INTRINSIC FEATURES OF TURBULENT FLOW IN STRONGLY 3-D SKEW BLADE PASSAGE OF A FRANCIS TURBINE
力学名词英文翻译
广义连续统力学generalized continuum mechanics简单物质simple material纯力学物质purely mechanical material微分型物质material of differentialtype积分型物质material of integral type混合物组份constituents of a mixture非协调理论incompatibility theory微极理论micropolar theory决定性原理principle of determinism等存在原理principle of equipresence局部作用原理principle of objectivity客观性原理principle of objectivity电磁连续统理论theory of electromagnetic conti-nuum内时理论endochronic theory非局部理论nonlocal theory混合物理论theory of mixtures里夫林-矣里克森张量Rivlin-Ericksen tensor 声张量acoustic tensor半向同性张量hemitropic tensor各向同性张量isotropic tensor应变张量strain tensor伸缩张量stretch tensor连续旋错continuous dislination连续位错continuous dislocation动量矩平衡angular momentum balance余本构关系complementary constitutiverela-tions共旋导数co-rotational derivative, Jaumann derivative非完整分量anholonomic component爬升效应climbing effect协调条件compatibility condition错综度complexity当时构形current configuration能量平衡energy balance变形梯度deformation gradient有限弹性finite elasticity熵增entropy production标架无差异性frame indifference弹性势elastic potential熵不等式entropy inequality极分解polar decomposition低弹性hypoelasticity参考构形reference configuration响应泛函response functional动量平衡momentum balance奇异面singular surface贮能函数stored-energy function内部约束internal constraint物理分量physical components本原元primitive element普适变形universal deformation速度梯度velocity gradient测粘流动viscometric flow当地导数local derivative岩石力学rock mechanics原始岩体应力virgin rock stress构造应力tectonic stress三轴压缩试验three-axial compression test三轴拉伸试验three-axial tensile test 三轴试验triaxial test岩层静态应力lithostatic stress吕荣lugeon地压强geostatic pressure水力劈裂hydraulic fracture咬合[作用] interlocking内禀抗剪强度intrinsic shear strength 循环抗剪强度cyclic shear strength残余抗剪强度residual shear strength 土力学soil mechanics孔隙比void ratio内磨擦角angle of internal friction休止角angle of repose孔隙率porosity围压ambient pressure渗透系数coefficient of permeability [抗]剪切角angle of shear resistance 渗流力seepage force表观粘聚力apparent cohesion粘聚力cohesion稠度consistency固结consolidation主固结primary consolidation次固结secondary consolidation固结仪consolidometer浮升力uplift扩容dilatancy有效应力effective stress絮凝[作用] flocculation主动土压力active earth pressure 被动土压力passive earth pressure 土动力学soil dynamics应力解除stress relief次时间效应secondary time effect 贯入阻力penetration resistance 沙土液化liquefaction of sand泥流mud flow多相流multiphase flow马格努斯效应Magnus effect韦伯数Weber number环状流annular flow泡状流bubble flow层状流stratified flow平衡流equilibrium flow二组份流two-component flow冻结流frozen flow均质流homogeneous flow二相流two-phase flow气-液流gas-liquid flow气-固流gas-solid flow液-气流liquid-gas flow液-固流liquid-solid flow液体-蒸气流liquid-vapor flow浓相dense phase稀相dilute phase连续相continuous phase离散相dispersed phase悬浮suspension气力输运pneumatic transport气泡形成bubble formation体密度bulk density壅塞choking微滴droplet挟带entrainment流型flow pattern流[态]化fluidization界面interface跃动速度saltation velocity非牛顿流体力学non-Newtonian fluid mechanics非牛顿流体non-Newtonian fluid幂律流体power law fluid拟塑性流体pseudoplastic fluid触稠流体rheopectic fluid触变流体thixotropic fluid粘弹性流体viscoelastic fluid流变测量学rheometry震凝性rheopexy体[积]粘性bulk viscosity魏森贝格效应Weissenberg effect流变仪rheometer稀薄气体动力学rarefied gas dynamics物理化学流体力学physico-chemical hydrodynamics空气热化学aerothermochemistry绝对压强absolute pressure绝对反应速率absolute reaction rate绝对温度absolute temperature吸收系数absorption coefficient活化分子activated molecule活化能activation energy绝热压缩adiabatic compression绝热膨胀adiabatic expansion绝热火焰温度adiabatic flame temperature 电弧风洞arc tunnel原子热atomic heat雾化atomization自燃auto-ignition自动氧化auto-oxidation可用能量available energy缓冲作用buffer action松密度bulk density燃烧率burning rate燃烧速度burning velocity接触面contact surface烧蚀ablation连续过程continuous process碰撞截面collision cross section通用气体常数conventional gas constant 燃烧不稳定性combustion instability稀释度dilution完全离解complete dissociation火焰传播flame propagation组份constituent碰撞反应速率collision reaction rate燃烧理论combustion theory浓度梯度concentration gradient阴极腐蚀cathodic corrosion火焰速度flame speed火焰驻定flame stabilization火焰结构flame structure着火ignition湍流火焰turbulent flame层流火焰laminar flame燃烧带burning zone渗流flow in porous media,seepage达西定律Darcy law赫尔-肖流Hele-Shaw flow毛[细]管流capillary flow过滤filtration爪进fingering不互溶驱替immiscible displacement 不互溶流体immiscible fluid互溶驱替miscible displacement互溶流体miscible fluid迁移率mobility流度比mobility ratio渗透率permeability孔隙度porosity多孔介质porous medium比面specific surface迂曲度tortuosity空隙void空隙分数void fraction注水water flooding可湿性wettability地球物理流体动力学geophysical fluid dynamics物理海洋学physical oceanography大气环流atmospheric circulation海洋环流ocean circulation海洋流ocean current旋转流rotating flow平流advection埃克曼流Ekman flow埃克曼边界层Ekman boundary layer大气边界层atmospheric boundarylayer大气-海洋相互作用atmosphere-ocean interaction埃克曼数Ekman number罗斯贝数Rossby unmber罗斯贝波Rossby wave斜压性baroclinicity正压性barotropy内磨擦internal friction海洋波ocean wave盐度salinity环境流体力学environmental fluid mechanics斯托克斯流Stokes flow羽流plume理查森数Richardson number污染源pollutant source污染物扩散pollutant diffusion噪声noise噪声级noise level噪声污染noise pollution排放物effulent工业流体力学industrical fluid mechanics 流控技术fluidics轴向流axial flow并向流co-current flow对向流counter current flow横向流cross flow螺旋流spiral flow旋拧流swirling flow滞后流after flow混合层mixing layer抖振buffeting风压wind pressure附壁效应wall attachment effect,Coanda effect简约频率reduced frequency爆炸力学mechanics of explosion终点弹道学terminal ballistics动态超高压技术dynamic ultrahigh pressure tech-nique流体弹塑性体hydro-elastoplastic medium热塑不稳定性thermoplastic instability空中爆炸explosion in air地下爆炸underground explosion水下爆炸underwater explosion电爆炸discharge-induced explosion激光爆炸laser-induced explosion核爆炸nuclear explosion点爆炸point-source explosion殉爆sympathatic detonation强爆炸intense explosion粒子束爆炸explosion by beam radiation 聚爆implosion起爆initiation of explosion爆破blasting霍普金森杆Hopkinson bar电炮electric gun电磁炮electromagnetic gun爆炸洞explosion chamber轻气炮light gas gun马赫反射Mach reflection基浪base surge成坑cratering能量沉积energy deposition爆心explosion center爆炸当量explosion equivalent火球fire ball爆高height of burst蘑菇云mushroom侵彻penetration规则反射regular reflection崩落spallation应变率史strain rate history流变学rheology聚合物减阻drag reduction by polymers 挤出[物]胀大extrusion swell, die swell 无管虹吸tubeless siphon剪胀效应dilatancy effect孔压[误差]效应hole-pressure[error]effect 剪切致稠shear thickening剪切致稀shear thinning触变性thixotropy反触变性anti-thixotropy超塑性superplasticity粘弹塑性材料viscoelasto-plastic material滞弹性材料anelastic material本构关系constitutive relation麦克斯韦模型Maxwell model沃伊特-开尔文模型V oigt-Kelvin model宾厄姆模型Bingham model奥伊洛特模型Oldroyd model幂律模型power law model应力松驰stress relaxation应变史strain history应力史stress history记忆函数memory function衰退记忆fading memory应力增长stress growing粘度函数voscosity function相对粘度relative viscosity复态粘度complex viscosity拉伸粘度elongational viscosity拉伸流动elongational flow第一法向应力差first normal-stress difference第二法向应力差second normal-stress difference德博拉数Deborah number魏森贝格数Weissenberg number动态模量dynamic modulus振荡剪切流oscillatory shear flow宇宙气体动力学cosmic gas dynamics等离[子]体动力学plasma dynamics电离气体ionized gas行星边界层planetary boundary layer阿尔文波Alfven wave泊肃叶-哈特曼流] Poiseuille-Hartman flow 哈特曼数Hartman number生物流变学biorheology生物流体biofluid生物屈服点bioyield point生物屈服应力bioyield stress电气体力学electro-gas dynamics铁流体力学ferro-hydrodynamics血液流变学hemorheology, bloodrheology血液动力学hemodynamics磁流体力学magneto fluid mechanics磁流体动力学magnetohydrodynamics, MHD磁流体动力波magnetohydrodynamic wave 磁流体流magnetohydrodynamic flow磁流体动力稳定性magnetohydrodynamic stability生物力学biomechanics生物流体力学biological fluid mechanics 生物固体力学biological solid mechanics 宾厄姆塑性流Bingham plastic flow开尔文体Kelvin body沃伊特体V oigt body可贴变形applicable deformation可贴曲面applicable surface边界润滑boundary lubrication液膜润滑fluid film lubrication向心收缩功concentric work离心收缩功eccentric work关节反作用力joint reaction force微循环力学microcyclic mechanics微纤维microfibril渗透性permeability生理横截面积physiological cross-sectional area农业生物力学agrobiomechanics纤维度fibrousness硬皮度rustiness胶粘度gumminess粘稠度stickiness嫩度tenderness渗透流osmotic flow易位流translocation flow蒸腾流transpirational flow过滤阻力filtration resistance压扁wafering风雪流snow-driving wind停滞堆积accretion遇阻堆积encroachment沙漠地面desert floor流沙固定fixation of shifting sand流动阈值fluid threshold尘暴dust storm计尘仪koniscope盛行风prevailing wind输沙率rate of sand transporting重演距离repetition distance跃移[运动] saltation跃移质saltation load沙波纹sand ripple沙影sand shadow沙暴sand storm流沙shifting sand翻滚tumble植物固沙vegetative sand-control流速线velocity line泥石流debris flow连续泥石流continuous debris flow 泥石铺床bed-predeposit of mud泥石流地声geosound of debris flow 气浪airsurge冻胀力frost heaving pressure冻土强度frozen soil strength雪崩avalanche冰崩iceslide冰压力ice pressure重力侵蚀gravity erosion分凝势segregation potential滑波landslide山洪torrent爆发blow up雪暴snowstorm火爆fire storm闪点flash point闪耀flare up阴燃smolder轰燃flashover飞火spotting, firebrand地表火surface fire地下火ground fire树冠火crown fire烛炬火candling fire狂燃火running fire火焰强度flame intensity火焰辐射flame radiation火龙卷fire tornado火旋涡fire whirl火蔓延fire spread对流柱convection column隔火带fire line隔火带强度fireline intensity非线性动力学nonlinear dynamics动态系统dynamical system原象preimage控制参量control parameter霍普夫分岔Hopf bifurcation倒倍周期分岔inverse period- doubling bifurca-tion全局分岔global bifurcation魔[鬼楼]梯devil's staircase非线性振动nonlinear vibration侵入物invader锁相phase- locking猎食模型predator- prey model[状]态空间state space[状]态变量state variable吕埃勒-塔肯斯道路Ruelle- Takens route 斯梅尔马蹄Smale horseshoe混沌chaos李-约克定理Li-Yorke theorem李-约克混沌Li-Yorke chaos洛伦茨吸引子Lorenz attractor混沌吸引子chaotic attractorKAM环面KAM torus费根鲍姆数Feigenbaum number费根鲍姆标度律Feigenbaum scaling KAM定理Kolmogorov-Arnol'd Moser theorem, KAM theorem勒斯勒尔方程Rossler equation混沌运动chaotic motion费根鲍姆函数方程Feigenbaum functional equation蝴蝶效应butterfly effect同宿点homoclinic point异宿点heteroclinic point同宿轨道homoclinic orbit异宿轨道heteroclinic orbit排斥子repellor超混沌hyperchaos阵发混沌intermittency chaos内禀随机性intrinsic stochasticity含混吸引子vague attractor [of Kolmogorov]VAK奇怪吸引子strange attractorFPU问题Fermi-Pasta- Ulam problem,FPU problem初态敏感性sensitivity to initial state反应扩散方程reaction-diffusion equation 非线性薛定谔方程nonlinear Schrodinger equation逆散射法inverse scattering method孤[立]波solitary wave奇异摄动singular perturbation正弦戈登方程sine-Gorden equation科赫岛Koch island豪斯多夫维数Hausdorff dimensionKS[动态]熵Kolmogorov-Sinai entropy, KS entropy卡普兰-约克猜想Kaplan -Yorke conjecture 康托尔集[合] Cantor set欧几里得维数Euclidian dimension茹利亚集[合] Julia set科赫曲线Koch curve谢尔平斯基海绵Sierpinski sponge李雅普诺夫指数Lyapunov exponent芒德布罗集[合] Mandelbrot set李雅普诺夫维数Lyapunov dimension谢尔平斯基镂垫Sierpinski gasket雷尼熵Renyi entropy雷尼信息Renyi information分形fractal分形维数fractal dimension分形体fractal胖分形fat fractal退守物defender覆盖维数covering dimension信息维数information dimension度规熵metric entropy多重分形multi-fractal关联维数correlation dimension拓扑熵topological entropy拓扑维数topological dimension拉格朗日湍流Lagrange turbulence布鲁塞尔模型Brusselator贝纳尔对流Benard convection瑞利-贝纳尔不稳定性Rayleigh-Benard instability闭锁键blocked bond元胞自动机cellular automaton浸渐消去法adiabatic elimination连通键connected bond, unblocked bond自旋玻璃spin glass窘组frustration窘组嵌板frustration plaquette窘组函数frustration function窘组网络frustration network窘组位形frustrating configuration逾渗通路percolation path逾渗阈[值] percolation threshold入侵逾渗invasion percolation扩程逾渗extend range percolation多色逾渗polychromatic percolation快变量fast variable慢变量slow variable卷筒图型roll pattern六角[形]图形hexagon pattern主[宰]方程master equation役使原理slaving principle耗散结构dissipation structure离散流体[模型] discrete fluid自相似解self-similar solution协同学synergetics自组织self-organization跨越集团spanning cluster奇点singularity多重奇点multiple singularity多重定态multiple steady state不动点fixed point吸引子attractor自治系统autonomous system结点node焦点focus简单奇点simple singularity单切结点one-tangent node极限环limit cycle中心点center鞍点saddle [point]映射map[ping]逻辑斯谛映射logistic map[ping]沙尔科夫斯基序列Sharkovskii sequence 面包师变换baker's transformation吸引盆basin of attraction生灭过程birth-and death process台球问题biliard ball problem庞加莱映射Poincar'e map庞加莱截面Poincar'e section猫脸映射cat map[of Arnosov][映]象image揉面变换kneading transformation倍周期分岔period doubling bifurcation单峰映射single hump map[ping]圆[周]映射circle map[ping]埃农吸引子Henon attractor分岔bifurcation分岔集bifurcation set余维[数] co-dimension叉式分岔pitchfork bifurcation鞍结分岔saddle-node bifurcation次级分岔secondary bifurcation跨临界分岔transcritical bifurcation开折unfolding切分岔tangent bifurcation普适性universality突变catastrophe突变论catastrophe theory折叠[型突变] fold [catastrophe]尖拐[型突变] cusp [catastrophe]燕尾[型突变] swallow tail抛物脐[型突变] parabolic umbilic双曲脐[型突变] hyperbolic umbilic椭圆脐[型突变] elliptic umbilic蝴蝶[型突变] butterfly阿诺德舌[头] Arnol'd tongueBZ反应Belousov-Zhabotinskireaction, BZ reaction法里序列Farey sequence法里树Farey tree洛特卡-沃尔泰拉方程Lotka-V olterra equation 梅利尼科夫积分Mel'nikov integral锁频frequency-locking滞后[效应] hysteresis突跳jump准周期振动quasi-oscillation。
地下水动力学概念总结
地下水动力学概念总结---- King Of Black Spider 说明：带下划线的是重点，重点116个，次重点22个，共138个。
第0章地下水动力学：Groundwater dynamics研究地下水在孔隙岩石、裂隙岩石和岩溶（喀斯特）岩石中运动规律的科学，它是模拟地下水流基本状态和地下水中溶质运移过程，对地下水从数量上和质量进行定量评价和合理开发利用，以及兴利除害的理论基础。
主要研究重力水的运动规律。
第1章渗流：Seepage flow是一种代替真实地下水流的、充满整个岩石截面的假想水流，其性质（密度、粘滞性等）与真实地下水相同，充满整个含水层空间（包括空隙空间和岩石颗粒所占据的空间），流动时所受的阻力等于真实地下水流所受的阻力，通过任一断面及任一点的压力或水头均与实际水流相同。
越流：Leakage 当承压含水层与相邻含水层存在水头差时，地下水便会从水头高的含水层流向水头低的含水层的现象。
对于指定含水层来说，水流可能流入也可能流出该含水层。
贮水系数：storativity又称释水系数或储水系数，指面积为一个单位、厚度为含水层全厚度M的含水层柱体中，当水头改变一个单位时弹性释放或贮存的水量，无量纲。
μ* = μs M。
既适用于承压含水层，也适用于潜水含水层。
导水系数：Transmisivity 是描述含水层出水能力的参数；水力坡度等于1时，通过整个含水层厚度上的单宽流量；亦即含水层的渗透系数与含水层厚度之积，T=KM。
它是定义在一维或二维流中的水文地质参数。
单位：m2/d。
非均质介质：如果在渗流场中，所有点不都具有相同的渗透系数，则称该岩层是非均质的。
各向异性介质：渗流场中某一点的渗透系数取决于方向，渗透系数随渗流方向不同而不同。
达西定律：Darcy’s Law 是描述以粘滞力为主、雷诺数Re< 1~10的层流状态下的地下水渗流基本定律，指出渗流速度V与水力梯度J成线性关系，V=KJ，或Q=KAJ，为水力梯度等于1时的渗流速度。
The numerical computation of turbulent flows
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of turbulence energy von Karman’s constant appearing in (2.1 - 11) Molecular viscosity Turbulent viscosity Kinematic viscosity A generalized dependent variable Density Effective turbulent Prandtl number Effective turbulent Prandtl number for transport Molecular Prandtl number Shear stress
