:10.7641/CTA.2022.20063Adaptive critic control for multi-player non-zero-sum games withasymmetric constraintsLI Meng-hua,WANG Ding,QIAO Jun-fei†(Faculty of Information Technology,Beijing University of Technology,Beijing100124,China;Beijing Key Laboratory of Computational Intelligence and Intelligent System,Beijing100124,China;Beijing Laboratory of Smart Environmental Protection,Beijing100124,China;Beijing Institute of Artificial Intelligence,Beijing100124,China)Abstract:In this paper,an adaptive critic control method based on the neural networks is established for multi-player non-zero-sum games with asymmetric constraints of continuous-time nonlinear systems.First,a novel nonquadratic func-tion is proposed to deal with asymmetric constraints,and then the optimal control laws and the coupled Hamilton-Jacobi equations are derived.It is worth noting that the optimal control strategies do not stay at zero when the system state is zero, which is different from the past.After that,only a critic network is constructed to approximate the optimal cost function for each player,so as to obtain the associated approximate optimal control strategies.Meanwhile,a new weight updating rule is developed during critic learning.In addition,the stability of the weight estimation errors of critic networks and the closed-loop system state is proved by utilizing the Lyapunov method.Finally,simulation results verify the effectiveness of the method proposed in this paper.Key words:neural networks;adaptive critic control;adaptive dynamic programming;nonlinear systems;asymmetric constraints;multi-player non-zero-sum gamesCitation:LI Menghua,WANG Ding,QIAO Junfei.Adaptive critic control for multi-player non-zero-sum games with asymmetric constraints.Control Theory&Applications,2023,40(9):1562–15681引言自适应动态规划(adaptive dynamic programming, ADP)方法由Werbos[1]首先提出,该方法结合了动态规划、神经网络和强化学习,其核心思想是利用函数近似结构来估计最优代价函数,从而获得被控系统的近似最优解.在ADP方法体系中,动态规划蕴含最优收稿日期:2022−01−21;录用日期:2022−11−10.†通信作者.E-mail:***************.cn.本文责任编委:王龙.科技创新2030–“新一代人工智能”重大项目(2021ZD0112302,2021ZD0112301),国家重点研发计划项目(2018YFC1900800–5),北京市自然科学基金项目(JQ19013),国家自然科学基金项目(62222301,61890930–5,62021003)资助.Supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021ZD0112302,2021ZD0112301,2018YFC1900800–5),the Beijing Natural Science Foundation(JQ19013)and the National Natural Science Foundation of China(62222301,61890930–5,62021003).第9期李梦花等:不对称约束多人非零和博弈的自适应评判控制1563性原理提供理论基础,神经网络作为函数近似结构提供实现手段,强化学习提供学习机制.值得注意的是, ADP方法具有强大的自学习能力,在处理非线性复杂系统的最优控制问题上具有很大的潜力[2–7].此外, ADP作为一种近似求解最优控制问题的新方法,已经成为智能控制与计算智能领域的研究热点.关于ADP的详细理论研究以及相关应用,读者可以参考文献[8–9].本文将基于ADP的动态系统优化控制统称为自适应评判控制.近年来,微分博弈问题在控制领域受到了越来越多的关注.微分博弈为研究多玩家系统的协作、竞争与控制提供了一个标准的数学框架,包括二人零和博弈、多人零和博弈以及多人非零和博弈等.在零和博弈问题中,控制输入试图最小化代价函数而干扰输入试图最大化代价函数.在非零和博弈问题中,每个玩家都独立地选择一个最优控制策略来最小化自己的代价函数.值得注意的是,零和博弈问题已经被广泛研究.在文献[10]中,作者提出了一种改进的ADP方法来求解多输入非线性连续系统的二人零和博弈问题.An等人[11]提出了两种基于积分强化学习的算法来求解连续时间系统的多人零和博弈问题.Ren等人[12]提出了一种新颖的同步脱策方法来处理多人零和博弈问题.然而,关于非零和博弈[13–14]的研究还很少.此外,控制约束在实际应用中也广泛存在.这些约束通常是由执行器的固有物理特性引起的,如气压、电压和温度.因此,为了确保被控系统的性能,受约束的系统需要被考虑.Zhang等人[15]发展了一种新颖的事件采样ADP方法来求解非线性连续约束系统的鲁棒最优控制问题.Huo等人[16]研究了一类非线性约束互联系统的分散事件触发控制问题.Yang和He[17]研究了一类具有不匹配扰动和输入约束的非线性系统事件触发鲁棒镇定问题.这些文献考虑的都是对称约束,而实际应用中,被控系统受到的约束也可能是不对称的[18–20],例如在污水处理过程中,需要通过氧传递系数和内回流量对溶解氧浓度和硝态氮浓度进行控制,而根据实际的运行条件,这两个控制变量就需要被限制在一个不对称约束范围内[20].因此,在控制器设计过程中,不对称约束问题将是笔者研究的一个方向.到目前为止,关于具有控制约束的微分博弈问题,有一些学者取得了相应的研究成果[12,21–23].但可以发现,具有不对称约束的多人非零和博弈问题还没有学者研究.同时,在多人非零和博弈问题中,相关的耦合Hamilton-Jacobi(HJ)方程是很难求解的.因此,本文针对一类连续时间非线性系统的不对称约束多人非零和博弈问题,提出了一种自适应评判控制方法来近似求解耦合HJ方程,从而获得被控系统的近似最优解.本文的主要贡献如下:1)首次将不对称约束应用到连续时间非线性系统的多人非零和博弈问题中;2)提出了一种新颖的非二次型函数来处理不对称约束问题,并且当系统状态为零时,最优控制策略是不为零的,这与以往不同;3)在学习期间,用单一评判网络结构代替了传统的执行–评判网络结构,并且提出了一种新的权值更新规则;4)利用Lyapunov方法证明了评判网络权值近似误差和系统状态的一致最终有界(uniformly ultimately bounded,UUB)稳定性.2问题描述考虑以下具有不对称约束的N–玩家连续时间非线性系统:˙x(t)=f(x(t))+N∑j=1g j(x(t))u j(t),(1)其中:x(t)∈Ω⊂R n是状态向量且x(0)=x0为初始状态,R n代表由所有n-维实向量组成的欧氏空间,Ω是R n的一个紧集;u j(t)∈T j⊂R m为玩家j在时刻t所选择的策略,且T j为T j={[u j1u j2···u jm]T∈R m:u j min u jl u j max, |u j min|=|u j max|,l=1,2,···,m},(2)其中:u jmin∈R和u j max∈R分别代表控制输入分量的最小界和最大界,R表示所有实数集.假设1非线性系统(1)是可控的,并且x=0是被控系统(1)的一个平衡点.此外,∀j∈N,f(x)和g j(x)是未知的Lipschitz函数且f(0)=0,其中集合N={1,2,···,N},N 2是一个正整数.假设2∀j∈N,g j(0)=0,且存在一个正常数b gj使∥g j(x)∥ b gj,其中∥·∥表示在R n上的向量范数或者在R n×m上的矩阵范数,R n×m代表由所有n×m维实矩阵组成的空间.注1假设1–3是自适应评判领域的常用假设,例如文献[6,13,19],是为了保证系统的稳定性以及方便后文中的稳定性证明,其中假设3出现在后文中的第3.2节.定义与每个玩家相关的效用函数为U i(x,U)=x T Q i x+N∑j=1S j(u j),i∈N,(3)其中U={u1,u2,···,u N}并且Q i是一个对称正定矩阵.此外,为了处理不对称约束问题,令S j(u j)为S j(u j)=2αj m∑l=1ujlβjtanh−1(z−βjαj)d z,(4)其中αj和βj分别为αj=u jmax−u j min2,βj=u jmax+u jmin2.(5)因此,与每个玩家相关的代价函数可以表示为J i(x0,U)=∞U i(x,U)dτ,i∈N,(6)1564控制理论与应用第40卷本文希望构建一个Nash均衡U∗={u∗1,u∗2,···,u∗N},来使以下不等式被满足:J i(u∗1,···,u∗i,···,u∗N)J i(u∗1,···,u i,···,u∗N),(7)其中i∈N.为了方便,将J i(x0,U)简写为J i(x0).于是,每个玩家的最优代价函数为J∗i (x0)=minu iJ i(x0,U),i∈N.(8)在本文中,如果一个控制策略集的所有元素都是可容许的,那么这个集合是可容许的.定义1(容许控制[24])如果控制策略u i(x)是连续的,u i(x)可以镇定系统(1),并且J i(x0)是有限的,那么它是集合Ω上关于代价函数(6)的可容许控制律,即u i(x)∈Ψ(Ω),i∈N,其中,Ψ(Ω)是Ω上所有容许控制律的集合.对于任意一个可容许控制律u i(x)∈Ψ(Ω),如果相关代价函数(6)是连续可微的,那么非线性Lyapu-nov方程为0=U i(x,U)+(∇J i(x))T(f(x)+N∑j=1g j(x)u j),(9)其中:i∈N,J i(0)=0,并且∇(·) ∂(·)∂x.根据最优控制理论,耦合HJ方程为0=minU H i(x,U,∇J∗i(x)),i∈N,(10)其中,Hamiltonian函数H i(x,U,∇J∗i(x))为H i(x,U,∇J∗i(x))=U i(x,U)+(∇J∗i (x))T(f(x)+N∑j=1g j(x)u j),(11)进而,由∂H i(x,U,∇J∗i(x))∂u i=0可得出最优控制律为u∗i (x)=−αi tanh(12αig Ti(x)∇J∗i(x))+¯βi,i∈N,(12)其中¯βi=[βiβi···βi]T∈R m.注2根据式(2)和式(5),能推导出βi=0,即¯βi=0,又根据式(12)可知u∗i(0)=0,i∈N.因此,为了保证x=0是系统(1)的平衡点,在假设2中提出了条件∀j∈N,g j(0)=0.将式(12)代入式(10),耦合HJ方程又能表示为(∇J∗i (x))T f(x)+N∑j=1((∇J∗i(x))T g j(x)¯βj)+x T Q i x−N∑j=1((∇J∗i(x))Tαj g j(x)tanh(A j(x)))+N∑j=1S j(−αj tanh(A j(x))+¯βj)=0,i∈N,(13)其中J∗i(0)=0并且A j(x)=12αjg Tj(x)∇J∗j(x).如果已知每个玩家的最优代价函数值,那么相关的最优状态反馈控制律就可以直接获得,也就是说式(13)是可解的.可是,式(13)这种非线性偏微分方程的求解是十分困难的.同时,随着系统维数的增加,存储量和计算量也随之以指数形式增加,也就是平常所说的“维数灾”问题.因此,为了克服这些弱点,在第3部分提出了一种基于神经网络的自适应评判机制,来近似每个玩家的最优代价函数,从而获得相关的近似最优状态反馈控制策略.3自适应评判控制设计3.1神经网络实现本节的核心是构建并训练评判神经网络,以得到训练后的权值,从而获得每个玩家的近似最优代价函数值.首先,根据神经网络的逼近性质[25],可将每个玩家的最优代价函数J∗i(x)在紧集Ω上表示为J∗i(x)=W Tiσi(x)+ξi(x),i∈N,(14)其中:W i∈Rδ是理想权值向量,σi(x)∈Rδ是激活函数,δ是隐含层神经元个数,ξi(x)∈R是重构误差.同时,可得出每个玩家的最优代价函数梯度为∇J∗i(x)=(∇σi(x))T W i+∇ξi(x),i∈N,(15)将式(15)代入式(12),有u∗i(x)=−αi tanh(B i(x)+C i(x))+¯βi,i∈N,(16)其中:B i(x)=12αig Ti(x)(∇σi(x))T W i∈R m,C i(x)=12αig Ti(x)∇ξi(x)∈R m.然后,将式(15)代入式(13),耦合HJ方程变为W Ti∇σi(x)f(x)+(∇ξi(x))T f(x)+x T Q i x+N∑j=1((W Ti∇σi(x)+(∇ξi(x))T)g j(x)¯βj)−N∑j=1(αj W Ti∇σi(x)g j(x)tanh(B j(x)+C j(x)))−N∑j=1(αj(∇ξi(x))T g j(x)tanh(B j(x)+C j(x)))+N∑j=1S j(−αj tanh(B j(x)+C j(x))+¯βj)=0,i∈N.(17)值得注意的是,式(14)中的理想权值向量W i是未知的,也就是说式(16)中的u∗i(x)是不可解的.因此,第9期李梦花等:不对称约束多人非零和博弈的自适应评判控制1565构建如下的评判神经网络:ˆJ∗i (x)=ˆW Tiσi(x),i∈N,(18)来近似每个玩家的最优代价函数,其中ˆW i∈Rδ是估计的权值向量.同时,其梯度为∇ˆJ∗i(x)=(∇σi(x))TˆW i,i∈N.(19)考虑式(19),近似的最优控制律为ˆu∗i(x)=−αi tanh(D i(x))+¯βi,i∈N,(20)其中D i(x)=12αig Ti(x)(∇σi(x))TˆW i.同理,近似的Hamiltonian可以写为ˆHi(x,ˆW i)=ˆW T i ϕi+x T Q i x+N∑j=1(ˆW Ti∇σi(x)g j(x)¯βj)−N ∑j=1(αjˆW Ti∇σi(x)g j(x)tanh(D j(x)))+N∑j=1S j(−αj tanh(D j(x))+¯βj),i∈N,(21)其中ϕi=∇σi(x)f(x).此外,定义误差量e i=ˆH i(x,ˆW i )−H i(x,U∗,∇J∗i(x))=ˆH i(x,ˆW i).为了使e i足够小,需要训练评判网络来使目标函数E i=12e Tie i最小化.在这里,本文采用的训练准则为˙ˆW i =−γi1(1+ϕTiϕi)2(∂E i∂ˆW i)=−γiϕi(1+ϕTiϕi)2e i,i∈N,(22)其中:γi>0是评判网络的学习率,(1+ϕT iϕi)2用于归一化操作.此外,定义评判网络的权值近似误差为˜Wi=W i−ˆW i.因此,有˙˜W i =γiφi1+ϕTiϕie Hi−γiφiφT i˜W i,i∈N,(23)其中:φi=ϕi(1+ϕTiϕi),e Hi=−(∇ξi(x))T f(x)是残差项.3.2稳定性分析本节的核心是通过利用Lyapunov方法讨论评判网络权值近似误差和闭环系统状态的UUB稳定性.