real-time_demand_reduction_preliminary_investigation-7-6-09_2[1]
SAE J17112010
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SURFACE VEHICLE RECOMMENDED PRACTICE
J1711 JUN2010
Issued Revised
1999-03 2010-06
Superseding J1711 MAR1999
(R) Recommended Practice for Measuring the Exhaust Emissions and Fuel Economy of Hybrid-Electric Vehicles, Including Plug-in Hybrid Vehicles
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计量经济学中英对照词汇
计量经济学中英对照词汇Absolute deviation, 绝对离差Absolute number, 绝对数Absolute residuals, 绝对残差Acceleration array, 加速度立体阵Acceleration in an arbitrary direction, 任意方向上的加速度Acceleration normal, 法向加速度Acceleration space dimension, 加速度空间的维数Acceleration tangential, 切向加速度Acceleration vector, 加速度向量Acceptable hypothesis, 可接受假设Accumulation, 累积Accuracy, 准确度Actual frequency, 实际频数Adaptive estimator, 自适应估计量Addition, 相加Addition theorem, 加法定理Additive Noise, 加性噪声Additivity, 可加性Adjusted rate, 调整率Adjusted value, 校正值Admissible error, 容许误差Aggregation, 聚集性Alpha factoring,α因子法Alternative hypothesis, 备择假设Among groups, 组间Amounts, 总量Analysis of correlation, 相关分析Analysis of covariance, 协方差分析Analysis Of Effects, 效应分析Analysis Of Variance, 方差分析Analysis of regression, 回归分析Analysis of time series, 时间序列分析Analysis of variance, 方差分析Angular transformation, 角转换ANOVA (analysis of variance), 方差分析ANOVA Models, 方差分析模型ANOVA table and eta, 分组计算方差分析Arcing, 弧/弧旋Arcsine transformation, 反正弦变换Area 区域图Area under the curve, 曲线面积AREG , 评估从一个时间点到下一个时间点回归相关时的误差ARIMA, 季节和非季节性单变量模型的极大似然估计Arithmetic grid paper, 算术格纸Arithmetic mean, 算术平均数Arrhenius relation, 艾恩尼斯关系Assessing fit, 拟合的评估Associative laws, 结合律Asymmetric distribution, 非对称分布Asymptotic bias, 渐近偏倚Asymptotic efficiency, 渐近效率Asymptotic variance, 渐近方差Attributable risk, 归因危险度Attribute data, 属性资料Attribution, 属性Autocorrelation, 自相关Autocorrelation of residuals, 残差的自相关Average, 平均数Average confidence interval length, 平均置信区间长度Average growth rate, 平均增长率Bar chart, 条形图Bar graph, 条形图Base period, 基期Bayes' theorem , Bayes定理Bell-shaped curve, 钟形曲线Bernoulli distribution, 伯努力分布Best-trim estimator, 最好切尾估计量Bias, 偏性Binary logistic regression, 二元逻辑斯蒂回归Binomial distribution, 二项分布Bisquare, 双平方Bivariate Correlate, 二变量相关Bivariate normal distribution, 双变量正态分布Bivariate normal population, 双变量正态总体Biweight interval, 双权区间Biweight M-estimator, 双权M估计量Block, 区组/配伍组BMDP(Biomedical computer programs), BMDP统计软件包Boxplots, 箱线图/箱尾图Breakdown bound, 崩溃界/崩溃点Canonical correlation, 典型相关Caption, 纵标目Case-control study, 病例对照研究Categorical variable, 分类变量Catenary, 悬链线Cauchy distribution, 柯西分布Cause-and-effect relationship, 因果关系Cell, 单元Censoring, 终检Center of symmetry, 对称中心Centering and scaling, 中心化和定标Central tendency, 集中趋势Central value, 中心值CHAID -χ2 Automatic Interaction Detector, 卡方自动交互检测Chance, 机遇Chance error, 随机误差Chance variable, 随机变量Characteristic equation, 特征方程Characteristic root, 特征根Characteristic vector, 特征向量Chebshev criterion of fit, 拟合的切比雪夫准则Chernoff faces, 切尔诺夫脸谱图Chi-square test, 卡方检验/χ2检验Choleskey decomposition, 乔洛斯基分解Circle chart, 圆图Class interval, 组距Class mid-value, 组中值Class upper limit, 组上限Classified variable, 分类变量Cluster analysis, 聚类分析Cluster sampling, 整群抽样Code, 代码Coded data, 编码数据Coding, 编码Coefficient of contingency, 列联系数Coefficient of determination, 决定系数Coefficient of multiple correlation, 多重相关系数Coefficient of partial correlation, 偏相关系数Coefficient of production-moment correlation, 积差相关系数Coefficient of rank correlation, 等级相关系数Coefficient of regression, 回归系数Coefficient of skewness, 偏度系数Coefficient of variation, 变异系数Cohort study, 队列研究Collinearity, 共线性Column, 列Column effect, 列效应Column factor, 列因素Combination pool, 合并Combinative table, 组合表Common factor, 共性因子Common regression coefficient, 公共回归系数Common value, 共同值Common variance, 公共方差Common variation, 公共变异Communality variance, 共性方差Comparability, 可比性Comparison of bathes, 批比较Comparison value, 比较值Compartment model, 分部模型Compassion, 伸缩Complement of an event, 补事件Complete association, 完全正相关Complete dissociation, 完全不相关Complete statistics, 完备统计量Completely randomized design, 完全随机化设计Composite event, 联合事件Composite events, 复合事件Concavity, 凹性Conditional expectation, 条件期望Conditional likelihood, 条件似然Conditional probability, 条件概率Conditionally linear, 依条件线性Confidence interval, 置信区间Confidence limit, 置信限Confidence lower limit, 置信下限Confidence upper limit, 置信上限Confirmatory Factor Analysis , 验证性因子分析Confirmatory research, 证实性实验研究Confounding factor, 混杂因素Conjoint, 联合分析Consistency, 相合性Consistency check, 一致性检验Consistent asymptotically normal estimate, 相合渐近正态估计Consistent estimate, 相合估计Constrained nonlinear regression, 受约束非线性回归Constraint, 约束Contaminated distribution, 污染分布Contaminated Gausssian, 污染高斯分布Contaminated normal distribution, 污染正态分布Contamination, 污染Contamination model, 污染模型Contingency table, 列联表Contour, 边界线Contribution rate, 贡献率Control, 对照, 质量控制图Controlled experiments, 对照实验Conventional depth, 常规深度Convolution, 卷积Corrected factor, 校正因子Corrected mean, 校正均值Correction coefficient, 校正系数Correctness, 正确性Correlation coefficient, 相关系数Correlation, 相关性Correlation index, 相关指数Correspondence, 对应Counting, 计数Counts, 计数/频数Covariance, 协方差Covariant, 共变Cox Regression, Cox回归Criteria for fitting, 拟合准则Criteria of least squares, 最小二乘准则Critical ratio, 临界比Critical region, 拒绝域Critical value, 临界值Cross-over design, 交叉设计Cross-section analysis, 横断面分析Cross-section survey, 横断面调查Crosstabs , 交叉表Crosstabs 列联表分析Cross-tabulation table, 复合表Cube root, 立方根Cumulative distribution function, 分布函数Cumulative probability, 累计概率Curvature, 曲率/弯曲Curvature, 曲率Curve Estimation, 曲线拟合Curve fit , 曲线拟和Curve fitting, 曲线拟合Curvilinear regression, 曲线回归Curvilinear relation, 曲线关系Cut-and-try method, 尝试法Cycle, 周期Cyclist, 周期性D test, D检验Data acquisition, 资料收集Data bank, 数据库Data capacity, 数据容量Data deficiencies, 数据缺乏Data handling, 数据处理Data manipulation, 数据处理Data processing, 数据处理Data reduction, 数据缩减Data set, 数据集Data sources, 数据来源Data transformation, 数据变换Data validity, 数据有效性Data-in, 数据输入Data-out, 数据输出Dead time, 停滞期Degree of freedom, 自由度Degree of precision, 精密度Degree of reliability, 可靠性程度Degression, 递减Density function, 密度函数Density of data points, 数据点的密度Dependent variable, 应变量/依变量/因变量Dependent variable, 因变量Depth, 深度Derivative matrix, 导数矩阵Derivative-free methods, 无导数方法Design, 设计Determinacy, 确定性Determinant, 行列式Determinant, 决定因素Deviation, 离差Deviation from average, 离均差Diagnostic plot, 诊断图Dichotomous variable, 二分变量Differential equation, 微分方程Direct standardization, 直接标准化法Direct Oblimin, 斜交旋转Discrete variable, 离散型变量DISCRIMINANT, 判断Discriminant analysis, 判别分析Discriminant coefficient, 判别系数Discriminant function, 判别值Dispersion, 散布/分散度Disproportional, 不成比例的Disproportionate sub-class numbers, 不成比例次级组含量Distribution free, 分布无关性/免分布Distribution shape, 分布形状Distribution-free method, 任意分布法Distributive laws, 分配律Disturbance, 随机扰动项Dose response curve, 剂量反应曲线Double blind method, 双盲法Double blind trial, 双盲试验Double exponential distribution, 双指数分布Double logarithmic, 双对数Downward rank, 降秩Dual-space plot, 对偶空间图DUD, 无导数方法Duncan's new multiple range method, 新复极差法/Duncan新法Error Bar, 均值相关区间图Effect, 实验效应Eigenvalue, 特征值Eigenvector, 特征向量Ellipse, 椭圆Empirical distribution, 经验分布Empirical probability, 经验概率单位Enumeration data, 计数资料Equal sun-class number, 相等次级组含量Equally likely, 等可能Equivariance, 同变性Error, 误差/错误Error of estimate, 估计误差Error type I, 第一类错误Error type II, 第二类错误Estimand, 被估量Estimated error mean squares, 估计误差均方Estimated error sum of squares, 估计误差平方和Euclidean distance, 欧式距离Event, 事件Event, 事件Exceptional data point, 异常数据点Expectation plane, 期望平面Expectation surface, 期望曲面Expected values, 期望值Experiment, 实验Experimental sampling, 试验抽样Experimental unit, 试验单位Explained variance (已说明方差)Explanatory variable, 说明变量, 解释变量Exploratory data analysis, 探索性数据分析Explore Summarize, 探索-摘要Exponential curve, 指数曲线Exponential growth, 指数式增长EXSMOOTH, 指数平滑方法Extended fit, 扩充拟合Extra parameter, 附加参数Extrapolation, 外推法Extreme observation, 末端观测值Extremes, 极端值/极值F distribution, F分布F test, F检验Factor, 因素/因子Factor analysis, 因子分析Factor Analysis, 因子分析Factor score, 因子得分Factorial, 阶乘Factorial design, 析因试验设计False negative, 假阴性False negative error, 假阴性错误Family of distributions, 分布族Family of estimators, 估计量族Fanning, 扇面Fatality rate, 病死率Field investigation, 现场调查Field survey, 现场调查Finite population, 有限总体Finite-sample, 有限样本First derivative, 一阶导数First principal component, 第一主成分First quartile, 第一四分位数Fisher information, 费雪信息量Fitted value, 拟合值Fitting a curve, 曲线拟合Fixed base, 定基Fluctuation, 随机起伏Forecast, 预测Four fold table, 四格表Fourth, 四分点Fraction blow, 左侧比率Fractional error, 相对误差Frequency, 频率Frequency polygon, 频数多边图Frontier point, 界限点Function relationship, 泛函关系Gamma distribution, 伽玛分布Gauss increment, 高斯增量Gaussian distribution, 高斯分布/正态分布Gauss-Newton increment, 高斯-牛顿增量General census, 全面普查Generalized least squares, 综合最小平方法GENLOG (Generalized liner models), 广义线性模型Geometric mean, 几何平均数Gini's mean difference, 基尼均差GLM (General liner models), 通用线性模型Goodness of fit, 拟和优度/配合度Gradient of determinant, 行列式的梯度Graeco-Latin square, 希腊拉丁方Grand mean, 总均值Gross errors, 重大错误Gross-error sensitivity, 大错敏感度Group averages, 分组平均Grouped data, 分组资料Guessed mean, 假定平均数Half-life, 半衰期Hampel M-estimators, 汉佩尔M估计量Happenstance, 偶然事件Harmonic mean, 调和均数Hazard function, 风险均数Hazard rate, 风险率Heading, 标目Heavy-tailed distribution, 重尾分布Hessian array, 海森立体阵Heterogeneity, 不同质Heterogeneity of variance, 方差不齐Hierarchical classification, 组内分组Hierarchical clustering method, 系统聚类法High-leverage point, 高杠杆率点High-Low, 低区域图Higher Order Interaction Effects,高阶交互作用HILOGLINEAR, 多维列联表的层次对数线性模型Hinge, 折叶点Histogram, 直方图Historical cohort study, 历史性队列研究Holes, 空洞HOMALS, 多重响应分析Homogeneity of variance, 方差齐性Homogeneity test, 齐性检验Huber M-estimators, 休伯M估计量Hyperbola, 双曲线Hypothesis testing, 假设检验Hypothetical universe, 假设总体Image factoring,, 多元回归法Impossible event, 不可能事件Independence, 独立性Independent variable, 自变量Index, 指标/指数Indirect standardization, 间接标准化法Individual, 个体Inference band, 推断带Infinite population, 无限总体Infinitely great, 无穷大Infinitely small, 无穷小Influence curve, 影响曲线Information capacity, 信息容量Initial condition, 初始条件Initial estimate, 初始估计值Initial level, 最初水平Interaction, 交互作用Interaction terms, 交互作用项Intercept, 截距Interpolation, 内插法Interquartile range, 四分位距Interval estimation, 区间估计Intervals of equal probability, 等概率区间Intrinsic curvature, 固有曲率Invariance, 不变性Inverse matrix, 逆矩阵Inverse probability, 逆概率Inverse sine transformation, 反正弦变换Iteration, 迭代Jacobian determinant, 雅可比行列式Joint distribution function, 分布函数Joint probability, 联合概率Joint probability distribution, 联合概率分布K-Means Cluster逐步聚类分析K means method, 逐步聚类法Kaplan-Meier, 评估事件的时间长度Kaplan-Merier chart, Kaplan-Merier图Kendall's rank correlation, Kendall等级相关Kinetic, 动力学Kolmogorov-Smirnove test, 柯尔莫哥洛夫-斯米尔诺夫检验Kruskal and Wallis test, Kruskal及Wallis检验/多样本的秩和检验/H检验Kurtosis, 峰度Lack of fit, 失拟Ladder of powers, 幂阶梯Lag, 滞后Large sample, 大样本Large sample test, 大样本检验Latin square, 拉丁方Latin square design, 拉丁方设计Leakage, 泄漏Least favorable configuration, 最不利构形Least favorable distribution, 最不利分布Least significant difference, 最小显着差法Least square method, 最小二乘法Least Squared Criterion,最小二乘方准则Least-absolute-residuals estimates, 最小绝对残差估计Least-absolute-residuals fit, 最小绝对残差拟合Least-absolute-residuals line, 最小绝对残差线Legend, 图例L-estimator, L估计量L-estimator of location, 位置L估计量L-estimator of scale, 尺度L估计量Level, 水平Leveage Correction,杠杆率校正Life expectance, 预期期望寿命Life table, 寿命表Life table method, 生命表法Light-tailed distribution, 轻尾分布Likelihood function, 似然函数Likelihood ratio, 似然比line graph, 线图Linear correlation, 直线相关Linear equation, 线性方程Linear programming, 线性规划Linear regression, 直线回归Linear Regression, 线性回归Linear trend, 线性趋势Loading, 载荷Location and scale equivariance, 位置尺度同变性Location equivariance, 位置同变性Location invariance, 位置不变性Location scale family, 位置尺度族Log rank test, 时序检验Logarithmic