Nomen constant Curte t number defined by (3.1 - 1) Coefficients in approximated turbulent transport equations Specific heat at constant pressure Diffusion coefficient for quantity (p Rate of diffusive transport of Reynolds stress Constant in near-wall description of velocity profile (- 9) Functional defined by (2.2 - 6) Turbulence kinetic energy uiuj/2 Length of energy containing eddies Fluctuating component of static pressure Heat flux Radius Reynolds number in pipe flow based on bulk velocity and pipe diameter Rate of redistribution of Reynolds stress through pressure fluctuations Turbulent Reynolds number k2/ve Temperature Fluctuating component of velocity in direction xi Mean component of velocity in direction Xi Streamwise velocity nondimen~onalized by T,JP Mean streamwise velocity on axis Change in mean velocity across shear flow ‘Vorticity’ fluctuations squared Cartesian space coordinate
力学名词英文翻译
广义连续统力学generalized continuum mechanics简单物质simple material纯力学物质purely mechanical material微分型物质material of differentialtype积分型物质material of integral type混合物组份constituents of a mixture非协调理论incompatibility theory微极理论micropolar theory决定性原理principle of determinism等存在原理principle of equipresence局部作用原理principle of objectivity客观性原理principle of objectivity电磁连续统理论theory of electromagnetic conti-nuum内时理论endochronic theory非局部理论nonlocal theory混合物理论theory of mixtures里夫林-矣里克森张量Rivlin-Ericksen tensor 声张量acoustic tensor半向同性张量hemitropic tensor各向同性张量isotropic tensor应变张量strain tensor伸缩张量stretch tensor连续旋错continuous dislination连续位错continuous dislocation动量矩平衡angular momentum balance余本构关系complementary constitutiverela-tions共旋导数co-rotational derivative, Jaumann derivative非完整分量anholonomic component爬升效应climbing effect协调条件compatibility condition错综度complexity当时构形current configuration能量平衡energy balance变形梯度deformation gradient有限弹性finite elasticity熵增entropy production标架无差异性frame indifference弹性势elastic potential熵不等式entropy inequality极分解polar decomposition低弹性hypoelasticity参考构形reference configuration响应泛函response functional动量平衡momentum balance奇异面singular surface贮能函数stored-energy function内部约束internal constraint物理分量physical components本原元primitive element普适变形universal deformation速度梯度velocity gradient测粘流动viscometric flow当地导数local derivative岩石力学rock mechanics原始岩体应力virgin rock stress构造应力tectonic stress三轴压缩试验three-axial compression test三轴拉伸试验three-axial tensile test 三轴试验triaxial test岩层静态应力lithostatic stress吕荣lugeon地压强geostatic pressure水力劈裂hydraulic fracture咬合[作用] interlocking内禀抗剪强度intrinsic shear strength 循环抗剪强度cyclic shear strength残余抗剪强度residual shear strength 土力学soil mechanics孔隙比void ratio内磨擦角angle of internal friction休止角angle of repose孔隙率porosity围压ambient pressure渗透系数coefficient of permeability [抗]剪切角angle of shear resistance 渗流力seepage force表观粘聚力apparent cohesion粘聚力cohesion稠度consistency固结consolidation主固结primary consolidation次固结secondary consolidation固结仪consolidometer浮升力uplift扩容dilatancy有效应力effective stress絮凝[作用] flocculation主动土压力active earth pressure 被动土压力passive earth pressure 土动力学soil dynamics应力解除stress relief次时间效应secondary time effect 贯入阻力penetration resistance 沙土液化liquefaction of sand泥流mud flow多相流multiphase flow马格努斯效应Magnus effect韦伯数Weber number环状流annular flow泡状流bubble flow层状流stratified flow平衡流equilibrium flow二组份流two-component flow冻结流frozen flow均质流homogeneous flow二相流two-phase flow气-液流gas-liquid flow气-固流gas-solid flow液-气流liquid-gas flow液-固流liquid-solid flow液体-蒸气流liquid-vapor flow浓相dense phase稀相dilute phase连续相continuous phase离散相dispersed phase悬浮suspension气力输运pneumatic transport气泡形成bubble formation体密度bulk density壅塞choking微滴droplet挟带entrainment流型flow pattern流[态]化fluidization界面interface跃动速度saltation velocity非牛顿流体力学non-Newtonian fluid mechanics非牛顿流体non-Newtonian fluid幂律流体power law fluid拟塑性流体pseudoplastic fluid触稠流体rheopectic fluid触变流体thixotropic fluid粘弹性流体viscoelastic fluid流变测量学rheometry震凝性rheopexy体[积]粘性bulk viscosity魏森贝格效应Weissenberg effect流变仪rheometer稀薄气体动力学rarefied gas dynamics物理化学流体力学physico-chemical hydrodynamics空气热化学aerothermochemistry绝对压强absolute pressure绝对反应速率absolute reaction rate绝对温度absolute temperature吸收系数absorption coefficient活化分子activated molecule活化能activation energy绝热压缩adiabatic compression绝热膨胀adiabatic expansion绝热火焰温度adiabatic flame temperature 电弧风洞arc tunnel原子热atomic heat雾化atomization自燃auto-ignition自动氧化auto-oxidation可用能量available energy缓冲作用buffer action松密度bulk density燃烧率burning rate燃烧速度burning velocity接触面contact surface烧蚀ablation连续过程continuous process碰撞截面collision cross section通用气体常数conventional gas constant 燃烧不稳定性combustion instability稀释度dilution完全离解complete dissociation火焰传播flame propagation组份constituent碰撞反应速率collision reaction rate燃烧理论combustion theory浓度梯度concentration gradient阴极腐蚀cathodic corrosion火焰速度flame speed火焰驻定flame stabilization火焰结构flame structure着火ignition湍流火焰turbulent flame层流火焰laminar flame燃烧带burning zone渗流flow in porous media,seepage达西定律Darcy law赫尔-肖流Hele-Shaw flow毛[细]管流capillary flow过滤filtration爪进fingering不互溶驱替immiscible displacement 不互溶流体immiscible fluid互溶驱替miscible displacement互溶流体miscible fluid迁移率mobility流度比mobility ratio渗透率permeability孔隙度porosity多孔介质porous medium比面specific surface迂曲度tortuosity空隙void空隙分数void fraction注水water flooding可湿性wettability地球物理流体动力学geophysical fluid dynamics物理海洋学physical oceanography大气环流atmospheric circulation海洋环流ocean circulation海洋流ocean current旋转流rotating flow平流advection埃克曼流Ekman flow埃克曼边界层Ekman boundary layer大气边界层atmospheric boundarylayer大气-海洋相互作用atmosphere-ocean interaction埃克曼数Ekman number罗斯贝数Rossby unmber罗斯贝波Rossby wave斜压性baroclinicity正压性barotropy内磨擦internal friction海洋波ocean wave盐度salinity环境流体力学environmental fluid mechanics斯托克斯流Stokes flow羽流plume理查森数Richardson number污染源pollutant source污染物扩散pollutant diffusion噪声noise噪声级noise level噪声污染noise pollution排放物effulent工业流体力学industrical fluid mechanics 流控技术fluidics轴向流axial flow并向流co-current flow对向流counter current flow横向流cross flow螺旋流spiral flow旋拧流swirling flow滞后流after flow混合层mixing layer抖振buffeting风压wind pressure附壁效应wall attachment effect,Coanda effect简约频率reduced frequency爆炸力学mechanics of explosion终点弹道学terminal ballistics动态超高压技术dynamic ultrahigh pressure tech-nique流体弹塑性体hydro-elastoplastic medium热塑不稳定性thermoplastic instability空中爆炸explosion in air地下爆炸underground explosion水下爆炸underwater explosion电爆炸discharge-induced explosion激光爆炸laser-induced explosion核爆炸nuclear explosion点爆炸point-source explosion殉爆sympathatic detonation强爆炸intense explosion粒子束爆炸explosion by beam radiation 聚爆implosion起爆initiation of explosion爆破blasting霍普金森杆Hopkinson bar电炮electric gun电磁炮electromagnetic gun爆炸洞explosion chamber轻气炮light gas gun马赫反射Mach reflection基浪base surge成坑cratering能量沉积energy deposition爆心explosion center爆炸当量explosion equivalent火球fire ball爆高height of burst蘑菇云mushroom侵彻penetration规则反射regular reflection崩落spallation应变率史strain rate history流变学rheology聚合物减阻drag reduction by polymers 挤出[物]胀大extrusion swell, die swell 无管虹吸tubeless siphon剪胀效应dilatancy effect孔压[误差]效应hole-pressure[error]effect 剪切致稠shear thickening剪切致稀shear thinning触变性thixotropy反触变性anti-thixotropy超塑性superplasticity粘弹塑性材料viscoelasto-plastic material滞弹性材料anelastic material本构关系constitutive relation麦克斯韦模型Maxwell model沃伊特-开尔文模型V oigt-Kelvin model宾厄姆模型Bingham model奥伊洛特模型Oldroyd model幂律模型power law model应力松驰stress relaxation应变史strain history应力史stress history记忆函数memory function衰退记忆fading memory应力增长stress growing粘度函数voscosity function相对粘度relative viscosity复态粘度complex viscosity拉伸粘度elongational viscosity拉伸流动elongational flow第一法向应力差first normal-stress difference第二法向应力差second normal-stress difference德博拉数Deborah number魏森贝格数Weissenberg number动态模量dynamic modulus振荡剪切流oscillatory shear flow宇宙气体动力学cosmic gas dynamics等离[子]体动力学plasma dynamics电离气体ionized gas行星边界层planetary boundary layer阿尔文波Alfven wave泊肃叶-哈特曼流] Poiseuille-Hartman flow 哈特曼数Hartman number生物流变学biorheology生物流体biofluid生物屈服点bioyield point生物屈服应力bioyield stress电气体力学electro-gas dynamics铁流体力学ferro-hydrodynamics血液流变学hemorheology, bloodrheology血液动力学hemodynamics磁流体力学magneto fluid mechanics磁流体动力学magnetohydrodynamics, MHD磁流体动力波magnetohydrodynamic wave 磁流体流magnetohydrodynamic flow磁流体动力稳定性magnetohydrodynamic stability生物力学biomechanics生物流体力学biological fluid mechanics 生物固体力学biological solid mechanics 宾厄姆塑性流Bingham plastic flow开尔文体Kelvin body沃伊特体V oigt body可贴变形applicable deformation可贴曲面applicable surface边界润滑boundary lubrication液膜润滑fluid film lubrication向心收缩功concentric work离心收缩功eccentric work关节反作用力joint reaction force微循环力学microcyclic mechanics微纤维microfibril渗透性permeability生理横截面积physiological cross-sectional area农业生物力学agrobiomechanics纤维度fibrousness硬皮度rustiness胶粘度gumminess粘稠度stickiness嫩度tenderness渗透流osmotic flow易位流translocation flow蒸腾流transpirational flow过滤阻力filtration resistance压扁wafering风雪流snow-driving wind停滞堆积accretion遇阻堆积encroachment沙漠地面desert floor流沙固定fixation of shifting sand流动阈值fluid threshold尘暴dust storm计尘仪koniscope盛行风prevailing wind输沙率rate of sand transporting重演距离repetition distance跃移[运动] saltation跃移质saltation load沙波纹sand ripple沙影sand shadow沙暴sand storm流沙shifting sand翻滚tumble植物固沙vegetative sand-control流速线velocity line泥石流debris flow连续泥石流continuous debris flow 泥石铺床bed-predeposit of mud泥石流地声geosound of debris flow 气浪airsurge冻胀力frost heaving pressure冻土强度frozen soil strength雪崩avalanche冰崩iceslide冰压力ice pressure重力侵蚀gravity erosion分凝势segregation potential滑波landslide山洪torrent爆发blow up雪暴snowstorm火爆fire storm闪点flash point闪耀flare up阴燃smolder轰燃flashover飞火spotting, firebrand地表火surface fire地下火ground fire树冠火crown fire烛炬火candling fire狂燃火running fire火焰强度flame intensity火焰辐射flame radiation火龙卷fire tornado火旋涡fire whirl火蔓延fire spread对流柱convection column隔火带fire line隔火带强度fireline intensity非线性动力学nonlinear dynamics动态系统dynamical system原象preimage控制参量control parameter霍普夫分岔Hopf bifurcation倒倍周期分岔inverse period- doubling bifurca-tion全局分岔global bifurcation魔[鬼楼]梯devil's staircase非线性振动nonlinear vibration侵入物invader锁相phase- locking猎食模型predator- prey model[状]态空间state space[状]态变量state variable吕埃勒-塔肯斯道路Ruelle- Takens route 斯梅尔马蹄Smale horseshoe混沌chaos李-约克定理Li-Yorke theorem李-约克混沌Li-Yorke chaos洛伦茨吸引子Lorenz attractor混沌吸引子chaotic attractorKAM环面KAM torus费根鲍姆数Feigenbaum number费根鲍姆标度律Feigenbaum scaling KAM定理Kolmogorov-Arnol'd Moser theorem, KAM theorem勒斯勒尔方程Rossler equation混沌运动chaotic motion费根鲍姆函数方程Feigenbaum functional equation蝴蝶效应butterfly effect同宿点homoclinic point异宿点heteroclinic point同宿轨道homoclinic orbit异宿轨道heteroclinic orbit排斥子repellor超混沌hyperchaos阵发混沌intermittency chaos内禀随机性intrinsic stochasticity含混吸引子vague attractor [of Kolmogorov]VAK奇怪吸引子strange attractorFPU问题Fermi-Pasta- Ulam problem,FPU problem初态敏感性sensitivity to initial state反应扩散方程reaction-diffusion equation 非线性薛定谔方程nonlinear Schrodinger equation逆散射法inverse scattering method孤[立]波solitary wave奇异摄动singular perturbation正弦戈登方程sine-Gorden equation科赫岛Koch island豪斯多夫维数Hausdorff dimensionKS[动态]熵Kolmogorov-Sinai entropy, KS entropy卡普兰-约克猜想Kaplan -Yorke conjecture 康托尔集[合] Cantor set欧几里得维数Euclidian dimension茹利亚集[合] Julia set科赫曲线Koch curve谢尔平斯基海绵Sierpinski sponge李雅普诺夫指数Lyapunov exponent芒德布罗集[合] Mandelbrot set李雅普诺夫维数Lyapunov dimension谢尔平斯基镂垫Sierpinski gasket雷尼熵Renyi entropy雷尼信息Renyi information分形fractal分形维数fractal dimension分形体fractal胖分形fat fractal退守物defender覆盖维数covering dimension信息维数information dimension度规熵metric entropy多重分形multi-fractal关联维数correlation dimension拓扑熵topological entropy拓扑维数topological dimension拉格朗日湍流Lagrange turbulence布鲁塞尔模型Brusselator贝纳尔对流Benard convection瑞利-贝纳尔不稳定性Rayleigh-Benard instability闭锁键blocked bond元胞自动机cellular automaton浸渐消去法adiabatic elimination连通键connected bond, unblocked bond自旋玻璃spin glass窘组frustration窘组嵌板frustration plaquette窘组函数frustration function窘组网络frustration network窘组位形frustrating configuration逾渗通路percolation path逾渗阈[值] percolation threshold入侵逾渗invasion percolation扩程逾渗extend range percolation多色逾渗polychromatic percolation快变量fast variable慢变量slow variable卷筒图型roll pattern六角[形]图形hexagon pattern主[宰]方程master equation役使原理slaving principle耗散结构dissipation structure离散流体[模型] discrete fluid自相似解self-similar solution协同学synergetics自组织self-organization跨越集团spanning cluster奇点singularity多重奇点multiple singularity多重定态multiple steady state不动点fixed point吸引子attractor自治系统autonomous system结点node焦点focus简单奇点simple singularity单切结点one-tangent node极限环limit cycle中心点center鞍点saddle [point]映射map[ping]逻辑斯谛映射logistic map[ping]沙尔科夫斯基序列Sharkovskii sequence 面包师变换baker's transformation吸引盆basin of attraction生灭过程birth-and death process台球问题biliard ball problem庞加莱映射Poincar'e map庞加莱截面Poincar'e section猫脸映射cat map[of Arnosov][映]象image揉面变换kneading transformation倍周期分岔period doubling bifurcation单峰映射single hump map[ping]圆[周]映射circle map[ping]埃农吸引子Henon attractor分岔bifurcation分岔集bifurcation set余维[数] co-dimension叉式分岔pitchfork bifurcation鞍结分岔saddle-node bifurcation次级分岔secondary bifurcation跨临界分岔transcritical bifurcation开折unfolding切分岔tangent bifurcation普适性universality突变catastrophe突变论catastrophe theory折叠[型突变] fold [catastrophe]尖拐[型突变] cusp [catastrophe]燕尾[型突变] swallow tail抛物脐[型突变] parabolic umbilic双曲脐[型突变] hyperbolic umbilic椭圆脐[型突变] elliptic umbilic蝴蝶[型突变] butterfly阿诺德舌[头] Arnol'd tongueBZ反应Belousov-Zhabotinskireaction, BZ reaction法里序列Farey sequence法里树Farey tree洛特卡-沃尔泰拉方程Lotka-V olterra equation 梅利尼科夫积分Mel'nikov integral锁频frequency-locking滞后[效应] hysteresis突跳jump准周期振动quasi-oscillation。
水力学中英文专业名词对照