这里,给出以下假设:假设3∥∇ξi(x)∥ b∇ξi ,∥∇σi(x)∥ b∇σi,∥e Hi∥ b e Hi,∥W i∥ b W i,其中:b∇ξi,b∇σi,b e Hi,b W i 都是正常数,i∈N.定理1考虑系统(1),如果假设1–3成立,状态反馈控制律由式(20)给出,且评判网络权值通过式(22)进行训练,则评判网络权值近似误差˜W i是UUB 稳定的.证选取如下的Lyapunov函数:L1(t)=N∑i=1(12˜W Ti˜Wi)=N∑i=1L1i(t),(24)计算L1i(t)沿着式(23)的时间导数,即˙L1i(t)=γi˜W Tiφi1+ϕTiϕie Hi−γi˜W TiφiφTi˜Wi,i∈N,(25)利用不等式¯X T¯Y12∥¯X∥2+12∥¯Y∥2(注:¯X和¯Y都是具有合适维数的向量),并且考虑1+ϕTiϕi 1,能得到˙L1i(t)γi2(∥φTi˜Wi∥2+∥e Hi∥2)−γi˜W TiφiφTi˜Wi=−γi2˜W TiφiφTi˜Wi+γi2∥e Hi∥2,i∈N.(26)根据假设3,有˙L1i(t) −γi2λmin(φiφTi)∥˜W i∥2+γi2b2e Hi,i∈N,(27)其中λmin(·)表示矩阵的最小特征值.因此,当不等式∥˜W i∥>√b2e Hiλmin(φiφTi),i∈N(28)成立时,有˙L1i(t)<0.根据标准的Lyapunov定理[26],可知评判网络权值近似误差˜W i是UUB稳定的.证毕.定理2考虑系统(1),如果假设1–3成立,状态反馈控制律由式(20)给出,且评判网络权值通过式(22)进行训练,则系统状态x(t)是UUB稳定的.证选取如下的Lyapunov函数:L2i(t)=J∗i(x),i∈N.(29)计算L2i(t)沿着系统˙x=f(x)+N∑j=1g j(x)ˆu∗j的时间导数,即˙L2i(t)=(∇J∗i(x))T(f(x)+N∑j=1g j(x)ˆu∗j)=(∇J∗i(x))T(f(x)+N∑j=1g j(x)u∗j)+N∑j=1((∇J∗i(x))T g j(x)(ˆu∗j−u∗j)),i∈N.(30)考虑式(13),有˙L2i(t)=−x T Q i x−N∑j=1S j(u∗j)+N∑j=1((∇J∗i(x))T g j(x)(ˆu∗j−u∗j))Σi,i∈N,(31)1566控制理论与应用第40卷利用不等式¯XT ¯Y 12∥¯X ∥2+12∥¯Y ∥2,并且考虑式(15)–(16)(20),可得Σi 12N ∑j =1∥−αj tanh (D j (x ))+αj tanh (F j (x ))∥2+12N ∑j =1∥g Tj (x )((∇σi (x ))T W i +∇ξi (x ))∥2,i ∈N ,(32)其中F j (x )=B j (x )+C j (x ).然后,利用不等式∥¯X+¯Y∥2 2∥¯X ∥2+2∥¯Y ∥2,有Σi N ∑j =1(∥αj tanh (D j (x ))∥2+∥αj tanh (F j (x ))∥2)+N ∑j =1∥g Tj (x )(∇σi (x ))T W i ∥2+N ∑j =1∥g T j (x )∇ξi (x )∥2,i ∈N ,(33)其中D j (x )∈R m ,F j (x )∈R m 分别被表示为[D j 1(x )D j 2(x )···D jm (x )]T 和[F j 1(x )F j 2(x )···F jm (x )]T .易知,∀θ∈R ,tanh 2θ 1.因此,有∥tanh (D j (x ))∥2=m ∑l =1tanh 2(D jl (x )) m,(34)∥tanh (F j (x ))∥2=m ∑l =1tanh 2(F jl (x )) m.(35)同时,根据假设2–3,有Σi N ∑j =1(2α2j m +b 2g j b 2∇σi b 2W i +b 2g j b 2∇ξi ),i ∈N ,(36)根据式(2)(4)–(5),可知S j (u ∗j ) 0.于是,有˙L2i (t ) −λmin (Q i )∥x ∥2+ϖi ,i ∈N ,(37)其中ϖi =N ∑j =1(2α2j m +b 2g j b 2∇σi b 2W i +b 2g j b 2∇ξi ).因此,根据式(37)可知,当不等式∥x ∥>√ϖiλmin (Q i )成立时,有˙L2i (t )<0.即,如果x (t )满足下列不等式:∥x ∥>max {√ϖ1λmin (Q 1),···,√ϖNλmin (Q N )},(38)则,∀i ∈N ,都有˙L 2i (t )<0.同理,可得闭环系统状态x (t )也是UUB 稳定的.证毕.4仿真结果考虑如下的3–玩家连续时间非线性系统:˙x =[−1.2x 1+1.5x 2sin x 20.5x 1−x 2]+[01.5sin x 1cos x 1]u 1(x )+[1.2sin x 1cos x 2]u 2(x )+[01.1sin x 2]u 3(x ),(39)其中:x (t )=[x 1x 2]T ∈R 2是状态向量,u 1(x )∈T 1={u 1∈R :−1 u 1 2},u 2(x )∈T 2={u 2∈R :−0.2 u 2 1}和u 3(x )∈T 3={u 3∈R :−0.4 u 3 0.8}是控制输入.令Q 1=2I 2,Q 2=1.8I 2,Q 3=0.3I 2,其中I 2代表2×2维单位矩阵.同时,根据式(5)可知,α1=1.5,β1=0.5,α2=0.6,β2=0.4,α3=0.6,β3=0.2.因此,与每个玩家相关的代价函数可以表示为J i (x 0)= ∞0(x TQ i x +3∑j =1S j (u j ))d τ,i =1,2,3,(40)其中S j (u j )=2αju jβj tanh −1(z −βjαj)d z =2αj (u j −βj )tanh −1(u j −βjαj)+α2j ln (1−(u j −βj )2α2j).(41)然后,本文针对系统(39)构建3个评判神经网络,每个玩家的评判神经网络权值分别为ˆW1=[ˆW 11ˆW 12ˆW13]T ,ˆW 2=[ˆW 21ˆW 22ˆW 23]T ,ˆW 3=[ˆW 31ˆW 32ˆW33]T ,激活函数被定义为σ1(x )=σ2(x )=σ3(x )=[x 21x 1x 2x 22]T,且隐含层神经元个数为δ=3.此外,系统初始状态取x 0=[0.5−0.5]T ,每个评判神经网络的学习率分别为γ1=1.5,γ2=0.8,γ3=0.2,且每个评判神经网络的初始权值都在0和2之间选取.最后,引入探测噪声η(t )=sin 2(−1.2t )cos(0.5t )+cos(2.4t )sin 3(2.4t )+sin 5t +sin 2(1.12t )+sin 2t ×cos t +sin 2(2t )cos(0.1t ),使得系统满足持续激励条件.执行学习过程,本文发现每个玩家的评判神经网络权值分别收敛于[6.90912.99046.6961]T ,[4.89012.23475.2062]T ,[1.79450.33212.4583]T .在60个时间步之后去掉探测噪声,每个玩家的评判网络权值收敛过程如图1–3所示.然后,将训练好的权值代入式(20),能得到每个玩家的近似最优控制律,将其应用到系统(39),经过10个时间步之后,得到的状态轨迹和控制轨迹分别如图4–5所示.由图4可知,系统状态最终收敛到了平衡点.由图5可知,每个玩家的控制轨迹都没有超出预定的边界,并且可以观察到u 1,u 2和u 3分别收敛于0.5,0.4和0.2.综上所述,仿真结果验证了所提方法的有效性.第9期李梦花等:不对称约束多人非零和博弈的自适应评判控制1567䇴 㖁㔌U / s图1玩家1的评判网络权值收敛过程Fig.1Convergence process of the critic network weights forplayer1䇴 㖁㔌U / s图2玩家2的评判网络权值收敛过程Fig.2Convergence process of the critic network weights forplayer2﹣䇴 㖁㔌U / s图3玩家3的评判网络权值收敛过程Fig.3Convergence process of the critic network weights forplayer 35结论本文首次将不对称约束应用到连续时间非线性系统的多人非零和博弈问题中.首先,获得了最优状态反馈控制律和耦合HJ 方程,并且为了解决不对称约束问题,建立了一种新的非二次型函数.值得注意的是,当系统状态为零时,最优控制策略是不为零的.其次,由于耦合HJ 方程不易求解,提出了一种基于神经网络的自适应评判算法来近似每个玩家的最优代价函数,从而获得相关的近似最优控制律.在实现过程中,用单一评判网络结构代替了经典的执行–评判结构,并且建立了一种新的权值更新规则.然后,利用Lyap-unov 理论讨论了评判网络权值近似误差和系统状态的UUB 稳定性.最后,仿真结果验证了所提算法的可行性.在未来的工作中,会考虑将事件驱动机制引入到连续时间非线性系统的不对称约束多人非零和博弈问题中,并且将该研究内容应用到污水处理系统中也是笔者的一个重点研究方向.﹣0.5﹣0.4﹣0.3﹣0.2﹣0.10.00.10.20.00.10.20.30.40.5(U )Y 1(U )Y 2图4系统(39)的状态轨迹Fig.4State trajectory of the system (39)0.00.51.01.52.00.00.20.40.60.81.01.200.012345678910﹣0.40.4﹣0.20.2(U )V 3(U )V 2(U )V 1U / s 012345678910U / s 012345678910U / s (c)(b)(a)(U )V 1(U )V 2(U )V 3图5系统(39)的控制轨迹Fig.5Control trajectories of the system (39)1568控制理论与应用第40卷参考文献:[1]WERBOS P 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2023届上海市黄浦区高三英语一模试卷及答案
2023届上海市黄浦区高三一模英语试卷第I卷(共100分)I. Listening ComprehensionSection ADirections: In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.1. A. In a coffee shop.B. On a farm.C. In a furniture store.D. In a theatre.2. A. Cleaning a house.B. Finding things in the house.C. Living a simple life.D. Doing housework efficiently.3. A. Calming the woman down.B. Playing bridge.C. Reading a book.D. Reflecting on himself.4. A. The man recommends people to speak the same language.B. The woman thinks it unnecessary to save dying languages.C. The woman admires those devoted to preserving dying languages.D. The man appeals for more action to be taken to protect dying languages.5. A. He has realized his own problem.B. The woman is sure to get a second job.C. He disagrees with the woman 's comments.D. The woman should care more about money.6. A. She has many friends to text.B. She can't focus her mind on study.C. She can't make long speeches.D. She has many classes to attend.7. A. Enjoy her college life.B. Put off hard assignments.C. Set a post-college goal.D. Ease academic pressure.8. A. It makes no sense.B. It needs training.C. It can't solve her problem.D. It is worth trying.9. A. She is a music lover.B. She is good at asking questions.C. She prefers art to sports.D. She knows Brazilians well.10. A. The specials are the man's best choice.B. She is fully confident of the quality-steak.C. Her house is a suitable place for having steak.D. The man should find by himself the nicest wine.Section BDirections: In Section B, you will hear one longer conversation and two short passages. After each conversation or passage, you will be asked several questions. The conversation and the passages will be read twice, but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one would be the best answer to the question you have heard.Questions 11 through 14 are based on the following conversation.11. A. Cars.B. Computers.C. Dollars.D. Services.12. A. It's the real money paid to purchase items.B. Each Time Dollar records the value of trading stuff.C. Different music lessons equal different Time Dollars.D. It represents the service time you exchange with others.13. A. To provide him with a part-time job.B. To ensure him that he can serve others.C. To guarantee him that he can make a living.D. To demonstrate to him how barter is kept on.14. A. To apply for membership.B. To sign up for walking.C. To use the free pass.D. To check the time for barter.Questions 15 through 17 are based on the following passage.15. A. Have a whole idea of the character's look.B. Examine the actor's or the actress' face and body.C. Try various colors on actors' or actresses' hair.D. Get a clear picture of the character's skin tone.16. A. A film with a magic ending.B. A film stimulating her creativity.C. A film reflecting her delicacy.D. A film with several celebrities.17. A. They both lead the fashion.B. They both emphasize details.C. They