curve, 对数曲线Logarithmic normal distribution, 对数正态分布Logarithmic scale, 对数尺度Logarithmic transformation, 对数变换Logic check, 逻辑检查Logistic distribution, 逻辑斯特分布Logit transformation, Logit转换LOGLINEAR, 多维列联表通用模型Lognormal distribution, 对数正态分布Lost function, 损失函数Low correlation, 低度相关Lower limit, 下限Lowest-attained variance, 最小可达方差LSD, 最小显着差法的简称Lurking variable, 潜在变量Main effect, 主效应Major heading, 主辞标目Marginal density function, 边缘密度函数Marginal probability, 边缘概率Marginal probability distribution, 边缘概率分布Matched data, 配对资料Matched distribution, 匹配过分布Matching of distribution, 分布的匹配Matching of transformation, 变换的匹配Mathematical expectation, 数学期望Mathematical model, 数学模型Maximum L-estimator, 极大极小L 估计量Maximum likelihood method, 最大似然法Mean, 均数Mean squares between groups, 组间均方Mean squares within group, 组内均方Means (Compare means), 均值-均值比较Median, 中位数Median effective dose, 半数效量Median lethal dose, 半数致死量Median polish, 中位数平滑Median test, 中位数检验Minimal sufficient statistic, 最小充分统计量Minimum distance estimation, 最小距离估计Minimum effective dose, 最小有效量Minimum lethal dose, 最小致死量Minimum variance estimator, 最小方差估计量MINITAB, 统计软件包Minor heading, 宾词标目Missing data, 缺失值Model specification, 模型的确定Modeling Statistics , 模型统计Models for outliers, 离群值模型Modifying the model, 模型的修正Modulus of continuity, 连续性模Morbidity, 发病率Most favorable configuration, 最有利构形MSC(多元散射校正)Multidimensional Scaling (ASCAL), 多维尺度/多维标度Multinomial Logistic Regression , 多项逻辑斯蒂回归Multiple comparison, 多重比较Multiple correlation , 复相关Multiple covariance, 多元协方差Multiple linear regression, 多元线性回归Multiple response , 多重选项Multiple solutions, 多解Multiplication theorem, 乘法定理Multiresponse, 多元响应Multi-stage sampling, 多阶段抽样Multivariate T distribution, 多元T分布Mutual exclusive, 互不相容Mutual independence, 互相独立Natural boundary, 自然边界Natural dead, 自然死亡Natural zero, 自然零Negative correlation, 负相关Negative linear correlation, 负线性相关Negatively skewed, 负偏Newman-Keuls method, q检验NK method, q检验No statistical significance, 无统计意义Nominal variable, 名义变量Nonconstancy of variability, 变异的非定常性Nonlinear regression, 非线性相关Nonparametric statistics, 非参数统计Nonparametric test, 非参数检验Nonparametric tests, 非参数检验Normal deviate, 正态离差Normal distribution, 正态分布Normal equation, 正规方程组Normal P-P, 正态概率分布图Normal Q-Q, 正态概率单位分布图Normal ranges, 正常范围Normal value, 正常值Normalization 归一化Nuisance parameter, 多余参数/讨厌参数Null hypothesis, 无效假设Numerical variable, 数值变量Objective function, 目标函数Observation unit, 观察单位Observed value, 观察值One sided test, 单侧检验One-way analysis of variance, 单因素方差分析Oneway ANOVA , 单因素方差分析Open sequential trial, 开放型序贯设计Optrim, 优切尾Optrim efficiency, 优切尾效率Order statistics, 顺序统计量Ordered categories, 有序分类Ordinal logistic regression , 序数逻辑斯蒂回归Ordinal variable, 有序变量Orthogonal basis, 正交基Orthogonal design, 正交试验设计Orthogonality conditions, 正交条件ORTHOPLAN, 正交设计Outlier cutoffs, 离群值截断点Outliers, 极端值OVERALS , 多组变量的非线性正规相关Overshoot, 迭代过度Paired design, 配对设计Paired sample, 配对样本Pairwise slopes, 成对斜率Parabola, 抛物线Parallel tests, 平行试验Parameter, 参数Parametric statistics, 参数统计Parametric test, 参数检验Pareto, 直条构成线图(又称佩尔托图)Partial correlation, 偏相关Partial regression, 偏回归Partial sorting, 偏排序Partials residuals, 偏残差Pattern, 模式PCA(主成分分析)Pearson curves, 皮尔逊曲线Peeling, 退层Percent bar graph, 百分条形图Percentage, 百分比Percentile, 百分位数Percentile curves, 百分位曲线Periodicity, 周期性Permutation, 排列P-estimator, P估计量Pie graph, 构成图,饼图Pitman estimator, 皮特曼估计量Pivot, 枢轴量Planar, 平坦Planar assumption, 平面的假设PLANCARDS, 生成试验的计划卡PLS(偏最小二乘法)Point estimation, 点估计Poisson distribution, 泊松分布Polishing, 平滑Polled standard deviation, 合并标准差Polled variance, 合并方差Polygon, 多边图Polynomial, 多项式Polynomial curve, 多项式曲线Population, 总体Population attributable risk, 人群归因危险度Positive correlation, 正相关Positively skewed, 正偏Posterior distribution, 后验分布Power of a test, 检验效能Precision, 精密度Predicted value, 预测值Preliminary analysis, 预备性分析Principal axis factoring,主轴因子法Principal component analysis, 主成分分析Prior distribution, 先验分布Prior probability, 先验概率Probabilistic model, 概率模型probability, 概率Probability density, 概率密度Product moment, 乘积矩/协方差Profile trace, 截面迹图Proportion, 比/构成比Proportion allocation in stratified random sampling, 按比例分层随机抽样Proportionate, 成比例Proportionate sub-class numbers, 成比例次级组含量Prospective study, 前瞻性调查Proximities, 亲近性Pseudo F test, 近似F检验Pseudo model, 近似模型Pseudosigma, 伪标准差Purposive sampling, 有目的抽样QR decomposition, QR分解Quadratic approximation, 二次近似Qualitative classification, 属性分类Qualitative method, 定性方法Quantile-quantile plot, 分位数-分位数图/Q-Q图Quantitative analysis, 定量分析Quartile, 四分位数Quick Cluster, 快速聚类Radix sort, 基数排序Random allocation, 随机化分组Random blocks design, 随机区组设计Random event, 随机事件Randomization, 随机化Range, 极差/全距Rank correlation, 等级相关Rank sum test, 秩和检验Rank test, 秩检验Ranked data, 等级资料Rate, 比率Ratio, 比例Raw data, 原始资料Raw residual, 原始残差Rayleigh's test, 雷氏检验Rayleigh's Z, 雷氏Z值Reciprocal, 倒数Reciprocal transformation, 倒数变换Recording, 记录Redescending estimators, 回降估计量Reducing dimensions, 降维Re-expression, 重新表达Reference set, 标准组Region of acceptance, 接受域Regression coefficient, 回归系数Regression sum of square, 回归平方和Rejection point, 拒绝点Relative dispersion, 相对离散度Relative number, 相对数Reliability, 可靠性Reparametrization, 重新设置参数Replication, 重复Report Summaries, 报告摘要Residual sum of square, 剩余平方和residual variance (剩余方差)Resistance, 耐抗性Resistant line, 耐抗线Resistant technique, 耐抗技术R-estimator of location, 位置R估计量R-estimator of scale, 尺度R估计量Retrospective study, 回顾性调查Ridge trace, 岭迹Ridit analysis, Ridit分析Rotation, 旋转Rounding, 舍入Row, 行Row effects, 行效应Row factor, 行因素RXC table, RXC表Sample, 样本Sample regression coefficient, 样本回归系数Sample size, 样本量Sample standard deviation, 样本标准差Sampling error, 抽样误差SAS(Statistical analysis system , SAS统计软件包Scale, 尺度/量表Scatter diagram, 散点图Schematic plot, 示意图/简图Score test, 计分检验Screening, 筛检SEASON, 季节分析Second derivative, 二阶导数Second principal component, 第二主成分SEM (Structural equation modeling), 结构化方程模型Semi-logarithmic graph, 半对数图Semi-logarithmic paper, 半对数格纸Sensitivity curve, 敏感度曲线Sequential analysis, 贯序分析Sequence, 普通序列图Sequential data set, 顺序数据集Sequential design, 贯序设计Sequential method, 贯序法Sequential test, 贯序检验法Serial tests, 系列试验Short-cut method, 简捷法Sigmoid curve, S形曲线Sign function, 正负号函数Sign test, 符号检验Signed rank, 符号秩Significant Level, 显着水平Significance test, 显着性检验Significant figure, 有效数字Simple cluster sampling, 简单整群抽样Simple correlation, 简单相关Simple random sampling, 简单随机抽样Simple regression, 简单回归simple table, 简单表Sine estimator, 正弦估计量Single-valued estimate, 单值估计Singular matrix, 奇异矩阵Skewed distribution, 偏斜分布Skewness, 偏度Slash distribution, 斜线分布Slope, 斜率Smirnov test, 斯米尔诺夫检验Source of variation, 变异来源Spearman rank correlation, 斯皮尔曼等级相关Specific factor, 特殊因子Specific factor variance, 特殊因子方差Spectra , 频谱Spherical distribution, 球型正态分布Spread, 展布SPSS(Statistical package for the social science), SPSS统计软件包Spurious correlation, 假性相关Square root transformation, 平方根变换Stabilizing variance, 稳定方差Standard deviation, 标准差Standard error, 标准误Standard error of difference, 差别的标准误Standard error of estimate, 标准估计误差Standard error of rate, 率的标准误Standard normal distribution, 标准正态分布Standardization, 标准化Starting value, 起始值Statistic, 统计量Statistical control, 统计控制Statistical graph, 统计图Statistical inference, 统计推断Statistical table, 统计表Steepest descent, 最速下降法Stem and leaf display, 茎叶图Step factor, 步长因子Stepwise regression, 逐步回归Storage, 存Strata, 层(复数)Stratified sampling, 分层抽样Stratified sampling, 分层抽样Strength, 强度Stringency, 严密性Structural relationship, 结构关系Studentized residual, 学生化残差/t化残差Sub-class numbers, 次级组含量Subdividing, 分割Sufficient statistic, 充分统计量Sum of products, 积和Sum of squares, 离差平方和Sum of squares about regression, 回归平方和Sum of squares between groups, 组间平方和Sum of squares of partial regression, 偏回归平方和Sure event, 必然事件Survey, 调查Survival, 生存分析Survival rate, 生存率Suspended root gram, 悬吊根图Symmetry, 对称Systematic error, 系统误差Systematic sampling, 系统抽样Tags, 标签Tail area, 尾部面积Tail length, 尾长Tail weight, 尾重Tangent line, 切线Target distribution, 目标分布Taylor series, 泰勒级数Test(检验)Test of linearity, 线性检验Tendency of dispersion, 离散趋势Testing of hypotheses, 假设检验Theoretical frequency, 理论频数Time series, 时间序列Tolerance interval, 容忍区间Tolerance lower limit, 容忍下限Tolerance upper limit, 容忍上限Torsion, 扰率Total sum of square, 总平方和Total variation, 总变异Transformation, 转换Treatment, 处理Trend, 趋势Trend of percentage, 百分比趋势Trial, 试验Trial and error method, 试错法Tuning constant, 细调常数Two sided test, 双向检验Two-stage least squares, 二阶最小平方Two-stage sampling, 二阶段抽样Two-tailed test, 双侧检验Two-way analysis of variance, 双因素方差分析Two-way table, 双向表Type I error, 一类错误/α错误Type II error, 二类错误/β错误UMVU, 方差一致最小无偏估计简称Unbiased estimate, 无偏估计Unconstrained nonlinear regression , 无约束非线性回归Unequal subclass number, 不等次级组含量Ungrouped data, 不分组资料Uniform coordinate, 均匀坐标Uniform distribution, 均匀分布Uniformly minimum variance unbiased estimate, 方差一致最小无偏估计Unit, 单元Unordered categories, 无序分类Unweighted least squares, 未加权最小平方法Upper limit, 上限Upward rank, 升秩Vague concept, 模糊概念Validity, 有效性VARCOMP (Variance component estimation), 方差元素估计Variability, 变异性Variable, 变量Variance, 方差Variation, 变异Varimax orthogonal rotation, 方差最大正交旋转Volume of distribution, 容积W test, W检验Weibull distribution, 威布尔分布Weight, 权数Weighted Chi-square test, 加权卡方检验/Cochran检验Weighted linear regression method, 加权直线回归Weighted mean, 加权平均数Weighted mean square, 加权平均方差Weighted sum of square, 加权平方和Weighting coefficient, 权重系数Weighting method, 加权法W-estimation, W估计量W-estimation of location, 位置W估计量Width, 宽度Wilcoxon paired test, 威斯康星配对法/配对符号秩和检验Wild point, 野点/狂点Wild value, 野值/狂值Winsorized mean, 缩尾均值Withdraw, 失访Youden's index, 尤登指数Z test, Z检验Zero correlation, 零相关Z-transformation, Z变换。
5G基站纳秒级时间同步技术分析
通信网络技术基站纳秒级时间同步技术分析高衡,王显,郑硕超(三维通信股份有限公司,浙江杭州网络中,各个基站之间需要精确的时间同步,以确保网络正常运行和提供高质量的服务。
因此,需要纳秒级时间同步技术,保证数据可以进行准确的传递,并且不会出现时间上的差异。
文章总结了基站纳米级时间同步的关键技术,分别是信号传输技术、信号测量技术及信号网络的性能和可靠性,使5G基站;纳秒级时间同步;信号调节Analysis of Nanosecond Time Synchronization Technology for 5G Base StationsGAO Heng, WANG Xian, ZHENG Shuochao(Sunwave Communications Co., Ltd., HangzhouG networks, precise time synchronization is required between base stations to ensure the normalhigh-quality services. This requires球导航卫星的定时功能是至关重要的一环。
这项技GLONASS、等)提供的定时信号,以确保基站之间的高精1所示,通过分析全球导航系统,可以找出最优的定时基站使用全球卫星导航系统的信号,这些系统由一系列卫星组成,通过向地面发送定时信号来提供全球范围的导航和定位服务。
基站需要将来自卫星系统的定时信号转化为纳米级别的时间同步,要求基站具备高度精密的时钟同步技术,以确保信号的准确传输和接收。
为保持信号的精度,基站使用先进的信号传输技术,通过适应性调整以应对信号传输应基站之间可能存在的时延差异,从而实现更精确的时间同步。
为进一步优化基站的时间同步,卫星可能会发送辅助的定时信号,帮助基站更精确地校准其本地时钟。
同步卫星双向定时技术在间同步中的意义在于可以实现双向的时间信息传递,使基站和卫星之间能够共同调整地优化时间同步。
Preliminary Studies
Other Research Plan Sections….
animals, select agents, MPI, consortium, support, resource sharing
Appendix
New Research Strategy Section
Current Application Background and Significance
Preliminary Studies Supporting Feasibility
Rat Model to Study Methotrexate-Induced CNS Injury. Purpose was to a) develop a rat model that employed intraventricular administration of methotrexate, and b) assess effects of methotrexate on cells in the CNS. Summary of Methods: Fisher 344 male rats were anesthetized and methotrexate (4 mg/kg) was administered through the left lateral ventricle with an Alzet osmotic pump and brain infusion cannula. After rats regain consciousness, they were returned to their cages, and examined daily for signs of CNS toxicity, infection, neurological damage, and/or failure to thrive. Animals received either methotrexate (n = 4) or artificial CSF (n = 3), and were euthanized 2 days later. Histological studies of sections from brain cortex were assessed for astrocyte reactivity using glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), a commonly used marker to identify astrocytosis in a wide range of neurological injury studies. Figure 1 shows GFAP positive cells in brain cortex taken after 2 days of treatment with methotrexate or artificial CSF.