中 英文专业名词对照一画一维流动一维流动 One-dimensional Flow One-dimensional Flow二画二维流动二维流动 Two-dimensional Flow Two-dimensional Flow三画大气压大气压 Atmospheric Pressure Atmospheric Pressure定理定理 The TheTheorem 上临界流速上临界流速 Upper Critical Velocity Upper Critical Velocity下临界流速下临界流速 Lower Critical Velocity Lower Critical Velocity三维流动三维流动 Three-dimensional Flow Three-dimensional Flow马赫数马赫数 Mach Number Mach Number上举力上举力 UpIift UpIift 上涌带上涌带 Zone of Wave Set-up Zone of Wave Set-up四画升力升力 Lift Lift升力系数升力系数 Coefficient of Lift Coefficient of Lift水力半径水力半径 Hydraulic Radius Hydraulic Radius水力坡度水力坡度 Energy Gradient Energy Gradient水击水击 Water-hammer Water-hammer直接水击直接水击 Rapid Closure Rapid Closure间接水击间接水击 Slow Closure Slow Closure水击联锁方程水击联锁方程 Interlocking Equation Interlocking Equation水头水头 Head Head压强水头压强水头 Pressure Head Pressure Head位置水头位置水头 E1evation Head E1evation Head作用水头作用水头 Acting Head Acting Head总水头总水头 Total Head Total Head测压管水头测压管水头 Piezometric Head Piezometric Head流速水头流速水头 Velocity Head Velocity Head惯性水头惯性水头Acceleration Head 水头线水头线 Head Line Head Line总水头线总水头线 Total Head Line Total Head Line测压管水头线测压管水头线 Piezometric Head Line Piezometric Head Line水头损失水头损失 Head Loss Head Loss沿程水头损失沿程水头损失 Frictional Head Loss Frictional Head Loss沿程水头损失系数沿程水头损失系数 Frictional Loss Factor Frictional Loss Factor局部水头损失局部水头损失 Local Head Loss Local Head Loss局部水头损失系数局部水头损失系数 Local Loss Coefficient Local Loss Coefficient水轮机水轮机 Hydraulic Turbine Hydraulic Turbine水泵水泵 Hydraulic Pump Hydraulic Pump分子扩散分子扩散 Mo1ecular Diffusion Mo1ecular Diffusion分子扩散系数分子扩散系数 Coefficient of Molecular Diffusion Coefficient of Molecular Diffusion分离点分离点 Point of Separation Point of Separation分散分散((离散离散) Dispersion ) Dispersion内区内区 Inner Region Inner Region内摩擦力内摩擦力 Internal Frictional Force Internal Frictional Force比压计比压计((压差计压差计) Differential Gauge ) Differential Gauge切应力切应力 Shear Stress Shear Stress粘滞切应力粘滞切应力 Viscous Shear Stress Viscous Shear Stress紊流附加切应力（雷诺应力）紊流附加切应力（雷诺应力） Reyno1ds Stress Reyno1ds Stress切应力系数切应力系数 Coefficient of Shearing Stress Coefficient of Shearing Stress毛细作用毛细作用 Capillarity Capillarity中性稳定曲线中性稳定曲线 Curve of Neutral Stability Curve of Neutral Stability牛顿内摩擦定律牛顿内摩擦定律 Newton's Law of Viscosity Newton's Law of Viscosity牛顿流体牛顿流体 Newtonian F1uid Newtonian F1uid牛顿数牛顿数 Newton Number Newton Number文透里管文透里管 Venturi Meter Venturi Meter无量纲数无量纲数 Dimensionless Number Dimensionless Number无滑动条件无滑动条件 No Slip Condition No Slip Condition井Well完全井完全井 Completely Penetrating Well Completely Penetrating Well 非完全井非完全井 Partially Penetrating Well Partially Penetrating Well 自流井自流井 Artesian Well Artesian Well 井群井群 Multiple Multiple —well 水力最优断面水力最优断面 Best Hydraulic Cross Section Best Hydraulic Cross Section 水电比拟水电比拟 Electro Electro —hydrodynamic Analogue 水面线分桥水面线分桥 Analysis of Flow Profile Analysis of Flow Profile 水面线计算水面线计算 Computation of Flow Profile Computation of Flow Profile 人工渠槽水面线计算人工渠槽水面线计算 Computation of Flow Profile in Artificial Channel Computation of Flow Profile in Artificial Channel 天然河道水面线计算天然河道水面线计算 Computation of Flow Profile in Natural Channel Computation of Flow Profile in Natural Channel分段法分段法 The Standard Step Method The Standard Step Method 数值积分法数值积分法 The Graphical The Graphical—intergration Method 水力指数法水力指数法 The Direct The Direct一intergration Method 水流强度参数水流强度参数 Flow Function Intensity of Shear on Particles Flow Function Intensity of Shear on Particles 水跃水跃 Hydraulic Jump Hydraulic Jump 自由水跃自由水跃 Free Jump Free Jump 远驱水跃远驱水跃 Remote Jump Remote Jump 临界水跃临界水跃 Undular Hydraulic Jump Undular Hydraulic Jump 临界水跃临界水跃 Critical Jump Critical Jump 弱水跃弱水跃 weak Jump weak Jump 淹没水跃淹没水跃 Submerged Jump Submerged Jump 斜坡水跃斜坡水跃 Hydraulic Jump in Sloping Channels Hydraulic Jump in Sloping Channels 强水跃强水跃 Strong Jump Strong Jump 稳定水跃稳定水跃 Steady Jump Steady Jump摆动水跃摆动水跃 Oscillating Jump Oscillating Jump 水跃长度水跃长度 Length of Jump Length of Jump 水跃的共轭水深水跃的共轭水深 Conjugate Depths of Hydraulic Jump Conjugate Depths of Hydraulic Jump 水跃的表面水滚水跃的表面水滚 Surface Roller of Hydraulic Jump Surface Roller of Hydraulic Jump水跃的消能效率水跃的消能效率((水跃消能系数水跃消能系数) Efficiency of Energy dissipation by ) Efficiency of Energy dissipation byHydraulic Jump水跃的跃后水深水跃的跃后水深 The Sequent Depth of Hydralic Jump The Sequent Depth of Hydralic Jump 水跃的跃前水深水跃的跃前水深 The Initial Depth of Hydraulic Jump The Initial Depth of Hydraulic Jump 水跃函数水跃函数 Hydraulic Jump Function Hydraulic Jump Function 水跃高度水跃高度 Height of Jump Height of Jump水跌水跌 Hydraulic Drop Hydraulic Drop 孔口出流孔口出流 Orifice Flow Orifice Flow 孔隙率孔隙率((度) Porosity 不冲流速不冲流速 Nonscouring Velocity Nonscouring Velocity 不淤流速不淤流速 Nonsilting Velocity Nonsilting Velocity 允许流通允许流通 Permissible Velocity Permissible Velocity 内在渗透率内在渗透率 Intrinsic Permiability Intrinsic Permiability 毛绷管水毛绷管水 Capillary Water Capillary Water 分流齿分流齿 Chute Blocks Chute Blocks 牛顿流体牛顿流体 Newtonian F1uid Newtonian F1uid 非牛顿流体非牛顿流体 Non Non—Newtonian F1uid 巴赞剖面巴赞剖面 Bazin Profile Bazin Profile 比能比能((断面单位能量断面单位能量) Specific Energy ) Specific Energy 元波元波 E1ementary Wave E1ementary Wave 无阻力的正涌浪和负涌浪无阻力的正涌浪和负涌浪Frictionless Positive and Negative Surge Waves五画汇 Sink卡门通用常数卡门通用常数 Von Von Universal Constant外区外区 Outer Region Outer Region司托克斯定律司托克斯定律 Stokes Theorem of Vortex Motion Stokes Theorem of Vortex Motion司托克斯流动司托克斯流动 Stokes F1ow Stokes F1ow平面上的静水总压力平面上的静水总压力 Total Hydrostatic Force on P1ane Area Total Hydrostatic Force on P1ane Area平面势流平面势流 Two-dimensional Potential Flow Two-dimensional Potential Flow平移平移 Translation Translation边界层边界层 Boundary Layer Boundary Layer层流边界层层流边界层 Laminar Boundary Layer Laminar Boundary Layer紊流边界层紊流边界层 Turbulent Boundary Layer Turbulent Boundary Layer边界层方程边界层方程 Boundary Layer Equation Boundary Layer Equation边界层分离边界层分离 Separation of Boundary Layer Separation of Boundary Layer边界层动量积分方程式边界层动量积分方程式 Momentum Integral Equation of Boundary Layer Momentum Integral Equation of Boundary Layer 边界层厚度边界层厚度 Boundary layer Thickness Boundary layer Thickness加速度加速度 Acceleration Acceleration当地加速度当地加速度 ( (时变加速度时变加速度) Local Acceleration ) Local Acceleration迁移加速度迁移加速度 ( (位变加速度位变加速度) Convective Acceleration ) Convective Acceleration史密特数史密特数 Schmidt Number Schmidt Number电算实例电算实例 Examples of Computer Solution Examples of Computer Solution管网电算管网电算 Computer Solution of Pipe Network Computer Solution of Pipe Network水击电算水击电算 Computer Solution of Water-hammer Computer Solution of Water-hammer包气带包气带 Zone of Aeration Zone of Aeration 司托克斯定律司托克斯定律 Stokes Law Stokes Law 布辛尼斯克方程布辛尼斯克方程 Boussinesg Equation Boussinesg Equation 平底梯形断面明槽中的水跃平底梯形断面明槽中的水跃 Hydrau1ic Jump in Horizontal Trapezoidal Hydrau1ic Jump in Horizontal TrapezoidalChannels平底矩形断面扩散槽中的平底矩形断面扩散槽中的Hydraulic Jump in Horizontal Rectangular Diverging Channels 平底矩形明槽的水跃共轭水深关系式平底矩形明槽的水跃共轭水深关系式Equation of Conjugation Depth of Hydraulic Jump for Horizontal Rectangular Channels 平底棱柱形明槽中的水跃方程式平底棱柱形明槽中的水跃方程式Equation of Hydraulic Jump for Horizontal Prismatic Channels 平整平整((形态形态) F1at Bed(Plane Bed) ) F1at Bed(Plane Bed) 平衡输沙平衡输沙 Equilibrium Transport of Sediment Equilibrium Transport of Sediment 不平衡输沙不平衡输沙 Non-equilibrium Transport of Sediment Non-equilibrium Transport of Sediment 边界条件边界条件 Boundary Condition Boundary Condition 自然边界条件自然边界条件 Natural Boundary Condition Natural Boundary Condition 边界雷诺数边界雷诺数 Boundary Reynolds Number Boundary Reynolds Number 正常水深正常水深 Normal Depth Normal Depth 长波长波 Long Wave Long Wave 圣维南方程圣维南方程 Saint Saint—Venant Equation六画压力中心压力中心 Center of Pressure Center of Pressure压力体压力体 Pressure Prism Pressure Prism压力表压力表 Pressure Gauge Pressure Gauge风箱式压力表风箱式压力表 Bellows-type Pressure Gauge Bellows-type Pressure Gauge隔膜式压力表隔膜式压力表 Diaphragm-type Pressure Gauge Diaphragm-type Pressure Gauge弹黄式压力表弹黄式压力表 Spring Spring—type Pressure Gauge 管环式压力表管环式压力表 ( (布尔登压力表布尔登压力表布尔登压力表) Bourdon ) Bourdon —type Pressure Gauge 压力梯度压力梯度 Pressure Gradient Pressure Gradient压应力压应力 Compressive Stress Compressive Stress压强压强 Pressure Pressure相对压强相对压强 ( (计示压强计示压强计示压强) Relative Pressure (Gauge Pressure) ) Relative Pressure (Gauge Pressure) 绝对压强绝对压强 Abso1ute Pressure Abso1ute Pressure真空压强真空压强 ( (负压负压负压) Vacuum Pressure (Negative Pressure) ) Vacuum Pressure (Negative Pressure) 压强分布图压强分布图 Pressure Distribution Diagram Pressure Distribution Diagram静水压强分布图静水压强分布图 Hydrostatic Pressure Distribution Diagram Hydrostatic Pressure Distribution Diagram压强场压强场 Pressure Field Pressure Field压强系数压强系数 Pressure Coefficient Pressure Coefficient压强势能压强势能 Potential Energy of Pressure Potential Energy of Pressure压缩性压缩性 Compressibility Compressibility动力水流动力水流 ( (摩阻流速、剪切流速摩阻流速、剪切流速) Fricion Velocity ) Fricion Velocity动水压强动水压强 Pressure in Flowing F1uid Pressure in Flowing F1uid动态特性动态特性 Dynamic Characteristics Dynamic Characteristics动能动能 Kinetic Energy Kinetic Energy动能修正系数动能修正系数 Kinetic Energy Correction Factor Kinetic Energy Correction Factor动量方程动量方程 Momentum Equation Momentum Equation动量矩方程动量矩方程 Moment of Momentum Equation Moment of Momentum Equation动量修正系数动量修正系数 Momentum Correction Factor Momentum Correction Factor动量损失厚度动量损失厚度 Momentum Thickness Momentum Thickness充分发展的紊流充分发展的紊流 Fully Developed Turbulence Fully Developed Turbulence过水断面过水断面 Cross Section Cross Section过渡层过渡层 Buffer Region Buffer Region自由出流自由出流 Free Discharge Free Discharge自由紊流自由紊流 Free Turbulence Free Turbulence自动记录自动记录 Automatic Recording Automatic Recording毕托管毕托管 Pitot Tube Pitot Tube有势力有势力 Potential Force Potential Force势流动势流动 ( (无涡流动无涡流动无涡流动) Potential Flow (Irrotational Flow) ) Potential Flow (Irrotational Flow) 有涡流动有涡流动有涡流动 ( (有旋流动有旋流动) Rotational Flow ) Rotational Flow曲面上的静水总压力曲面上的静水总压力曲面上的静水总压力 Total Hydrostatic Force on Curved Surface Total Hydrostatic Force on Curved Surface 共振共振共振 Resonance Resonance扩散扩散扩散 Diffusion Diffusion费克扩散定律费克扩散定律费克扩散定律 Fick’s Law of Diffusion多普勒效应多普勒效应多普勒效应 Doppler Effect Doppler Effect当量粗糙度当量粗糙度当量粗糙度 Equivalent Roughness Equivalent Roughness传感器传感器传感器 Sensor Sensor光滑壁面光滑壁面光滑壁面 Smooth Wall Smooth Wall收缩断面收缩断面收缩断面 Vena Contracta Vena Contracta动力流速动力流速 Friction Velocity Friction Velocity 动床动床 Movable Bed Movable Bed 动床水力学动床水力学 Fluvial Hydraulics Fluvial Hydraulics 地下水地下水 Ground water Ground water 地下水面地下水面 Groundwater Surface Groundwater Surface 地下水动力学地下水动力学 Groundwater Dynamics Groundwater Dynamics 导水系数导水系数 Coefficient of Transmissibility Coefficient of Transmissibility 导水率导水率 Transmissivity Transmissivity 多孔介质多孔介质 Porous Medium Porous Medium 自由出流自由出流 Free Outflow Free Outflow 冲击波冲击波 Shock Wave Shock Wave 冲刷坑最大水深冲刷坑最大水深 Maximum Water Depth in scour Pit Maximum Water Depth in scour Pit冲泻质冲泻质 wave Load wave Load 各向同性各向同性 Isotropy Isotropy各向异性各向异性 Anisotropy Anisotropy 达西定律达西定律 Darcys Law Darcys Law 有限元法有限元法 Finite E1ement Method Finite E1ement Method 有限差分法有限差分法 Finite Difference Method Finite Difference Method 有限振幅立波有限振幅立波 Finite Amplitude Standing Wave Finite Amplitude Standing Wave 浅水立波浅水立波 Standing Wave in Sha11ow Water Standing Wave in Sha11ow Water 深水立波深水立波 Standing Wave in Deep water Standing Wave in Deep water 有限振幅推进波有限振幅推进波 Finite Amplitude Progressive Wave Finite Amplitude Progressive Wave 浅水推进波浅水推进波 Progressive Wave in Shallow Water Progressive Wave in Shallow Water 深水推进波深水推进波 Progressive Wave in Deep Water Progressive Wave in Deep Water 有效溢流宽度有效溢流宽度 Effective width of The Spillway Effective width of The Spillway 过渡过渡((形态形态) Transition ) Transition 过渡段的急流过渡段的急流 Supercritical Flow Through Transitions Supercritical Flow Through Transitions 过镀段的缓流过镀段的缓流 Subcritical Flow Through Transitions Subcritical Flow Through Transitions 扩散法扩散法 Diffusive Scheme Diffusive Scheme 扩散系数扩散系数 Diffusion Coefficient Diffusion Coefficient 收缩断面收缩断面 Vena Contracta Vena Contracta 收缩断面水深收缩断面水深 Contractional Depth Contractional Depth七画阻力阻力 Drag Drag压强阻力压强阻力 ( (形状阻力形状阻力形状阻力) Pressure Drag(Form Drag) ) Pressure Drag(Form Drag)摩擦阻力摩擦阻力 Frictional Drag Frictional Drag阻力系数阻力系数 Drag Coefficient Drag Coefficient应力张量应力张量应力张量 Stress Tensor Stress Tensor 均方根值均方根值均方根值 Root-mean-square Root-mean-square 均匀流均匀流均匀流 Uniform Flow Uniform Flow 纵向移流分散纵向移流分散纵向移流分散 Longitudinal Convective Dispersion Longitudinal Convective Dispersion 运动方程运动方程运动方程 Equation of Motion Equation of Motion 一维非恒定流运动方程一维非恒定流运动方程一维非恒定流运动方程 One-dimensional Unsteady Flow Equation One-dimensional Unsteady Flow Equation 水击运动微分方程水击运动微分方程水击运动微分方程 Differential Equation for Water-hammer Differential Equation for Water-hammer 紊流时均的运动方程紊流时均的运动方程紊流时均的运动方程((雷诺方程雷诺方程) Reynolds Equation ) Reynolds Equation粘滞性液体的运动方程粘滞性液体的运动方程((纳维埃—司托克斯方程纳维埃—司托克斯方程) Navier-Stokes Equation ) Navier-Stokes Equation理想液体的运动方程理想液体的运动方程理想液体的运动方程((欧拉方程欧拉方程) Euler Equation ) Euler Equation佛汝德数佛汝德数佛汝德数 Froude Number Froude Number 佛汝德相似准则佛汝德相似准则佛汝德相似准则 ( (重力相似准则重力相似准则) Froude Similarity Criterion ) Froude Similarity Criterion攻角攻角 Attack Angle Attack Angle时间平均法时间平均法时间平均法 Time-average Method Time-average Method 时间平均流动时间平均流动时间平均流动 Mean Motion Mean Motion 时均值时均值时均值 Time-average Value Time-average Value 形状系数形状系数形状系数 Shape Factor Shape Factor 表面力表面力表面力 Surface Force Surface Force 表面张力表面张力表面张力 Surface Tension Surface Tension 表面张力系数表面张力系数 Coefficient of Surface Tension角变形角变形 Angular Deformation Angular Deformation角变率角变率 Rate of Angular Deformation Rate of Angular Deformation角转速角转速角转速 Angular Velocity Angular Velocity尾流尾流尾流 wake Flow wake Flow 层流层流层流 Laminar Flow Laminar Flow 层流翼型层流翼型层流翼型 Laminar Airfoil Laminar Airfoil 体积力体积力 Body Force Body Force体积压缩系数体积压缩系数 Coefficien of Volume Coefficien of Volume （bulk bulk））Compressibility体积弹性系数体积弹性系数 Coefficien of Volume Coefficien of Volume （bulk bulk））Elasticity体积膨胀率体积膨胀率 Rate of Volume Expansion Rate of Volume Expansion连通管（连通管（U U 形管）形管）U-tube U-tube连续介质连续介质 Continuum Medium Continuum Medium连续方程连续方程 Continuity Equation Continuity Equation一维恒定流连续方程一维恒定流连续方程 Continutiy Equation of One Continutiy Equation of One–dimentional Steady Flow一维非恒定流连续方程Continuity Equation of One –dimentional UnsteadyFlow水击连续微分方程水击连续微分方程 Differential Continuity Equation of Water-hammer Differential Continuity Equation of Water-hammer连续性微分方程连续性微分方程 Differential Equation of Continuity Differential Equation of Continuity时均流动的连续方程时均流动的连续方程 Differential Continuity Mean Motion Differential Continuity Mean Motion扩散物质的连续方程扩散物质的连续方程((费克扩散方程费克扩散方程) Continuity Equation of Diffusion ) Continuity Equation of DiffusionSubstances连续扩散源连续扩散源 Source of Continuous Diffusion Source of Continuous Diffusion附着力附着力Adhesion 位置势能位置势能 Potential Energy of E1evation Potential Energy