John Barth

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美国著名作家及其主要作品

美国著名作家及其主要作品1、殖民地时期（1607-1765）William BradfordJohn WinthropCaptain John SmithAnne BradstreetEdward Taylor2、启蒙时期与独立战争时期（1765-18世纪末）Jonathan Edwards(乔纳森·爱德华兹)The Freedom of the Will（《意志的自由》）1754The Great Doctrine of Original Sin Defended（《原罪说辩》）1758 Images or Shadows of Divine Things（《神灵的行影》）1758 Benjamin Franklin（本杰明·富兰克林）The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin（《本杰明·富兰克林自传》）1748Poor Richard’s Almanac（《理查德历书》）17583、浪漫主义时期（1800-1865）Washington Irving（华盛顿·欧文）A History of New York From the World to the End of the Dutch Dynasty（《纽约外史》）1809The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent（《见闻札记》）1819-1820James Fenimore Cooper（詹姆士·费尼莫·库柏）Leather-stocking Tales（《皮裹腿故事集》）The Spy（《间谍》）1821The Pioneers（《拓荒者》）1823The Last of the Mohicans（《最后的莫西干人》）1826The Prairie（《草原》）1827The Pathfinder（《探路者》）1840The Deerslayer（《杀鹿者》）1841Ralph Waldo Emerson （拉尔夫·瓦尔多·爱默生）Nature（《大自然》）1836Henry David Thoreau（亨利·大卫·梭罗）A Week on the Concord and Merrimark Rivers（《康科德和美利马克河上的一周》）1849Walden（《华尔登湖畔》）1854Nathaniel Hawthorne（纳撒尼尔·霍桑）The Scarlet letter（《红字》）1850The House of the Seven Gables（《带有七个尖角阁的房子》）1851 The Marble Faun（《玉石雕像》）1860Herman Melville（赫尔曼·梅尔维尔）Clarel（《克拉勒尔》）1876Moby Dick（《大白鲸》）1851Typee（《泰皮》）1846Omoo（《欧穆》）1847Mardi（《玛地》）1849Redburn（《莱德勃恩》）1849White Jacket（《白夹克》）1850Pierre（《皮埃尔》）1852Walt Whitman（沃尔特·惠特曼）Leaves of Grass（《草叶集》）1855Edgar Allan Poe（埃德加·爱伦·坡）The Murders in the Rue Morgue（《莫格街凶杀案》）1841 The Raven（《乌鸦》）18444、现实主义时期（1865-1918）William Dean Howells（威廉·狄威·豪威尔斯）A Modern Instance（《现代婚姻》）1881The Rise of Silas Lapham（《塞拉斯·帕拉姆的发迹》）1885 Henry James（亨利·詹姆士）The American（《美国人》）1877Daisy Miller（《戴茜·密勒》）1879Washington Square（《华盛顿广场》）1881The Portrait of a Lady（《贵妇的画像》）1881The Aspern Papers（《阿斯本文件》）1888The Wings of the Dove（《鸽翼》）The Ambassadors（《奉使记》）1903Harriet Beecher Stowe（哈利特·比彻·斯托夫人）The Cabin of Uncle Tom（《汤姆叔叔的小屋》）1851Mark Twain（马克·吐温）The Gilded Age（《镀金时代》）1870The Adventures of Tom Sawyer（《汤姆·索耶历险记》）1876 Life on the Mississippi（《在密西西比河的生活》）1883The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn（《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》）1884A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court（《在亚瑟王朝廷里的康涅狄格州美国人》）1889The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg（《败坏了赫德莱堡的人》）1900The Mysterious Stranger（《神秘的陌生人》）1916Stephen Crane（斯蒂芬·克兰）Maggie: A Girl of the Streets（《街头女郎梅吉》）1893The Black Riders （《黑骑士》）1895The Red Badge of Courage（《红色英勇勋章》）1895Frank Norris（弗兰克·诺里斯）McTeague（《麦克提格》）1894-1895The Octopus（《章鱼》）1901The Pit（《粮食交易所》）1903Theodore Dreiser（西奥多·德莱塞）Sister Carrie（《嘉莉妹妹》）1900Jannie Gerhardt （《珍妮姑娘》）1911The Financier （《金融家》）1912The Titan （《巨人》）1914The Genius （《天才》）1915An American Tragedy （《美国悲剧》）1925Edwin Arlington Robinson （埃德温·阿灵顿·罗宾逊）The Town Down the River （《急流与昨夜》）1910Man Against the Sky（《天边人影》）1916Jack London（杰克·伦敦）The Call of the Wild （《荒野的呼唤》）1903Martin Eden （《马丁·伊登》）1909Upton Sinclair （阿普顿·辛克莱尔）The Jungle （《屠场》）19065、现代主义时期（1918-1945）T·S·Eliot (艾略特)The Waste Land (《荒原》）1922Ezra Pound （埃兹拉·庞德）Homage to Sextus Propertius （《向塞克斯特斯·普罗波蒂斯致敬》）1917Hugh Selwyn Mauberley （《休·塞耳温·莫伯利》）1920 Wallace Stevens （华莱尔·史蒂文斯）Ideas of Order （《关于秩序的思想》）1935The Man With the Blue Guitar （《持蓝吉他的人》）1937Parts of a world （《一个世界的某些部分》）1942Transport to Summer （《转入夏季》）1947The Auroras of Autumn （《秋天的晨曦》）1950The Necessary Angel （《必不可少的安琪儿》）1951Opus Posthumous （《遗作集》）1957William Carlos Williams （威廉·卡洛斯·威廉姆》）Kora in Hell （《卡洛在地狱中》）1920Spring and All （《春天及一切》）1923Paterson （《佩特森》）1946Robert Frost （罗伯特·弗洛斯特）A Boy’s Will （《少年的意志》）1912North of Boston （《波士顿以北》）1914Mountain Interval （《山间》）1916Carl Sanburg （卡尔·塞堡）Chicago Poems （《芝加哥诗集》）1916Cornhuskers （《剥玉米机》）1918Smoke and Steel （《烟与钢》）1920Good morning, America （《早晨好，美国》）1928 The people, Yes （《人民，是的》）1936 E·E·Cummings （E·E·卡明斯）The Enormous Room （《大屋》）1922F·Scott Fitzgerald （F·斯各特·菲茨杰拉德）The Great Gatsby（《了不起的盖茨比》）1925 Tender is the Night （《夜色温柔》）1934The Last Tycoon （《最后的大亨》）1940Ernest Hemingway（厄尼斯特·海明威）The Sun Also Rise（《太阳照样升起》）1926A Farewell to Arms（《永别了，武器》）1928 Death in Afternoon（《在午后死去》）1932Green Hills of Africa（《非洲的青山》）1935To Have and to Have Not（《富有与贫穷》）1937 The Fifth Column（《第五纵队》）1937For Whom The Bell Tolls（《丧钟为谁而鸣》）1940 The Old Man and the Sea（《老人与海》）1952 William Faulkner（威廉·福克纳）Sartoris（《沙特里斯》）1929The Sound and the Fury（《尘嚣与骚动》）1929As I Lay Dying（《当我躺着死去》）1930Sanctuary（《圣坛》）1931Light in August（《八月之光》）1932Absalom, Absalom（《押沙龙，押沙龙》）1936Go Down, Moses（《去吧，摩西》）1942Sherwood Anderson（舍伍德·安德森）Winesburg, Ohio（《小城畸人》）1919Sinclair Lewis（辛克莱·刘易斯）Main Street（《大街》）1920Babbitt（《巴比特》）1922Arrowsmith（《阿罗史密斯》）1925Dodsworth（《多兹沃斯》）1929Willa Cather（威拉·凯瑟）My Antonia （《我的安东尼亚》）1918The Song of the Lark（《欢乐之歌》）1915A Lost Lady（《一位失踪的女士》）1923The Professor’s House（《教授的屋子》）1925Death Comes for the Archibishop （《大教主之死》）1927 Shadows on the Rock（《盘石上的阴影》）1931 Thomas Wolfe（托玛斯·沃尔夫）Look Homeward, Angel（《天使望故乡》）1929Of Time and the River（《时间与河流》）1935The Web and the Rock（《网与石》）1939You Can’t Go Home Again（《你不能再回去》）1940Eugene O’Neill（尤金·奥尼尔）Beyond the Horizon（《海平线上》）1920Anna Christie（《安娜·克里斯汀》）1922The Iceman Comes（《冰人来了》）1946Long Day’s Journey into Night（《进入黑夜的漫长旅程》）1956 John Dos Passos（约翰·多斯·帕索斯）The 42nd Parallel（《第四十二条平行线》）19301919（《一九一九年》）1932The Big Money（《赚大钱》）1936Adventures of a Young Man（《一位年轻人的冒险》）1939 