both tell good stories.D. They both require harmony.Questions 18 through 20 are based on the following passage.18. A. The ability to recall.B. The invention of camera.C. The chance of revisitingD. The application of wi-fi.19. A. To send us to sleep.B. To develop technology.C. To refresh our memory.D. To offer us comfort.20. A. Digital camera.B. Fantastic daydream.C. Memory journey.D. Virtual reality.II. Grammar and VocabularySection ADirections: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.How Reading Saved MeDuring my first decade in prison, I busied myself with exercising and hanging out in the big yard. I hardly grew as 21______ person. It wasn't until I began college in prison in my 30s that I started to realize my full potential.Through my journey in college, I became engaged in reading and writing, striving to escape prison life by expanding my mind beyond the environments I 22______ (trap) in. I became good at using concepts and terms in conversations that were previously far over my head. More importantly, I eventually better understood 23______ I had used violence to solve my problems.Throughout the country, prison officials have rejected or tried every means 24______ (ban) books about biology, sketching, dragons and even the moon. 25______ (claim) such bans are necessary for the safety and security of prisons seems stupid. Practically every author I have encountered while in prison 26______ (play) a role in my efforts to grow and become a better person一someone who can live in society by adding to it, as opposed 27______ taking from it.Without college and without access to books and materials 28______ expanded my mind beyond the towering concrete walls, I might still be wasting my time on the yard. My worldview would still be shaped by violence and harm. That's not who I want to be 29______ I leave this prison. It's not who I want to see 30______ (send) back into society.Section BDirections: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.One MedicalOn Thursday, Amazon announced its first major acquisition(收购) under Mr. Jassy's occupation as CEO, spending $3.9 billion for One Medical, a chain of primary care clinics around the country. The deal is a sign of Amazon's health care ambitions. As the company has 31_______ from one business to another一including books, CDs, electronics, dog food and clothes 一it has had to look in less obvious spots to find opportunities that can provide meaningful 32_______.Health care has been 33_______ to Amazon executives who believe it is an extremely large market, filled with inefficiencies and generally lacking the kind of 34_______ approach that Amazon tries to take with its businesses. “We think health care is high on the list of experiences that need 35_______,” Neil Lindsay, the senior vice president of Amazon Health Services, said in a statement announcing the deal. He also listed some of the 36_______ of modern health care: booking appointments, sitting in waiting rooms, even finding a parking spot.Amazon wants to be the “front door" through which customers 37_______ health care. That One Medical sees about five times as many virtual visits as 38_______ appointments most likely made it attractive to Amazon. The company also has something Amazon values 39_______: data. One Medical built its own electronic medical records system, and it has 15 years' worth of medical and health-system data. While individual patient records are generallyprotected under federal health privacy laws, the big data skill that has 40_______ Amazon's success can be powerful in health care一for predicting costs, targeting interventions and developing products and treatments.III. Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections: For each blank in the following passages there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.Colleges today often operate as machines for putting too many opportunities before already advantaged people. Our educational system focuses too much on helping students take the next step. But it does not give them adequate 41_______ in thinking about the substance of the lives toward which they are advancing. Many institutions today have 42_______ that it is an essential part of education to teach the young the art of choosing, and to train them to use 43_______ to decide which efforts deserve the investment of their lives.We spent many years teaching on a college campus, trying to help students struggling with their confusion. Eventually, we sought to address this problem 44_______ by designing a course intended to introduce the young to the art of choosing. The course begins with Plato's “Gorgias" - a messy dialogue that turns on a(n) 45_______ over whether the pursuit of virtue or of pleasure is the way to a good life. The dialogue ends 46_______; no one is satisfied. But with remarkable regularity, it 47_______ the kind of thinking that students need to better understand the choices that shape their lives.Students' first reaction to the “Gorgias" is disbelief, sometimes even horror. It is the dialogue's 48_______ that alarms them: the idea that we can seriously argue about what represents the human good. Everything in their education has led them to believe that such arguments cannot bear fruit.Most students are 49_______ to discover this art of choosing. Learning to reason about happiness is as delightful as discovering that one's voice can be made to sing. Why, then, do institutions 50_______ teach it? In some cases, intelligence members are encouraged to 51_______ specialized research rather than thinking about the good life. In others, they share the belief that feeling is a more 52_______ guide to happiness than the mind.Colleges should self-consciously prioritize initiating students into a culture of 53_______reflection on how to live. Doing so will hold them 54_______ performing their proper work: helping young people learn to give reasons for the choices that shape their lives and to 55_______ about the ends they pursue.41. A. assistance B. protection C. recognition D. treatment42. A. forgotten B. promised C. repeated D. responded43. A. determination B. imagination C. memory D. reason44. A. controversially B. effortlessly C. resistantly D. systematically45. A. argument B. lecture C. performance D. session46. A. automatically B. inconclusively C. indirectly D. unnecessarily47. A. abuses B. awakens C. demonstrates D. echoes48. A. assumption B. pattern C. progress D. variation49. A. grateful B. quick C. reluctant D. shocked50. A. commonly B. effectively C. rarely D. strictly51. A. direct B. emphasize C. review D. sponsor52. A. detailed B. formal C. qualified D. reliable53. A. logical B. moral C. spiritual D. theoretical54. A. eager for B. patient with C. responsible for D. skilled at55. A. complain B. experiment C. question D. reflect Section BDirections: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have read.