of E1evation位移厚度位移厚度 Displacement Thickness Displacement Thickness伯诺世方程伯诺世方程 Bernoulli Equation Bernoulli Equation伯诺坐积分伯诺坐积分 Bernoulli Integral Bernoulli Integral扬程扬程 Pump Head Pump Head压水扬程压水扬程 Discharge Head Discharge Head吸水扬程吸水扬程 Suction Head Suction Head总扬程总扬程 Total Delivery Head Total Delivery Head纯数纯数 Pure Number Pure Number间歇现象间歇现象 Intermittency Intermittency含水层含水层 Aquifer Aquifer 无压含水层无压含水层 Unconfined Aquifer Unconfined Aquifer 承压含水层承压含水层 Confined Aquifer Confined Aquifer 含沙浓度（含沙量）含沙浓度（含沙量） Sediment Concentration Sediment Concentration 体积比浓度体积比浓度 Concentration by Volume Concentration by Volume 重量比浓度重量比浓度 Concentration by Weight Concentration by Weight 均匀流均匀流 Uniform Flow Uniform Flow 非均匀流非均匀流 Non-uniform Flow Non-uniform Flow 均质土坝渗流均质土坝渗流 Seepage from Homogeneous Earth Dam Seepage from Homogeneous Earth Dam 均质土壤均质土壤 Homogeneous Soil Homogeneous Soil 完全收缩完全收缩 Complete Contraction Complete Contraction 沙纹（形态）沙纹（形态） Ripple Ripple 沙垄（形态）沙垄（形态） Dune Dune 床沙床沙 Bed Material床沙质床沙质 Bed Material Load床面形态（沙波运动）床面形态（沙波运动） Bed Forms(Sand Waves)时间步长时间步长 Time Interval克里格尔剖面克里格尔剖面 Creager Profile护坦护坦 Apron里兹法里兹法Rits Method 初始条件初始条件Initial Condition 两相流动两相流动Two-phase Flow 佛汝德数佛汝德数Froude Number 沉速（沉降流速）沉速（沉降流速）Fall Velocity(Terminal Settling Velocity) 坎端水深坎端水深Depth at The Brink 吹程吹程Fetch 余波余波Swell 余弦推进波余弦推进波Simple Harmonic Progressive Wave 位移波的分类位移波的分类Classification of Translatory Wave 深水波；浅水波深水波；浅水波Deep-water Wave ；Sallow-water Wave 连续波；不连续波连续波；不连续波Continuous Wave ；Discontinuous Wave 顺水波；逆水波顺水波；逆水波Downstream Wave ；Upstream Wave 涨水波（正波）；落水波（负波）涨水波（正波）；落水波（负波）Positive Wave ；Negative Wave 阻力阻力Drag 阻力系数阻力系数Drag Coefficient 压强阻力压强阻力Pressure Drag 形状阻力形状阻力Form Drag 床面阻力床面阻力Bed Resistance 沙波阻力（床面形态阻力）沙波阻力（床面形态阻力）Bar Resistance 沙粒阻力沙粒阻力Grain Resistance 表面阻力表面阻力Skin Resistance 岸壁阻力岸壁阻力Bank Resistance 摩擦阻力摩擦阻力Friction Force八画空化，空穴空化，空穴Cavitation 空穴数空穴数Cavitation Number 初生空穴数初生空穴数Incipient Cavitation Number 空蚀空蚀Cavitation Damage 非均匀流非均匀流Non-uniform Flow 急变流急变流Rapidly Varied F1ow 渐变流渐变流Gradually Varied F1ow 非恒定流非恒定流Unsteady Flow 波动方程波动方程Wave Equation 波速波速Velocity of Wave Propagation 表现扩散系数表现扩散系数Coefficient of Apparent Diffusion 单位单位Unit 工程单位制工程单位制Unit System of Engineering 国际单位制国际单位制(SI) Syst éme Internationale d’Unites 单位换算单位换算Conversion of Units 真值真值Real Value 线变形线变形Linear Deformation 线变率线变率Rate of Linear Deformation 拐点拐点Point of Inflexion 驻点(滞止点) Stagnation Point定倾中心定倾中心Metacenter 拉格朗日法拉格朗日法Lagrangian Method 拉普拉斯方程拉普拉斯方程Laplace Equation 势流叠加原理势流叠加原理Superposition Principle of Potential Flow泊肃叶流动泊肃叶流动Poiseuille Flow 阿基米德原理阿基米德原理Archimedes Principe 环量环量Circulation 质量力质量力Mass Force 闸下出流闸下出流Outflow under Gates 闸孔非恒定出流闸孔非恒定出流Unsteady Outflow of Sluice Gate 闸孔恒定出流闸孔恒定出流Steady Outflow of Sluice Gate 闸孔净宽闸孔净宽Clear Span of The Gate between Piers 闸前水头闸前水头Approach Head before Sluice 闸墩收缩系数闸墩收缩系数Coefficient of Pier Contraction 降水曲线降水曲线Falling Curve 波长波长Wave Length 波节波节Wave Node 波压强波压强Wave Pressure 净波压强净波压强Net Wave Pressure 波谷波谷Wave Valley 波周期波周期Period of Wave 波的反射波的反射Reflection 波的传播波的传播Wave Propagation 波的折射波的折射Inflection 波的破碎波的破碎Breaking of Wave 波的绕射波的绕射Diffraction 波的爬高波的爬高Wave Run-up 波陡波陡Wave Steepness 波能波能Wave Energy波高波高Wave Height 波速波速Wave Speed波浪中线波浪中线Midwater Level of Wave 波浪要素波浪要素Wave Elements 波峰波峰Wave Grest 波锋（波额、波前）波锋（波额、波前）Wave Front 波群波群 Wave Group Wave Group 波群速波群速 Wave Group Velocity Wave Group Velocity 波腹波腹 Wave Loop Wave Loop 表面张力波表面张力波 Capillary Wave Capillary Wave 势波势波 Potential Wave Potential Wave 势波的叠加势波的叠加 Superposition of Potential Wave Superposition of Potential Wave 孤立波孤立波 Solitary Wave Solitary Wave 岩石河床的抗冲系数岩石河床的抗冲系数 Anti-scour Coefficient of Rock Bed Anti-scour Coefficient of Rock Bed承压水承压水 Confined Water Confined Water 定床定床 Fixed Bed Fixed Bed 定床水力学定床水力学 Rigid Boundary Hydraulics Rigid Boundary Hydraulics 泥沙的起动泥沙的起动 Initiation of Motion of Sediment Initiation of Motion of Sediment 侧收缩系数侧收缩系数 Coefficient of Side Contraction Coefficient of Side Contraction 非均质土壤非均质土壤 Nonhomogeneous Soil Nonhomogeneous Soil 非恒定流连续方程非恒定流连续方程 Equation of Continuity for Unsteady Flow Equation of Continuity for Unsteady Flow非恒定急变流非恒定急变流 Unsteady Rapidly Varied Flow Unsteady Rapidly Varied Flow 非恒定渐变流非恒定渐变流 Unsteady Gradually Varied Flow Unsteady Gradually Varied Flow非恒定渐变流动的运动方程非恒定渐变流动的运动方程 Dynamic Equation for Unsteady Gradually Dynamic Equation for Unsteady GraduallyVaried Flow非粘性泥沙非粘性泥沙 Non Non—cohesive Sediment 非饱和带非饱和带 Unsaturated Zone Unsaturated Zone 饱和带饱和带 Saturated Zone Saturated Zone 明槽中的非恒定流动明槽中的非恒定流动 Unsteady FIow in open Channels Unsteady FIow in open Channels 明槽急变流明槽急变流 Rapidly Varied Flow in Open Channels Rapidly Varied Flow in Open Channels 明槽恒定非均匀渐变流基本方程明槽恒定非均匀渐变流基本方程 The Basic Equation of Steady Gradually The Basic Equation of Steady Gradually Varied Flow明槽掺气水流明槽掺气水流 Self Self —Aerated Open Channel Flow 底流型消能底流型消能 Energy Dissipation by Hydraulic Jump Energy Dissipation by Hydraulic Jump 面流型消能面流型消能 Energy Dissipation of Surface Regime Energy Dissipation of Surface Regime 拉格朗日连续方程拉格朗日连续方程 Lagrangian Equation of Continuity Lagrangian Equation of Continuity拉格朗日运动方程拉格朗日运动方程 Lagrangian Equation of Motion Lagrangian Equation of Motion 拉普拉斯方程拉普拉斯方程 Laplace Equation Laplace Equation 质量系数质量系数 Coefficient of Mass Coefficient of Mass 变分原理变分原理 Variational Principle Variational Principle 底坡（槽底纵坡）底坡（槽底纵坡） Slope of Channel Bed Slope of Channel Bed 陡坡（急坡）陡坡（急坡） Steep Slope Steep Slope 临界坡临界坡 Critical Slope Critical Slope 缓坡缓坡 Mild Slope Mild Slope九画相 Phase相对平衡相对平衡 Relative Equilibrium Relative Equilibrium相对粗糙度相对粗糙度 Relative Roughness Relative Roughness相似条件相似条件 Similarity Condition Similarity Condition几何相似几何相似 Geometric Similarity Geometric Similarity动力相似动力相似Dynamic Similarity运动相似运动相似 Kinematic Similarity Kinematic Similarity相似原理相似原理 Theory of Similarity Theory of Similarity相似准则相似准则 Similarity SimilarityCriterion 压力相似准则压力相似准则 Pressure Force Similarity Criterion Pressure Force Similarity Criterion表面张力相似准则表面张力相似准则 Surface Tension Similarity Criterion Surface Tension Similarity Criterion重力相似准则重力相似准则 Gravity Force Similarity Criterion Gravity Force Similarity Criterion弹性力相似准则弹性力相似准则 E1asticity Force Similarity Criterion E1asticity Force Similarity Criterion惯性力相似准则惯性力相似准则 Inertia Force Similarity Criterion Inertia Force Similarity Criterion粘滞力相似准则粘滞力相似准则 Viscosity Force Similarity Criterion Viscosity Force Similarity Criterion相似准数相似准数 Similarity Criterion Number Similarity Criterion Number氢气泡法氢气泡法 Hydrogen Bubble Technique Hydrogen Bubble Technique总流总流 Total Flow Total Flow指示部分指示部分 Indicating Component Indicating Component脉动脉动 F1uctuation F1uctuation脉动值脉动值 Fluctuating Value Fluctuating Value转动转动 Rotation Rotation转捩点转捩点 Transition Point Transition Point诱导流速诱导流速 Induced Velocity Induced Velocity柯西数柯西数 Cauchy Number Cauchy Number柯西一黎曼条件柯西一黎曼条件 Cauchy-Riemann Conditions Cauchy-Riemann Conditions柯埃梯流动柯埃梯流动 Couette Flow Couette Flow测压管测压管 Piezometer Piezometer测针测针 Point Gauge Point Gauge虹吸管虹吸管 Siphon Pipe Siphon Pipe欧拉方程欧拉方程 Euler Equation Euler Equation欧拉法欧拉法 Eulerian Method Eulerian Method欧拉积分欧拉积分 Euler Integral Euler Integral欧拉数欧拉数 Euler Number Euler Number恒定流恒定流 Steady Flow Steady Flow恒定势流的能量方程恒定势流的能量方程 Energy Equation of Steady Potential Flow Energy Equation of Steady Potential Flow 重度重度((容重容重) Specific Weight ) Specific Weight复势复势 Complex Potential Complex Potential误差误差 Error Error系统误差系统误差 Systematic Error Systematic Error相对误差相对误差 Relative Error Relative Error绝对误差绝对误差 Absolute Error Absolute Error偶然误差偶然误差 Random Error Random Error绝壁物体绝壁物体 Bluff Body Bluff Body重力水重力水 Gravitational Water Gravitational Water 贮水系数贮水系数 Storage Coefficient Storage Coefficient 显式网格显式网格 Network for The Explicit Method Network for The Explicit Method 逆行沙浪逆行沙浪 Anti Anti —dunes(Moving Upstream) 顺行沙浪顺行沙浪 Anti Anti 一dunes(Moving Downstream) 费克定律费克定律 F ick’s Law Fick’s Law 相角相角 Phase Phase挟沙水流挟沙水流 Sediment Sediment—1aden Flow 挟沙能力挟沙能力 Carrying Capacity Carrying Capacity 垂直收缩系数垂直收缩系数 Coefficient of Vertical Contraction Coefficient of Vertical Contraction 急变流急变流 Rapidly Varied Flow Rapidly Varied Flow 急变流的断面单位能量急变流的断面单位能量 Specific Energy of Rapidly Varied Flow Specific Energy of Rapidly Varied Flow 急流急流 Supercritical Flow Supercritical Flow 急流弯段水流急流弯段水流 Supercritical Flow in Curved Channel Supercritical Flow in Curved Channel 恒定流恒定流 Steady Flow Steady Flow 非恒定流非恒定流 Unsteady F1ow Unsteady F1ow 恒定渗流恒定渗流 Steady Seepage Flow Steady Seepage Flow 恒定降深恒定降深 Constant Drawdown Constant Drawdown 重度重度 Specific Weight Specific Weight 临界水深临界水深 Critical Depth Critical Depth 临界流临界流 Critical Flow Critical Flow 临界流速临界流速 Critical Velocity Critical Velocity 挑流的冲刷系数挑流的冲刷系数 Coefficient of Scour for Jet Erosion Coefficient of Scour for Jet Erosion 挑流型消能挑流型消能 Energy Dissipation of Ski Energy Dissipation of Ski—jump Type by Trajectory Buckets 挑流射程挑流射程 Horizontal Distance of the Jet Trajectory Horizontal Distance of the Jet Trajectory 建筑物出流的流速系数建筑物出流的流速系数 Coefficient Coefficientof Velocity for Discharge from Outlet Works齿槛齿槛 Dentated Sill Dentated Sill十画浮力浮力 Buoyant Force Buoyant Force浮心浮心 Centerof Buoyancy Centerof Buoyancy浮体浮体 Floating Body Floating Body钽丝水位计钽丝水位计 Tantalum-wire Level Gauge Tantalum-wire Level Gauge调节器调节器 Regulator Regulator调压井调压井 Surge Chamber(Tank) Surge Chamber(Tank)紊动扩散紊动扩散 Turbulent Diffusion Turbulent Diffusion紊动扩散系数紊动扩散系数 Coefficient of Turbulent Diffusion Coefficient of Turbulent Diffusion紊流紊流 Turbulent F1ow Turbulent F1ow紊流光滑区紊流光滑区 Hydraulically Smooth Region Of Turbulent Flow Hydraulically Smooth Region Of Turbulent Flow紊流过渡区紊流过渡区 Transition Region of Turbulent Flow Transition Region of Turbulent Flow紊流粗糙区紊流粗糙区 Completely Rough Region of Turbulent Flow Completely Rough Region of Turbulent Flow紊流扩散基本方程紊流扩散基本方程 Fundamental Equation of Turbulent Diffusion Fundamental Equation of Turbulent Diffusion紊流的半经验理论紊流的半经验理论 Semi-empirical Theories of Turbulence Semi-empirical Theories of Turbulence紊流强度紊流强度 Intensity of Turbulence Intensity of Turbulence流场流场 Flow Fie1d Flow Fie1d流网流网 Flow Net Flow Net流动型态流动型态 Type of Flow Type of Flow流线流线 Streamline Streamline流线型体流线型体 Streamline Body Streamline Body流函数流函数Stream Function流速分布的相似性流速分布的相似性 Similarity of Velocity Profiles Similarity of Velocity Profiles流速仪流速仪 Current Meter Current Meter热丝流速仪热丝流速仪 Hot-wire Anemometer Hot-wire Anemometer热膜流速仪热膜流速仪 Hot-film Amemometer ) Hot-film Amemometer )旋浆流速仪旋浆流速仪 Rotor-type Current Meter Rotor-type Current Meter。
Fluent流体数值模拟软件中英对照
abort 异常中断, 中途失败, 夭折, 流产, 发育不全，中止计划［任务］ accidentally 偶然地, 意外地accretion 增长activation energy 活化能active center 活性中心addition 增加adjacent 相邻的aerosol 浮质(气体中的悬浮微粒,如烟,雾等), ［化］气溶胶, 气雾剂, 烟雾剂Air flow circuits 气流循环ambient 周围的, 周围环境amines 胺amplitude 广阔, 丰富, 振幅, 物理学名词annular 环流的algebraic stress model(ASM) 代数应力模型algorithm 算法align 排列，使结盟, 使成一行alternately 轮流地analogy 模拟，效仿analytical solution 解析解anisotropic 各向异性的anthracite 无烟煤apparent 显然的, 外观上的，近似的approximation 近似arsenic 砷酸盐assembly 装配associate 联合，联系assume 假设assumption 假设atomization 雾化axial 轴向的Axisymmetry 轴对称的BBaffle 挡流板battlement 城垛式biography 经历bituminous coal 烟煤blow-off water 排污水blowing devices 鼓风（吹风）装置body force 体积力boiler plant 锅炉装置（车间）Boiling 沸腾Boltzmann 玻耳兹曼Bounded central differencing ：有界中心差分格式Brownian rotation 布朗转动bulk 庞大的bulk density 堆积密度burner assembly 燃烧器组件burnout 燃尽Ccapability 性能，（实际）能力，容量，接受力carbon monoxide COcarbonate 碳酸盐carry-over loss 飞灰损失Cartesian 迪卡尔坐标的casing 箱，壳，套catalisis 催化channeled 有沟的，有缝的char 焦炭、炭circulation circuit 循环回路circumferential velocity 圆周速度clinkering 熔渣clipped 截尾的clipped Gaussian distribution 截尾高斯分布closure （模型的）封闭cloud of particles 颗粒云close proximity 距离很近cluster 颗粒团coal off-gas 煤的挥发气体coarse 粗糙的coarse grid 疏网格，粗网格Coatingcoaxial 同轴的coefficient of restitution 回弹系数；恢复系数coke 碳collision 碰撞competence 能力competing process 同时发生影响的competing-reactions submodel 平行反应子模型component 部分分量composition 成分computational expense 计算成本cone shape 圆锥体形状configuration 布置，构造confined flames 有界燃烧 confirmation 证实 , 确认 , 批准 Configuration 构造，外形 conservation 守恒不灭 conservation equation 守恒方程 conserved scalars 守恒标量considerably 相当地 consume 消耗 contact angle 接触角 contamination 污染contingency 偶然 , 可能性 , 意外事故 , 可能发生的附带事件continuum 连续体 Convection 对流 converged 收敛的 conveyer 输运机 convolve 卷 cooling wall 水冷壁 correlation 关联 （式 ） correlation function 相关函数 corrosion 腐蚀，锈 coupling 联结 , 接合 , 耦合 crack 裂缝，裂纹 creep up （水）渗上来，蠕升 critical 临界 critically 精密地 cross-correlation 互关联 cumulative 累积的 curtain wall 护墙，幕墙 curve 曲线custom 习惯, 风俗, ＜动词单用＞海关, （封建制度下 ）定期服劳役 , 缴纳租税 , 自定义, ＜偶 用作 ＞关税 v.定制，承接定做活的Cyan 青色cyano 氰（基），深蓝，青色 cyclone 旋风子，旋风，旋风筒 cyclone separator 旋风分离器 [除尘器 ] cylindrical柱坐标的cylindrical coordinate 柱坐标D dead zones 死区 decompose 分解 decouple 解藕的cooling duct 冷却管coordinate transformation 坐标转换 Cp :等压比热defy 使成为不可能 demography 统计deposition 沉积derivative with respect to 对…的导数 derivation 引出, 来历, 出处 , （语言）语源, 词源 design cycle 设计流程desposit 积灰，结垢deterministic approach 确定轨道模型deterministic 宿命的deviation 偏差devoid 缺乏devolatilization 析出挥发分，液化作用 diffusion 扩散diffusivity 扩散系数digonal 二角（的）, 对角的，二维的dilute 稀的diminish 减少direct numerical simulation 直接数值模拟discharge 释放discrete 离散的discrete phase 分散相 , 不连续相discretization ［数］离散化deselect 取消选定 dispersion 弥散 dissector 扩流锥 dissociate thermally 热分解 dissociation 分裂 dissipation 消散, 分散, 挥霍 , 浪费 , 消遣, 放荡, 狂饮 distribution of air 布风divide 除以dot line 虚线drag coefficient 牵引系数， 阻力系数drag and drop 拖放drag force 曳力drift velocity 漂移速度driving force 驱 ［传, 主］动力droplet 液滴drum 锅筒dry-bottom-furnace 固态排渣炉 dry-bottom 冷灰斗，固态排渣 duct 管 dump 渣坑dust-air mixture 一次风EEBU---Eddy break up 漩涡破碎模型 eddy 涡旋 effluent 废气，流出物 elastic 弹性的 electro-staic precipitators 静电除尘器 emanate 散发 , 发出 , 发源， ［罕］发散 , 放射 embrasure 喷口，枪眼 emissivity ［物 ］发射率 empirical 经验的 endothermic reaction 吸热反应 enhance 增，涨enlarge 扩大 ensemble 组，群，全体 enthalpy 焓 entity 实体 entrain 携带，夹带 entrained-bed 携带床 Equation 方程 equilibrate 保持平衡 equilibrium 化学平衡ESCIMO ---- Engulfment （卷吞） Stretching （拉伸） Coherence （粘附）Interdiffusion-interaction （相互扩散和化学反应） Moving-observer （运动观察者） exhaust 用尽, Deforming ：变形 Density ：密度耗尽, 抽完, 使精疲力尽排气排气装置用不完的, 不会枯竭的exit 出口，排气管exothermic reaction 放热反应expenditure 支出，经费expertise 经验explicitly 明白地, 明确地extinction 熄灭的extract 抽出，提取evaluation 评价，估计，赋值evaporation 蒸发（作用） Eulerian approach 欧拉法F facilitate 推动，促进factor把…分解fast chemistry 快速化学反应fate 天数, 命运, 运气，注定, 送命，最终结果feasible 可行的，可能的feed pump 给水泵feedstock 填料Filling 倒水fine grid 密网格，细网格finite difference approximation 有限差分法flamelet 小火焰单元flame stability 火焰稳定性flow pattern 流型fluctuating velocity 脉动速度fluctuation 脉动，波动flue 烟道（气）flue duck 烟道fluoride 氟化物fold 夹层块forced-and-induced draft fan 鼓引风机forestall 防止Formulation: 公式，函数fouling 沾污fraction 碎片部分，百分比fragmentation 破碎fuel-lean flame fuel-rich regions 富燃料区，浓燃料区fuse 熔化，熔融G gas duct 烟道gas-tight 烟气密封gasification 气化（作用） gasifier 气化器Gauge 厚度，直径，测量仪表，估测。