CATTI 笔译常用词汇 国有企业改革
国有企业改革 Reform of State-owned Enterprises(SOE)摆脱困境 be extricated from their predicament包工包料 contract for labor and materials层层转包和违法分包 multi- level contracting and illegal sub-contracting 产品结构 product mix产权清晰、权责分明、政企分开、科学管理 clearly established ownership, well definedpower and responsibility, separation of enterprise from administration, andscientific management产销直接挂钩 directly link production with marketing产业的升级换代 upgrading of industries产业高地 industrial leading position产业关联性 production-related association产业结构优化升级 optimize and upgrade the industrial structure厂长负责制 system under which the factory director assumes full responsibility承包经营 contract operation持续提高公司的竞争能力 achieve a lasting upturn in the company's ability tocompete初步建立现代企业制度 implement a preliminary modern enterprise system 促销 merchandising大型企业集团 large enterprise group带薪分流 assign redundant civil servants to other jobs while allowing them to retain their original rank and benefits待岗 await job assignment; post-waiting待业 job-waiting待业人口 population waiting for employment地域优势 geographical advantage调节经济运行 regulate the operation of the economy调整产品结构 readjust the product mix董事会领导 leadership of the board of directors对符合条件的企业实行债转股 carry out debt-to-equity swap programs in enterprises where conditions permit对外承包工程 overseas contracted engineering projects防范和化解经融风险 prevent and defuse financial risks分流企业富余人员 redirect surplus employees of enterprises富有献身精神、积极性高涨的员工队伍 a highly motivated and committed workforce改革国有资产管理体制 reform the state property management system改善国有企业负债结构 improve the asset-liability ratios of state-owned enterprises高中级工程技术人员senior and intermediate-level engineers and technologists搞活企业 invigorate enterprises革新重组 realignment个体、私营等非公有制经济 the non-public sector including self-employed and private businesses工业产值 the industrial output公司法人责任制 the corporate legal person responsibility system公有制的多种实现形式 various forms for realizing public ownership股份合作制 joint stock-holding partnership; the joint stock cooperative system股份制 the shareholding system骨干企业 key enterprise规范监事会制度 standardize the board of supervisors system规范破产 standardize bankruptcy procedures国家财政收入 total national revenue国有大中型企业 large and medium-sized state-owned enterprises国有控股企业 state holding enterprise国有资产流失 the devaluation of state assets合同管理制 the contract management system红帽子企业 red cap enterprise宏观管理体制 the macro-control system货币政策 monetary policy技术创新 technological innovation家用电器产业 the home electric appliances industry价格性能比 price versus performance ratio兼并破产 merger and bankruptcy减少对市场变化做出反应的时间 shorten the response time to market changes 减员增效 downsizing for efficiency; cut payroll to improve efficiency 揭牌典礼 an official business launch街道企业 neighborhood enterprise紧密型企业集团 tightly-knit groups of enterprises竞争有序 orderly competition竞争择优 select only the best of competing offers开工不足 enterprises running under their production capacity亏损企业 loss-making enterprises亏损企业脱困 losing enterprises in the black again扩大内需 expand domestic demand来料加工process materials supplied by clients; accept customers' materials for processing劳动合同制 labor contract system理顺/正确处理改革、发展、稳定的关系 appropriately balance reform ,development and stability流通体制 the circulation system龙头 a leader内联企业 enterprises with internal connections扭亏增赢 reduction of loss and increase of profits培育统一开放、竞争有序的市场体系 cultivate a unified and open market with orderly competition培育新的消费热点 foster new consumption growth areas激励机制和约束机制 incentive and restraint mechanisms企业文化 corporate culture强化管理,“严”字当头 tighten up management and put strict observance aboveall else强化社区服务功能 strengthen the function of community强强联合 association between strong enterprises全面提高劳动者素质 improve the overall quality of the workforce全球销售服务网络 the global sales and after-sales service network融中国现代产业于世界经济主流 integrate China's modern industry with the mainstream of the world’s economy三无企业 three-no-enterprises商检局 Commodity Inspection Bureau商业运作 business dealings深化流通体制改革 deepen the reform of the distribution system生物医药产业 the bioengineering and pharmaceutical industry石油化工产业 the petrochemical industry实行投资主体多元化 Sources of investment must be diversified时常多元化战略 market diversification strategy售后服务 after-sales service树立企业良好形象 foster a good company image统筹规划、突出重点、分步实施 a comprehensive plan that should focus on key areas and be carried out in a step-by-step manner投身于变化的过程中 be committed to the process of change完善法人治理结构 improve the corporate government西部大开发 the large-scale development strategy in west China下岗分流 redirect laid-off workers下海 go in for business兴建南水北调工程 build the south-to-north water diversion project虚拟经济和实体经济 virtual economy and real economy养老、失业、医疗保险金 old-age , unemployment and medical insurance premiums一刀切 impose uniformity in all cases; allow no flexibility一体化生产 integrated production以市场为导向 taking the market as the orientation以质取胜 implement the strategy of success through quality引入竞争机制 introduce competition mechanisms优化结构 optimize structure优化生产过程 optimize production processes优化组合 optimization grouping; optional regrouping优势互补 take advantage of each other's strength再就业服务中心 re-employment service center再就业工程 re-employment programs在业人口 working population政府搭台,部门推动,企业唱戏 Governments set up the stage, various departments cooperate and enterprises put in the show.支柱产业 pillar industries知识密集型产业 knowledge-intensive projects中心环节 the pivotal point抓大放小 invigorate large enterprises while relaxing control over smallones; focus on the restructuring of major enterprises and leave minor onesto fend for themselves转化机制 shift to new management mechanisms转化经营机制 change operating mechanism装备精良 state-of-the-art equipment资金技术密集型产业 capital-and-technology-intensive industries劳动密集型产业 labor-intensive industries自负盈亏 be responsible for their own profits and losses。
Empirical processes of dependent random variables
2
Preliminaries
n i=1
from R to R. The centered G -indexed empirical process is given by (P n − P )g = 1 n
n
the marginal and empirical distribution functions. Let G be a class of measurabrocesses that have been discussed include linear processes and Gaussian processes; see Dehling and Taqqu (1989) and Cs¨ org˝ o and Mielniczuk (1996) for long and short-range dependent subordinated Gaussian processes and Ho and Hsing (1996) and Wu (2003a) for long-range dependent linear processes. A collection of recent results is presented in Dehling, Mikosch and Sorensen (2002). In that collection Dedecker and Louhichi (2002) made an important generalization of Ossiander’s (1987) result. Here we investigate the empirical central limit problem for dependent random variables from another angle that avoids strong mixing conditions. In particular, we apply a martingale method and establish a weak convergence theory for stationary, causal processes. Our results are comparable with the theory for independent random variables in that the imposed moment conditions are optimal or almost optimal. We show that, if the process is short-range dependent in a certain sense, then the limiting behavior is similar to that of iid random variables in that the limiting distribution is a Gaussian process and the norming √ sequence is n. For long-range dependent linear processes, one needs to apply asymptotic √ expansions to obtain n-norming limit theorems (Section 6.2.2). The paper is structured as follows. In Section 2 we introduce some mathematical preliminaries necessary for the weak convergence theory and illustrate the essence of our approach. Two types of empirical central limit theorems are established. Empirical processes indexed by indicators of left half lines, absolutely continuous functions, and piecewise differentiable functions are discussed in Sections 3, 4 and 5 respectively. Applications to linear processes and iterated random functions are made in Section 6. Section 7 presents some integral and maximal inequalities that may be of independent interest. Some proofs are given in Sections 8 and 9.
研究方法如何在顶级管理学期刊发表论文(五):方法与结果
研究方法如何在顶级管理学期刊发表论文(五):方法与结果来源:南开管理评论一旦选择一个有趣而适当的选题,设计并执行一个合理的数据收集,制定一个引人注目的“伏笔”和发展一个坚实的理论,这些艰巨而又令人兴奋的工作完成后,人们就很容易坐视不前、麻痹放松,在各种方法和结果中游走。
接下来的工作似乎很简单直接,也许有点按部就班——向读者报告:(1)如何获得数据以及为什么获得数据;(2)如何分析数据以及发现了什么。
对于AMJ这一系列的关于如何在AMJ发表的叙述性文章,确实有许多读者在等待着它的出版。
因此,如果我们这篇文章缺乏说服力,我们希望它至少能提供一些信息。
作为作者,我们不得不承认,在写这些章节的时候,我们已经屈服于放松注意力的诱惑。
我们听到同事们说,他们把这些部分交给研究团队的初级成员,让他们在草稿写作中“练手”,好像这些部分的重要性不如开头部分、假设发展和讨论部分那么重要。
也许的确如此。
但作为过去两年来现任编辑团队的成员,我们面对这样一个现实:“方法”和“结果”部分,即使不是最关键的部分,也往往在审稿人如何评价稿件方面发挥着重要作用。
如果这些章节并没有对数据收集程序和结果提供清晰、详细的描述,反而常常让审稿人感到困惑,并会就作者使用的研究程序和发现,提出比他们回答更多的问题。
相比之下,一个有效的陈述可以对作者说服读者相信他们的理论论点(或其中的一部分)得到支持的程度产生至关重要的影响。
高质量的“方法”和“结果”部分也传达了表现作者责任心的积极信号。
知道他们在准备这些章节时是谨慎而严谨的,对于讨论是建议拒绝还是建议修改请求的外审来说可能会有所不同。
为了更好地理解审稿人共同关心的问题,我们在任期内对每一封被拒稿件的决定信进行了评估。
我们发现有几个问题在被拒绝的手稿中比在要求修改的手稿中出现的频率要高得多。
我们的评估结果,如果不令人惊讶的话,揭示了这两个部分的一系列非常一致的主要问题,我们总结为“三个度”(3C:Completeness,Clarity,Credibility):完整度、清晰度和可信度。
李鑫英文翻译
外文翻译Vortex flows from centrifugal fanABSTRACT:A comprehensive work has been accomplished for the observation of flow details from a centrifugal fan inside an indoor unit of air conditioners. The present study is finding optimum flow paths in the system that supplies temperature-controlled air into the space human being. Fig. 1 shows the outlet grill of the system (left) and the flow details by PIV system (right) over the grill are objectives of this study. Experiments using PIV system are adopted for velocity measurements. Parallel works with velocity measurements for visualization of out flows illustrates the velocity vectors are good in accuracy. The present experimental rig is PIV system with a high-resolution digital camera. The distribution and patterns of the discharging velocities from the air-conditioner are very useful for design and improvements of the duct in the present unit. Vortex flows of the outlet flows appear in the velocity field of previous system. However, with the improvements referred with the velocity profiles, the efficiency of the system of the modified model increases by about 25%. Fig. 1 Photo to show present system (left one) and resultant vectors of out flows1. INTRODUCTIONThe performance of air conditioner means capacity of cooling, efficiency, and noise level. Cooling capacity is basic requirement for that kind of the system and dependent of temperature of air and its flow volume. Flow rate should cover the volume of an interior space for air conditioning. Specially, silent operation of air conditioner is most important issue for decision of products choice .Comprehensive efforts to increase performance of air conditioner are continued to satisfy the demand from customer side (Brownell and Flack, 1984 and Kind, 1997). In addition, separate investigations on each type of fans that are main source of noise of the system, respectively are presented in recent literatures (Kim, 1999and Myers et al., 1997). However, estimation of performance on whole system involving blower and heat exchanger assembled in a cabinet is not completely reported yet (Matsuki et al., 1988).In this work, evaluation of system performance is presented by using a particle image velocimetry, a wind tunnel, calorimetric chamber and hot-wire anemometer. Main interest lines on measurements and improvements of flows at inlet to a blower and outlet grill of the system. In detail, there are improvements on flow path using velocity vectors obtained by experiments. The adopted method to gauge the velocity is using light scattering particles illuminated by dual pulse laser and the data are validated by parallel measurements of hot wire anemometer. Efficiency on energy is excluded in this work. Air conditioning system is composed of a heat exchanger and air-handling unit for delivery of temperature-controlled air. Generally, the blower after or ahead of a heat exchanger takes a type of centrifugal fan and its scroll casing. The flows from the blower are discharged through the outlet with guide vanes shown in Fig. 2. The flow has experienced curved flow paths and unequal flow rate at thedouble inlets of a blower, because control of air-temperature is accomplished by withdrawing heat of inflows. The heat exchange process is attained by direct contact between air and the heat exchanger. Figure 2 shows components in the system and flow path that is complex and anfractuous. The position of the blower is near the wall of the unit and the spatial distance between inlets and the wall is not equal in the two sides (back and front side). Therefore, inflow rate at the two suction regions is different and out flow is pulsating. Most disadvantage condition for the non-uniformity of the inlet flows to the blower is on the unbalance of flow rate of a double suction impellor facing an inclined single heat exchanger of two raw pipeline as shown in Fig. 2. It is obtained that the flow rate of the system is 25CMM (m 3/min.) and noise level of the system is of 62dB(A). Preliminary experiments display the pulsating behaviors of out let flows due to the unequal inflow rate. Furthermore, deviation of magnitude of the outward velocity is noticeable and even there is reverse flow in part. The flow rates should be maintained at lower noise level and the pulsating components of the outlet flows should beremoved. The unwanted trend is more pronounced as the unit takes compact design. Information of outlet flows over the outlet grill of an indoor unit of an air-conditioner is very important touchstone of the performance of the system. The aim of this investigation is that operation of the system should be in low noise level and out flows should be spatially uniform. Series of plots of velocity vectors is shown and treatments according to the flow field are made. Consequently, flow path is modified and inlet flow rate is balanced for the double suction rotor by analyzing the information of velocity fields. Sound noise level and uniformity of out flows without change of flow rate confirm the effects of the present improvements. The performance of noise level is reduced by 25% at same flow rate as previous system and pulsating motion of out flows is removed by a justment of flow path between wall of the cabinet and the blower.2. EXPERIMENTAL METHOD and PROCEDUREPurpose of this experimental approach is finding velocity field at outlet of the system and estimating flow Front Back Unbalance flow path Fig. 2 Flow path around heat exchanger by suction of centrifugal blower rate and noise level of the unit, in order to improve the performance of a present unit. Particle image velocimetry (PIV) measures velocities at outlet and near the blower. Parallel measurements for velocity field with PIV is using hot-wire anemometer for validation of PIV data. In addition to the detailmeasurements, overall performance of the indoor unit is evaluated, such as flow rate according to static pressure of the flows with a wind tunnel and noise level at different operating conditions in anechoic chamber. The separate rigs for the synthesis investigation are explained below.2.1 Velocity measurementsFlow details inside a unit are very necessary data for increasing the efficiency of the fan system and reduction of fan noise from turbulent flows (Adrian, 1991). Experimental tool for velocity measurements are various ways involving laser Doppler Velocimetry used in popular, nowadays. In this work, particle image velocimetry is adopted for obtaining instantaneous flow field near the interesting region. The lightsource is Nd-Yag laser of 50mJ in power and 15Hz in minimum exposure frequency. Light scattering particles are liquid drops of oil provided from a six-jets atomizer that controls the size of the liquid-drops. The particles flow neutrally. The size of the drop is approximately 0.5µm ∼2.0µm and the particles are found almost 30,000 in an image frame. Figure3 displays typical primary image of light-scattering drops neutrally following fluid flows. The accessory of a blower and other structures inside the case are made of transparent materials for image capturing. The light sheet stands a digital camera in perpendicular direction. Digital closed circuit camera captures crude image in resolution of killo byte by 1killo byte in two- dimensional plane. A programmable controller synchronizes the