(A)Julia Whelan climbed into the recording room in her home office. In preparation, she had avoided alcohol the night before, had avoided milk since waking at 6 a.m. and had run through the warm-up voice exercises.Whelan, 38, is the calm, confident female voice behind more than 400 other audiobooks, as well as the narrated versions (叙事版本) of many articles. Once she has taken on a project,she reads through the book once or twice, deciding on themes to highlight when she gets into the recording room by using different tones and accents, and emphasizing certain words. “Narrating a book really is a performance," she said, “and it can be harder to do than acting, because I can't use my eyes or facial expressions to convey something to the audience."As she spent time subsuming herself in the writing of others, she began to think more about her own creative ambitions. Just before the pandemic, she began “Thank You for Listening," combining her writing with the experiences she has collected as a narrator.Writers say that Whelan has helped them understand their own work. “When I listen to Julia read my stories, it sounds like she is calling you over to tell you a great story," said Nuzzi, whose work has been narrated by Whelan. “When I write now, I try to think like that, that I am calling a reader over to tell him a great story. It has completely changed my approach." Whelan said that she also learns about her writing when she experiences it as a narrator. "There is something about it that changes when you' re performing it," she said. “I r ead the book out loud during every stage of its revisions but it's different when you sit down and have the microphone in front of you, when I finally am in all the characters and the story comes to life."56. Before recording a book, Whelan ________.A. acts out its narrated versionB. builds up strength through exerciseC. determines the focus of its subjectD. varies its emphasized words57. The underlined phrase “subsuming herself in the writing of others" (paragraph 3) is closest in meaning to ________ herself in the writing of others".A. dismissingB. involvingC. maintainingD. presenting58. How does narrating help Whelan do her own writing better?A. It enables her to think in readers' view.B. It inspires her to be absorbed in the story.C. It provides her with diverse life experiences.D. It reminds her to pursue her creative ambition.59. What can be concluded from Whelan's experience as a narrator and writer?A. Excellent narration is based on convincing stories.B. Narrating is a more rewarding ambition than writing.C. An influential writer is definitely a wonderful narrator.D. Experiences as a narrator can change the writing approach.(B)PRIVACY POLICYThe Bundaberg Privacy Policy explains how we collet, store and use your personally identifiable information. Our Privacy Policy will be continuously assessed against new technologies, business practices and our customers' changing needs. Accordingly, this Privacy Policy is subject to change over time without notification being made to users, and therefore we encourage you to periodically review this Privacy Policy to become aware of any changes that may have occurred.➢Collection of Personal InformationWe will collect personally identifiable information from you when you knowingly provide it to us. The types of personal information we may collect, includes, but is not limited to your full name, address, email address and phone number.In terms of your personal information, we only collect information about individuals that is necessary for us to carry on our business functions. What information we collect depends upon the nature of our dealing with you. Importantly, in some circumstances if you do not provide the information that we request, you may not be able to engage with us. For example, if you refuse to provide some personal information as may be requested on the Bundaberg website, you may not be able to use all features or services of the website.➢Use and Disclosure of Personal InformationWe may use your personal information for the following purposes:●Billing purposes;●To enable us to develop our products and business, or to customize services tobetter meet your needs and preferences;●Statistical purposes.We will contact you by electronic or other means to get your agreement first for any purpose other than those above, including but not limited to:●Future promotional and marketing purposes;●To inform you of special offers, promotions and competitions;●Any other customer support purposes.Your personal information may be used by sub-contractors of Bundaberg for our business activities only, however, your information will not be disclosed to any other third party without your agreement, unless required to do so by law.60. In order to be kept informed of the privacy information, you'd better _______.A. examine the Privacy Policy regularlyB. check the official notification weeklyC. express your changing needs privatelyD. evaluate the business practices critically61. Which of the statements is TRUE about Bundaberg 's collecting users' personal information?A. You have no knowledge of what personal information is collected.B. Your personal information can promote Bundaberg 's business functions.C. All the customers are required to prov ide identical personal information.D. You may not get some services without providing requested personal information.62. Bundaberg will use your personal information for the purpose of ________ without getting your agreement first.A. attracting new sub-contractorsB. advertising its servicesC. sending bills to youD. letting you know about special offers(C)In 2020, Open AI, a research lab in San Francisco, revealed a system called GPT-3. It is what artificial intelligence researchers call a neural(神经系统的) network, after the web of neurons in the human brain. A neural network is really a mathematical system that learns skillsby locating patterns in vast amounts of digital data. By analyzing thousands of cat photos, for instance, it can learn to recognize a cat. “We call it 'artificial intelligence, but a better name might be °finding statistical patterns from large data sets,"" said Dr. Gopnik, the Berkeley professor.More recently, researchers at places like Google and Open AI began building neural networks that learned from enormous amounts of prose, including digital books and Wikipedia articles by the thousands. GPT-3 is an example. As it analyzed all that digital text, it built what you might call a mathematical map of human language-more than 175 billion data points that describe how we piece words together. Using this map, it can perform many different tasks, like penning speeches, writing computer programs and having a conversation.But there are limitations. If you ask GPT-3 for 10 speeches in the voice of Mark Twain, it might give you five that sound remarkably like the famous writer一and five others that come nowhere close. Computer programmers use the technology to create small snippets(一小段) of code they can slip into larger programs, but more often than not they have to edit and adjust whatever it gives them.Still, Dr. Gopnik described this kind of system as intelligent. “It is not intelligent in the way humans are. It is like an unfamiliar form of intelligence," he said. “But it still counts.Dr. Gopnik and many others in the field are confident that they are on a path to building a machine that can do anything the human brain can do. This confidence shines through when they discuss current technologies. He admits that some AI. researchers “struggle to differentiate between reality and science fiction." But he