John Steinbeck（约翰·斯坦贝克）Tortilla Flat（《托蒂拉平地》）1935Of Mice and Man（《鼠与人》）1937The Grapes of Wrath（《愤怒的葡萄》）1939East of Eden（《伊甸园以东》）1952Travels with Charley（《与查理一起旅游》）1962Margaret Mitchell（玛格丽特·米切尔）Gone With the Wind（《飘》）1936Richard Wright（理查德·赖特）Black Boy（《黑小孩》）1945Native Son（《土生子》）1940The Man Who Lived Underground（《住在地下的人》）1942 Clifford Odets（克里福特·奥迪斯特）Golden Boy（《金童》）19376、当代文学（1945- ）William IngeCome Back, Little Sheba (《回来吧，小希巴》)Picnic（《野餐》）Tennessee Williams（田纳西·威廉）The Glass Menagerie（《玻璃动物园》）1945A Streetcar Named Desire（《欲望号街车》）1947The Rose Tatoo（《玫瑰刺花》）1951Cat on a Hot Tin Roof（《热锡顶屋上的猫》）1955Arthur Miller（阿瑟·米勒）All My Sons（《我的儿子们》）1947The Crucible（《炼狱》）1953A View from the Bridge（《桥头眺望》）1955After the Fall（《堕落之后》）1964Incident at Vichy（《维西事件》）1964The Price（《代价》）1968The Creation of the World and Other Business（《创世纪及其他》）1972The Archbishop’s Ceiling（《大主教的天花板》）1977 Edward Albee（爱德华·阿尔比）Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf（《谁怕维吉尼亚·沃尔夫》）1962 Saul Bellow（索尔·贝娄）The Victim（《牺牲者》）1945The Adventures of Augie March（《奥吉·玛琪历险记》）1953 Seize the Day （《只争朝夕》）1956Henderson the Rain King (《雨王汉德逊》) 1959Herzog （《赫尔索格》）1964Mr·Sammler’s Planet (《塞姆勒先生的行星》) 1970 Humboldt’s Gifts （《洪堡特的礼物》）1975The Dean’s December （《院长的十二月》）1982Norman Mailer （诺尔曼·梅勒）The Naked and the Dead (《裸者与死者》) 1948The Armies of the Night （《夜之军队》）1968The Executioner’s Song （《刽子手之歌》）1979Ancient Evening （《古老黄昏》）1983J·D·Salinger （J·D·塞林格）The Catcher in the Rye （《麦田守望者》）1951Joseph Heller （约瑟夫·海勒）Catch-22 （《第22条军规》） 1961Kurt V onnegut Jr·（小库尔特·冯纳古特）Slaughterhouse Five （《第五号屠场》）1969Ken Kesey （肯·凯西）One Flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest （《飞越疯人院》）1961 Robert Lowell （罗伯特·洛威尔）Land of Unlikeness （《异地》）1944Life Studies （《人生写照》）1959Allen Ginsberg （艾伦·金斯伯格）Howl （《嚎》）1956Charles Olson （查尔斯·奥森）The Distances （《距离》）1961Langston Hughes （兰斯顿·休斯）Simples Speaks His Mind （《辛普尔倾吐衷情》）1950 Ralph Ellison （拉尔夫·艾里森）Invisible Man （隐形人）1952Tell Me How Long the Train’s Been Gone （《告诉我，火车走了多久》）1968Katherine Anne Porter （凯瑟琳·安·波特）Pale Horse , Pale Rider （《灰色骑士，灰色马》） 1939The Leaning Tower （《斜塔》）1945Ship of Fools （《愚人船》）1962Bernard Malamud （伯纳德·玛拉穆德）The Assistant （《助手》）1957A New Life （《新的生活》） 1961Dubin’s Lives （《杜宾的生活》）1979John Barth （约翰·巴思）The End of the Road （《路的尽头》）1958Lost in the Funhouse （《迷失在娱乐场》）1968 John Updike （约翰·厄普代克）Rabbit , Run （《兔子，快跑》）1960Sylvia Plath （西尔维亚·普拉斯）The Colossus （《巨人》）1960Lady Lazarus （《拉撒路女士》）1963Joyce Caral Oates （乔伊斯·卡罗尔·欧茨）Them （《他们》）1969Wonderland （《奇境》）1970Toni MorrisonThe Bluest Eyes （《最蓝的眼睛》）1970Sula （《秀拉》）1973Song of Solomon （《所罗门之歌》）1969Tar Baby（《柏油娃娃》）1981Beloved （《爱娃》）1987Jazz （《爵士乐》） 1992Paradise （《天堂》）1998。