instant of camera exposure and laser lighting. A main computer automatically controls all the process of image acquirement including tracking and Fig. 3 Typical image to show light scattering particles identification of particles in a series of images. Time duration between two sequence images is 25 µs and laser light opens for 10ns at each exposure. One image frame has two sequence pictures for this double exposure system with time interval of 129µs. Physical dimension on an image comes from direct measurement of known length in a frame. In this work, precision ruler is imposed on an image for identification of real distance between pixels. Velocity measurements with images have a precedent condition of particle-identification on an image frame. There are many algorithms for the procedure. Among them, effective methods against memory saving of a processing computer are applied for this experiments (Adrian, 1991). The algorithm for instantaneous velocity is based on FFT and the other for velocity gradient for some special ranges uses concepts released by Hart (1998). These two algorithms show successive results in published articles (Hart, 1998 and Adrian, 1999). Velocity vectors obtained by PIV is validated parallel experiments using hot-wire anemometer of IFA 300, Tsi. The comparison between the two results is made at the center position of the outlet grill of the unit. Two different measurements illustrate in Fig. 4. Measurements for the comparison are kept at a prefixed location during 20 second at every two-second. The validation procedure depicts the difference of two data is within 1.7% range. Velocities by PIV is little lower than the data byhot-wire anemometer, because the light scattering particles are affected with controlled temperature from air conditioner, object of this research. Transient difference between the two data is caused by the pulsating flows mentioned above. However, the measurements of the present PIV are approved within proper error bound. Fig. 4 Comparisons of PIV results with hot-wire anemometer for outward velocity at center of duct2.2 Performance evaluationIn order to evaluate the performance of the present system, well-constructed wind tunnel is used. The experimental rig involves sensors for measurements and data acquisition unit connected to personal computer. The present wind tunnel follows ASHRAE standards (ASHRAE, 1985) for accuracy of obtained data and can measure static pressure in front of the system and flow rates by manipulating of nozzles of the fan tester. Wind tunnel system for capacity of flow rate and static pressure is composed of discharging blower with a butterfly valve for adjustments of flow rate in the tester and rectangular duct. Schematic diagram of the wind tunnel and fan system is shown in Figure 5. In the apparatus, static pressure is measured at four points in peripheral direction and averaged. Pressure difference before and after the nozzles is also found for calculating the flow rates. The range for flow rate covers up to 80 CMM (Cubic Meter per Minute). Driving motor for the test fan is connected with torque meter for estimation of total efficiency of the fan. In addition, the entrance of the wind tunnel is connected to a full anechoic chamber for measurements of noise level of the unit. With this combined system, it is able to estimate the aerodynamic performance and noise level of the unit, simultaneously. Fig. 5 Wind tunnel (○,3) connected to anechoic chamber (○,1) with microphone (○,5), silence (○,7) and test unit (○,4) Performance test of a fan is looking for an optimal operation and design point of it. The present works on fan-capacity exhibit operation condition of the considered fan. Fluid dynamic performance is displayed interms of flow rate and static pressure rise due to the action of the fan. In general, pressure behind a rotating fan is approximately equal to atmospheric one. The pressure rise is obtained by just measuring pressure in front of the fan. In order to evaluate the pressure rise according toflow rate, an automatic controlled motor system is adopter for adjustment of damper valve.3. RESULTS and DISCUSSIONMuch effort to improve the unit performance is made in this work. The process of this work is schematically presented in Fig. 6. As shown in Fig. 6, the sequence of this project strongly depends the analysis of the velocity distribution over the outlet-grill and double inlets of the impellor. Improvements according to the analysis of the velocity field for considering region are tried and then the effects are validated by using performance test equipment. Preliminary test Pulsating flows, Loud noise 64dB, Flow rate 25CMM Improvements of inflow balance to double suction blower Velocity measure and analysis Check performance Satisfy Yes Finish Fig. 6 Flow chart for research process3.1 Preliminary resultsIn order to understand the present status of the unit, aerodynamic and aero-acoustic performance are evaluated by using an anechoic chamber with wind tunnel. Figure 7(a) shows the flow rate according to Fig. 7 Aerodynamic (a) and aero acoustic (b) performance for model before improvements static pressure and noise level and Fig. 7(b) for noise level. Flow rate according to static pressure raise is reverse proportional patterns and maximum flow rate is found at the atmospheric pressure. In case of noise distribution on frequency domain is not simple and peak values appears in a characteristic frequency of 250 Hz and 800Hz. The noise test means that the noise depends on structure bone noise. This preliminary experiment confirms the performance and noise level. Another characteristics of this unit are pulsating flow of outward velocity at the outlet and non-uniform distribution of spatial velocities on the outlet. The trend is measured by PIV and plotted in Figs. 8 and 9. The time interval for the pulsating flows is 7/30 sec. Due to the unbalance of inlet flow to double-suction impellor, the pulsating flows appear in magnitude of outward velocity. Non-uniform flows are also unwanted phenomena. Fig. 9 illustrates the non-uniform patterns of flows in spatial. The two characteristics of flows field should be removed by treatments of optimization of flow path and equal flow rate at the two inlets. Thevortex flow at the corner region of the outlet grill is measured by PIV and presented in Fig. 10. The vortex pattern shows flow instability and reverse outward flow in part shown in the vectors toward right direction in the plot. This vortices motion should be reduced. Emphasis lies on the improvements of flow path, specially the distance between blower and solid wall of the cabinet. The spatial location of blower inside the unit is main parameters for the improvements. The distance between outlet and blower is elongated by 12mm and the distance between blower and solid wall at the back panel is enlarged by 25mm. The specific distance is found by parametric studies for several Fig. 8 Time dependent flows at center of outlet during 7/30 sec. horizo ntal length (m m )Outward velocity (m/ t= tt=2t conditions. This effort improves the performances of the unit and removes the pulsating characteristics of Horizontal distance velocity (m/s) Fig. 9 Horizontal variations of outward velocities at different position on outlet 1 m outward flows. The improved results are discussed next section.3.2 Improved resultsFig. 10 Plots of velocity vector of outflows at right-bottom corner of duct As stated early, improvements are concerned with the location of blower inside the unit and adjustments of inlet flows to an impeller. The effects are noticeable and the pulsating motion is removed. The resulting flows are plotted in Fig. 11. In comparison with Fig. 10 for previous unit, flow magnitude is enhanced as several times and reverse flows are not found in flow field. Flow is straight near the guide vanes and circulating flows are found in central region. This flow patter shows the present improvements are effective for removing the unwanted reverse flows and pulsating flows. It is also kept for flow rate to meet the previous performance and reduce the noise level. Measurements after improvements of the unit are carried out for the noise levels flow rate and pulsating motions. Fig. 11 proves the removed pulsating motions. In addition, flow rate is same as previous model of 25CMM and noise level is decreased by 8 dB(A). The rearrangement on the flow balance at the inlet of the blower causes this positive result concerned with performance and flow noise.4. SUMMARYEngineering problems concerned with indoor unit of air conditioner are solved in the work to adopt experimental methodologies such as PIV and anechoic room connected to a wind tunnel. Experimental Fig. 11 Plots of velocity vectors for improved modeldata explain the status of the present system and effects of the improved treatments on it. Improvements are to find optimal position of the blower inside the unit that is a noise source and cause pulsating out flows due to unequal flow rate between the double inlets. Vertical distance from the roof of the unit to the blower is not optimized. Consequently, the optimum position of the blower is closely concerned with the all distance from the sidewalls and the ceiling. Trial efforts are made and optimum position of blower among them is selected. The procedure of finding the location uses the velocity data from PIV and the validation of each improvement is carried out by tests of wind tunnel with a full anechoic chamber. Obtaining the velocity information is most important because velocity vector illustrates the reverse flow and pulsating flows. In summary, the performance of the unit is increased in noise level and uniformity of out flows.The purpose of this manual is to provide instructions that complement good general practices when installing or operating fans manufactured by Twin City Fan and Blower Company. It is the responsibility of the purchaser to provide qualified personnel experienced in the installation, operation, and maintenance of air moving equipment. Instructions given in the body of this manual are general in nature and apply to a variety of models manufactured by Twin City Fan and Blower Company. Most units can be installed and maintained with the instructions given. Special applications may require additional information. These instructions are supplied in the form of attached appendices. Use the instructions in the appendix if the directions in the manual differ from instructions in the appendix. As always, follow good safety practices when installing, maintaining and operating your air moving equipment. Avariety of safety devices are available. It is the user’s responsibility to determine adequate safety measures and to obtain the required safety equipment.All Twin City Fan and Blower Company products are carefully constructed and inspected before shipment to insure the highest standards of quality and performance. Compare all components with the bill of ladingor packing list to verify that the proper unit was received. Check each unit for any damage that may have occurred in transit. Any damage should be reported immediately to the carrier and the necessary damage report filed. Handling of all air moving equipment should be conducted by trained personnel and be consistent with safe handling practices. Verify the lift capacity and operating condition of handling equipment. Maintain handling equipment to avoid serious personal injury. Units shipped completely assembled may be lifted with slings and spreader bars. Use well-padded chains, cables or nylon straps. On most units,lifting lugs are provided for attaching chains. Lift the fan in a fashion that protects the fan and fan coating from damage. Never lift a fan by the inlet or discharge flange, shafting or drives, wheel or impeller, motor or motor base, or in any other manner that may bend or distort parts. Partial or disassembled units require special handling. All parts should be handled in a fashion which protects the coatings and parts from damage. Components should be handled such that forces are not concentrated and bending or distortion cannot occur.Housing should be lifted using straps and spreaders. Do not distort housing or side plates when lifting. Bearing pedestals should be lifted using straps or padded chains. Under no circumstances should an attached or separated bearing pedestal be lifted by the shaft, bearings, drives, motor or wheel. The shaft and wheel assembly may be lifted using a hoist and a spreader with a sling around the shaft at points nearest the wheel. Take care not to scratch the shaft where the wheel or bearings will be mounted. Never lift or support the assembly by the wheel. Always support the assembly by the shaft when lifting or storing. Do not support the shaft or the wheel on housing sides. Use only the key provided with the shaft and wheel. Wheels shipped separately can be lifted by slings running through the blades and around the hub. Never lift the wheel by blades or flanges. Always transport wheels by lifting. Do not roll the wheel as this can damage coatings and change the balance of the wheel. Bent shafting is a source of vibration and bearing failure, so handle the shaft with care. Any scratches on the shaft may be removed with fine emery cloth or a stone.If fan installation is to be delayed, store the unit in a protectedarea. Protect the fan and motor bearings from moisture and vibration(or shock loading).For extended storage, wrap entire unit in plastic. Extended storage requires monthly inspections .Check for corrosion or damage to the unit and for debris within the fan. Rotate the fan wheel a few revolutions. Stop the wheel in a position other than the initial position. Grease the bearings every month with a grease compatible with the grease supplied with the bearings. Foundations and Supporting Structures Floor mounted fans should be installed on a flat, level, rigid concrete foundation with a mass at least three times that of the assembly supported. The plan area should be no more than twice that required by the equipment. Foundations with larger areas should have correspondingly larger mass. Anchor bolts should be “L” or “T” shaped with sufficient length for nuts, washers, shims, and threads for draw-down. Each bolt should be placed in a sleeve or pipe with diameter larger than the bolt to allow for adjustment. Fans mounted to or within a structure should be placed as close as possible to a rigid member such as a wall or column. The structure must be designed for rotating equipment. static design for strength is not sufficient to insure proper operation. Supports for suspended fans must becross braced to prevent side sway. Structural resonance hound be at least 20%from fan operating speed. Bration so lators should be used where applicable. Any ducting should have independent support; do nonuse the fan to support ducting. Isolating the fan from ductwork with flex connections eliminates transmission of vibration. Fans handling hot gases require expansion joints at both the inlet and discharge to prevent excessive loads caused by thermal growth.For general safety practices for air moving equipment, see Twin City Fan and Blower Company has many safety accessories available. These safety devices include (but are not limited to)belt guards, shaft guards, Inlet and discharge screens. The use, abuse, or non-use of safety devices is the responsibility of the purchaser. Facility-related safety conditions include fan accessibility and location. How easily can non-service personnel access the unit? Is the fan in a hazardous duty environment? Was the unit ordered for this duty? Other concerns must also be addressed. All fans should be powered through switches which are easily accessible to service personnel from the fan. Every switch should have the abilityto be locked off by the service person and the key to be retained by this person to prevent accidental power of the fan while service is in process. For instructions covering special lubrication intervals, bearing assembly or disassembly, or installation