believes these researchers still serve a valuable role. "They help us dream of the full range of the possible," he said.Perhaps they do. But for the rest of us, these dreams can get in the way of the issues that deserve our attention.63. Which of the following statements correctly describes GPT-3?A. It is meant to monitor human's neuron webs.B. It stores limitless data in its mathematical system.C. It can identify images and employ human language.D. It studies pictures and digital books to invent patterns.64. In paragraph 3, the example of computer programmers is used to ________.A. illustrate GPT-3 is far from perfectB. warm programmers against technologyC. show the process of slipping code into programD. explain why GPT-3 fails to find Mark Twain's speeches65. What does Dr. Gopnik think of the mathematical system of GPT-3?A. He finds it valuable because it maximizes the current technologies.B. He doubts its worth though it is remarkably similar to a human brain.C. He thinks highly of it because it plays a valuable role inA.1 research.D. He believes it will interrupt our thinking though it differs from science fiction.66. What's the author 's attitude towards A. I.?A. Enthusiastic.B. Opposed.C. Supportive.D. Unconcerned.Section CDirections: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.How to show others you careThe idea that kindness can boost happiness is hardly new. Studies have shown thatprosocial behavior - basically, voluntarily helping others - can help lower people's daily stress levels, and that simple acts of connection, like texting a friend, mean more than many of us realize. 67_______“I have found that kindness can be a really hard sell," said Tara Cousineau, a clinical psychologist, “People desire kindness yet often feel troubled by the thought of being kind. "68_______ They may question whether their gesture or gift will be misinterpreted, or whether it will make the recipient feel pressured to pay it back.69_______ Jennifer Oldham, who lost her 9-year old daughter Hallie in July, recently created a Facebook group-Keeping Kindness for Hallie一that encourages participants to engage in random acts of kindness. People have bought groceries and donated school supplies in Hallie's honor. “It will help your own heart, maybe even more than the recipients," said Ms. Oldham.If you are not already in the habit of performing random kind acts, or if it does not come naturally to you, start by thinking about what you like to do. It's not about you being like, ‘Oh man, now I have to learn how to bake cookies in order to be nice'. It's about: 70_______ And how can you tum that into an offering for other people?IV. Summary WritingDirections: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.The risk of pre-schooling“Young children learning to read is one of the most important things primary education does. It's fundamental to children making progress in life," says Dominic Wyse, a professor of primary education a University College London, in the UK. “While learning literacy is vital to children, the way we teach it really matters.'In a 2022 report, he states that English school system's intense focus on phonics - a method that involves matching the sound of a spoken word or letter, with individual written letters, through a process called sounding out”- could be failing some children. A reason for this is that the tests used to assess that early learning may have little to do with the skills actually needed to read and enjoy books or other meaningful texts. For example, the tests may ask pupils to "sound out" and spell nonsense words, to prevent them from simplyguessing, or recognizing familiar words. Since nonsense words are not meaningful language, children may find the task difficult and puzzling. It doesn't end up being meaningful, it ends up being memorizing rather than understanding context.Children who attend intensive preschools do not have higher academic abilities in later grades than those who did not attend such preschools, several studies now show. Early education can however have a positive impact on social development - which in turn feeds into the likelihood of graduation from school and university as well as being associated with lower crime rates. In short, attending preschool can have positive effects on later achievement in life, but not necessary on academic skills.Too much academic pressure may even cause problems in the long run. A study published in January 2022 suggested that those who attended a preschool with a strong academic emphasis, showed lower academic achievements a few years later, compared to those who had not gained a place.第II卷(共40分)V. TranslationDirections: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.72.这个问题至今已经困扰了我好几天。
基于人工智能的抗肿瘤药物设计与筛选
基于人工智能的抗肿瘤药物设计与筛选抗肿瘤药物设计与筛选是目前医学领域一项十分重要的研究方向。
肿瘤是一种威胁人类健康的常见疾病，治疗肿瘤需要耗费大量的时间和资源。
传统的药物设计方法比较耗时且效率较低，在诊治方面也常常存在着一些问题。
因此，基于人工智能的抗肿瘤药物设计与筛选具有重要的意义和现实意义。
近年来，随着人工智能技术的迅速发展，基于人工智能的抗肿瘤药物设计与筛选得到了广泛的关注。
人工智能技术可以帮助医学研究人员在编程的过程中，自动挖掘药物与肿瘤病变相关的数据，从而在短时间内快速发现可能的药物靶点。
同时，利用机器学习算法，可以针对大量的分子库进行筛选，从而提高药物研究筛选效率，缩短开发周期和成本。
人工智能在药物设计中的应用已经逐渐成为研究热点，例如以深度学习为基础的卷积神经网络（CNN）、循环神经网络（RNN）和生成对抗网络（GAN）等，这些技术可以在药物设计中扮演重要的角色。
其中，GAN 是当前应用较多的技术之一。
GAN 可以将药物分子转换为向量，通过训练这些向量的数据，预测不同的药物分子之间的相互作用。
这有助于人们更快地了解药物分子的性质和特点，并在药物研发中发挥更大的作用。
另外，人工智能技术与生物信息学的结合也为药物设计带来了新的契机。
生物信息学技术可以挖掘 drugs-target-disease 相互作用网络，帮助人们更好地理解药物与靶点之间的相互作用，并且帮助人们发现新的药物靶点。
当这些数据被存储在庞大的数据库中之后，人工智能算法可以识别最具有潜力的化合物/molecules，从而更好地地指导前期的药物研发。
基于人工智能的药物研发已经有了一些成果。
例如，针对蛋白酪氨酸激酶 b 内区域的酶抑制剂斑马鱼实验可以验证有效性。
这种方法是通过机器学习算法，结合核磁共振单体库研究，从 3000 种化合物中筛选出有效的 21 种潜在沾着剂候选药物。
其中，第一组筛选出来的药物基本上都有清晰的 SAR 和签名，而第二组确实在实验中呈现出了清晰的细胞毒性和使用关联效应。
肿瘤患者的灵性照护理论模型及护理
肿瘤患者的灵性照护理论模型及护理在肿瘤患者的灵性照护中，有多种理论模型可供参考使用，以下是其中一些常用的模型：1. Puchalski模型：这个模型是由美国George Washington大学医学中心的Christina Puchalski 医生提出的。
该模型提出了四个基本维度：生物、心理、社会和灵性，认为这些维度是互相关联的，不可分割的，对于患者的全面治疗起到重要作用。
2. Ferrans和Powers模型：该模型是由Ferrans和Powers在1992年提出的，主要关注患者的健康生活质量，其中包含四个维度：生理和心理状态、社会与经济状态、家庭/工作生活和精神/灵性状态。
3. C-SHIP模型：该模型是由美国哈佛医学院教授David Rosenthal提出的，并在中国开展了跨文化研究。
该模型认为照护包括身体、心理、家庭、社区和灵性方面，其中灵性包括关于人类与自然界和超自然世界的信仰和体验等方面。
4. HOPE模型：该模型由Puchalski于2004年提出，主要关注患者的灵性需求和照护。
模型中的HOPE代表着四个方面的内容：希望、组织和信仰、精神支持和生活、文化和意义。
以上是一些常用的理论模型，可以在肿瘤患者的灵性照护中进行参考使用，以提供全面的治疗和支持。
肿瘤患者的灵性照护，最新的照护方法和措施包括以下几个方面：1. 建立灵性支持团队：建立由医生、心理医生、社工、宗教领袖和志愿者组成的灵性支持团队，提供多样化的灵性照护服务，包括心灵安慰、心理辅导、信仰支持、宗教仪式和精神指导等。
2. 采用综合治疗策略：针对肿瘤患者的身体、心理、社会和灵性方面的需求，采用综合治疗策略，包括放化疗、手术治疗、康复治疗、心理疏导、社会支持和灵性照护等多种治疗方法，以提高治疗效果和缓解患者的痛苦和焦虑。
3. 强化患者自我管理：通过教育和培训，帮助患者了解和掌握自我管理技能，包括身体状况的监测和管理、情绪的调节和控制、社交和交往技巧的提高、宗教信仰的强化等方面，以提高患者的自我效能感和生活质量。
BP神经网络在乳腺癌诊断中的应用
BP神经网络在乳腺癌诊断中的应用Introduction随着医疗技术的不断发展，人们对于疾病的认知和诊治手段也在不断进步。
乳腺癌是一种常见的恶性肿瘤疾病，早期的确诊和治疗可以有效地延长患者的生命、提高治疗效果。
BP神经网络是一种基于反馈的人工神经网络模型，可以通过训练自动学习规律和特征，广泛应用于医学领域的疾病诊断和医疗数据分析中。
本文将介绍BP神经网络在乳腺癌诊断中的应用。
Literature ReviewBP神经网络最早于1975年由美国的保罗·威廉姆斯和大卫·鲁梅尔哈特提出，其核心思想是通过反向传播算法，使网络能够学习并自适应地调整权值，以逐步提高分类和诊断准确度。
BP神经网络在医学领域的应用包括肿瘤分类和预测、心脏病诊断、脑部疾病诊断等方面，特别是在乳腺癌的诊断中，由于BP神经网络的高精确性和优异的性能，在医学领域的应用得到了越来越广泛的推广。
MethodologyBP神经网络在乳腺癌诊断中的应用主要分为以下几个步骤：1. 数据收集和预处理从公开数据集或实际的病例数据中获取乳腺癌相关的临床资料，包括患者基本信息、乳腺X线片、超声和病理检查结果等。
对数据进行清洗和预处理，去除异常和无效数据，对数据进行标准化和归一化的处理，以便在神经网络模型中更好地进行训练和学习。
2. 网络结构和参数设计根据收集到的临床资料，设计相应的神经网络结构，包括输入层、隐层和输出层，考虑到不同的影响因素和特征，可以设定不同数量和大小的隐层和神经元节点，以便更好地拟合和拟合数据。
另外，还需要设置训练参数和学习算法，例如学习率、动量因子和误差函数等，以优化神经网络的训练和调整权重。
3. 神经网络训练和测试将预处理后的数据集分为训练集和测试集两部分，分别用于训练和测试神经网络模型。