托福备考-1月托福阅读全真试题

(C)Distinguished
(D)Helped
5.What was the subject of Joyce Carol Oates's first novel?
(A)Loneliness
(B)Inanity
(C)Teaching
(D)Racing
6.Why does the author mention Oates's book Them?
7.Which of the following would Joyce Carol Oates be most likely to write?
(A)A story with an unhappy ending
(B)A romancer novel set in the nineteenth century
Although some of it appears to come from her own direct observations, her dreams, and her fears, much more is clearly from the experiences of thers. Her first novel, With Shuddering Fall(1964), dealt with stock car racing, though she had never seen a race. IN Them(1969) she focused on Detroit from the Depression through the notes of 1967, drawing much of her material from the deep impression made on her by the problems of one of her students. Whatever the source and however shocking the events or the motivations, however, her fictive world remains strikingly akin to that real one reflected in the daily newspapers, the television news and talk shows, and the popular magazines of our day.

计算机程序的构造和解释--课后习题参考答案

第一章:构造过程抽象心智的活动,除了尽力产生各种简单的认识之外,主要表现在如下三个方面:1)将若干简单的认识组合为一个复合认识,由此产生出各种复杂的知识.2)将两个认识放在一起对照,不管它们如何简单或者复杂,在这样做时并不将它们合二为一.由此得到有关它们的相互关系的认识.3)将有关认识与那些在实际中和它们所同在的有关其它认识隔离开,这就是抽象,所有具有普遍性的认识都是这样得到的.John Locke 有关人类理解的随笔1690这一章是开篇,主要介绍的是Scheme语言的部分语法,并且通过使用简单的语法去达到一些不那么简单的数学问题.注意:在第三章以前都不会用到赋值,所以并没有大家习惯中的"循环",更多地通过递归来实现.练习:1.1 略1.2 略1.3CODEBOX(define (max a b c)(if (> a b)(if (> a c) a c)(if (> b c) b c)))1.4这题为读者模糊地提供了一个高阶函数的概念,还有过程和数据的统一结合.1.5本题的知识点是正则序和应用序的区别.考虑(define (p) (p))一旦(p)被求值,这个程序就会死掉.在正则序中,对函数的求值是这样的:先展开到只剩基本过程,再对其中"需要求值"的部分进行求值.在应用序中,函数的求值会先对每一个参数进行求值,然后把参数的值代入函数体中.所以,如果对(test 0 (p))使用应用序,那么(p)就会被求值,然后死循环.如果是正则序,那么先展开,之后做if条件判断,然后求值 0 ,因为(p) 没有需要,所以没有求值,可以正确返回.1.6本题和1.5的关注点是相同的.如果使用new-if的话,它的三个参数都会被求值(注意,Scheme默认工作在应用序下).