details, see attached documents. Any bearing which is disassembled should be kept separate from other bearing parts as components may not be interchangeable. Maintain cleanliness of components and bearings to prevent bearing contamination. Bearing failure can occur from many causes. See Trouble shooting section for details. Note: All speeds shown do not apply to all shaft sizes in that group. Consult the factory if in doubt of maximum speed for a particular bearing.Proper lubrication of bearings helps assure maximum bearing life. All fans are equipped with decals indicating relubrication intervals for normal operating conditions. However, every installation is different and the frequency of lubrication should be established accordingly. Experience has shown that airborne moisture and heavy dust will dramatically reduce the life of the bearing lubricant. If any of these adverse conditions exist, It is recommended that bearings be regreased after several days of operation. Lubrication intervals can then be adjusted based on the condition of the purged grease. Figure 8 illustrates the decal for ball bearings, Figure 9the decal for solid pillow block spherical roller bearings, and Figure 10 shows the decal for split pillow block spherical roller bearings. Observation of the condition of the grease expelled from the bearings at the time of relubrication is the best guide as to whether regreasing intervals and amount of grease added should be altered. This observation is particularly important when bearings operate continuously over 160 degrees Fahrenheit. Greases are made with different bases. There are synthetic base greases, lithium base, sodium base, etc. Avoid mixing greases with different bases. They could be incompatible and result in rapid deterioration or breakdown of the grease. All bearings are filled with grease before leaving the factory. When the fans are started, the bearings may discharge excess grease through the seals for a short period of time. Do not replace the initial discharge because leakage will cease when the excess grease has worked out. Sometimes the bearing has a tendency to run hotter during this period andone should not get alarmed unless it lasts over 48 hours or gets above 220oF.When redub reacting, use a sufficient amount of grease to purge the seals. Rotate bearings during republication where good safety practice permits. For bearings with oil lubrication, sight gauges are installed so the a proper level can be reviewed and maintained. Sight gauges should be read with bearing not rotating.Periodically inspect the shaft and wheel for dirt buildup, corrosion, and signs of excess stress or fatigue. Clean the components and,when appropriate, apply new coatings.(Any addition of coatings or weld can create an imbalance. Check the balance of the assembly. Fans are designed to be capable of meeting the maximum demand of the system in which they are installed. Quite often the actual demand varies and may be much less than the designed capacity.The centrifugal fan imparts energy into air by centrifugal force. This results in an increase in pressure and produces airflow at the outlet of the fan. Below is an example of what a typical centrifugal fan can produce at its outlet at a given speed. The curve is a plot of outlet pressure in static inches of water versus the flow of air in cubic feet per minute(CFM).Standard fan curves will usually show a number of curves for different fan speeds and includes fan efficiency and power requirements. These are useful for selecting the optimum fan for any application, and are required to predict fan operation and other parameters when the fan operation is changed.The system curve shows the requirements of the vent system that the fan is used on. It shows how much pressure is required from the fan to overcome system losses and produce airflow.All solutions were performed using second order discretizations for all equations and the standard SIMPLE pressure-velocity coupling scheme. The fan geometry is shown in Figure 1.It consists of a top rim (shroud), 15 blades, and back plate. The rotor is installed in a scroll-type casing, which collects the flow from the rotor and discharges it through a rectangular outlet. An inlet orifice is poled to help direct the o the rotor with minimalThe computational grid for the centrifugal fan was created using GAMBIT. The geometry for the fan rotor and casing was obtained in the form。
【国家社会科学基金】_社会资本非_基金支持热词逐年推荐_【万方软件创新助手】_20140808
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commitmment of fundsstocksbondsmaturity of more than one yeargovernment notesdepositsforeign currenciesarithmetic equilibriumofficial reserve accountconvertible currenciesSDR (Special drawing right)deposits at IMF (International Monetary Fund) external buying powerforeign exchange buffering policyadjustment of foreign exchange ratedirect control of exchange rategovernment mandated quotastrade balancetrade surplustrade deficitrapidly declining US dollorappreciation and depreciation of a currency artificially undervalued yuanstructural imbalancehigh degree of complementarityprice elasticlogisticssupply chain managementphysical distributionintegrationpoint of originmanufacturingfinal consumerpoint of consumptioninformation flowmaterial flowprofessional literaturedocumentation flowreturnsinventory managementorder handlingwarehouse site selectionsalvage scrap disposaldistribution centerDCinbound and outbound logisticsproduction schedulingcost-price squeezefinished goodscomponent partsexpendable supplieseconomic value or utilitycommon carriercontract carriercompany-owned equipmentwarehousinginventory obsolescenceinventory capital costsfreight transportationregional warehousespacking methods and materialsmode of transportationlocation of inventorytotal cost of performing physical distribution cost and service controlfunctional unitstraffic managerdivided responsibilitycost reductiondelegated functionslarge quantity shipments by truckloads suboptimizationinventory accumulationcoordinate and integrate the resposibilityon the part of top managementready availability of inventorymaximum serviceunreasonable costin light of competitionincur excessive costsinventory depreciationinventory locationcomparable levels of servicemaintenance of regional warehousestime lagorder originationmerchandise deliveryoperations researchsystems conceptmodel conceptexperimentationpreliminary testing of alternativeselectronic datainformation flow timematerial flow timerecent developmentsimpending improvementsairfreight industrymass acceptanceroutine mover of freightpremium means of transportationpassenger operationstop priorityincidentaldeterrentsconceive of physical distribution as an integrated whole airfreight ratestime and place utility of productsautomatic orderinginventory replenishmentcompetitive advantageorganizational changesoptimization of the integrated wholealternative mixes of cost elementsreplenishment timecommunicationslead timecontainerspiggyback serviceback haulwholesaleretailhardware storesdepartment storesdiscount storesfood storeschannel jumpingscrambled merchandisingraw material and finished inventory replenishmentsheer magnitude of expenditureuntapped opportunitiesinterdepartmental controlbeyond legal boundaries of individual firms specialized enterpriesexpensive duplicationloosely alignedelimination of middlemenintermediariesdisintermediationcost centersflow of transaction-creating efforts flow of physical fulfillment efforts physical exchangeexchange intermediariesmarketing specialistsphysical distribution specialistsfactory branch officeeconomic justificationlimit stocks to display modelsdirect shipment from distributor'smail-order industryminimization of exchange expenses channel fuctionsassorting of finished goodsone-way movementbe subject to scrutinyadjustmenttransferstoragehandlingcommunicationsconcentrationsortingdispersementcustom offeringsmargin for errorcarriage riskstemporal and spatial valuein anticipation of future transaction depreciative factorbuyer's marketidle inventoryinventory riskcontainer and unitized loadsstimulusresponsefeedbackmonitor progressdisproportionate spread of riskvested interestpersuasion or coercioninnovative specializationrisk spreadingsuper-organization managementindividual profit orientationmotivation of conflict and cooperation mimimum transfermaximim postponement in adjustment minimum massed reservesholding of homogeneous concentrated lots ability to adjust custom assortmentsremolding established assortmentsancillary costsinventory supportcentral supplyerratic demandchannel-wide considerationsdifferentiation of goodspostpone change in form, identity and inventory location produce to orderspeculation principlelarge-scale economiesstock-outHRhuman resources managementlabor marketsupholstery operationR&D facilityinternational mobilityshortage of needed skillsmanagement stylesstrain relations between headquarters and subsidiary personnel transfer practicesnational orientationsglobal interestsdistance and diversitymanagerial transferlocalsnationalsexpatriatesheadquartered countryhome-countryacute shortagequalified candidatesmoving expensessettling-in expensesstorage expenseslegal impedimentslicensing requirementsimmigration restrictionsforeign assignmenttechnical competencetechnical necessitiesforeign variationscriteriaadaptivenessself-maintanancestress reductionhost nationalscognitive skillsdirect of transfer costscosts of lost performancedisruption of current way of livingpersonal support systemfixed durationshort-term decisionslonger-term implicationsnegative stereotypesmanagement recruitment and selection capable nationalsnew hirescentralized personnel record system demographic datacompany-administered testsdomestic transfersprevious international experienceextensive interviewsmanagement of the homemarital stressrigorous procedureacquisitionsstaffing arrangementprimary allegiance to …plan manpower needsas referencelabor-saving deviceslabor intensiveappropriate technologycapital intensiveobsolete equipmentfactor endowmentcost efficientengineering biasoutput per persioncritical unemployment problemsshortage of workersremittances homevalue of exportsexpell foreignersjob opportunitieshomogeneous culturemobilize capital, technology and management migrant workerspreviously unoccupied areasremote parts of the globehousinginfrastructuresocial servicesinflux of temporariesethnic seperation perpetuatedcomparative labor relationssociopolitical environmentcollective bargainingmarked class differenceperceived involvement in a class struggle labor demandsadversary processadversarial relationshipnonunion operationsvote in blocsnational legislationmediationimpartial partylabor courtgovernment-chosen arbitratorsnational unionsclose company affiliationprotection from closures and redunduncy proposed layoffsshifts in production locationcessation of operationsprenotificationlifetime employment customparttime workersworkers on the payrollcodeterminationboard of directorsveto powerminimum wage ratesminimal effectdivided workersstrong stances询盘发盘还盘受盘商业发票佣金, 回扣贴现Free on Board 船上交货价格, 离岸价格Cost,Insurance and Freight 到岸价格,成本、运费加保险价成本加运费运费付至运费保险费付至(指定目的地) (CARRIAGE AND INSURANCE PAID TO NAMED PLACE OF DESTINATION实盘United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods》联合国国际货物销售合同公实质性修改销售确认书规格唛头----货运标志托运货物不可抗力装运货单收货人,货运人原厂地证明书 certificate of original place商品检验出口证明保险单货代(货运代理)通知银行不可撤销信用证过期日转运受益人国际结算远期信用证提货单大副银行议付提货单汇票汇票开票人汇票受票人接受报价保兑银行赊销支付违约现金流市场营销非盈利团体消费者调查激励便利公众需求批量生产专门化,分工工业化的开始,供不应求生产力销售时代供大于求激烈竞争供求平衡积极的市场实践*关键因素社会经济调整税收营销环境可控因素不可控因素高级管理层批量折扣总体目标库存管理企业文化时间定向创新水平*内部提拔目标市场市场营销组织品牌忠诚度营销组合差别优势市场细分功能性产品导向产品样品*价格结构促销活动分配制度独立媒体消费者特征职业正面竞争垄断寡头垄断竞争完全竞争消费主义民族主义通货膨胀利率对污染的不满*关注身体健美*自助服务开架展示便利店家用用于再销售目标行销缩小范围方法*市场总量细分消费者子集需求递减规律迅速增长的市场筹备(开办)费用年龄分布购买模式可支配收入,税后所得税后收入可随意支配收入职业女性常规零售时间省时的电气用具双职工家庭个人收入购买力实际收入非必需品奢侈品无差异营销集中营销差异化营销产品属性单位时间利润专业化市场需求群体市场定位制定营销预算分配营销资源销售预测趋势分析行政治理人员群体意见法销售人员调查连比法市场组合法统计分析市场渗透多元化需求价格弹性延迟购买航空费用价格敏感性购买者品牌忠诚顾客地位追求者追求便利的购物者购买决定因素横向价格固定纵向价格固定品牌形象折扣优惠券抵押品送货成本合理累计购买掠夺式定价亏本出售商品非买品价格歧视飞涨价格诱转广告适度竞争公共设施分化良好的商品和服务加成定价法相同的经营业务加快周转率相同的经营业务成本导向定价法经验曲线定价目标收益定价投资回报损益两平分析固定成本可变成本总收入亏本产品定价零头定价法声望定价需求倒退定价法互补定价法招标定价非累积数量打折现金折扣价目表广告折让上架费积极推销费折价贴换,以旧换新战略规划策略规划应急计划管理目标资源分配收入和支出预算任务小组消费者组织利润导向既定收入目标销售额销售份额绝对价值销售地区客户类型产品类别配比原则会计信息营销审计以往业绩营销资源财务报表国内生产总值国民生产总值gross national product 国际收支平衡表公民居民支付和收入经常项目资本项目汇率平衡供求赤字分红管理费用利息支付版税商品贸易金本位制投资收入重商主义物价现金流重商主义情结(国际)收支盈余余额固定汇率价格物种流动机制弹性分析法黄金流通垄断集团纸币流通贬值非弹性需求重估经济衰退货币价值不平衡金融市场国际资本流动金融资产经济金融交易资产负债复式记账原则信贷和借记贷方账目借方账目外汇流入外汇损失未报告的交易报告不一致错漏统计误差贸易值无偿转让生产要素运输服务酒店住宿无形差额无形项目外国证券股本息外商直接投资有价证券投资国外贷款长期资金承诺股票债券到期超过一年政府证券储备外汇真正平衡官方储备金账户可自由兑换的货币(国际货币基金组织的)特别提款权国际货币基金储备对外购买力外汇缓冲政策调整外汇率直接控制汇率政府授权限额贸易平衡贸易盈余贸易赤字快速衰退的美元货币升值和贬值人为贬值的人民币结构性失衡高度的互补性价格弹性物流供应链管理物流(狭义)整合原产地制造业最终消费者消费点信息流物料流专业文献文件流通利润存货管理订单处理仓库选址废弃物处理配送中心配送中心内向物流和外向物流生产计划成本价格紧缩制成品零部件易耗品经济价值或经济效用普通承运人合同承运人公司所有设备仓储库存老化库存资本成本货运运输地方库存包装方式和材料运输方式存货地点实物配送总成本成本和服务水平的控制功能单位货运经理分工负责削减成本委托职能大批量整车出运局部优化库存累积整合与协调责任就高管理层而言可分配存货量尽量满足顾客需求不合理成本按照市场竞争情况的考虑支付额外费用存货贬值存货地点可比的服务级别维护地区仓库时间差订单发出商品运输运筹研究系统思想建模思想试验田可选择的初步试验电子数据信息流动时间实物流动时间最新发展迫近的提高空运行业广泛接受日常运输工具最适合运输方式乘客运作优先考虑的对象顺带的小事妨碍物将物流配送视为一个整体空运运价产品时间地点效用自动排序库存补货竞争优势组织革新优化整合成本因素组合选择补货时间通讯前置期(指从订购到供应商交货所间隔的时间)容器,集装箱,货柜公铁联运(铁路平车运输)回程批发零售五金商店百货商店折扣店食品店渠道跳跃跨行业销售原材料与制成品库存补给支出庞大未开发的机会部门之间的控制公司的法律责任范围专业公司昂贵的重复建设对应不准确、松散的取消中间商促成交易流实物配送流实物流通流通中介营销专家配送专家办事处经济上划算尽量减少库存,只留样品厂家直运邮购业务交易费用最小化渠道功能成品分类单向流动受到仔细审查整货收发存储搬运通讯集中分类分散客户要求错误余地承运风险即时空间价值对未来交易的估计折旧因素买方市场闲置的存货存货风险单位化装货信号源,刺激反应反馈监督进度不成比例分布的风险既得利益关系友好或胁迫专业创新风险分布超企管理个人利益取向冲突与合作的动机存货转移最小化产品调整最大化推迟集中储备最小化持有同质部件中心供应不稳定需求全渠道考虑产品区分推迟改变存货形态、身份标识和地点按订单生产推测原则规模经济断货人力资源人力资源管理劳动力市场汽车装潢研发中心国际流动所需技术短缺管理方式总部与子公司人事关系紧张调动民族主义倾向全球利益距离与文化差异管理人事调动本地人本国人外国人总部国家母国急缺合格人选迁移费安置费储藏费用法律障碍许可要求入境移民限制海外作业技术能力技术要领国外的变化标准适应性自保减压东道主认知能力直接调动费用业绩下降的损失现有生活方式的打乱个人支持系统高管的聘请和选拔有能力的国民新员工集中的人事记录系统人口统计数据公司组织的测试国内调任以往的国际工作经验多方位面试国内管理婚姻关系紧张严格的程序收购人事安排首先效忠于计划人力需求作为参考节省劳力的设备劳动密集型合适的技术资金密集型过时的设备,陈旧的设备要素禀赋成本效益工程倾向人均产出严重失业问题劳工短缺侨汇出口创汇驱逐外国人就业机会单一文化调动资金、技术和管理迁移性工人聊无人烟的地区全球偏远地区住房基础建设社会公益服务临时工的涌入固化种族隔离劳资关系比较社会政治环境劳资谈判显著的阶级差异所谓的插手阶级斗争劳务需求对抗方式对抗关系仲裁第三方劳资法庭官方仲裁者国家总工会严密的公司附属机构破产与裁员保护计划性裁员生产布局的切换业务停止预先通知工人终身雇佣制兼职工正式员工劳资协同经营制度董事会否决权最低工资水平最小影响分工强硬立场货物销售合同公约。
新视野大学英语读写教程3全部答案(全)(包括Further_Reading_部分)
新视野大学英语读写教程3全部答案(全)(包括Further_Reading_部分)新视野大学英语读写教程3答案Unit 1III1 beneath2 disguised3 whistles4 restrain5 grasp6 longing7 praying8 faithful9 pledge 10 drain 11.merry 12.delivery 13.terror 14.justice IV1 tell …on you2 track down3 work it out4 picking on me5 reckoned with6 call on7 on his own8 get through9 in disguise 10 revolves around VG O D I K L B F A NVI1 advise2 level3 problems4 necessity5 skills6 experience7 solution8 value9 tool 10 mannerVII1 air-conditioned(装空调的;有冷气的)2 handmade(手工制作的)3 thunderstruck(非常吃惊的)4 heartfelt(衷心的;诚挚的) 5 data-based(基于数据的) 6 self-employed(自主经营的) 7 custom-built(定制的;定做的) 8 weather-beaten(饱经风霜的)VIII1. well-informed(对……非常熟悉的) 2 new-found(新获得的) 3 hard-earned(辛苦挣得的) 4 soft-spoken(说话温柔的) 5 newly-married(新婚的)6 widely-held(普遍认为的) 7well-meant(出于好意的) 8well-educated(受过良好教育的)IX1 no matter how different it may seem form any other substance2 no matter what a woman tries to do to improve her situation3 no matter what excuse he gives4 no matter what anyone else may think5 no matter how they rewrite historyX1 just as we gained fame in victory, we lost nothing in defeat2 just as the head teacher plays a significant role in the school, Jane plays a significant role f leader in the classroom.3 whoever was out there obviously couldn’t see him just as he couldn’t see them.4 she has been searching all her life for the perfect chocolate just as I have been searching for the perfect beer.5 you can make those kinds of comparisons just as you were doing the analyses a minute ago.XI1. No matter how experienced a speaker you are, and how well you have prepared your speech, you will have difficultymaking a speech at such a noisy reception.2. Just as all his sister’s friends c ared about him, Jimmy cared about them.3. Car manufacturers stamp a vehicle identification number at several places on new cars to help track down stolenvehicles.4. If you dare tell on me when the teacher gets back I won’t say a word to you any more.5. Some elderly people prefer to live on their own while the great majority choose to live with their children.6. Here is something that needs to be reckoned with: how to get the necessary finances to establish the company.XII1. 每当有人帮了你,无论事情大小,无论他地位高低,你都应该对他说声“谢谢”。