训练阶段通过反向传播算法计算误差和更新权重，以不断调整神经网络的输出结果和预测准确度。
测试阶段将训练好的神经网络模型用于新的数据样本中，以验证神经网络的泛化能力和准确度。
基于图神经网络的WSI癌症生存预测方法
基于图神经网络的WSI癌症生存预测方法
叶世杰;王永雄
【期刊名称】《光电工程》
【年(卷),期】2024(51)4
【摘要】全切片图像(Whole slide imaging,WSI)是癌症诊断和预后的关键依据,具有尺寸庞大、空间关系复杂以及风格各异等特点。
由于其缺乏细节注释,传统的计算病理学方法难以处理肿瘤组织环境中的空间关系。
本文提出了一种新型的基于图神经网络的WSI生存预测模型BC-GraphSurv。
首先,采用迁移学习的预训练策略,构建WSI的病理关系拓扑结构,实现了对病理学图像特征和空间关系信息的有效提取。
然后,采用GAT-GCN双分支结构进行预测,在图注意力网络中加入边属性和全局连接模块,同时引入图卷积网络分支补充局部细节,增强了对WSI风格差异的适应能力,能够有效利用拓扑结构处理空间关系,区分微病理环境。
在WSI数据集TCGA-BRCA和TCGA-KIRC上进行的实验表明,BC-GraphSurv模型的一致性指数为0.7950和0.7458,相比于当前先进的生存预测模型提升了0.0409,充分证明了模型的有效性。
【总页数】12页(P64-75)
【作者】叶世杰;王永雄
【作者单位】上海理工大学光电信息与计算机工程学院
【正文语种】中文
【中图分类】TP18
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英语高考真题试卷全国卷
全国卷一、听力理解（共25小题，每小题2分，满分50分）Section AIn this section, you will hear 5 short conversations. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the question will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A), B), C) and D), and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.1. A) The woman doesn't want to go to the party.B) The man is going to the party alone.C) The woman will go to the party with the man.D) The man will invite the woman to the party.2. A) The woman has never eaten at the restaurant.B) The woman thinks the restaurant is expensive.C) The woman will go to the restaurant with the man.D) The man will eat at the restaurant alone.3. A) The man will help the woman find her brother.B) The woman's brother is at the station.C) The woman's brother will arrive at 5:00 p.m.D) The woman will meet her brother at the station.4. A) The woman has a good memory.B) The man is trying to remember the name.C) The woman can't remember the name.D) The man is going to write down the name.5. A) The man is a doctor.B) The woman is a nurse.C) The man is a patient.D) The woman is a doctor.Section BIn this section, you will hear 5 long conversations. At the end of each conversation, there will be some questions. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.6. What is the main topic of the conversation?A) How to improve memory.B) The importance of good memory.C) Different types of memory.D) The woman's memory problem.7. According to the man, what is one way to improve memory?A) Reading more books.B) Practicing meditation.C) Eating healthy food.D) Getting enough sleep.8. What is the woman's suggestion for improving memory?A) Taking memory tests.B) Writing down important information.C) Using flashcards.D) Joining a memory club.9. How does the man feel about the woman's suggestion?A) He agrees with her.B) He doesn't think it will work.C) He is unsure about it.D) He thinks it's too difficult.10. What is the woman's final piece of advice?A) She suggests the man read more.B) She recommends the man take a break.C) She advises the man to get a good night's sleep.D) She tells the man to exercise regularly.二、单项填空（共15小题，每小题2分，满分30分）11. The weather is so hot; ___________ it is difficult to stay outside for long.A) thereforeB) howeverC) otherwiseD) besides12. She has a lot of friends, ___________ she often feels lonely.A) althoughB) becauseC) ifD) unless13. The teacher said that the exam would be ___________ on Friday, but now it's canceled.A) plannedB) expectedC) scheduledD) arranged14. ___________ the hard work, he would have passed the exam.A) If it were not forB) Had it not been forC) Were it not forD) If it had not been for15. The movie was so boring that ___________ I fell asleep.A) almostB) nearlyC) hardlyD) barely16. She ___________ her homework when the phone rang.A) was doingB) has doneC) had doneD) had been doing17. I don't know ___________ he will come to the party.A) whetherB) thatC) ifD) as18. ___________ you can't find your keys, try looking under the sofa.A) In caseB) BecauseC) IfD) Although19. The book is so interesting ___________ I couldn't put it down.A) thatB) whichC) whoD) whom20. He has a good job, ___________ he earns a lot of money.A) butB) becauseC) althoughD) so21. I ___________ you if I had known you were coming.A) would have toldB) had toldC) will tellD) tell22. The plane ___________ in 10 minutes, so we have to hurry.A) is landingB) has landedC) landedD) will land23. I ___________ the book you gave me, but I lost it.A) had readB) readC) have readD) was reading24. The students were ___________ when the teacher came into the classroom.A) speakingB) talkedC) talkingD) spoke25. She ___________ so much that she couldn't walk.A) laughedB) had laughedC) was laughingD) laughed out三、完形填空（共20小题，每小题2分，满分40分）In the small town of Greenfield, there was once a beautiful park thatthe townspeople loved. The park had a lake, a playground, and many trees. However, over time, the park fell into disrepair.One day, a young man named Alex decided to do something about it. He noticed the park every time he passed by and thought, "This place needs help." Alex began to volunteer his time to clean up the park. He removed trash, painted benches, and planted new trees.As Alex worked, he realized that the park needed more than just physical help. It needed people to care for it. He started a community groupcalled "Friends of Greenfield Park." The group met every weekend to work on different projects, such as building a new playground and repairing the bridge over the lake.The people of Greenfield soon noticed the changes. The park looked cleaner, the playground was safer, and the lake was no longer polluted. The community began to take pride in their park again.One day, Alex received a letter from the mayor. It thanked him for his hard work and offered him a job as the park manager. Alex was surprised but happy to accept the position. He knew that he could make a real difference in the lives of the people of Greenfield.As Alex continued to work, he learned that the park was more than just a place to play. It was a place where people could come together and build community. He organized events such as concerts, picnics, and festivals, which brought people of all ages together.The park became a symbol of hope and change for the people of Greenfield. It showed them that even one person could make a difference. Alex'sstory spread throughout the town, and soon people were volunteeringtheir time to help in other ways.In the end, the park was more beautiful than ever. It was a place where people could come together, laugh, and make memories. And it all started with one young man's dream to make a difference.26. What was the problem with the park in the beginning?A) It was too small.B) It was not well-maintained.C) It was not accessible to everyone.D) It had too many trees.27. Why did Alex decide to volunteer his time to clean up the park?A) He wanted to earn money.B) He was looking for a job.C) He wanted to help the community.D) He was bored.28. What did Alex do to improve the park?A) He built a new playground.B) He planted new trees.C) He started a community group.D) He organized events.29. How did the people of Greenfield react to the changes in the park?A) They were angry.B) They were indifferent.C) They were grateful.D) They were disappointed.30. What was the role of the community in improving the park?A) They were responsible for cleaning it.B) They were responsible for maintaining it.C) They were responsible for organizing events.D) They were responsible for