而它的第三个参数会对自己进行递归调用.所以会死循环.1.7原始的good-enough?是检测两次的差的方式.对于很大的数,它的差可能根本无法精确到good-enough?要求的精度.而对于很小的数,可能它发生了相对于自己来说很大的改变,但是却比good-enough?要求的来得小.用比率的方法写good-enough?是可以的,但是要注意除以0这个问题.1.8 略1.2节:它开始讲解递归和迭代之异同(大魔王有言"迭代者为人,递归者为神").实际上,迭代是递归的一种特殊情况,既f(x) = f(x'),且f(x')比f(x)规模更小之时,递归可以化为迭代.递归的空间是线性增长的,而迭代始终为常数.这节主要掌握的是:函数的递归和迭代两种写法,还有对程序的分析.1.9第一个是递归的.第二个是迭代的.1.10 略...1.11CODEBOX(define (f n)(if (< n 3) n(+ (f (- n 1)) (* 2 (f (- n 2))) (* 3 (f (- n 3))))))(define (f2 n)(f2-iter 2 1 0 n))(define (f2-iter a b c count)(if (= count 0) c(f2-iter (+ a (* 2 b) (* 3 c)) a b (- count 1))));f是递归的,f2是迭代的,其中用到了f2-iter1.12CODEBOX(define (combination x y)(cond ((= x y) 1)((= y 0) 1)(else (+ (combination (- x 1) (- y 1))(combination (- x 1) y)))))1.13先证明Fib(n) = (a^n + b^n) / sqrt(5);其中a = (1 + sqrt(5)) / 2b = (1 - sqrt(5)) / 2可以使用归纳法,当然也可以通过解特征根方程解出来...似乎还可以用幂级数?(等等我去复习下离散数学)然后发现|b / sqrt(5)| < 0.5,所以命题得证.1.14空间线性增长步数是指数级的.因为其本质是一个线性递归方程.1.15SICP这种细节题也很有意思.a) 5次.我是用这个程序算的...CODEBOX(define (f x)(if (> (abs x) 0.1) (+ (f (/ x 3.0)) 1)0))或者再偷懒一点的话每个sine前面加一行display,这样最清楚...啊,你说算么?嗯,注意现在用的Scheme是应用序的,注意每次调用的传值性,所以只要算12.15除以3多少次以后< 0.1就好.b)时间和空间都是对数级别增长.(关于角度a)1.16CODEBOX(define (fast-expt x n)(iter 1 x n))(define (iter a b n)(cond ((= n 0) a)((odd? n) (iter (* a b) b (- n 1)))(else (iter a (* b b) (/ n 2)))))题目给了充分的提示,然而我还是想了一段时间...实际上就是倍增的思想.书中关于"不变量"的那一句很棒.1.17 同1.16的方法.1.18 同1.17的方法.1.19个人觉得按照那样写变换很不方便,于是直接写矩阵就好.观察发现向量(a b) * (0 1) = (b , a + b)(1 1)所以实际上只要做该矩阵的n次方就行了.根据A^n乘积与顺序无关这条定理,可以用fast-expt的方法做矩阵乘法,然后复杂度就是对数级的.题目中 p' = p^2 + q^2,q' = q^2 + 2pq.1.20再次提醒应用序和正则序的区别.因为应用序的先算再传值的性质,应用序为4次.正则序...先记remainder = r.(gcd a b)-> (if (= b 0) a (gcd b (r a b)))-> (if (= b 0) a (if (= (r a b) 0) b (gcd (r a b) (r (r a b) b)))-> (if (= b 0) a (if (= (r a b) 0) b (if (= (r (r a b) (r (r a b) b)) 0) (r a b) (gcd ....)到这里就看得很清楚了。