turbulent flow popes pdf
turbulent flow popes pdf 标题：Turbulent Flow in Pipes: An Overview of Pope's PDF Approach引言概述：Turbulent flow in pipes is a complex phenomenon that has been extensively studied in fluid dynamics. Understanding the characteristics and behavior of turbulent flow is crucial for various engineering applications, such as the design of pipelines, optimization of industrial processes, and prediction of pressure drops. In this article, we will explore the concept of turbulent flow in pipes and focus on Pope's Probability Density Function (PDF) approach, which provides a comprehensive framework for analyzing turbulent flow.正文内容：1. Introduction to Turbulent Flow in Pipes1.1 Definition of Turbulent Flow1.1.1 Turbulent vs. Laminar Flow1.1.2 Reynolds Number and its Significance1.2 Characteristics of Turbulent Flow in Pipes1.2.1 Randomness and Chaotic Nature1.2.2 Velocity Fluctuations and Vortices1.2.3 Energy Dissipation and Mixing2. Overview of Pope's PDF Approach2.1 Introduction to Probability Density Function (PDF)2.1.1 Definition and Purpose of PDF2.1.2 PDF as a Statistical Representation of Turbulent Flow 2.2 Pope's PDF Approach2.2.1 Formulation of PDF Equation2.2.2 Closure Problem and Reynolds Stress Modeling2.2.3 Advantages and Limitations of Pope's PDF Approach3. Applications of Pope's PDF Approach3.1 Prediction of Scalar Transport in Turbulent Flow3.1.1 Modeling of Concentration or Temperature Fluctuations 3.1.2 Estimation of Scalar Dissipation Rate3.2 Analysis of Turbulent Combustion3.2.1 Modeling of Reactive Species Concentration3.2.2 Prediction of Flame Structure and Combustion Efficiency 3.3 Simulation of Turbulent Flow in Industrial Processes3.3.1 Optimization of Mixing and Heat Transfer3.3.2 Prediction of Pressure Drops and Flow Distribution4. Challenges and Future Directions4.1 Closure Problem in Pope's PDF Approach4.1.1 Need for Accurate Reynolds Stress Modeling4.1.2 Development of Advanced Closure Models4.2 Integration with Other Turbulence Models4.2.1 Hybrid Models for Improved Predictions4.2.2 Combination with Large Eddy Simulation (LES)4.3 Advancements in Computational Power and Numerical Methods4.3.1 High-Performance Computing for Complex Simulations4.3.2 Development of Efficient Numerical Algorithms总结：In conclusion, Pope's PDF approach provides a valuable tool for understanding and analyzing turbulent flow in pipes. By utilizing the concept of probability density function, this approach allows for the statistical representation of turbulent flow characteristics. The applications of Pope's PDF approach range from predicting scalar transport in turbulent flow to simulating turbulent combustion and industrial processes. However, challenges such as the closure problem and integration with other turbulence models remain, and future research should focus on developing advanced closure models, hybrid approaches, and leveraging advancements in computational power and numerical methods. Overall, Pope's PDF approach offers a promising avenue for furthering our understanding of turbulent flow in pipes and improving engineering applications.。
The proper orthogonal decomposition in the analysis of turbulent flows
Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. 1993.25: 539-75 Copyrinht 0 1993 by Annual Reviews Inc. All rights reserved
Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. 1993.25:539-575. Downloaded from by University of Science & Technology of China on 02/15/12. For personal use only.
THE PROPER ORTHOGONAL DECOMPOSITION IN THE ANALYSIS OF TURBULENT FLOWS
Gal Berkooz, Philip Holmes, and John L. Lumley
Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
space of a strange attractor in phase space. Since 1971 we have witnessed great advances in dynamical-systems theory and manyapplications of it to fluid mechanics, with, alas, mixed results in turbulence--despite the attractive notion of using deterministic chaos in resolving the apparent paradox of a deterministic model(Navier-Stokes) that exhibits apparently random solutions. This is due not solely to the technical difficulties involved: Proof of global existence and a finite-dimensional strange attractor for the 3-D equations in a general setting wouldbe a great mathematical achievement, but wouldprobably be of little help to specific problemsin, say, turbomachinery. For a start, rigorous estimates of attractor dimension (T6man1988) indicate that any dynamical system which captures all the relevant spatial scales will be of enormousdimension. Advancesin such areas will most probably nccessitate a dramatic reduction in complexity by the removal of inessential degrees of freedom. The first real evidence that this reduction in complexitymight be possible for fully developed turbulent flows came with the experimental discovery of coherent structures around the outbreak of the second world war, documented by J. T. C. Liu (1988). The existence of these structures was probably first articulated by Liepmann(1952), and was thoroughly exploited by Townsend(1956). Extensive experimental investigation did not take place until after 1970, however (see Lumley 1989). Coherent structures are organized spatial features which repeatedly appear (often in flows dominatedby local shear) and undergo a characteristic temporal life cycle. The proper orthogonal decomposition, which forms the subject of this review, offers a rational methodfor the extraction of such features. Before we begin our discussion of it, a few more general observations on turbulence studies are appropriate. Simulations, Analysis, and Understanding 1.2 Experiments, In analytical studies of turbulence, two grand currents are clear: statistical and deterministic. The former originates in the work of Reynolds (1894). Thelatter is harder to pin down;linear stability theory is felt to havelittle to do with turbulence. Nonlinear stability, however, and such things as amplitude equations, definitely are relevant, so perhaps L. D. Landau and J. T. Stuart should be credited with the beginnings of an analytical nonstatistical approach. Lorenz’ work was certainly seminal. Over the past twenty years a third stream has emerged and grown to a torrent which threatens to carry everything in its path: computational fluid dynamics. Both analytical approaches have drawbacks. Statistical methods, involving averaged quantities, immediately encounter closure problems (Monin & Yaglom 1987), the resolution of which, even in sophisticated renormalization group theories (cf McComb 1990) usually requires use
词汇频率2
词汇频率二级acquisition [,$kwi’zi N n] ①获得物，增添的人（或）物②取得，获得alleviate [3’liveit] 减轻，缓解，缓和amateur [‘$m3tju3] （艺术、科学等的）业余爱好者①业余（爱好者）的②外行的ambiguous [$m’bigue3s] ①含糊不清的，不明确的②引起歧义的，模棱两可的ambitious [$m’bi N3s] ①有抱负的，雄心勃勃的arctic [‘a:ktik] 北极，北极圈北极的，北极地区的ascend [3’send] 渐渐上升，升高攀登，登上asset [‘$set] ①宝贵（或有益）的人+ to （或物），优点，长处②资产automation [,C:t3’mei N n] 自动化（技术），自动操作betray [bi’trei] ①背叛，出卖②失信于，辜负③泄露（秘密等）④（非故意地）暴露，显露bewilder [bi’wild3] 使迷惑，难住blunder [‘bl K nd3] ①（因无知、粗心等而）犯大错误②踉踉跄跄地走cartoon [ka:’tu:n] ①漫画，幽默画②动画片cautious [‘k C:N3s] 十分小心的，谨慎的characterize [‘k$r3kt3raiz] ①成为…的特征，以…为特征charity [‘t N$r3ti] ①慈善团体，慈善事业(常PL)chronic [‘kr C nik] ①（疾病）慢性的②积习难改的③严重的，坏的cite [sait] ①引用，引证②传唤，传讯③表彰，嘉奖clinic [‘klinik] 门诊部，诊所commonplace [‘C m3npleis] 普通的，平凡的寻常的事物，常见的事物compact [k3m’p$kt] 紧凑的，小巧的，袖珍的把…压实（或塞紧），使坚实complement [‘k C mpliment] [‘k C mplimnt] 补足，补充①补充，互为补充的东西+ to②编制名额，装备定额③补（足）语compliment [‘k C mplim3nt] ①赞美（话），恭维（话）②问候，祝愿conception [k3n’sep N n] 思想，观念，概念②构想，设想③怀孕conscientious [,k C n N’en N3s] 认真的，勤勤恳恳的consequent [‘k C nsikw3nt] 作为结果（或后果）的，随之发生的contaminate [k3n’t$mineit] 弄脏，污染contrive [k3n’traiv] ①设法做到②谋划，策划converge [k3n’v3:d] ①（在一点上）会合，互相靠拢corrupt [k3r K pt] 堕落的，腐败的，贪赃舞弊的腐蚀，使堕落counterpart [‘kaunt3pa:t] 对应的人（或物）cumulative [‘kju:mjul3tiv] 积累的，渐增的cynical [‘si nikl] 愤世嫉俗的，（对人性或动机）怀疑的decent [‘di:snt] ①过得去的，尚可的②合宜的，得体的③正派的decisive [di’saisiv] 决定性的②坚定的，果断的dedicate [‘dedikeit] ①把（自己、一生等）+ oneself 献给，把（时间、精力等）+ to 用于②（题词）将（著作等）献给deficit[ ‘defisit] 赤字，逆差deteriorate [di’ti3ri3reit] （使）恶化，（使）变坏diminish [di’min i N] 变少，缩小，降低减少，减小，降低disperse [disp3:s] ①分散，散开②消散，消失①使用权分散，赶散②使用权消散，驱散earnings [‘3:ni H z] 工资，收入elevate [‘eliveit] ①（地位、形象）抬高，拔高②提高，举起，使上升elicit [I’lisit] ①引起，使发出②使透露，诱出elite [eili:t] [总称]上层人士，掌权人物，实力集团②[总称]出类拔萃的人（集团），精英empirical [em’pirikl] ①以经验（或观察）为依据的，经验主义的②经验（上）的，来自经验（或观察）的engagement [in’geid3m3nt] ①约会，预约②（赏等的）约请，受聘（期）enterprise [‘ent3praiz] 企业（或事业）单位，公司②艰巨复杂的计划，雄心勃勃的事业③事业心，进取心eternal [i(:)’t3nl] ①永恒的，永存的②无休止③永久的，永世exceptional [ik’sep N3n3l] ①优越的，杰出的②例外的，独特的，异常的exclusive [ik’sklu:siv] ①奢华的，高级的②独有的，独享的③排斥的，排外的④（新闻、报刊文章等）独家的expedition [,ekspi’di N n] ①远征，探险，考察②远征队，探险队，考察队③（短程）旅游，郊游expire [ik’spai3] ①期满，（期限）终止，②断气，死亡extinguish [ik’sti H gwi N]①熄灭，扑灭（火等）②使消亡，使破灭facilitate [f3’siliteit] 使变得（更）容易，使便利fax [f$ks] ①传真②传真件传真传输flaw [fl C:] 缺点，瑕疵grab [gr$b] ①抓取，攫取②赶，匆忙地做③抓住（机会）抓（住），夺（得）抓，夺haul [h C:l] ①（用力）拖，拉②（用车等）托运，运送①拖，拉②托运，运送hinder[‘hind3] 阻碍，妨碍hoist [h C ist] 举起，升起，吊起ignite [ig’nait] ①点燃，②激起impart [im’pa:t] ①告知，透露，②给予（尤指抽象事物）传授impulse [‘imp K ls] ①冲动，突然的欲愿望，脉冲incidentally[ ,insi’dentli]顺便说及地，顺便提一句incur [in’k3:] 招致，惹起，遭受indulge [in’d K ld I] ①使（自己）沉溺于，肆意从事，满足（自己的欲望等）+ oneself②纵容，迁就沉溺，纵容自己，肆意从事+iningenious [in’d I i:nj3s] ①（人，头脑）灵巧的，善于创造发明的，足智多谋的确（机器等）制作精巧的，（方法等）巧妙的inject [in’d I ekt] ①注射（药液等），给…注射installment [in’st C:m3nt] ①分期付款，分期交付②（分期连载的）部分intact[in’t$kt] 完整无缺的，未经触动的，未受损伤的integrate [‘intigreit]（使）成为一体（使）结合在一起，（使）全并intensify [in’tensifai]（使）增强，（使）变尖锐intervene [,int3’vi:n] ①干涉，干预②插话③干扰，阻挠intrinsic [in’trinsik] 固有的，本质的，内在的intuition [,intju:’i N n] 直觉jeopardize[‘d I ep3daiz]危及，损害junct ion [‘d IH k N n]联结点，（道路等的）会合点，枢纽litter [‘lit3] ①废弃物，被胡乱扔掉的东西massive [‘m$siv] ①大而重的，大块的②大量的，大规模的merge [m3:d I] 结合，合为一体使…结合，使…全为一体mingle [‘mi H gl] ①使混合，使相混+with②相往minimize(-ise) [‘minimaiz] ①使减少（或缩小）到最低限度②极力贬低，对…作最低估计myth [mi L] ①神话②虚构的信念（或观念或理论）negligib le [‘neglid I3bl] 可忽略不计的notable [‘n3ut3tl] ①值得注意的，显著的②可觉察的，有相当分量的显要人物notation [n3u’tei N n] ①记号，标记法②记录，记号notorious [n3u’t C:ri3s] 臭名昭著的，声名狼藉的nutrition [nuu:’tri N n] 营养pastime [‘pa:staim] 消遣，娱乐patriotic [,p$tri’C tik] 爱国的，有爱国心的，显示爱国精神的patrol [p3’tr3ul]（在…）巡逻，巡查①巡逻，巡查②巡逻兵，巡逻队peer [pi3] 仔细看，费力看①同龄人，同等地位的人（常PL）pension [‘pen N n] 养老金，抚恤金permeate [‘p3:mieit] ①影响，漫遍，遍布+though②渗入，渗透+thoughperpetual [p3’pet N u3l] 永久的，永恒的，长期的pertinent [‘p3:tin3nt] 有关系的，相关的pest [pest] ①有害生物，害虫②讨厌的人ponder [‘p C nd3] 思考，考虑，深思思考，考虑，深思portray [p C:trei’] ①扮演，饰演②描写，描绘pose [p3uz] ①造成（困难等），②提出（问题等），陈述（论点等）①摆姿势②假装，冒充poster [‘p3ust3] 招帖（画），海报，广告preclude [pri’klu:d] 阻止，排除，妨碍promising [‘pr C misi H] 有希望的，有前途的prospective [pr3’spektiv] 预期的，未来的provoke [pr3’v3uk] ①对…挑衅，激怒②激起，引起ran dom [‘r$nd3m] 任意的，随机的realistic [,ri3’listik] ①现实的，实际可行的②现实主义的，逼真的reap [ri:p] 收割，收获reconcile [rek3nsail] ①使协调+to / with②使和解③使顺从（于），使甘心（于）recruit [ri’kru:t] 招募（新兵），招收（新成员）recycle [,ri:’saikl] 回收利用（废物等）repel [ri’pel] ①击退，逐回②排斥③使厌恶replacement [ri’pleism3nt] ①替代，替换②替换的人（或物）retrieve [ri’tri:v] ①重新得到，取回，收回②挽回，补救③检索revelation [,rev3’lei N n] ①提示，透露，显示②（出乎意料的）被提示的真相，（惊人的）新发现robust [r3u’b K st] ①强壮的，健全的②坚定的，坚强的scorn [sk C:n] ①轻蔑，鄙视②拒绝，不屑（做）seemingly [‘si:mi H li] ①表面上，②看来segment [‘segm3nt] ①部分，断片面②（橘子等的）瓣sena tor ‘sen3t3] 参议员sheer [N i3] ①完全的，十足的②极薄的，透明的③陡峭的，垂直的situated [‘sitjueitid] ①位于…的，坐落在…的②处于…的境地skip [skip] ①蹦跳②跳绳略过，跳过，漏过蹦跳slap [sl$p] ①捆，掌击，拍②（随着、快速地）涂抹snap [sn$p] 1喀嚓折断，啪地绷断②吧嗒一声（关上或打开）③猛咬④厉声说话specifically [spe’sifik3li] ①特别地②具体的③明确地spectacle [‘spekt3kl] ①眼镜②景象，壮观③（大规模）演出场面stereo [‘steri3u] 立体声的立体声（装置）stimulus [‘stimjul3s] ①促进（因素）②刺激（物）straightforward [,streit’f C:w3d] ①明确的，简单的②正直的，坦率的striking [‘straiki H] ①显著的，突出的②惹人注目的，容量出众的subjective [s3b’d I ektiv] 主观（上）的，个人的subsidiary [s3b’sidj3ri] 辅助的，次要的，附设的successor [s3k’ses3] 接替人，继任者suicide[‘sju:said] ①自杀②自取灭亡summit [‘s K mit] ①最高级会议②（山等的）最高点，峰顶③极点summon [‘s K m3n] ①召唤②召集③传讯，传唤④使出，鼓起（勇气），振作（精神）superiority [sju:,pi3ri’C r3ti] 优越（性），优等tangle [‘t$H gl] ②乱糟糟的一堆，混乱+of ②复杂的问题（或形势），困惑①（使）缠结，弄乱②缠住，使卷入temperament [temp3r3m3nt] 气质，性格tentative [tent3tiv] 试探（性）的，试验（性）的tow [t3u] 拖，拉，牵引n.拖，拉，牵引tragic [‘tr$d I ik] ①悲惨的，可悲的②悲剧的（性）的tribe [traib] ①部落②族（生物分类）turbulent [‘t3bjul3nt] ①动荡的，混乱的②汹涌的unanimous [ju:’n$nim3s] 全体一致的，一致同意的validity [v3’lid3ti] ①正确（性）②有效（性）效力versatile ‘v3:s3tail] 多才多艺的，有多种技能的②有多种用途的，多功能的，万用的versus[‘v3:s3s] ①与…相对，与…相比②以…为对手，对violate [‘vai3leit] ①违反，违背②侵犯，妨碍③亵渎visualize (-ise) [‘vizju3laiz] 想象，设想volunteer [,v C l3n’ti3] ①志愿者，②志愿兵①自愿（做）②自愿提供自愿vulgar [‘v K lg3] ①平庸的②庸俗的，粗俗的warr ant ‘w C r3nt] 证明…是正当（或有理）②保证，担保①授权令②（正当）理由，根据web [web] ①（蜘蛛等的）网②网络，错综复杂的事物wretched [‘ret N id] ①不幸的，可怜的②令人苦恼的，讨厌的③拙劣的。
0112-湍流模型介绍
Turbulence models
4
A turbulence model is a procedure to close the system of mean flow equations.