【国家社会科学基金】_真实社会成本_基金支持热词逐年推荐_【万方软件创新助手】_20140809
推荐指数 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2010年 序号 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
科研热词 配股业绩 财政政策 竞价行为 盈余管理 电力市场 激励效果 流动性约束 沉没成本悖论 模糊聚类 机制设计 掏空 指标体系 完全理性 大用户直购电 双边合同 北京 动态新凯恩斯主义 剩余收入法 信息成本 住房可支付能力 价格粘性 一对多谈判 q学习算法
2008年 序号 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
科研热词 随机过程 数量折扣 并购 定购模型 交易成本 买-卖两方交易 eva
推荐指数 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2009年 序号 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
科研热词 反倾销 会计举证 运行成本 维护成本 现金真实回报率 现金持有决策 环境成本核算 民主成本 民主制度 投资机会 成本会计协调 建立成本 hjb方程
推荐指数 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2011年 序号 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
2011年 科研热词 鲁棒优化模型 雇工工价 金融分析 递延所得税 网络优化 纳税影响会计法 系统工程 生态工业共生网络 法律事实 断点回归 拟随机实验 所得税费用 循环经济 序列相关 市场比较法 市场机制 处置效应 城市住房价格 均值回归 劳动日工价 制度保障 农产品成本 推荐指数 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2012年 序号 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42
高鸿业版《西方经济学》名词中英对照
Absolute advantage 绝对优势Absolute income hypothesis of consumption 绝对收入消费理论Acceleration principle 加速原理Action lag 政策时滞Active deposit 活期存款Adaptive expectation 适应性预期Adverse selection 逆向选择Aggregate analysis 总量分析Aggregate demand 总需求Aggregate demand curve 总需求曲线Aggregate supply 总供给Aggregate supply curve 总供给曲线Allocation of resources 资源配置Antitrust law 反托拉斯法Arc elasticity 弧弹性Asset 资产Asymmetric information 信息不对称性Auctioneer 拍卖人Automatic stabilizer 自动稳定器Autonomous planned investment 自主投资Average cost 平均成本Average fixed cost 平均固定成本Average product 平均产量Average propensity to consume 平均消费倾向Average propensity to saving 平均储蓄倾向Average revenue 平均收益Average total cost 平均总成本Average variable cost 平均可变成本Balance of international payment 国际收支平衡Balanced of budget 平衡预算Balanced budget multiplier 平衡预算乘数Balanced-output 均衡产出Bank reserves 银行准备金Barter 物物交换Base year 基年Black market 黑市Bonds 债券Breakeven point 收支相抵点Budget deficit 预算赤字Budget surplus 预算盈余Budget line 预算线Built-in stabilizers 内在稳定器Business cycle 经济周期Business fluctuation 经济波动Capital 资本Capital deeping 资本深化Capital market 资本市场Capital widening 资本广化Capital-output ration 资本产出比Cardinal utility theory 基数效用论Cartel 卡特尔Central bank 中央银行Checking account 支票账户Classical economics 古典经济学Clearing market 市场出清Coase theorem 科斯定理Cobweb model 蛛网模型Collusion 串谋Commercial bank 商业银行Common resource 公共资源Common stock 普通股票Comparative cost theory 比较成本说Comparative static analysis 比较静态分析Compensated budget line 补偿预算线Competition 竞争Competitive market 竞争性市场Complement goods 互补品Complete information 完全信息Condition for efficiency in exchange 交换的最优条件Condition for efficiency in production 生产的最优条件Constant cost industry 成本不变行业Constant returns to scale 规模收益不变Consumer price index 消费价格指数Consumer sovereignty 消费者统治Consumer surplus 消费者剩余Consumer preference 消费者偏好Consumer equilibrium 消费者均衡Consumption demand 消费需求Consumption function 消费函数Contract curve 契约曲线Corporate income tax 公司所得税Corporation 公司Cost function 成本函数Cost-benefit analysis 成本收益分析Cost-push inflation 成本推动的通货膨胀Cournot model 古诺模型Credit 信贷Cross price elasticity of demand 需求的交叉价格弹性Crowding out 挤出效应Cyclical unemployment 周期性失业Decreasing cost industry 成本递减行业Decreasing returns to scale 规模收益递减Deflation 通货收缩Demand 需求Demand curve 需求曲线Demand for money 货币需求Demand function 需求函数Demand price 需求价格Demand schedule 需求表Demand-pull inflation需求拉动的通货膨胀Depreciation 折旧Depression 萧条Derived demand 引致需求Devaluation 贬值Differentiated oligopoly industry 差别寡头行业Diminishing returns 边际报酬递减Discount rate 贴现率Discounting 贴现Discretionary 相机抉择Discretionary fiscal policy 斟酌使用的财政政策Disequilibrium 非均衡Disinvestment 负投资Disposable personal income 可支配收入Distribution 分配Distribution theory of marginal production 边际生产率分配论需求向下倾斜规律Durable goods 双头垄断Dynamic analysis 动态分析Dynamic models 动态模型Easy money policy 扩张性货币政策Economic development 经济发展Economic efficiency 经济效率Economic growth 经济增长Economic man 经济人Economic model 经济模型Economic profit 经济利润Economic rent 经济租金Economic stabilization 经济稳定政策Economics of information 信息经济学Economies of scale规模经济Edgeworth box 埃奇沃斯盒Effective demand 有效需求Effects of fiscal policy 财政政策效果Effects of monetary policy 货币政策效果Efficiency 效率Elastic demand 有弹性的需求Elasticity 弹性Elasticity if demand 弹性需求Endogenous growth 内生增长Endogenous variable 内生变量Engel’s curve 恩格尔曲线Engel’s law 恩格尔定律Entrepreneur 企业家Entrepreneurship 企业家才能Envelope curve 包络曲线Equation of cost 成本方程Equation of exchange 交易方程Equilibrium 均衡Equilibrium growth 均衡增长Equilibrium of capital market 资本市场的均衡Equilibrium output 均衡产出Equilibrium price 均衡价格Equilibrium quantity 均衡数量Euler theorem 欧拉定理Excess reserve 超额准备金Excess reserves ratio 超额准备金率Exchange 交换Exchange contract curve 交换的契约曲线Exchange rate 汇率Exclusion principle 排他性原则Existence of general equilibrium 一般均衡的存在性Exogenous variable 外生变量Expansion path 扩展线Expectation 预期Expected utility 期望效用Expenditure method 支出法Explicit cost 显性成本Export 出口External diseconomies 外部不经济External economies 外部经济External effects or externalities 外部影响(外在性)Factor demand 要素需求Factor demand curve 要素需求曲线Factor demand curve of firm 厂商对要素的需求曲线Factor demand curve of market 市场对要素的需求曲线Factor market 要素市场Factor supply 要素供给Factors of production 生产要素Federal reserve system 联邦储蓄体系Final goods 最终产品Financial derivatives 金融衍生品Financial market 金融市场Firm 厂商Fiscal budget 财政预算Fiscal policy 财政政策Fiscal restrain 财政紧缩Fixed cost 固定成本Fixed exchange rate 固定汇率Fixed input 不变投入Flexible exchange rate 浮动汇率Flow 流量Foreign exchange外汇Foreign trade 对外贸易Foreign trade multiplier 对外贸易乘数Free rider 搭便车者Free trade 自由贸易Frictional unemployment 摩擦性失业Full employment 充分就业Full employment budget surplus 充分就业预算盈余Functional finance 功能财政Future 期货Galloping inflation 奔腾的通货膨胀Game theory 博弈论GDP deflator 国内生产总值平减指数General equilibrium 一般均衡General equilibrium position 一般均衡状态Giffen goods 吉芬商品Gini coefficient 基尼系数Golden rules of economic growth 经济增长的黄金率水平Government expenditure multiplier 政府支出乘数Government purchase 政府购买Government regulation 政府管制Gross domestic product 国内生产总值Gross investment 总投资Gross national product 国民生产总值High-powered money 高能货币Hyperinflation 超级通货膨胀h-o model h-o模型ideal output 理想的产量identity between saving and investment 储蓄-投资恒等式imperfect competition 不完全竞争implicit cost 隐性成本imports 进口impossibility theorem 不可能定理income 收入income effect 收入效应income elasticity of demand 需求的收入弹性income method 收入法income theory 收入理论income velocity of money 货币的收入流通速度increasing cost industry 成本递增行业increasing returns to scale 规模收益递增index number 指数indifference curve 无差异曲线indirect taxes 间接税individual analysis 个量分析induced investment 引致投资industry 行业inefficiency of monopoly 垄断的低效率inelasticity 缺乏弹性inferior good 抵档品inferior goods 劣等品inflation 通货膨胀innovation 创新input 投入input-output 投入-产出input-output analysis 投产出分析inside lag 内在时滞instrument of fiscal control 财政政策工具instrument of monetary control 货币政策工具monetary policy tool 货币政策工具insurance 保险interest 利息interest rate 利率interest rate elasticity elasticity 利率弹性intermediate cycle 中周期intermediate goods 中间产品international division of labor 国际分工inventory investment 存活投资investment 投资investment demand 投资需求investment function 投资函数investment multiplier 投资乘数investment taxes credit 投资税抵免invisible hand theorem 看不见手定理involuntary unemployment 非资源失业is curve is曲线is-lm analysis is-lm分析isocost line 等成本线isoquant line 等产量线Keynesian economics 凯恩斯经济学Keynesian revolution 凯恩斯革命Keynesian trop凯恩斯陷阱Keynesianism 凯恩斯主义Keynes’s law 凯恩斯定律Kinded demand curve 弯折的需求曲线Laspeyre’s formula 拉斯拜尔公式Labor 劳动Labor theory of value 劳动价值论Laissez faire 自由放任Land 土地Land price 土地价格Law of diminishing marginal utility 边际效用递减规律Least-cost production 最低成本生产Liabilities 负债Life cycle hypothesis 生命周期假说Life cycle hypothesis of consumption 消费的生命周期假说Liquidity preference 流动性偏好Liquidity trap 流动性偏好陷阱Lm curve lm曲线Long cycle 长周期Long run 长期Long run consumption decision 长期消费决策Lorenz curve 洛伦兹曲线Lottery ticket 彩票Low inflation 温和的通货膨胀Luxury 奢侈品Macroeconomics 宏观经济学Marginal cost 边际成本Marginal cost of factor 边际要素成本Marginal efficiency of capital 资本边际效率Marginal efficiency of investment投资的边际效率Marginal product 边际产量Marginal productivity 边际生产率Marginal propensity to consume 边际消费倾向Marginal propensity to save 边际储蓄倾向Marginal rate of substitution of commodities 边际商品替代率Marginal rate of technical substitution 边际技术替代率Marginal revenue 边际收益Marginal revenue product 边际收益产品Marginal tax rate 边际税率Marginal utility 边际效用Market 市场Market failure 市场失灵Market structure 市场结构Menu cost菜单成本Mercantilism 重商主义Microeconomics 微观经济学Misery index 痛苦指数Mixed economy 混合经济Model 模型Monetarism 货币主义Monetary base 基础货币Monetary illusion 货币幻觉Monetary policy 货币政策Monetary-fiscal policy mix 政策的混合使用Money 货币Money markets 货币市场Money multiplier 货币乘数Money supply 货币供给Monopolistic competition 垄断竞争Monopoly 垄断Monopoly 卖方垄断Monopsony 买方垄断Moral hazard 道德风险Moral suasion 道义上的劝告Mortgage credit 抵押贷款Multiplier 乘数Multiplier effect 乘数效应Multiplier theory 乘数利率Multiplier-acceleration interaction 乘数加速数相互作用Nash equilibrium 纳什均衡National income 国民收入Natural monopoly 自然垄断Natural rate of unemployment 自然失业率Natural supply 自然供给Necessity 必需品Net domestic product 国内净生产值Net exports 进出口Net investment 净投资New-classic school 新古典学派New-classical growth model 新古典增长模型Nominal GDP 名义GDPNormal goods 正常物品Normal profit 正常利润Normative economics 规范经济学Okun’S law 奥肯定律Oligopoly 寡头垄断Oligopoly market 寡头市场Open market operation 公开市场操作Opportunity cost 机会成本Optimality of general equilibrium 一般均衡最优性Optimum plant size 最优生产规模Option 期权Ordinal utility theory 序数效应论Outside lag 外在时滞Paassche’s formula 帕煦公式Parameter 参数Pareto criterion 帕累托标准Pareto efficiency 帕累托效率Pareto improvement 帕累托改进Pareto optimality 帕累托最优Partial equilibrium 局部均衡Payment or expenditure 支出Perfect competition market 完全竞争市场Perfect elasticity 完全弹性Perfect inelasticity 完全无弹性Permanent income hypothesis 永久收入假说Permanent income hypothesis of income 永久收入消费假说Personal disposable income 个人可支配收入Personal income 个人收入Personal income tax 个人所得税Philips curve 菲利普斯曲线Point elasticity 点弹性Positive economics 实证经济学Potential GDP 潜在GDPPrecautionary demand 预防需求Preference 偏好Present value 现值Price discrimination 价格歧视Price elasticity of demand 需求的价格弹性Price elasticity of supply 供给的价格弹性Price expansion path 价格扩展线Price index 价格指数Price rigidity 价格刚性Price stabilization 价格稳定Price theory 价格理论Price-consumption curve 价格消费曲线Principal-agent 委托-代理Prisoner’s dilemma 囚徒困境Private cost 私人成本Private goods 私人物品Producer 生产者Producer surplus 生产者剩余Product differentiation 生产差别Product function 生产函数Product markets 产品市场Production market 产品契约曲线Production group 生产集团Production possibility curve 生产可能性曲线Productivity 生产率Profit 利润Progressive tax 累进税Proportional tax 比例税Prosperity 繁荣Public choice 公共选择Public debt 公债Public goods 公共物品Purchasing power parity 购买力平价Pure oligopoly industry 纯粹寡头行业Quantity equation of exchange 货币数量交易方程Quantity theory of money 货币数量论Quasi-rent 准租金Quotas 配额Rate of rediscount policy 再贴现率政策Rational expectation 理性预期Rational man 理性人Real business cycle 实际经济周期Real GDP 实际GDPReal interest rate 实际利率Real wages 实际工资Recession衰退Regressive tax 累退税Relative income hypothesis 相对收入假说Relative income hypothesis of consumption 相对收入消费理论Rent 租金Rent-seeking 寻租Replacement investment 重置投资Reputation 信誉Required reserves or legal reserve 法定准备金Reserve 准备金Reserve rate 准备率Revenue 收益Rigid price 刚性价格Risk 风险Risk averter 风险回避者Risk lover 风险爱好者Risk neutral 风险中立者Saving 储蓄Say’S law 萨伊定律Scarcity 稀缺Second best 次优Security market 证券市场Service 劳务Short cycle 短周期Short run 短期Single rule 单一规则Social cost 社会成本Social walfare function 社会福利函数Speculative demand 投机需求Supply-side economics 供给学派Stability of general equilibrium 一般均衡的稳定性Stagflation 滞胀Staggered contracts 交错合同Static analysis 静态分析Static model 静态模型Sticky price 黏性价格Sticky wages 黏性工资Stock 股票Structural inflation 结构性通货膨胀Structural unemployment 结构性失业Subprime lending crisis 次贷危机Subsidy 津贴Substitutes 替代品Substitution effect 替代效应Supply 供给Supply curve 供给曲线Supply curve of capital 资本供给曲线Supply curve of factor 要素供给曲线Supply curve of labor 劳动供给曲线Supply curve of land 土地供给曲线Supply economics 供给经济学Supply function 供给函数Supply schedule 供给表System of material product balances 物质产品平衡体系System of national accounts 国民经济核算体系Tariff 关税Tatonnement process 试探过程Tax multiplier 税收乘数Taylor rule 泰勒规则Technological advance 技术进步The financial crisis 金融危机The precautionary motive 预防性动机The rate of unemployment 失业率The speculative motive 投机动机The transactional motive 交易动机Theory of economics of scale 规模经济理论Tight-money policy 紧缩性货币政策Time deposit 定期存款Time inconsistency 时间不一致性Tobin’s q theory 托宾的q 说Total cost 总成本理论Total fixed cost 总固定成本Total product 总成本Total revenue 总收益Total utility 总效用Total variable cost 总变动成本Transaction demand 交易需求Transactions cost 交易成本Transfer payment 转移支付Transfer payment multiplier 转移支付乘数Treasury bills 国库券Uncertainty 不确定性Undiftributed profit 未分配理论Unemployment 失业Unintended investment 非意愿投资Uniqueness of general equilibrium 一般均衡的唯一性Unitary elasticity 单一弹性Utility 效用Utility function 效用函数Utility possibility curve 效用可能性曲线Value of marginal product 边际产品价值Value-added tax 增值税Variable cost 可变成本Variable input 可变投入Velocity of money 货币流通速度Voluntary of unemployment 自愿失业Vulgar economics 庸俗经济学Wage 工资Walras general equilibrium 瓦尔拉斯一般均衡Wealth 财富Welfare 福利Welfare economics 福利经济学Wholesale price index 批发价格指数。
公共经济学专业英语词汇整理
公共经济学专业英语词汇整理本文档旨在整理公共经济学专业相关的英语词汇,帮助研究者扩大词汇量并提高专业英语能力。
1. 宏观经济学(Macroeconomics)- Aggregate demand: 总需求- Aggregate supply: 总供给- Business cycle: 商业周期- Economic growth: 经济增长- Fiscal policy: 财政政策- Inflation: 通货膨胀- Monetary policy: 货币政策- Unemployment rate: 失业率2. 微观经济学(Microeconomics)- Demand: 需求- Supply: 供给- Market equilibrium: 市场均衡- Price elasticity: 价格弹性- Consumer surplus: 消费者剩余- Producer surplus: 生产者剩余- Monopoly: 垄断3. 经济学方法与理论(Economic Methods and Theories)- Cost-benefit analysis: 成本效益分析- Game theory: 博弈论- Rational choice theory: 理性选择理论- Supply and demand model: 供需模型- Economies of scale: 规模经济- Externalities: 外部性- Opportunity cost: 机会成本- Production possibility frontier: 生产可能性边界4. 公共财政(Public Finance)- Government budget: 政府预算- Taxation: 税收- Public debt: 公共债务- Tax incidence: 税负分担- Public goods: 公共产品- External debt: 外债- Tax evasion: 逃税- Revenue: 收入5. 发展经济学(Development Economics)- Poverty alleviation: 扶贫- Sustainable development: 可持续发展- Foreign direct investment: 外商直接投资- Human capital: 人力资本- Microfinance: 小额信贷- Economic inequality: 经济不平等- Millennium Development Goals: 千年发展目标以上仅为公共经济学专业部分相关英语词汇的简要整理。
并联混合动力汽车ECMS的时变等效因子提取算法的研究
2021年(第43卷)第2期汽车工程Automotive Engineering2021(Vol.43)No.2并联混合动力汽车ECMS的时变等效因子提取算法的研究*李跃娟1,齐巍2,王成2,张博2,卢强2(1.北京工业大学机械工程与应用电子技术学院,北京100124;2.中国汽车技术研究中心有限公司,天津300300)[摘要]为解决当前等效燃油消耗最小控制策略(ECMS)未能根据实际工况选取最优等效因子的问题,利用动态规划算法(DP)和ECMS各自的优点,构建并联混合动力汽车能量算法模型,即采用动态规划算法的等效燃油消耗最小控制策略(ECMSwDP),将等效因子作为全局最优算法的控制变量,通过对等效因子的离散全局优化,获得基于工况的最佳时变等效因子。
在标准工况下对时变等效因子实时控制策略与全局最优控制策略DP的各项性能参数进行了数值仿真,验证了时变等效因子提取算法的有效性和等效因子初始值选取方法的可行性。
关键词:混合动力汽车;动态规划;等效消耗最小化策略;时变等效因子Study on Extraction Algorithm for Time‑varying Equivalent Factor of ECMS forParallel Hybrid Electric VehicleLi Yuejuan1,Qi Wei2,Wang Cheng2,Zhang Bo2&Lu Qiang21.College of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Electronics Technology,Beijing University of Technology,Beijing100124;2.China Automotive Technology&Research Center Co.,Ltd.,Tianjin300300[Abstract]For solving the problem that the current equivalent consumption minimization strategy(ECMS)cannot select the optimal equivalent factor according to the actual driving condition,an energy algorithm model for parallel hybrid electric vehicle,i.e.ECMS with dynamic programming(DP),is constucted by taking the respective advantages of DP and ECMS.With equivalent factor as the control variable of global optimum alroithm,the condition ‑based optimal time‑varying equivalent factor is abtained through the discrete global optimizaion of equivalent factor.A numerical simulation is conducted on all performance parameters of real‑time control strategy for time‑varying equivalent factor and the DP for globally optimal control strategy in normal condition,verifying the effectiveness of the extraction algorithm for time‑varying equivalent factor and the feasibility of the selecting method for the initial value of equivalent factor.Keywords:hybrid electric vehicle;dynamic programing;equivalent consumption minimization strategy;time⁃varying equivalent factor前言面对大气污染加剧和石油资源消耗过度的紧迫形势,汽车的环保与节能引起了广泛的社会关注,我国三部委联合颁布的《汽车产业中长期发展规划》的八大重点工程中的智能网联汽车推进工程和先进节能环保汽车技术提升工程为混合动力电动汽车节能研究带来了新的机遇[1]。