making decisions.31. What was Alex's dream for the park?A) To make it the largest park in the town.B) To make it a place where people could come together.C) To make it a place where only children could play.D) To make it a place where only adults could relax.32. What was the most significant change that happened in the park?A) The playground was rebuilt.B) The bridge over the lake was repaired.C) The community became more involved.D) The park became a popular tourist destination.33. Why did the mayor offer Alex a job as the park manager?A) He was looking for a new manager.B) He wanted to thank Alex for his hard work.C) He thought Alex was qualified for the job.D) He wanted to move Alex to a different department.34. What did Alex learn about the park as he continued to work?A) It was only a place to play.B) It was a place where people could come together and build community.C) It was a place where only children could play.D) It was a place where only adults could relax.35. How did Alex's story affect the people of Greenfield?A) They were inspired to help other parks.B) They were inspired to help the community in other ways.C) They were inspired to start their own community groups.D) They were inspired to become park managers.四、阅读理解（共20小题，每小题2分，满分40分）Section ARead the following passage and answer the questions below.The internet has revolutionized the way we live, work, and communicate. It has brought us incredible benefits, such as easy access to information, instant communication, and global connectivity. However, it has also brought challenges, such as cyberbullying, privacy concerns, and information overload.One of the biggest challenges of the internet is cyberbullying. Cyberbullying occurs when someone uses the internet to harass, threaten, or intimidate another person. It can happen on social media platforms, forums, and even through email. Cyberbullying can have severe consequences, including emotional distress, anxiety, and depression.Another challenge is privacy concerns. With the advent of social media, we have become more open about our personal lives. However, this has also made us more vulnerable to data breaches and identity theft. Companies often collect and sell our personal information without our consent, leading to potential risks.Information overload is another problem caused by the internet. With so much information available, it can be difficult to determine what is accurate and reliable. This can lead to confusion and frustration.Despite these challenges, the internet remains a powerful tool that can be used for good. It can be used to educate, entertain, and connect with others. However, it is important to be aware of the potential risks and take steps to protect ourselves.36. What is one of the biggest challenges of the internet?A) Privacy concernsB) CyberbullyingC) Information overloadD) Instant communication37. What is the main cause of cyberbullying?A) Social mediaB) ForumsC) EmailD) All of the above38. What are the potential consequences of cyberbullying?A) Emotional distressB) AnxietyC) DepressionD) All of the above39. What is one of the main challenges of the internet?A) Easy access to informationB) Privacy concernsC) Global connectivityD) Instant communication40. How can the internet be used for good?A) To educateB) To entertainC) To connect with othersD) All of the aboveSection BRead the following passage and answer the questions below.The importance of exercise cannot be overstated. It is essential for maintaining good health and preventing chronic diseases. Regularexercise can improve cardiovascular health, strengthen bones and muscles, and improve mental health.There are many different types of exercise, including aerobic exercise, strength training, and flexibility training. Aerobic exercise, such as running, swimming, and cycling, increases heart rate and improves cardiovascular health. Strength training, such as lifting weights, helps build muscle and bone density. Flexibility training, such as yoga and stretching, improves range of motion and reduces the risk of injury.It is recommended that adults engage in at least 150 minutes ofmoderate-intensity aerobic exercise or 75 minutes of vigorous-intensity aerobic exercise per week. In addition, it is important to include strength training exercises at least two days per week.While exercise is beneficial for everyone, it is especially importantfor older adults. Regular exercise can help prevent falls, maintain independence, and improve quality of life.41. What is the main purpose of the passage?A) To explain the benefits of exercise.B) To describe different types of exercise.C) To recommend specific exercises for older adults.D) To discuss the importance of exercise for cardiovascular health.42. What are the benefits of aerobic exercise?A) It improves cardiovascular health.B) It strengthens bones and muscles.C) It improves mental health.D) All of the above43. What is the recommended amount of aerobic exercise for adults?A) 30 minutes per dayB) 150 minutes per weekC) 75 minutes per weekD) 300 minutes per week44. What is the main benefit of strength training?A) It improves cardiovascular health.B) It strengthens bones and。
自噬在乳腺癌发生发展中作用的研究进展
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基于自联想神经网络的良恶性肿瘤分类技术
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美国威斯康辛州女性乳腺癌肿瘤预测探讨
美国威斯康辛州女性乳腺癌肿瘤预测探讨
乳腺癌是全球最普遍的女性恶性肿瘤之一，每年导致数十万人死亡。
在美国威斯康辛州，乳腺癌造成了许多人的痛苦和不幸。
为了尽早发现乳腺癌并采取适当的治疗措施，许多医疗机构和研究人员已经致力于开发针对乳腺癌的预测模型和策略。
这篇文章将探讨一些已经建立的乳腺癌预测模型，并介绍一个用于预测威斯康星州女性乳腺癌的模型。
众所周知，乳腺癌的风险因素包括女性性别、家族史、年龄、妊娠史、生育史、月经史、饮食习惯、体重、酗酒、吸烟等。
为了解决以上问题，科学家们开发了一个用于预测乳腺癌风险的更加全面的模型。
该模型使用了美国乳腺癌流行病学研究的数据，从而可以更加准确地评估每个人患乳腺癌的风险。
然而，这个模型也存在一些限制。
首先，它只适用于美国，因为数据基于美国人口。
其次，它需要大量的数据，因此不适用于获取个体数据。
最后，它只能预测患乳腺癌的概率，而不能确定具体的患病时间。
对于威斯康星州女性来说，一个基于州内数据的乳腺癌预测模型一直是医疗机构和科学家们关注的问题。
通过分析该州20年的乳腺癌数据和卫生状况与其它因素的关系，研究人员开发了一个模型来预测女性患乳腺癌的风险。
该模型考虑了多种因素，如BMI、年龄、家族史、妊娠史、LMP、种族等。
这个模型可以针对不同的风险因素进行定制，以更好地预测患乳腺癌的风险。
尽管这些模型都有一些限制，但它们为科学家和医疗机构提供了一个重要的工具，以更好地了解乳腺癌的风险。
对于个人来说，通过了解自己的乳腺癌风险，并采取适当的预防措施，可以大大降低患乳腺癌的风险。
因此，这些模型的建立对于女性健康具有重要意义。
基于机器学习的抗癌药物设计与筛选方法研究
基于机器学习的抗癌药物设计与筛选方法研究概述：癌症一直是全球范围内的严重健康问题，抗癌药物的研发一直是医学界和科学界的重点。
随着机器学习技术的发展，利用机器学习方法进行抗癌药物设计与筛选的研究逐渐成为热点。
本文将探讨基于机器学习的抗癌药物设计与筛选方法的研究进展，包括药物特征提取、数据处理、模型建立与评估等方面。
一、药物特征提取对于机器学习算法来说，特征的选择和提取是非常关键的步骤。
在抗癌药物设计与筛选中，药物分子通常通过化学结构表示。
一种常用的表示方法是分子指纹，它是一种将化学结构转化为二进制向量的方法。
分子指纹可以反映药物分子的结构特征，包括原子种类、键的类型、键的连接等。
除了分子指纹，还可以利用药物分子的物理化学性质、化学反应性等作为药物特征。
二、数据处理在抗癌药物设计与筛选中，数据的质量和数量对机器学习模型的训练和性能起着至关重要的作用。
首先，数据集的选择是关键。
研究人员可以选择公开数据库中包含大量已知药物分子和其抗癌活性的数据集，如NCI数据库。
其次，对数据进行预处理也是必要的。
预处理包括去除重复数据、填补缺失值、处理异常值等。
此外，对药物分子可能存在的亲和性、剂量等因素进行标准化处理，以保证数据的一致性和可比性。
三、模型建立在抗癌药物设计与筛选中，机器学习模型的建立是实现准确预测的关键。
常用的机器学习模型包括决策树、支持向量机、随机森林等。
对于抗癌药物设计与筛选任务，一种常用的方法是分类模型，即根据药物分子的特征预测其抗癌活性，通常用二分类或多分类模型实现。
此外，也可以利用回归模型预测药物分子的抗癌活性值，以实现定量预测。
在模型建立过程中，还需进行模型参数调优。
常用的参数优化方法包括网格搜索、遗传算法等，通过对模型的参数进行调优，提高模型的性能和预测准确性。
四、模型评估模型的评估是确定模型性能的重要步骤。
常用的模型评估指标包括准确率、召回率、F1得分等。
在抗癌药物设计与筛选中，准确率和召回率是比较重要的指标，可以综合评估模型的预测能力和鲁棒性。
Breast+cancer
Break cancer can occur in both men and women, but it is rare in men
Break cancer is a highly heterogeneous disease with variable molecular and genetic alterations
Staging
Break cancer staging is based on tumor size, simple node involvement, and distance metathesis The most commonly used staging system is the TNM staging system
01