For most engineering applications it is unnecessary to resolve the details of the turbulent fluctuations.
TURBULENCE MODELS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS
Presented by: T.S.D.Karthik Department of Mechanical Engineering IIT Madras Guide: Prof. Franz Durst
10th Indo German Winter Academy 2011
must have wide applicability, accurate, simple,
and economical to run.
Turbulence Models and Their Applications
Common turbulence models
5
Classical models. Based on Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations (time averaged):
Using the suffix notation where i, j, and k denote the x-, y-, and z-directions respectively, viscous stresses are given by:
那一刻我长大了下围棋英语作文范文
全文分为作者个人简介和正文两个部分：作者个人简介：Hello everyone, I am an author dedicated to creating and sharing high-quality document templates. In this era of information overload, accurate and efficient communication has become especially important. I firmly believe that good communication can build bridges between people, playing an indispensable role in academia, career, and daily life. Therefore, I decided to invest my knowledge and skills into creating valuable documents to help people find inspiration and direction when needed.正文：那一刻我长大了下围棋英语作文范文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1The Moment I Grew Up Playing GoLooking back, I can pinpoint the exact moment when I transitioned from a carefree child to a more mature, responsible young adult. It wasn't any major life event or epiphany - ithappened over a simple board game called Go. This ancient Chinese strategy game, with its minimalist black and white stones on a gridded board, turned out to be the catalyst for my personal growth and maturation.I was first introduced to Go by my grandfather when I was around 8 years old. A passionate player himself, he tried to teach me the basics, but I readily dismissed it as an "old person's game." The rules seemed overly complex, and the lack of a defined objective or means of winning confused my young mind, used to straightforward games with clear-cut goals. Little did I know then how profoundly this game would impact me just a few years later.It wasn't until I was 11 that I rediscovered Go, quite by chance. I was rummaging around in my grandfather's study when I stumbled upon his battered leather Go set, lovingly preserved. Curiosity piqued, I set up the board and began tinkering with the stones, trying to make sense of the seemingly chaotic array of patterns before me. My grandfather walked in, pleasantly surprised at my newfound interest, and patiently explained the nuances of the game once more. This time, something clicked.I became obsessed, playing game after game, my mind challenged and stimulated in entirely new ways. Go was a puzzle, an intricate dance where every move had consequences that rippled across the board. Battles for territory raged, and corners were fortified or invaded based on calculated strategy. I pored over books and watched online videos, determined to improve through relentless study.More than just the strategic aspects, I found myself drawn to the philosophy and values intrinsic to Go. Concentration, patience, respect for one's opponent, an acceptance that perfection is impossible - these tenets resonated deeply within me. I came to appreciate the profound beauty in Go's simple elements and timeless traditions. Each handcrafted stone had a weight, a story, a connection to the ancients who played this very game centuries ago.As my skills progressed, I began entering regional tournaments, my childish arrogance quickly tempered by losses against older, wiser players. I learned humility in defeat but also perseverance, spending hours analyzing games to pinpoint weaknesses in my tactics. A lousy loser as a child, I slowly learned grace and sportsmanship, and formed deep friendships over theyvory pavements. I discovered that losing was not aboutfailure, but an opportunity to improve through diligentself-reflection.The more I played, the more I recognized profound parallels between Go and life itself. The opening moves represented the foundations we build, the corners we stake out as our values and beliefs. The middle game was the tumultuous journey where battles are waged, risks taken, mistakes made but overcome through resilience. And the endgame, a gradual crystallization of our efforts, a reckoning of the consequences of everylong-forgotten choice.From these revelations blossomed a more thoughtful, strategic approach to my own life. I started making more calculated decisions instead of impulsive choices. I learned to consider every angle, mapping out possible paths and anticipating pitfalls. A poor student before, my grades improved as I applied the same studious dedication to academics as I did to Go. Simple pleasures like seeing a beautiful sunrise or cooking a nourishing meal brought me joy, as I embraced Go's philosophies of appreciating the present moment and finding contentment in modest acts.My priorities shifted, and I forged an unshakeable focus that helped me navigate the turbulent waters of adolescence. Whenfaced with peer pressure to drink or act recklessly, I found clarity in Go's wisdom - indulgences were fleeting distractions that disrupted my tranquil mind and sound judgement. While friends blindly pursued toxic relationships based on shallow infatuation, I remained patient, recognizing the importance of laying strong foundations before branching outwards.Perhaps my most significant growth was in cultivating respect for others, particularly those with different backgrounds or perspectives. Over the Go board, I learned to set aside preconceptions, authentically engage with my opponents, and appreciate their unique styles. In the wider world, thisopen-mindedness helped me connect with a remarkably diverse group of individuals who broadened my worldview. I formed deep bonds with those from all walks of life, united by our shared love for this elegant game.Now, as I prepare to graduate high school, I can trace so much of who I am today back to those pivotal moments bent over the vyvorn board, battling for spheres of influence. Go imparted strategic thinking, patience, resilience in the face of setbacks, and a mature sense of confidence not born of arrogance, but quiet self-assurance. Most importantly, it instilled in me a deep respect for the intangible but powerful connectionsthat bind all people together through our timeless human experiences.While my peers fret about career paths or future relationship prospects, I find solace in Go's wisdom - that some things cannot be forced, but must unfurl at their own natural pace, with patience and care. I know that just as every game began with the first purposeful placement of stone on wood, every meaningful journey starts with a single step, a choice to fully commit oneself. No matter which ivory path I traverse, the principles of this ancient game will forever light my way, reminding me to appreciate every moment, learn from every misstep, and play with passion, integrity and respect for all I encounter.So while the moment of my true growth into adulthood may seem an unlikely one over a game board, I know that it was Go that transformed me. It was in those quiet battles, surrounded by the gentle clack of polished stones, that a child's restless spirit found focus, and the seeds of wisdom blossomed into personal maturity. For that profound gift, I remain forever grateful to this timeless game and its legacy of cultivating enlightened minds.篇2The Moment I Grew Up at the Game of GoThey say that there are moments in life that change you, that force you to grow up before you're ready. For me, that moment came not from a life-altering tragedy or traumatic event, but rather from a quiet afternoon playing the ancient game of Go. It was a sunny Saturday, and I had gone over to my friend David's house to hang out like we did most weekends. David's dad was really into Go, and he had been trying to teach us how to play for a while.At first, I'll admit, I didn't take it too seriously. Go just looked like a bunch of black and white stones being placed on a grid. What was the big deal? I was more interested in playing video games or watching movies – typical teenage stuff. But David's dad was persistent, and gradually I started to understand the depth and beauty of this seemingly simple game.That fateful Saturday, David and I agreed to play a game against each other, with his dad observing and offering advice. The early moves went by quickly as we raced to stake out territory on the board. I was starting to feel confident, having beaten David most of the times we had played so far.But then something shifted. David started playing more patiently, thinking several moves ahead. His stone placements became more purposeful, methodically mapping out influenceacross the entire board. I began to feel outmaneuvered, my earlier lead gradually slipping away.David's dad watched silently, his eyes tracing the diverging patterns of black and white across the grid. Periodically, he would make a thoughtful comment: "Interesting move..." or "The game is becoming more complex..." Sweat began to bead on my forehead as I struggled to find a way to claw back the advantage.With each placement, the board morphed from a simple grid into a battlefield streaked with intricate formations. Armies of black and white stones stretched across the space, clashing where our influences collided. I started seeing phantom pieces in my mind, mapping out attack routes, defensive formations, stunts of brilliant sacrifice.Two hours melted away as we entered a zone of pure concentration. The rest of the world faded – there were only the stones, theboard, and the delicate dances of strategy coalescing between David and me. I had never experienced a sense of focus like this before in my life.Finally, after what felt like an eternity, I raised my head, blinking in the afternoon light. David leaned back, running a hand through his hair. His dad smiled knowingly. "What did you think of that game, boys?"I opened my mouth, then closed it. The words wouldn't come. Something profound had just happened, but I couldn't articulate exactly what. All I knew was that a shift had occurred inside me. The game of Go had forced me to raise my mental efforts to an entirely new level. I had been challenged, stretched to my limits, and in responding, some reservoir of discipline and maturity had been tapped.From that day forward, I approached all aspects of my life with a renewed seriousness of purpose. My grades improved as I applied the intense focus from Go to my studies. I became a better listener, more patient and calculating when having conversations. A newfound work ethic emerged as I recognized the value of perseverance.Go had cracked open something inside my mind – not in a traumatic way, but almost...surgically. It was as if a seed of pure cognitive potential had been unlocked, and now it was blossoming in ways I could never have anticipated.Over the years that followed, I continued playing Go, getting incrementally better, but also losing plenty as the game constantly unveiled new layers of depth and wisdom. And with each game, each win or loss, I felt myself maturing a little more. Experiencing the ebb and flow of advantage, learning torebound from setbacks, developing the equanimity to confront any situation with a clear mind – these were all lessons Go taught me.Of course, David's dad was thrilled that we had embraced his favorite game so wholeheartedly. In many ways, he had become a third mentor to me alongside my parents. He used to joke that Go was an ancient tool of the wise men for shaping young minds. At first I thought he was being melodramatic, but I came to understand exactly what he meant.Today, as I prepare to graduate high school and take my next stepinto adulthood, I can't help but look back on that fateful afternoon with immense gratitude. In those few hours, I underwent a profound metamorphosis, shedding my childish obliviousness and being reborn with a more expansive mindset. The game of Go was the catalyst for my mental chrysalis, preparing me for the challenges and complexities of adult life.So while my friends might reminisce about life-changing romances or family traumas, I will always remember the moment I grew up over that grid of intersecting lines, moving black and white stones with increasing intentionality, and finally emerging from our trance reborn as a more aware, disciplined, and frankly,kickass human being. Thank you David's dad, and thank you, Go. You showed this kid what it really means to play.篇3The Moment I Grew Up Playing GoIt was just an ordinary summer day like any other. The sun was high in the bright blue sky, baking the neighborhood in its warmth. The chirping of birds and the occasional buzz of a lawnmower provided the soundtrack to the lazy afternoon. I was lying on my bed, staring at the ceiling fan lazily spinning round and round, desperately trying to think of something to fill the endless hours stretching ahead. That's when I heard a knock at my door."Johnny? You in there?" It was my grandfather's voice. "Come on down to the living room for a bit."I let out an exaggerated sigh, as dramatic as only atwelve-year-old can manage. "What is it, Grandpa?" I hollered back, dragging out the last word to really emphasize how bored and inconvenienced I felt.There was a pause before he responded. "It's a surprise. Just come down here."Curiosity got the better of me. I hauled myself up off the bed and trudged downstairs, steeling myself for whatever dull activity my grandpa had cooked up to relieve his own boredom. But when I entered the living room, I saw something quite unexpected.On the coffee table was a wooden board lined with the most intricate hand-carved grids I'd ever seen. Beside it were two bowls filled with smooth stones, one bowl containing black stones and the other white. My grandpa was seated on the floor, hunched over studying the strange setup intently."What's all this?" I asked, unable to hide the bewilderment in my voice.Grandpa looked up at me with a glimmer in his eyes. "Do you know what this is, Johnny?"I shook my head. He smiled that warm, wrinkly smile of his."This is a game of strategy older than chess. Older than most games, in fact. It originated in ancient China over 2,500 years ago. It's called 'Go'."He said the name with such reverence, you'd have thought he was talking about some sacred ritual instead of a board game.But Grandpa always did have a Air of gravitas about him. I was intrigued despite myself."How do you play?"And so he taught me. He explained the basics of taking territory by surrounding empty intersections with stones. He showed me the importance of building flexible formations that could stay connected or break apart as needed. Simple rules, but with profound depth underneath. I played a few games against him, my hasty and impatient placements no match for his prudence and foresight. Each time I lost, I grew more determined to unlock the secrets of this ancient game.From that day forth, I became obsessed. My grandpa had awoken a ravenous hunger in me, one that could only be sated by studying Go tactics and strategy. I pored over books and watched video lectures, soaking up every bit of wisdom the Go masters had to offer. Grandpa and I would play for hours, reviewing each move and its ramifications over steaming mugs of tea.At first, the losses kept coming. But gradually, ever so gradually, I started catching up to him. What had begun as a lighthearted activity evolved into an intense mental duel, each of us probing for the slightest inaccuracy to exploit. I'll never forgetthe first time I finally beat him - the look of shock and immense pride that washed over his weathered face when he realized his young pupil had surpassed him.As I grew older and entered my teenage years, my dedication to Go only deepened. What had started as a game became a metaphor for life itself. I came to appreciate the balance between territory and influence, attack and defense, building a relentless onslaught while leaving enough solid foundations to ensure safety. Every phase of the game contained profound lessons about finding harmony between opposing forces.When I made missteps on the board, I realized how easily one small mistake could spiral out of control into a lost battle and potentially the entire war. Go taught me the value of foresight, of mapping out potential scenarios and choosing the most strategically advantageous path. It instilled in me the patience and resolve to play for the biggest territorial gains, even if doing so meant sacrificing stones in the short term.But more than anything, Go revealed to me the sheer complexity of the world we live in. With its staggering number of potential moves and permutations, the game made me aware of how even the smallest decisions and choices we make can havewide-ranging and unforeseeable consequences. It grounded me in a sense of humility and respect for the intricate web of causes and effects weaving through our existence.Most importantly though, Go connected me to my grandfather in a way few other things could. In those long hours across the goban, I came to understand him as more than just a relative, but as a living repository of wisdom and life experience. I soaked up his stories of persevering through hard times and treasuring each precious moment of peace and happiness. He taught me to approach life's obstacles and setbacks with a Go player's mentality - maintain perspective, learn from each loss, and never give up the search for a more perspicacious path forward.When Grandpa passed away during my sophomore year of college, I was devastated. He had been my teacher, my mentor, and one of the most profoundly positive influences in shaping who I had become as a young man. In the wake of that loss, I found solace in our shared love of Go. Each time I unfolded my portable magnetic board, carefully placing the smooth stones across its dreamlike grid, I felt Grandpa's gentle presence beside me.With each game, I grew to appreciate his legacy more and more. Not just the strategies and tactics he had imparted, but the life lessons of resilience, wisdom, and hunting steadfastly for a deeper understanding of this vast and marvelous universe we inhabit. Go for me is no longer merely a game, but a potent reminder of all that is beautiful and meaningful about the human experience. It's about making the most of each turn, savoring the hourglass of life as the sands flutter through the rift. Above all, it's a celebration of the profound connections we can make through humble traditions passed down over millennia.So while to some it may appear just an ancient abstract played out on wooden boards, Go for me will always be the game that helped me grow up. It opened my eyes to a world larger than I could have ever imagined as a bored child that fateful summer day. Grandpa didn't just teach me a game that day, but something far more profound - he gifted me a wise and purposeful path through life itself. And for that, I will be forever grateful to him and the beautifully complex game that became our shared language of understanding.。
Interfaceresistancecoefficientofturbiditycurrent