demand planner 常用公式
demand planner 常用公式
以下是一些常用的需求计划公式:
1. 预测误差公式:用于衡量预测准确度。
预测误差 = |实际需求 - 预测需求|
2. 平均绝对误差(MAE)公式:衡量预测准确性的一种度量
方式。
MAE = Σ(|实际需求 - 预测需求|) / N
其中,N代表样本数量。
3. 平均绝对百分比误差(MAPE)公式:另一种衡量预测准确
性的方式。
MAPE = (Σ(|实际需求 - 预测需求| / 实际需求) / N) * 100
4. 季节性调整因子公式:用于调整预测需求以考虑季节性变化。
季节性调整因子 = 季节性指数 / 平均季节性指数
其中,季节性指数是某一个时期实际需求量与平均需求量的
比值。
5. 经验法则公式:常用于从历史数据中推断未来的需求。
经验法则 = (近期需求 + 远期需求) / 2
以上是一些常用的需求计划公式,具体公式的选择取决于需求计划的具体情况和需求预测的目标。
企业rdsl指标
企业rdsl指标For many businesses, measuring the performance of research and development (R&D) is crucial for evaluating the success of their innovation efforts. R&D key performance indicators (KPIs) provide valuable insights into the effectiveness of an organization's research and development activities. These indicators help in assessing the productivity, efficiency, and impact of R&D projects on the overall growth and profitability of a company. 对于许多企业来说,衡量研发绩效至关重要,以评估创新努力的成功。
研发关键绩效指标(KPI)为组织的研发活动的有效性提供了宝贵的见解。
这些指标有助于评估研发项目对公司整体增长和盈利能力的生产力,效率和影响。
One of the most common R&D KPIs is the percentage of revenue invested in R&D activities. This metric helps companies understand the resources allocated to innovation and research projects relative to their overall revenue. A higher percentage of revenue devoted to R&D often indicates a greater focus on innovation and potentially higher growth opportunities in the future. By tracking this KPI, organizations can ensure that they are investing adequately in R&D to drive future competitiveness. 最常见的研发KPI之一是投入研发活动的营收比例。
英汉对照计量经济学术语
计量经济学术语A校正R2(Adjusted R-Squared):多元回归分析中拟合优度的量度,在估计误差的方差时对添加的解释变量用一个自由度来调整。
对立假设(Alternative Hypothesis):检验虚拟假设时的相对假设。
AR(1)序列相关(AR(1) Serial Correlation):时间序列回归模型中的误差遵循AR(1)模型。
渐近置信区间(Asymptotic Confidence Interval):大样本容量下近似成立的置信区间。
渐近正态性(Asymptotic Normality):适当正态化后样本分布收敛到标准正态分布的估计量。
渐近性质(Asymptotic Properties):当样本容量无限增长时适用的估计量和检验统计量性质。
渐近标准误(Asymptotic Standard Error):大样本下生效的标准误。
渐近t 统计量(Asymptotic t Statistic):大样本下近似服从标准正态分布的t 统计量。
渐近方差(Asymptotic Variance):为了获得渐近标准正态分布,我们必须用以除估计量的平方值。
渐近有效(Asymptotically Efficient):对于服从渐近正态分布的一致性估计量,有最小渐近方差的估计量。
渐近不相关(Asymptotically Uncorrelated):时间序列过程中,随着两个时点上的随机变量的时间间隔增加,它们之间的相关趋于零。
衰减偏误(Attenuation Bias):总是朝向零的估计量偏误,因而有衰减偏误的估计量的期望值小于参数的绝对值。
自回归条件异方差性(Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity, ARCH):动态异方差性模型,即给定过去信息,误差项的方差线性依赖于过去的误差的平方。
一阶自回归过程[AR(1)](Autoregressive Process of Order One [AR(1)]):一个时间序列模型,其当前值线性依赖于最近的值加上一个无法预测的扰动。
商务英语之营销常用词汇D
-D data collection 数据收集 data confidentiality 数据保密 data research 数据研究 data sources 数据来源 dealers 经销商 deceptive advertisements 欺骗性⼴告 deciders 决策者 declining markets 衰退市场 decoding 解码 defect rate 缺陷率 defender strategy 防御型战略 defensive new-product development strategy 防御性新产品开发战略 defensive positioning 防御性定位 delivery time 交付时间 delivery 配送 Dell Computers 戴尔计算机公司 Delta Airlines 三⾓洲航空公司 demand characteristics 需求特征 demand curve 需求曲线 demand-oriented pricing 需求导向定价法 demographic environment ⼈⼝统计环境 department stores 百货商店 dependability 可靠性 deregulation 放松管制 derived demand 衍⽣需求 de[size=+0]scriptive research 描述性研究 design decisions 设计决策 desired percentage mark-up on retail 预期零售利润率 desired percentage return 预期回报率 determinant attributes 关键属性 determinants 决定因素 different responses 差别反应 differentiated defender strategy 差异化防御战略 differentiated marketing 差异化营销 differentiation over time 不同时间的差异 differentiation strategy 差异化战略 differentiation 差异化 diffusion of innovation theory 创新扩散理论 dimension 因素 dimensions of quality 质量维度 direct costing profitability analysis 直接成本盈利性分析 direct mail 直接邮寄 direct marketing via advertising media 通过⼴告媒体的直接营销 direct marketing 直接营销 direct product profitability (DPP)直接产品盈利性/利润率 direct selling 直销 discount rate 贴现率 discount stores 折扣商店 discount 折扣 discount/premium price policies 折扣/溢价策略 discriminant analysis 差异分析法 discriminatory adjustments 歧视价格调整 discriminatory pricing adjustments 歧视定价调整 disjunctive model 分离模型 display space 陈列空间 disposable income 可⽀配收⼊ dissonance-attribution hierarchy 不和谐-归属层次结构 distribution channel designs 分销渠道设计 distribution channel objectives 分销渠道的⽬标 distribution channel 分销渠道 distribution decisions 分销决策 distribution policies 分销策略 distribution 分销 distributor/store (private lables) brands 分销商/私有品牌 distributors 分销商 diversification 多元化 divest 撤退 divest 出让 divestment or liquidation 收回投资或清算 dividend 红利 dogs 瘦狗类 domestic target marketing strategies 国内⽬标市场定位的营销战略 dropping products 放弃产品 dry cleaning ⼲洗 dual/two channel distribution systems 双重分销系统 duplication (媒体)重复 DuPont 杜邦公司 durability 耐⽤性。
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Preliminary InvestigationCaltrans Division of Research and Innovation Produced by CTC & Associates LLC Real-Time Data to Improve En Route Decision Makingand Reduce Transportation DemandRequested byNancy Chinlund, Division of Research and InnovationJuly 6, 2009The Caltrans Division of Research and Innovation (DRI) receives and evaluates numerous research problem statements for funding every year. DRI conducts Preliminary Investigations on these problem statements to better scope and prioritize the proposed research in light of existing work on the topics nationally and internationally. Online and print sources for Preliminary Investigations include the National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) and other Transportation Research Board (TRB) programs, the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), the research and practices of other transportation agencies, and related academic and industry research.Executive SummaryBackgroundOne approach to mitigating traffic and strains on the transportation system is to shift focus from supply to demand. When provided with good information and sufficient motivation, users of a transportation system can make decisions that will result in reduced demand on the system, decreased gridlock, increased transit ridership, and reduced need for additional lanes.In order to meet the department’s goals of reduced traveler delay and improved transportation system reliability, Caltrans wants to pursue the most effective real-time strategies to influence travel demand. We undertook this Preliminary Investigation to uncover best practices (within and outside of California) and identify the most promising research areas related to how information is collected, transmitted and used in real time, and what effect real-time en route information has on transportation demand. This investigation is a first, high-level look at available information on this topic; additional follow-up research on selected subtopics will yield much more depth and detail. Summary of FindingsIn doing a broad review of available information related to real-time travel demand management, we identified four key topic areas:1.Quantification of benefits and justification of costs.rmation collection and coordination.3.Multimodal integration.4.Human processing and decision-making factors.Within these areas, we have identified key research studies and research in progress. For some areas we have also indicated noteworthy practices in California, throughout the United States or internationally. The Preliminary Investigation concludes with a list of selected Internet resources related to real-time traveler information, intelligent transportation systems (ITS) and travel demand.The four issues central to this Preliminary Investigation do not represent a comprehensive view of all topics and needs related to real-time traveler information, but they are highlights on the full landscape of issues of interest for transportation stakeholders. Within each issue, we touched on the most interesting and relevant practices or subtopics based on preliminary investigatory work.Following is a summary of findings by topic area, along with identified outstanding needs and potential next steps. We based the needs and next steps on our research results as well as on the ideas shared in interviews with stakeholders in California and across the United States. These individuals presented their own opinions on what questions must be answered to best utilize real-time traveler information strategies.Issue 1. Quantification of Benefits and Justification of Costs•Two national reports present information on the potential benefits of real-time traveler information. A report by the U.S. Government Accountability Office calls for more research on the cost-effectiveness of such measures. A report by the Research and Innovative Technology Administration summarizes benefits, costs, deployments and lessons learned for traveler information intelligent transportation systems.•TRB’s Transportation Demand Management Committee issued a research need statement on the impacts of advance and in-vehicle information strategies.•The participation of private enterprise in this area can have a major impact on the cost-benefit equation.The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) published a State of the Practice Review on public-private partnerships.Potential research needs and next steps:o Advances in technology suggest that improvements to real-time data collection and en route information are attainable, but is there evidence for the need? Is it possible to measure and thenjustify the benefits of real-time traveler information?o What are the comparative benefits of alternative en route communication tools? Methods to compare include onboard information systems, handheld mobile devices, and roadside variablemessage signs (VMS).o What are the comparative benefits to the traveler and to the transportation system of pretrip information, near-trip information, and en route information? Is providing real-time information totravelers to make en route decisions the best way to affect transportation demand?o How do private enterprise and public-private partnerships impact the cost-benefit analysis? Of the various public-private configurations, which best serve the public and the needs of transportationoperators?Issue rmation Collection and Coordination•Regional networks of real-time transportation and transit information collection and sharing are in place in California. Two examples are those in the Los Angeles area (Regional Integration of IntelligentTransportation Systems) and the San Diego area (Intermodal Transportation Management System).•The 511 Deployment Coalition and the U.S. Department of Transportation (U.S. DOT) are also addressing issues of regional data sharing.•Work on real-time collection through cellular-based technology (floating car data, or FCD) is under way at the University of California, Berkeley; in Georgia; and elsewhere.Potential research needs and next steps:o There are several 511 systems in the state of California. How might the lessons and strategies of the national 511 Deployment Coalition or U.S. DOT be applied internally across California?o How are different FCD projects being compared and assessed, particularly in light of rapidly changing cellular technology?o The optimal time interval for collecting and updating data remains unknown, as does the maximum acceptable latency between the time of collection and delivery to the user. What are thecosts and benefits of decreased intervals and decreased latency?Issue 3.Multimodal Integration•The 511 systems in the San Francisco Bay Area and in the San Diego area are viewed as national leaders in integrating real-time transit information.• A pilot project in the Bay Area provides motorists with real-time information on variable message signs that give comparison times for driving versus rail. A similar program was successfully implemented inCologne, Germany.•Two projects—one sponsored by the Transit Cooperative Research Program and one by the California Center for Innovative Transportation—are helping small transit agencies participate in Google Transit’sWeb-based trip planning tool.• A California-based portion of U.S. DOT’s SafeTrip-21 initiative includes mobility applications that employ large-scale monitoring using handheld devices to help travelers view estimated trip times, identifycongested areas, and find the fastest travel routes and modes.Potential research needs and next steps:o Message signs necessarily lack a key piece of information: each motorist’s destination. Are message signs an ideal long-term strategy for providing modal choices, as compared to interactiveonboard devices programmed with a motorist’s destination?o What are the measurable benefits, and how scalable are the benefits, of providing real-time information to encourage mode shifting?Issue 4.Human Processing and Decision-Making Factors•There is an abundance of national research on human processes and decision-making factors. Topics include information overload; subjective, linguistic and situational factors; and response to variablemessage signs.•An area of interest within this topic is dynamic pricing for managed lanes based on real-time data. Research in this area also addresses anticipatory pricing based on historic data, real-time data and predicted use.Potential research needs and next steps:o Dynamic and anticipatory pricing might be effective methods of using real-time data to help affect transportation demand. Fundamental equity questions remain regarding tolling: What are theimplications of charging a premium for public benefit?ContactsDuring the course of this Preliminary Investigation, we spoke with the following individuals: National contactsBob RupertTeam Leader, Transportation Information ManagementFHWA Office of Operations(202) 366-2194, robert.rupert@Lori DigginsChair, TRB Committee ABE50, Transportation Demand Management(202) 548-0205Rob SchillExecutive Director, Vehicle Traffic Information Coalition(202) 292-4600California contactsBill ValleChief Deputy District Director for Traffic Operations and MaintenanceCaltrans District 11(619) 688-6709, william_valle@Joe HullDeputy District Director for Traffic OperationsCaltrans District 11(619) 688-3142, joe_hull@Samuel JohnsonITS Chief Technology OfficerSan Diego Association of Governments(619) 699-6958, sjo@Albert YeeDirector, Highway and Arterial OperationsMetropolitan Transportation Commission (San Francisco Bay Area)(510) 817-5770, ayee@Peter LiuRegional ITS Program ManagerLos Angeles County Regional Transportation Authority(213) 922-2813, liup@Issue 1: Quantification of Benefits and Justification of Costs Discussions with stakeholders revealed a recurring question: What is the value of traveler information services? Can the value be quantified, and given limited transportation agency budgets, is the benefit of collecting, processing and sharing real-time data worth the cost? We found national research and guidance that has attempted to address the question of benefit. Within this topic we explored the question of public-private partnerships and the role the private sector can play in reducing costs.National Reports and Research NeedsIntelligent Transportation Systems Benefits, Costs, Deployment, and Lessons Learned, 2008/JPODOCS/REPTS_TE/14412_files/print_es.htmThe Research and Innovative Technology Administration summarized findings on the benefits and costs of traveler information ITS in a chapter of this report. See/JPODOCS/REPTS_TE/14412_files/its_bcdll_2008_11.pdf. Table 12 on page 3 shows that en route information yields “positive impacts” on mobility and “substantial positive impacts” on customer satisfaction. This report does not provide quantified benefits or a cost-benefit analysis.Intelligent Transportation Systems’ Promise for Managing Congestion Falls Short, and DOT Could Better Facilitate Their Strategic Use, 2005/new.items/d05943.pdfThe U.S. Government Accountability Office reviewed a number of ITS applications and determined that ITS deployment can have benefits such as relieving congestion and improving traffic throughput, safety and air quality. The review concluded that results from some studies suggest that ITS benefits depend on effectively operating ITS technologies to meet local conditions, but that few studies provided information about cost-effectiveness of the ITS deployments, which is essential for