Introduction to Breast Cancer
The Breast Cancer is a minor tutor that originated from the Breast issue It is the most common cancer in women, accounting for about 25% of all female cancer
Screening mammography: Regular mammography screening is recommended for women age 40 and older to detect breast cancer at an early stage Screening mammography can identify small, treatable tubers before they become large and more difficult to treat
赛博格时代传播的具身性研究
赛博格时代传播的具身性研究随着科技的飞速发展，我们正逐渐进入一个赛博格时代。
在这个时代里，人类和机器已经开始融合，信息和技术已经渗透到我们生活的方方面面。
在这个时代里，传播也变得更加具身化，数字化的身体成为了信息传播的载体。
本文将从赛博格时代传播的具身性方面展开研究，并探讨在这个时代下传播的新特点和趋势。
赛博格（Cyborg）一词最早由奥地利诗人科尔内尔在1960年代提出，指代的是人和机器的融合体，在科幻小说和电影中经常出现。
在赛博格时代，人类通过植入智能芯片、生物改造等手段，使自身变得更加接近机器，与虚拟世界相连，借助科技和信息传播方式来拓展身体的功能和存在。
传播作为赛博格时代不可或缺的一部分，也在不断向着更加具身化的方向发展。
传播的具身性是指传播媒介和技术对人的身体和感知产生影响的现象。
在赛博格时代，传播媒介不再局限于书籍、报纸、电视等传统媒介，而是包括了智能手机、平板电脑、虚拟现实设备等新型媒介。
这些媒介的出现改变了人们获取信息、交流和互动的方式，也让传播更加贴近人的生活和身体。
通过虚拟现实技术，人们可以身临其境地参与到远在他乡的活动中，将身体和空间的距离消解，实现更加直观的传播和沟通。
二、赛博格时代传播的具身性特点1. 超越时间和空间的限制在赛博格时代，传播媒介和技术的发展让人们能够超越时间和空间的限制，实现跨地域、跨时空的交流和互动。
无论是视频通话、社交媒体，还是虚拟现实技术，都让人们能够身临其境地体验远在他乡的事物，快速传播和接收信息。
这种超越时间和空间的特点让传播更加接近人的日常生活和身体体验，塑造了更加丰富的传播方式和形式。
2. 身体感知作为传播媒介赛博格时代的传播不仅仅是通过文字、图片、声音等传统形式呈现，更是将身体感知纳入其中。
虚拟现实技术能够通过模拟身体感知，传达更加直观的体验；智能穿戴设备则能够通过监测身体数据，进行个性化的信息传递。
这些技术让传播从单一的视听感知拓展到了更加丰富的身体感知领域，使传播更加贴近人的生活和感知。
成人高考考试卷英语
一、单项选择题（共30题，每题2分，计60分）1. My brother is taller than _______.A. meB. IC. myselfD. my2. She _______ a good student, and she always helps others.A. isB. wasC. wereD. be3. If it _______ tomorrow, we will go to the park.A. rainsB. is rainingC. will rainD. rains4. I think he _______ the book.A. has readB. readC. readsD. is reading5. _______ you finish your homework?A. HaveB. HasC. Have youD. Has you6. He _______ to the cinema last night.A. goesB. wentC. goingD. gone7. I _______ a pen, but I _______ one.A. don't have; haveB. don't have; haveC. haven't; haveD. haven't; have8. _______ you like this movie?A. DoB. DoesC. DidD. Is9. She _______ in the kitchen when I arrived.A. was cookingB. cooksC. cookD. cooked10. _______ the children in the classroom?A. AreB. IsC. WereD. Was11. I _______ to the party last night.A. wentB. am goingC. am goneD. will go12. He _______ his phone.A. lostB. losesC. is losingD. will lose13. _______ you finish your work?A. WhenB. WhereC. WhyD. How14. She _______ to Beijing three times.A. goesB. wentC. has goneD. has been15. I _______ you tomorrow.A. seeB. am seeingC. sawD. will see16. _______ you help me with my homework?A. CanB. CouldC. MayD. Would17. The teacher _______ the students a lot of homework.A. givesB. giveC. givingD. given18. _______ you like some tea?A. DoB. DoesC. DidD. Is19. He _______ to school by bus.B. goesC. goingD. gone20. _______ you like apples?A. DoB. DoesC. DidD. Is21. She _______ in the library.A. is readingB. readsC. readD. read22. _______ you have a pen?A. DoB. DoesC. DidD. Is23. _______ you like this book?A. DoB. DoesC. Did24. He _______ to the park.A. goesB. goesC. goingD. gone25. _______ you finish your work?A. WhenB. WhereC. WhyD. How26. She _______ to Beijing three times.A. goesB. wentC. has goneD. has been27. I _______ you tomorrow.A. seeB. am seeingC. sawD. will see28. He _______ his phone.A. lostB. losesC. is losingD. will lose29. _______ you help me with my homework?A. CanB. CouldC. MayD. Would30. The teacher _______ the students a lot of homework.A. givesB. giveC. givingD. given二、完形填空（共20题，每题2分，计40分）Read the following passage and fill in each blank with one word from the list given below.It was a sunny morning. Tom was walking to school. He saw a cat lying on the ground. The cat looked very weak and hungry. Tom felt sorry for the cat. He decided to help it. He bought some food and water for the cat. He put the food and water next to the cat. The cat looked at Tom and started to eat the food. Tom was happy to see the cat eating. He continued to help the cat every day. The cat became healthier and stronger. Tom and the cat became good friends.( ) 31. Tom was walking to school.( ) 32. He saw a cat lying on the ground.( ) 33. The cat looked very weak and hungry.( ) 34. Tom felt sorry for the cat.( ) 35. He decided to help it.( ) 36. He bought some food and water for the cat.( ) 37. He put the food and water next to the cat.( ) 38. The cat looked at Tom and started to eat the food. ( ) 39. Tom was happy to see the cat eating.( ) 40. He continued to help the cat every day.List of words:A. aB. andC. becameD. catE. decidedF. everyG. feltH. foodI. friendsJ. goodK. helpedL. lookedM. morningN. nextO. sorryQ. theR. toS. veryT. waterU. weak三、阅读理解（共20题，每题2分，计40分）Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow.Passage 1The internet has become an essential part of our lives. It allows us to communicate with people from all over the world, access information, and even do our shopping online. However, the internet also has its downsides. One of the biggest concerns is cyberbullying. Cyberbullyingis the use of the internet to harm others. It can take many forms, including sending mean messages, spreading rumors, and posting embarrassing photos or videos.Many people believe that cyberbullying is not as serious as face-to-face bullying. However, research shows that it can have a severe impact on the mental health of the victims. Cyberbullying can lead to anxiety, depression, and even suicidal thoughts. It is important to address this issue and educate people about the consequences of cyberbullying.Questions:41. What is the main topic of the passage?42. What are the two main forms of cyberbullying mentioned in the passage?43. How does the author feel about cyberbullying?44. What are the potential mental health effects of cyberbullying?Traveling can be an enriching experience. It allows us to explore new places, meet new people, and learn about different cultures. However, it is important to be prepared before embarking on a trip. One of the most important things to do is to research the destination. This includes finding out about the weather, local customs, and the best places to visit. It is also important to pack appropriately. This means bringing clothing that is suitable for the climate and any necessary travel documents, such as a passport and visas.Another important aspect of travel is to be mindful of your safety. This includes being aware of your surroundings, avoiding risky behaviors, and being cautious with your belongings. It is also a good idea to stay in touch with friends and family while you are away. This can be done through social media, email, or phone calls.Questions:45. What are the benefits of traveling?46. What are two things that travelers should research before going on a trip?47. What are two safety tips for travelers?48. How can travelers stay in touch with their loved ones while traveling?四、书面表达（共20分）Write an essay of about 150-200 words on the following topic:Describe a memorable experience you had with a teacher. Explain why it was memorable and how it affected you.Instructions:- Begin your essay with an introduction.- Include the main details of the experience.- Conclude your essay by reflecting on how the experience affected you. - Use appropriate vocabulary and sentence structures.---This test is designed to assess the English language proficiency of adult candidates for higher education. Good luck!。