Interface resistance coefficient of turbidity current ∗Wang Yanping Zhang Junhua Li Shuxia(Key laboratory of sediment in yellow river ,zhengzhou 450003 china )ABSTRACT Based on the study of velocity distribution at mixing interface of turbidity current, an improved formula for calculating the water flow velocity distribution in the region higher the maximum velocity and the turbidity flow in the region beneath the maximum velocity is proposed. On this basis, the formula for calculating the interface resistance of turbidity current is deduced. the validity of the formula is verified by prototype observation an experimental data.KEY WORDS : turbulent flows ; turbidity current ; interface ; resistance coefficient1 Research OverviewIn recent years, the density current resistance research has made the very big progress, but the majority of research also limit in to the density current comprehensive resistance discussion. Because the empirical formula’s forms quite is complex, so it is difficulty to soluting actual problem. From the existed literature, the resistance in density current takes the definite value.Keulegen made the analysis on Resistance in a laminar density current, obtained the formula of mean velocity and resistance factors in a laminar density current. Iraq etc used the experiment to confirm the density current friction coefficient rationality. Cao Ruxuan, Fan Jiahua, Zhao Naixiong etc also have conducted the thorough research to the laminar density current resistance, and have yielded the valuable result.Interface resistance coefficient of turbidity current is different with resistance factors at bottom of reservoir, because the density current is a relative motion taking place between two fluid layers with slightly different densities. Hence Interface resistance coefficient of turbidity current has relationship with the the Froude number of mixing region. The relationship betweenλi /J and Fr 2 which the formula is26.04i Fr Jλ= (1)In which λi is resistance factors at interface of density current; J 0 is slope of density current ; the Froude number of mixing region. Through the data include tests in flumes, canals and reservoirs, and all the points fall along a straight line.2Fr 2 Interface resistance of turbidity currentThe interface resistance is important topics of density current research. In this domain, predecessor's has already done the massive research work, but the mixing region is not easy to distinguish, various the definition (Fig.1) also has to the density current differently.In order to facilitate the research and the computation, the point A will be regard as interfaceThis research is sponsored by National Natural Science Foundation of China (50409002), The Key Technologies R&D Program （2006BAB06B0204）and key laboratory of sediment in yellow river Foundation （2007006）.resistance of turbidity current.yy yH u u max density currenth h'1h'2Aclear waterclear water clear water density current density current0iu h'2uSh'1τiτ0(a)velocity profile(b) sediment concentration profile (c)shear stress profileh'h'1h'Fig. 1 A schematic diagram of the vertical velocity, sediment concentration andshear stress profiles for turbulent density current2.2 Velocity distribution for turbulent flow2.2.1 The water flow velocity distribution in the region beneath the maximum velocityBecause the shear stress of bottom of river or reservoir is extremely difficult to be determined, the value precision of the shear velocity is not high, the certain error will be created using logarithmic law of velocity distribution. To exponential law of velocity distribution formula, the structure is simple, after published in the Karman - Prandtl logarithm speed of flow formula, former gradually for latter replaces. In 1984, Chen Yongkuan make the analysis on the logarithmic formula and think: In content higher current of water, if the coefficient m takes for the variable, then has compares the logarithmic formula for the high precision. The research by Zhang and Hui done has also drawn the similar conclusion. Therefore, this article will quote achievement done by Zhang Junhua etal.The velocity distribution of flow can also expressed by an exponential formula:mm z u u h ⎛⎞=⎜⎟⎝⎠(2)The average velocity is :()0/1hmm mcp u u V z h dz h==m +∫ (3)Substituting Eq. (3) into Eq. (2) yields()(1mcp u m V z h =+)/(4)From Eq.(3) and Eq.(5) , the exponential formula quota description is mainly decided by the exponential m. the literature has carried out more systematic research. Through further draws up the line, the value the average situation which changes along with the increase, may by the below empirical relationship descriptionm =(5)2.2.2 The water flow velocity distribution in the region higher the maximum velocityIn the interfacial region between the density current and clear water (h 0>y>h 1′), the velocity distribution has an inflection point at A as the velocity drops from u max to zero. The form of the curve is similar to that for the velocity distribution of a turbulent jet. It obey the Gaussian normalerror distribution law. But the field data and the formula expressed is no correspond well. In order to find out the laws of velocity distributions within region,this article used the quite advanced data recognition technology to provide the chart to the literature in the test point according to carry on the return to original state. This may guarantee the return to original state data the accuracy.According to the original data, The correlation formula is expressed210.72()y h y m u V eσ′−⎡⎤−⎢⎥⎣⎦= (6)in which σ is the distance from the point of maximum velocity to the inflection point; Fig.2 is acomparison of field data with the formula, and the two correspond well. The average velocity U 2′2.3 Resistance in mixing regionThe resistance in mixing region can be expressed228ii V τλρ=(7) In which τ0 is the shear stress on the interface; V 2 is The average velocity In the interfacial region between the density current and clear water （10y h h ′′<<−）. Because2i g h J τρ′′= (8) On substituting Eq. (8) into Eq. (7) yields2228i g h J V λ′′=(9) substituting V 2() in Eq. (8), The Eq. (9) also can be expressed as:20.86m V =V 228(0.86)i m g h J V λ′′=(10)Because in near-bottom regoin (01(1)m V m =+V 1y h ′<<), interface resistance ot turbidity current can be expressed2218(0.86(1))i g h J m V λ′′=+ (11) 2.4 The validity of the formulaEq. (9) can be written as22128(0.86(1))i JV m g h λ=+′ (12)As already mentioned, In the mixing region, the friction factor λi varies with the Froude number, this indicate that resistance factors for the bottom and for the interface are expressed in the following forms is different. The forms of Eq.(1) and Eq.(12) are similar, but the coefficient is different. The data from experiments in a smooth flume and from the Guanting Reservoir indicate3 Conclusion(1) The water flow velocity distribution in the region beneath the maximum velocity obeyexponential law.(2) According to the original data, the correlation formula of the water flow velocity distribution in the region higher the maximum velocity is improved. The result shows a comparison of field data with the formula, and the two correspond well.(3) Based on the study of velocity distribution at mixing interface of turbidity current, an improved formula for calculating the water flow velocity distribution in the region higher the maximum velocity and the turbidity flow in the region beneath the maximum velocity is proposed. On this basis, the formula for calculating the interface resistance of turbidity current is deduced. the validity of the formula is verified by prototype observation an experimental data.REFERENCER1 Keulegen,G.H.,Laminar Flow at the Interface of Two Liquids,Journal of reseach,National Bureau ofStandards,V ol.32,No.303 PP.1591,19442 Bata,G. and Knezevich,B.,Some Observations on Density Currents in Laboratory and in theField,Proceedings,Minnesota International Hydraulics Covention,19533 Raynaud,J.P.,Study of Currents of Muddy Water through Reservoirs,Fourth Congress on Large Dams,NewDelhi,India,V ol1.4,19514 Bonnnefille,R., and Goddet,J.,Study of Density Currents in a canal,Proceedings,Eighth Congress International Association for Itydraulie Research,V ol1.2 Montreal,Canada,Aug.,19595 曹如轩、陈诗基、卢文新、任晓枫.高含沙异重流阻力规律的研究[M]，第二次河流泥沙国际学术讨论会论文集，南京，中国，1983.106 范家骅、沈受百、吴德一.水库异重流的近似计算方法[C]，水利水电科学研究院论文集，第二期7 赵乃熊、周孝德.高含沙异重流阻力特性探讨[J]，泥沙研究，1987(1):27-348周孝德.高含沙非均质异重流流速分布和阻力特性的探讨[J]，陕西机械学院学报，1986（1）：12-169水利水电科学研究院.异重流的研究与应用[M]，水利出版社，195910 Keuleger,G.H.,Interfacial Instability and Mixing in Stratified Flows,Journal of Research,National Bureau ofStabdards,V ol43,No487 PP2040,194911 Abaham,G.and Eysink W.R.,Magnitue of Interfcial Shear in Excharge Flow,Joural of Hydraulic Research,International Association for Hydraulic Research,V ol.9,No.2,197112陈惠泉.二元温差异重流交界面的计算[R]，中国水利水电科学研究院，196213陈惠泉、许秀芸、陈燕茹.二层温差异重流交界面的阻力系数与掺混系数研究[R]，中国水利水电科学研究院，1993，1014黄委会水文局，黄河小浪底水库异重流观测与初步分析[R]，2001.1015陈永宽.悬移质含沙量沿垂线分布[J].泥沙研究,1984(1):31-40.16张红武、吕昕.弯道水力学[M]，水利电力出版社，199317惠遇甲.长江黄河垂线流速和含沙量分布规律[J].水利学报,1996,(2):13～1618张俊华、王艳平、尚爱亲、张柏山.挟沙水流指数流速分布规律.泥沙研究[J]，1998（12）：73～7819 L.Prandtl,郭永怀等译.流体力学概论[M]，科学出版社，198420姚鹏,王兴奎.异重流潜入规律研究[J]。
中国历史上对我影响最大的人英语作文
中国历史上对我影响最大的人英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1The Person Who Had the Greatest Impact on Me in Chinese HistoryWhen I think about the vast tapestry of Chinese history spanning thousands of years, filled with emperors, philosophers, generals, and other legendary figures, one man stands out as having the most profound impact on me - Confucius. His teachings, which date back over 2,500 years, have shaped Chinese culture, society, and way of thinking in a way that still resonates deeply with me today.Confucius, or Kung Fu-Tzu as he is known in Chinese, lived during the 6th-5th century BCE in the ancient state of Lu, now present-day Shandong Province. He was born into a noble family that had fallen on hard times, which gave him first-hand experience of poverty and hardship from a young age. Despite this, he became a renowned teacher and thinker, attracting disciples from all over China who were drawn to his revolutionary ideas about ethics, morality, and good governance.What amazes me most about Confucius is how his philosophy, centered around concepts like ren (benevolence), li (propriety), and filial piety, has remained so relevant and influential across radically different eras of Chinese civilization. His thoughts transcended his own time period to become immortalized as the backbone of Chinese cultural identity. Even today, Confucian values like respect for elders, emphasis on education, and desire for social harmony are still widely embraced by Chinese people all over the world, including myself.On a personal level, Confucian teachings aboutself-cultivation, humility, and constantly striving for moral perfection have greatly impacted my own character development and outlook on life. I have learned the篇2The Person from Chinese History Who Has Influenced Me the MostAs a student, I have been profoundly influenced by many historical figures throughout my studies. However, there is one towering individual from China's rich history who stands out above all others and has left an indelible mark on my life - Confucius. This ancient philosopher's timeless teachings andprofound wisdom have shaped my worldview, guided my moral compass, and inspired me to live a life of virtue, diligence, and continuous self-improvement.Born in 551 BCE during the turbulent Spring and Autumn period, Confucius lived in a time of great social upheaval and intellectual ferment. Disillusioned by the widespread corruption and chaos that plagued the feudal states, he embarked on a lifelong mission to revive the cultural and moral fabric of society. Through his seminal teachings compiled in the Analects, Confucius laid the foundations of a comprehensive ethical and philosophical system that would profoundly influence not only China but also much of East Asia for over two millennia.At the core of Confucius' teachings lies the concept of ren, often translated as "benevolence" or "humaneness." This virtue encapsulates the idea of cultivating compassion, empathy, and a deep respect for human dignity and the sanctity of relationships. Confucius believed that by embodying ren, individuals could create a harmonious and just society built on mutual understanding and consideration for others. As a student, this principle has resonated deeply with me, reminding me to treat my peers, teachers, and all those around me with kindness, empathy, and respect.Another cornerstone of Confucian thought that has profoundly shaped my outlook is the emphasis on education and self-cultivation. Confucius famously stated, "By nature, men are similar; by practice, they are wide apart." This profound insight underscores the importance of continuous learning,self-reflection, and personal growth. Throughout my academic journey, I have strived to embody this ethos, constantly seeking to expand my knowledge, challenge my preconceptions, and refine my character through diligent study and introspection.Confucius' teachings on filial piety and the reverence for family and ancestors have also left a lasting impression on me. In an era when traditional values and family bonds are often strained, his emphasis on honoring one's parents, ancestors, and elders has instilled in me a deep appreciation for my cultural heritage and the sacrifices made by those who came before me. It has taught me the importance of gratitude, humility, and carrying on the noble traditions and wisdom passed down through generations.Beyond these core tenets, Confucius' philosophy encompasses a rich tapestry of insights on governance, ethics, and the cultivation of virtues such as propriety, righteousness, loyalty, and sincerity. His teachings on the importance of leadingby example, exercising moderation, and seeking harmony within oneself and with the natural order have provided me with a ethical framework for navigating the complexities of life and striving to become a better human being.As I reflect on Confucius' enduring legacy, I am struck by the timelessness and universality of his wisdom. Despite living over 2,500 years ago, his teachings remain remarkably relevant and applicable to the modern world. In an age of rapid technological advancement and globalization, Confucius' emphasis on cultivating moral character, fostering social harmony, and pursuing lifelong learning serves as a steadying anchor amidst the currents of change.Confucius' influence on me extends far beyond the confines of the classroom or the pages of historical texts. His teachings have permeated every aspect of my life, shaping my values, guiding my actions, and inspiring me to continually strive for personal growth and moral excellence. As I navigate the challenges and opportunities that lie ahead, I carry with me the indelible imprint of this ancient sage's wisdom, a guiding light that illuminates my path and reminds me of the enduring power of virtue, humility, and a commitment to lifelong learning.In a world that often prioritizes material success and individual ambition, Confucius' teachings offer a refreshing counterpoint, reminding us of the intrinsic value of living an ethical and purposeful life dedicated to the betterment of oneself and society. As a student, I am forever grateful for the profound impact this legendary figure has had on my intellectual, moral, and personal development, and I strive to honor his legacy by embodying his timeless wisdom in my daily life and future endeavors.篇3The Person from Chinese History Who Has Impacted Me the MostWhen I think about the countless influential figures who have shaped the long and rich history of China, one man stands out as having had the profoundest impact on my life - Confucius. Though he lived over 2,500 years ago during the Spring and Autumn Period, the teachings of this ancient philosopher have transcended time and culture to guide my moral compass and way of being in the world.Born in 551 BCE in the small state of Lu (present-day Shandong Province), Confucius seemed an unlikely figure toachieve such legendary status. He came from a family of modest means, his father passing away when he was just three years old. From a young age, he displayed an insatiable thirst for knowledge and devoted himself to study, quickly establishing a reputation as a gifted educator.However, it was through his travels across the warring kingdoms of the era and interactions with noblemen and rulers that Confucius began articulating his core philosophy. At its heart were principles like ren (benevolence), li (propriety), zhong (loyalty), and xiao (filial piety) that he believed could restore social harmony and ethical order. He stressed the importance of rituals, sincerity in relationships, adherence to hierarchy, and the constant cultivation of virtue.While Confucius' ideas did not gain widespread traction during his lifetime, his impact has reverberated through Chinese civilization for millennia since his passing. His seminal text, the Analects, compiled by his disciples, has been a primary source for comprehending his ethical and political thought. Many of its famous sayings, such as "What you do not wish for yourself, do not do to others" and "The superior man is modest in his speech, but exceeds in his actions" have become ingrained in the cultural DNA of Chinese society.On a personal level, Confucian teachings have shaped my core values and approach to life in multiple ways. The concept of filial piety - honoring and respecting one's parents and elders - is of paramount importance in my family. I was raised to defer to the wisdom and life experiences of my grandparents, aunts, and uncles. This hierarchy has created a stable foundation of multigenerational support and guidance.Likewise, Confucius' emphasis on sincerity, diligence, and the constancy of self-improvement have been drilled into me since childhood. I don't just accept information at face value, but feel compelled to verify sources, question assumptions, and arrive at my own understanding. This quest for deeper knowledge has motivated me academically but also in how I navigate relationships and engage with different perspectives.Perhaps most significantly, Confucius' humanistic ethical code centered on ren (benevolence) has been my polestar for conducting myself with integrity and consideration for others. I don't simply obey rules, but try to make decisions from a place of cultivating virtue and contributing to the greater good. In the classroom, on the sports field, or in my local community, I aim to treat everyone with fundamental dignity, compassion, and kindness regardless of social status.Of course, aspects of Confucian thought have also created tensions and required me to reconcile different value systems. The primacy of hierarchy and deference to authority hasn't always squared with my beliefs about individual rights and freedoms. And while family is the bedrock of society according to Confucianism, I've had to navigate how to healthily individuate while still upholding filial obligations.Additionally, the intensity of self-cultivation prescribed by Confucius can potentially veer into self-criticism and negation of the self. I've had to find a balance between rigorously examining my beliefs and actions while still extending self-compassion. Perfection is an ideal to strive towards, not a requirement for human worth and flourishing.Despite these complexities, engaging with Confucius' teachings has given me an anchoring set of moral and ethical principles to lead a life of purpose and meaning. His articulation of the Five Constant Virtues - ren (benevolence), yi (righteousness), li (propriety), zhi (knowledge), and xin (integrity) - provide a framework for how to be a good human being contributing to social harmony.Moreover, Confucianism has shaped my understanding of what an ideal society and way of life entails. At its core is theprinciple that cultivating virtuous individuals through ritual, study, and ethical behavior is the key to creating an orderly, stable, and thriving collective. If everyone performs their roles and duties with diligence, sincerity, and care for others, the entire social fabric is strengthened.While Confucius existed in a very different historical context, I believe his emphasis on meritocracy over hereditary status, resolving conflicts through moral persuasion rather than force, and prioritizing social relationships have enduring relevance. He recognized humanity's inherent potential for goodness and that ethical renewal must come through intentional self-cultivation, not hollow rules and regulations.As I prepare for life after school, be it pursuing further education or entering the workforce, the lessons from Confucius will continue guiding my journey. I hope to embody his qualities of lifelong learning, leading by example through virtuous conduct, and prioritizing harmonious relationships in all my endeavors. Ultimately, he has impressed upon me the importance of focusing on what kind of person I am becoming, not just what titles or accomplishments I accumulate.Confucius wasn't infallible and some of his teachings can reinforce rigid hierarchies, but his overall vision of realizingpersonal and communal thriving through constant ethical (re)commitment is profoundly inspiring. In a world of moral ambiguity and relativism, having a time-tested ethical framework rooted in humanistic virtues to grounds me is invaluable. The Person from Chinese history who has most impacted me is thus Confucius - the paradigmatic teacher whose wisdom lights the way towards a life of benevolence, propriety, and righteous actualization.。
感恩经历作文英语带翻译
感恩经历作文英语带翻译英文回答：Gratitude: A Journey of TransformationLike a delicate tapestry woven with intricate threads, gratitude has been an intrinsic part of my life's journey, shaping the very fabric of my being. It has been a transformative force, gently guiding me through life's myriad landscapes, both sunlit and shadowed.As a child, I stumbled upon gratitude as a precious gem hidden within the ordinary moments of life. Whether it was the warm embrace of my grandmother, the laughter shared with friends, or the vibrant hues of a blooming flower, I learned to find joy in the simple things. This practice of appreciation, like a gentle breeze, carried me through the turbulent waters of adolescence into the uncertain realm of adulthood.Gratitude became my beacon during times of adversity, a flickering light that illuminated the path forward. When faced with setbacks and disappointments, I sought solace in the remembrance of past joys and blessings. Like a salve on a wound, gratitude eased the sting of failure and propelled me forward with renewed determination.As I navigate the complexities of human relationships, gratitude serves as a bridge, connecting me to others with empathy and compassion. It allows me to recognize the value of each individual, to appreciate their unique perspectives, and to extend kindness without expecting anything in return. Gratitude has taught me that true connection transcends material possessions or social status.Gratitude has also deepened my relationship with the natural world, opening my eyes to the boundless wonders that surround me. From the majestic mountains to the whispering streams, from the delicate petals of wildflowers to the intricate patterns of seashells, I find myself inawe of the beauty and diversity of our planet. This sense of wonderment fills me with gratitude for the privilege of being alive and experiencing the richness of creation.In the grand scheme of life, gratitude is an act of rebellion against the forces that try to dim our light. It is a radical act of defiance against cynicism and despair. When we choose to focus on the good, no matter how small, we create a ripple effect that transforms not only our own lives but also the world around us.As I continue on this earthly journey, I embrace gratitude as my constant companion. It is a source of strength, a wellspring of joy, and a reminder of the interconnectedness of all things. Through the lens of gratitude, I see the world with eyes that are open to beauty, a heart that is filled with compassion, and a spirit that is eternally grateful.中文回答：感恩：一段蜕变的旅程感恩犹如一幅精妙绝伦的挂毯，由繁复的丝线交织而成，成为我生命之旅中不可或缺的一部分，塑造了我存在的本质。
my feelings英语作文
my feelings英语作文Title: Exploring My Feelings。