maximizing public investments.Impacts of Advance/In-Vehicle Information Strategies (Web/PDA Based, 511)Research need statement, TRB Transportation Demand Management Committeehttp://www.trb-/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=91:511&catid=35:abe50_research_needs&Itemid=63 This committee put forward the following research need statement: “Research is needed to evaluate if and by how much [advance and in-vehicle] strategies influence travel behavior and estimate the benefits or impacts that are generated by use of the services. This research would examine travelers’ awareness and use of the services and estimate the extent of mode, route and time shifting that occurs. Because the impacts of advance and in-vehicle systems are likely to be different, research should explore both types of systems. Research on acceptability of various types of service delivery methods also could be useful.”The Private Sector and Public-Private PartnershipsOur discussions with interviewees regarding public investment in real-time traveler information often turned to the role of the private sector. Some interviewees showed interest in the various ways of involving the private sector to lower the public cost burden for real-time data collection and information delivery, and some held a firm stance that information should be available to the public for free.Currently many private companies analyze freely available public data, repackage it and market it for profit. One individual we spoke with suggested the compromise of a publicly owned, privately operated data collection system where all data would have to be made available to the agency for public benefit.Real-Time Traveler Information Services Business Models: State of the Practice Review, 2007/publications/rtis_busmodels/rtis_busmodels.pdfAccording to the researchers, “This state of the practice review documents a range of business models for real-time traveler information services, and provides ‘real world’ examples of how states and regions are developing partnerships and business plans within the business model frameworks…. Included with this review is a summary of current prevalent business models, which include public-sector funded, franchise operations, private sector funded and business-to-business models.”Issue 2: Information Collection and CoordinationRelevant, up-to-date and complete information is a necessary input to provide travelers with the information they need to make useful choices to affect demand. It is informative to look at current and promising methods by which data is collected in real time and the processes through which it is shared. Our findings include practices and initiatives in California and nationally, as well as research in this area.California Practices and InitiativesRegional Integration of Intelligent Transportation Systems (RIITS), Los Angeles area/The Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority (Metro) sponsors the RIITS network. Caltrans, the City of Los Angeles Department of Transportation, the California Highway Patrol and Metro all contribute information collected through their own ITS to the network using the Los Angeles County Regional ITS Architecture and National ITS Standards. The network supports information exchange in real time between freeway, traffic, transit and emergency service agencies and provides data to traveler information services.Intermodal Transportation Management System (IMTMS), San Diego areaThe San Diego Association of Governments’ IMTMS network is structured very similarly to Metro’s RIITS network described above, coordinating real-time traffic and transit data at the state and regional levels. Both the RIITS and IMTMS networks are provided by vendor Delcan.Mobile Millennium/The Mobile Millennium project is a floating car data (FCD) project with the goal of collecting traffic data from GPS-equipped mobile phones and estimating traffic conditions in real time. Its partners include the UC Berkeley College of Engineering, the California Center for Innovative Transportation, Caltrans, U.S. DOT, Nokia and NAVTEQ.National Resources and PracticesTRB’s Intelligent Transportation Systems Committee WorkshopApril 15-17, 2009, Irvine, CA/EVENTS/Info/Summary.aspx?e=899a95a3-507c-480b-adb9-07e2d0c972a7TRB’s Intelligent Transportation Systems Committee’s “Workshop on Identifying Traveler Information Research Needs to Achieve All Roads-All Modes-All the Time” has the stated goal of leveraging current practitioner, research and industry expertise to suggest future directions for real-time traveler information research, demonstration and evaluation programs. The workshop is organized into four working groups addressing (1) data collection, (2) data fusion and processing, (3) information dissemination, and (4) network impacts.Georgia FCD project“Sensory Perceptions,” ITS Journal, 13(5): 39-40, 2007The Georgia Department of Transportation is testing systems for using cellular probe-based technology to monitor traffic flows and detect incidents in real time on the state’s rural roads, where intensive investments in loops and other fixed detectors are not cost-effective. One technology vendor is Atlanta-based Cellint(/), which provides the TrafficSense monitoring system.511 Interoperability Task Force, 2006 status report/docs/511%20WG%20Michigan%20Mar%202006/511%20Interoperability%20Task%20 Force%20Update.pptThis status report by the 511 Deployment Coalition presents a snapshot of the issues related to interoperability of different 511 systems across the United States. It addresses such issues as the value of a common 511 user interface and menu structure, the sharing of data in neighboring regions, and 511 web sites.U.S. Department of Transportation Planning for Operations Initiative/data_coll.htmThis federal web site promotes data sharing at a regional level. From the “Data Collection and Sharing” web page, recommendations most relevant to real-time traveler information data include:•Develop a regional data clearinghouse.•Coordinate data resources with transit agencies.•Use specific events to initiate new data partnerships.•Use universities to help develop integrated databases.•Use operations data to develop more effective performance measures.•Use operations data to improve planning analysis tools.ResearchCongestion Management in a Rapidly Growing Economy: Optimizing Transportation Network Performance, 2008/mahmassani/presentations/Network_Congestion_Mgmt_MTTBR_Guwahati2.08.pdfOn pages 18-20 of this presentation, the author describes the implications of inexpensive wireless sensor networks (such as the California-based Mobile Millennium or Georgia’s FCD program described above). The combination of mobile units and wireless Internet (which provide “particle” user-centric views of the system) with inexpensive wireless sensors (which give the perspective of infrastructure and fixed assets) provide true real-time information. This author states that such advancements call for:•Methods geared for shorter-term engineering and business applications.•Methodologies for real-time decision making under real-time information.•Methods to extract knowledge from undifferentiated data.Probe-Based Traffic Monitoring Systems with Wireless Location Technology: An Investigation of the Relationship Between System Design and Effectiveness, 20052005 TRB Annual MeetingCitation at /content/e76gl231qn3w1276/Wireless location technology (WLT) based monitoring anonymously samples the location of probes or drivers by using wireless devices such as cellular phones. This research explores the relationship between the design of a WLT-based monitoring system and the accuracy of speed estimates that it generates. A simulation-based approach was used to define general guidelines for different aspects of system design and roadway network characteristics.Issue 3: Multimodal IntegrationWhile having drivers choose alternative routes based on real-time information is one desired outcome in demand management, another is the selection of alternative transit options. Integrating multiple mode options for travelers while they are already en route is not a widespread practice, but pilot programs and implementations worldwide suggest its viability. Our findings in this area include highlighted practices in California and internationally. California Research and PracticesSan Francisco Bay Area, Metropolitan Transportation Commission (MTC)MTC’s 511 system in the San Francisco Bay Area was cited in interviews as displaying exemplary practices in incorporating real-time traffic and transit data and providing it to users. The 511 phone system and the web site at / include both real-time traffic and transit departure information.A pilot project to integrate traveler information across highway and transit modes was undertaken in the area through the use of variable message signs (VMS). The pilot system calculates real-time highway driving time as well as train trip time for predefined trip itineraries and displays related messages on a network of VMS. During rush hours, a comparison of driving time versus station-to-station train travel time is displayed on specific signs.Initial results of this pilot are detailed in the paper Commuter Travel Time Information System: Displaying Transit Messages on Changeable Message Signs, presented at the 2009 TRB Annual Meeting (see the citation at /document/view/default.asp?lbid=882385).San Diego AreaThe San Diego area 511 system was also cited in interviews as displaying exemplary practices in incorporating real-time traffic and transit data and providing it to users.Google Transit Trip Planning Project, 2009(Pending Caltrans Technical Agreement with the California Center for Innovative Transporation (CCIT))The proposed work will select a handful of small urban or rural transit agencies and provide them with the resources and the technical skills to organize their schedule data and convert it to the Google Transit format. These agencies will be selected by choosing a corridor and working with transit agencies along this corridor (e.g., I-80 corridor between the Bay Area and Sacramento). CCIT will develop a set of guidelines and list available resources that can be applied by other agencies statewide.SafeTrip-21: California Connected Traveler Field Test Bed/safetrip21/This project brings a focus on multi-device and multi-communications link mobility and safety applications to U.S. DOT’s SafeTrip-21 initiative. The mobility applications will involve larger-scale monitoring using handheld devices to integrate the traveler in his or her regional travel environment; for example, to find the fastest travel routes via road or rail, to view estimated trip times, and to understand the extent of traffic congestion. The system will alert drivers of traffic jams and accidents ahead, pointing them to the best choices of transportation mode and route. National ResearchGoogle Transit Data Tool for Small Transit Agencies, Transit Cooperative Research Program, Transit IDEA Program, 2009/TRBNet/ProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=2695This project will develop a tool to enter, export and host the transit data needed to participate in Google Transit, to allow small transit agencies to input their transit data. While mid- to large-sized transit agencies often have the resources to provide Google Transit data feeds in accordance with the Google Transit Feed Specification, many small transit agencies do not have the resources to enter, export and host the required transit data feed or do not have their data in the required format. This tool will be made available in the form of a web application and released under an open source software license.International PracticesCologne, GermanyInternational Technology Scan Reports: Managing Travel Demand in Europe, 2006/traveldemand/This FHWA scan of travel demand management in Europe describes an integrated multimodal en route traveler information system in the city of Cologne, Germany. A park-and-ride system was established along key arterials feeding into the city center where travelers can park and transfer to streetcars. There are five integrated park-and-ride facilities at tram stations, including 2,300 spaces. The system provides drivers with real-time travel time comparisons. When approaching a park-and-ride lot and tram station, drivers can read a dynamic display panel that shows the current travel time into the city center, the equivalent travel time by public transportation, and how soon the next tram will arrive. This enables drivers to make informed choices about staying on the road or transferring to public transportation.Issue 4: Human Processing and Decision-Making FactorsDriver behavior, response to information, and subsequent decision making play a role in the effectiveness of real-time traveler information strategies. A better understanding of how humans process information may impact new strategies on how, when and where to provide real-time information. Our findings related to this issue encompass a variety of research studies. This portion of the Preliminary Investigation concludes with a subsection on research into managed lane pricing and real-time decision-making factors.Research on Decision-Making FactorsEstimation of Message Reading Time for Variable Message Signs, 2009TRB 2009 Annual MeetingCitation at /document/view/default.asp?lbid=881996This research was motivated by the need to design messages on variable message signs, including such factors as message phase and duration, with consideration of drivers’ message reading time. The analysis depended on various factors, such as the number and length of VMS messages, drivers’ travel speed, and driver characteristics. In this study, extensive field experiments were conducted using specially manufactured portable VMS to obtain drivers’ message reading time with respect to these causal factors. Researchers developed an estimation model for drivers’ message reading time.Drivers’ En Route Diversion Decisions Under Influence of Variable Message Sign Information: Empirical Analysis, 2007TRB 2007 Annual MeetingCitation at /document/view/default.asp?lbid=847521This paper undertook a quantitative assessment of the potential effects of travel time information provided by VMS on en route diversion behavior of Shanghai urban freeway drivers. The findings have implications for the operation of VMS-based advanced traveler information systems.A Hybrid Model for Driver Route Choice Incorporating En-Route Attributes and Real-Time Information Effects, 2005Networks and Spatial Economics, 5(1): 21-40Citation at /content/k62x05p85g515786/In this study, researchers characterize en route driver behavior with subjective and linguistic variables, as well as situational factors. Researchers developed a hybrid en route choice model that combines quantitative and fuzzy variables to more robustly predict driver routing decisions under information provision.Additional Investigations on Driver Information Overload, 2003NCHRP Report 488/news/blurb_detail.asp?id=1324This research continued NCHRP efforts to develop and validate a driver information overload model for freeways and to translate the model into a practical tool for traffic and safety professionals to use in analyzing driver information loadings.Research Related to Managed LanesA subset of this research focuses specifically on driver decision-making behavior regarding managed lanes:What are the factors that affect en route decisions when lanes are variably and dynamically priced?Dynamic Tolling Strategies for Managed Lanes, 2009Journal of Transportation Engineering, 135(2): 45-52.Citation at /tris/record/tris/01121634.htmlThis paper proposes approaches to determine pricing strategies for operating managed toll lanes. Based on the researchers’ methodology, tolls vary dynamically in response to real-time traffic conditions in order to providea superior free-flow travel service to the users of the toll lanes while maximizing the freeway’s throughput.Simulation experiments were conducted to validate and compare the proposed approaches.。