Exploring one's feelings is akin to embarking on a journey through the intricate labyrinth of emotions, where each turn unveils a new facet of our inner world. From the ebbs of joy to the depths of sorrow, our feelings shape the very essence of our existence, guiding our thoughts, actions, and relationships. In this reflective journey, I delve into the nuanced landscape of my emotions, seeking to unravel their complexities and understand their profound significance in my life.At the core of my emotional spectrum lies a profound sense of empathy, a deep resonance with the experiences and emotions of others. This empathy serves as a compass, guiding me through the intricacies of human interaction and fostering connections built on understanding and compassion. Whether rejoicing in the triumphs of loved ones or offering solace in times of distress, my empathy forms the bedrockof my relationships, enriching my life with meaningful connections and shared experiences.Yet, intertwined with empathy, lies a profound vulnerability—a susceptibility to the turbulent currentsof emotion that course through the human psyche. At times, this vulnerability manifests as a profound sense of melancholy, a poignant longing for a sense of belonging and purpose in an ever-changing world. In moments of solitude,I confront this melancholy head-on, embracing it as an integral part of my emotional landscape rather than shying away from its discomforting embrace. Through introspection and self-reflection, I seek solace in the realization that vulnerability is not a weakness to be overcome but astrength to be embraced—a testament to the depth of human experience and the richness of our emotional tapestry.Yet, amidst the somber hues of vulnerability, there exists a radiant spectrum of joy—a profound appreciationfor the beauty and wonder that permeate every facet of existence. Whether basking in the warmth of a sun-kissed morning or reveling in the laughter of cherished companions,moments of joy serve as beacons of light amidst the darkness, illuminating the path forward with their radiant glow. In these moments, I am reminded of the inherent resilience of the human spirit, capable of finding joy and beauty even in the most challenging of circumstances.However, alongside joy, exists a tumultuous sea of uncertainty—a nagging apprehension that lingers on the fringes of consciousness, whispering tales of doubt and insecurity. In moments of uncertainty, I find refuge in the embrace of self-compassion—a gentle reminder that imperfection is an intrinsic aspect of the human condition and that self-love is the antidote to self-doubt. Through acts of self-care and nurturing, I cultivate a sense of inner peace, grounding myself in the present moment and embracing the inherent uncertainty of the future with grace and resilience.In the tapestry of my emotions, each thread tells a story—a narrative woven from the fabric of human experience and colored by the myriad hues of joy, sorrow, empathy, and vulnerability. As I navigate the labyrinth ofmy feelings, I am reminded of the profound interconnectedness of all beings and the transformative power of empathy and compassion. In embracing the full spectrum of my emotions, I discover a profound sense of liberation—a freedom to embrace the richness of life inall its complexity and to cultivate a deeper understanding of myself and the world around me.In conclusion, exploring my feelings has been a journey of self-discovery—an odyssey through the depths of my inner world in search of meaning, connection, and authenticity. Through empathy, vulnerability, joy, and uncertainty, I have come to embrace the full spectrum of human emotion, recognizing each feeling as a precious gift that enriches my experience of being alive. As I continue on this journey, I do so with an open heart and a curious mind, ready to embrace whatever emotions may come my way and to embrace the beauty and complexity of the human experience.。
捡到一百元的作文英语
捡到一百元的作文英语Title: Unexpected Fortune: Finding One Hundred Yuan。
Finding a hundred yuan unexpectedly was akin to stumbling upon a hidden treasure. It was an ordinary day, much like any other, until serendipity intervened andaltered the course of events. As I recount the experience, the surrealism of the moment still lingers, etched vividlyin memory.The day commenced with the usual routine mundane tasks and obligations looming ahead. Little did I anticipate the twist fate had in store. Walking along the bustling streets, lost in my thoughts, I chanced upon a crumpled note lying inconspicuously on the pavement. Instinctively, I stoopedto pick it up, intrigued by the mysterious object.Upon unfolding the creased paper, disbelief washed over me as I beheld the crisp, distinct markings of currency a hundred yuan note. It felt surreal, as if plucked from therealms of fantasy. The initial shock gradually gave way to elation, accompanied by a surge of curiosity regarding the origins of this unexpected windfall.While the immediate temptation was to revel in newfound fortune, a sense of responsibility tempered the excitement. In a world fraught with uncertainties, integrity serves as a guiding beacon. Thus, without hesitation, I resolved to embark on a quest to reunite the lost treasure with its rightful owner.The journey commenced with inquiries directed towards passersby, hoping to uncover any clues leading to the owner of the lost currency. Each interaction, though met with varying degrees of optimism, yielded no substantial leads. Undeterred, I widened the scope of my search, venturinginto nearby establishments and consulting local authorities in a bid to unravel the mystery.Time passed, marked by relentless pursuit and unwavering determination. As hours turned into days, the initial fervor began to wane, giving rise to a sense ofresignation. Doubts crept in, prompting introspection regarding the feasibility of my endeavor. Yet, amidst the tide of uncertainty, the resolve to uphold principles remained unwavering.It was during a seemingly mundane encounter that a breakthrough occurred. A conversation with a local vendor unveiled a series of events leading to the loss of the hundred yuan note. The narrative, albeit convoluted, provided a semblance of closure to the unfolding saga. With gratitude, I bid farewell to the vendor, clutching the currency tightly, its significance transcending monetary value.The reunion with the rightful owner was a momentous occasion, characterized by mutual gratitude and relief. As the hundred yuan note exchanged hands, it symbolized more than mere monetary transaction it epitomized the triumph of honesty over temptation, integrity over deceit.Reflecting on the experience, I am reminded of the intrinsic value of integrity in navigating life's myriadchallenges. While the allure of instant gratification may beckon, the true measure of character lies in the choices made when confronted with moral dilemmas. In a world fraught with uncertainties, integrity serves as an anchor, guiding us through the turbulent seas of existence.Thus, the saga of finding a hundred yuan note stands not merely as an anecdote, but as a testament to the enduring power of honesty and integrity. In a world inundated with cynicism and disillusionment, may it serve as a beacon of hope, illuminating the path towards a brighter, more principled future.。
坚定了向前的心英语作文
Growing up, Ive always been a dreamer, envisioning a future filled with possibilities. But it wasnt until a pivotal moment in my high school years that I truly found the resolve to move forward with unwavering determination. That moment was not just a turning point it was the spark that ignited a fire within me, propelling me towards my aspirations with a newfound sense of purpose.It was a typical autumn day, crisp air and the scent of fallen leaves permeating the school grounds. I was in my junior year, grappling with the pressures of college applications and the looming shadow of the future. The weight of expectations from family and the fear of the unknown often left me feeling overwhelmed. It was during one of these moments of selfdoubt that I stumbled upon a quote by Helen Keller that resonated deeply with me: Keep your face to the sunshine, and you cannot see a shadow. This simple yet profound statement became my mantra, a guiding light that helped me navigate through the turbulent waters of adolescence.The concept of facing the sun, metaphorically speaking, meant embracing positivity and focusing on the opportunities that lay ahead rather than dwelling on the obstacles. It was a shift in perspective that allowed me to see challenges as stepping stones rather than insurmountable walls. This change in mindset was not immediate it required a conscious effort to redirect my thoughts whenever I found myself slipping into negativity.One of the most significant instances that tested my resolve was when I faced a major setback in my academic journey. I had invested countless hours into a science project, only for it to be met with criticism and alessthanstellar grade. The initial blow to my confidence was immense, but instead of allowing it to define my capabilities, I chose to view it as an opportunity to learn and improve. I delved deeper into the subject matter, sought guidance from my teachers, and refined my approach. The process was arduous, but the determination to not let this setback dictate my future fueled my perseverance.This experience was a microcosm of the larger journey I was on. Each challenge I encountered, whether it was a failed exam, a strained friendship, or a personal failure, became a lesson in resilience. I learned to appreciate the value of hard work, the importance of seeking help when needed, and the power of selfbelief.My journey was also marked by moments of triumph that reinforced my resolve. Be it winning a debate competition, acing a difficult exam, or receiving praise for a wellexecuted project, each victory, no matter how small, served as a reminder of my potential and the progress I was making. These moments were the rays of sunshine that kept me moving forward, even when the path was shrouded in doubt and uncertainty.As I reflect on my high school years, I realize that the most significant lesson I learned was the power of a determined heart. Its not about never experiencing failure or doubt, but about choosing to face them headon and using them as catalysts for growth. The quote by Helen Keller that I clung to during those formative years has now become an intrinsic part of who I am. Its a reminder that even in the darkest of times, there is always a ray of hope, a glimmer of sunshine waiting to be embraced.Moving forward, I carry this lesson with me as I step into the next chapter of my life. Whether its pursuing higher education, embarking on a career, or simply navigating the complexities of adulthood, I am equipped with the knowledge that a steadfast heart and a positive outlook can guide me through any storm. The journey may be fraught with challenges, but with the resolve Ive cultivated, I am confident that I can face whatever comes my way with courage and conviction.。
COMPUTATION OF TURBULENT FLOW IN GENERAL DOMAINS
Abstract
1 Introduction
The purpose of this contribution is to report on experience that has been gathered in the development of a computing method for incompressible ow in complicated domains. We will mainly discuss the path that we have been following towards this goal, and mention alternative approaches only in passing; without any pretension, however, that our way is better. See 14] for a survey of the eld. Our approach may be characterized as a coordinateinvariant generalization of the classical staggered grid discretization in Cartesian coordinates ( 7]) and associated solution methods for incompressible ows.
Supported by the Netherlands Foundation for Mathematics (SMC) with nancial aid from the Netherlands Organization for the Advancement of Scienti c Research (NWO).
SPEECHIDEAS–FLOWOFTHOUGHTS：演讲的想法–流动的思想
SPEECH IDEAS – FLOW OF THOUGHTSSLIDE 1: Title of the work and authors – acknowledgments.SLIDE 2: AIMS I –Here it should be underlined the difficulty in simulating turbomachinery turbulent flows, that mainly stems from geometric curvature, transition and separation phenomena. Limiting our attention to the RANS approach, these problems could be tackled by means of advanced turbulence closures such as k-ε-v2-f or second moment closures which unfortunately introduce a lot of critical features for the numerical counterpart. Therefore it is necessary to introduce and develop effective stabilized tools.SLIDE 3: AIMS II – The motivations that led to the development of this joint work are based on the lack of reaction controlling features for state of the art stabilized FEM (i.e. SUPG). In this viewpoint it is noticeable that most of the recent turbulence models share an advection-diffusion-reaction structure. The new VMS approach is able to outperform SUPG (quoting Hughes from FEF’05 congress) and opens a new vital background for FEM thus being a first level for a stabilized formulation. Notwithstanding a second level of numerical devices is needed to deal with high reaction associated with relevant solution gradient.SLIDE 4: CONTENTS –The speech will focus on the advection-diffusion-reaction systems of equations arising in turbomachinery CFD. The tackling of numerical difficulties will be performed in two levels, the first one concerns with the introduction of a stabilized VMS formulation, namely the V-SGS by Corsini, Rispoli and Santoriello. In order to outperform in all the situations that must be faced in simulations like these, a second level of stabilization is added by means of the DRD, in a new fashion that we believe as more suitable for a VMS context. The resulting formulation has been tested on both model and turbomachinery problems.SLIDE 5: ADV-DF-RT PROBLEM STATEMENT - here is summarized the typical structure of advection-diffusion-reaction just to have a short summary of the terms involved. Moreover a brief discussion should be done on the element Peclet and reaction number that are the solution governing parameters: when at least one of them grows there are numerical problems.SLIDE 6: 1st level- VMS APPROACH - on a two level stabilized formulation point of view, as first level we should consider a VMS approach, based on the decomposition of the solution into coarse and fine scales, with det ermination of the latter by means of the element Green’s function and substitution of their effect on the coarse ones.SLIDE 7: V-SGS I –in the VMS framework our new way to approximate the element Green’s function is based on a product between two functions, that permit to obtain a space variable intrinsic time scale parameter τV-SGS. The stabilizing integral to be added in the subgrid model is presented. SLIDE 8: V-SGS II - as a matter of fact when using finite elements, even limiting our attention to linear one-dimensional ones, the presence of the reaction in the equation causes a non-constant residual that could be tackled only with non constant residual based stabilization tools, and this is what V-SGS attempts to do. In particular its behavior in both advection and reaction pure limit, features an average equal to the classical SGS formulation proposed in Hughes 1995 and Hughes et al. 1998, and a space dependence around this value.SLIDE 9: V-SGS III: It is shown here graphically the behavior of τV-SGS and its extension to multi-dimensional problems.SLIDE 10: AN IMPROVING TOOL FOR REACTION EFFECTS – DRD – VMS approach is able to deal with both advection and reaction effects, but still suffer in presence of both high reaction and sharp solution layers. Therefore a second level of improvement is needed in order to obtain a performing formulation for all the situations that must be faced in numerically solving turbulent flows pertinent to turbomachinery. The DRD formulation has been originally introduced to solve chemical reacting flows and has been obtained for nodal exactness in the advection-reaction and reaction-diffusion limit. It is shown its multi-dimensional extension and some characteristic features that permit it to be well suited for a SUPG context. Moreover DRD, that belongs to the family of inconsistent DC-like operators, could be seen as a way to get a low pass filter (further developed with DCDD technique). The question that arise is if it could be useful to introduce it in a VMS context to cure some deficiencies still affecting the most advanced stabilized finite element formulations and how to do it.SLIDE 11: NEW DRD CONCEPT –What is lacking in the VMS context is a discontinuity or shock capturing treatment able to tackle reaction induced instabilities in sharp solution layers. Therefore what should be beneficial is a DRD operator with an explicit dependence on the solution gradient intensity. By means of this choice there is a simple resulting expression for the additional diffusion both in the one- and in the multi-dimensional context. The resulting VMS+DRD method is more and more accurate and the additional DRD diffusion could also be used within a Petrov-Galerkin approach, due to the minimization of compounding effects. Finally the numerical tool is smart and easy to be implemented.SLIDE 12: SCALAR MODEL PROBLEM I – The first numerical example presented has been first shown in Tezduyar & Park 1986, and consists in a square unit domain with 41x21 non uniform linear finite elements. The problem statement is in the limit convection-reaction and a sketch of the exact solution is proposed.SLIDE 13: SCALAR MODEL PROBLEM II –SUPG - solution features oscillations in the zone where velocity goes to zero (pure reaction) and the solution has a sharp layer. These numerical drawbacks are quite reduced by the V-SGS formulation, able to control the reaction effects. Notwithstanding some improvement is needed.SLIDE 14: SCALAR MODEL PROBLEM III – IMPROVING SUPG SOLUTION – The addition of a Mass Lumping technique introduces too much diffusion, and results in an inaccurate solution. On the contrary the presence of the DRD is beneficial for reducing the oscillations and the same could be stated for the new DRD formulation. In a SUPG framework they give similar results. SLIDE 15: SCALAR MODEL PROBLEM IV –IMPROVING V-SGS –The use of DRD in its original fashion on a VMS formulation features an evident drawback, related to a superposition of two devices that tackle reactive effects (this is probably the reason why with SUPG there is no appreciable difference between DRD and new DRD). In this viewpoint, the introduction of new DRD permits to reach the best solution, with an almost completely sharp solution.SLIDE 16: SCALAR MODEL PROBLEM V –SUMMARY –Since the differences between the numerical solutions are evident in the first row of nodes, and in order to summarize the considerations done for the previous slides, here it is shown a collection of solution profiles on the second row of nodes. SUPG + Mass Lumping is already too diffusive and too far from the exact behavior, and this distance will increase moving towards the homogeneous Neumann boundary; SUPG + new DRD has already recovered most of the oscillations found in the first row, while V-SGS + new DRD is completely sharp and very accurate.SLIDE 17: FLOW OVER A CONTROLLED DIFFUSION COMPRESSOR CASCADE I –This last numerical example is based on a 2D compressor cascade with controlled-diffusion (CD) blade profile, experimentally studied by Elazar and Shreeve. Some data are summarized in the table: chord length l c= 127.3 mm, off-design condition with incidence angle β equal to 46°, chord Reynolds number, based on the inlet flow velocity U in (=85 m/s), set to 7⨯105 . In this condition the suction side develops under a strong adverse pressure gradient, that promotes a challenging transitional flow, with a boundary layer thickening as the trailing edge is approached. The flow is 2D with constant temperature, and could be considered virtually incompressible. The grid used for the calculations is characterized by a H topology consisting of 27324 nodes, as sketched in the two figures. The refinement is such that the highest dimensionless distance for the nearest node to the wall along the boundary is δ+= 1.0. The k-ε-v2-f model has been used in order to test the new DRD formulation on the convection-diffusion-reaction equations that model k, ε and v2, and on the diffusion-reaction equation that model f. At the inlet section of the computational domain uniform profiles are used for the velocity components and the turbulent quantities. The experimental free-stream distribution is used for the mean velocity profile. The turbulence intensity and the characteristic length scale are TI = 1.5% and lε/l c = 5.6%.SLIDE 18: FLOW OVER A CONTROLLED DIFFUSION COMPRESSOR CASCADE II –Let consider the Suction Side boundary layer development by means of the extraction of a pair of streamwise velocity profiles orthogonal to the wall. In general it could be stated that numerical results are in quite good agreement with experiments, with some differences. In particular, the SUPG solution, here used as benchmark, is characterized by a too large leading edge separation bubble (@5.2% of the chord) while both the SUPG + new DRD and V-SGS + new DRD are able to reconstruct a correct height of the recirculation, even in the limit of a delayed recovery of the free stream value. The introduction of DRD permits the numerical solution to move from a pure advection dependent diffusive mechanism (SUPG) to a situation in which also the reaction mechanism is considered. Moving towards the trailing edge, the numerical results show a too thin boundary layer, as a consequence of a too early transition (the most difficult feature to be computed in these situations), but V-SGS + new DRD is able to be fairly closer to the experimental profile. SLIDE 19: FLOW OVER A CONTROLLED DIFFUSION COMPRESSOR CASCADE III –In order to complete and validate the previous considerations, let now present the streamwise turbulence intensity profiles in the same locations used in the previous slide. In the first location (@5.2% of the chord), both SUPG + new DRD and V-SGS + new DRD are able to reduce the turbulence intensity peak over prediction typical of eddy viscosity based models, the latter being absolutely excellent in tackling the correct behavior at the reattachment, including the experimental kink of the profile. In the last location all the formulations are able to eliminate any sign of turbulence intensity peak over prediction, the only drawback being the already explained too thin boundary layer.SLIDE 20: CONCLUSIONS – In this joint work some conclusions arise: the first one is that a good stabilized finite element method for computing turbulent flows relevant for turbomachinery should include both advection and reaction instabilities controlling devices, tacking into account the possibility of sharp solution layers. To this end, the new DRD (here presented for the first time) could be beneficial, and its reliability ranges from Petrov-Galerkin to VMS context. Moreover an innovative V-SGS + new DRD formulation has been presented and validated with respect to the current state of the art in Finite Elements, showing good performance for both model problems and real turbulent flows. Finally let underline the fact that such a stabilized finite element method could be used with most of the current RANS turbulence closures, with future application in the computation of turbulent combustion.。