一生必读的100部英文小说-推荐下载

【一生必读的100部英文小说】 2009-07-25 22:35 | (分类:文学)下面这100本英语小说，是西方人认定的上世纪二十年代以来发表出来的最杰出的英语小说。

是绝对具有珍藏价值的小说。

学英语专业的人应该读，没学英语专业的，也应该有空的时候把相关的汉译本拿来读读。

翻阅这样的小说，可以保证你真正做到“开卷有益”，而不至于将宝贵的生命与时间浪费在茫茫的烂书堆中。

总之，这些小说的名字，对于很多中国读者来说，可能有些陌生，但那是因为是受到了前辈们的“熏陶”，他们给我们开列的书单，是那一代人视野所能及的范围。

他们也只能开列出19世纪以前的经典小说书单，从某种意义上说，它们离我们更远些。

而下面的这100本英语经典小说的书单，更反映了当代西方人的某种权威角度与视野。

诚然，这只是英语世界里的经典小说，绝对不是世界性的。

但现在不是全民一起学英语吗，这样的大环境中，好好从这100本英语经典小说中选几部出来读，恐怕都是一件十分惬意的事情。

我特意花点时间，把这100部英语经典小说的原名，作者给列在上面，并将书名全部汉译过来，主要是给没有机会读英语原版小说的人提供某种方便。

有约定俗成的就按原来的处理。

没有的，就尽量直译过来。

这是网上很多地方报道此消息时所不具备的，也是我的某种特色罢。

此外，看一下自己的书架，看一下下面这100本小说，你一共有几本，也可以从某种角度上说明了我们对现当代西方文学的认识有多深或有多浅。

【原文书名】【书名汉译】【作者姓名原文】【作者姓名汉译】The Adventures of Augie March（奥吉·玛琪历险记）Saul Bellow （索尔·贝罗）All the King’s Men（国王人马）Robert Penn Warren（R·P·沃伦）American Pastoral（美国牧师）Philip Roth（菲利普·罗斯）An American Tragedy（美国悲剧）Theodore Dreiser（狄德罗·德莱塞）Animal Farm（动物农场）George Orwell（乔治·奥维尔）Appointment in Samarra（相约萨玛拉）John O’Hara（约翰·奥哈拉）Are You There God? It’s Me, Margaret（神哪，您在那里吗？是我，玛格丽特）JudyBlume（朱迪·布罗姆）The Assistant（助手）Bernard Malamud（伯纳德·马拉迈德）At Swim-Two-Birds（双鸟嬉戏池塘边）Flann O’Brien（弗兰·奥伯兰）Atonement（救赎）艾恩·麦克埃文Beloved（宠儿）Toni Morrison（托尼·莫里逊）The Berlin Stories（柏林故事集）Christopher Isherwood（克里斯托夫·埃舍伍德）The Big Sleep（夜长梦多）Raymond Chandler（雷蒙·珊德勒）The Blind Assassin（盲人杀手）Margaret Atwood（玛格丽特·埃特伍德）Blood Meridian（血色子午线）Cormac McCarthy（考麦克·麦卡锡）Brideshead Revisited （旧地重游）Evelyn Waugh （埃菲琳·瓦）The Bridge of San Luis Rey（圣路易雷桥）Thornton Wilder（桑顿·王尔德）Call It Sleep（睡眠）Henry Roth（亨利·罗斯）Catch-22 （第二十二条军规）Joseph Heller（约瑟·海勒）The Catcher in the Rye（麦田守望者）J.D. Salinger（J·D·塞林格）A Clockwork Orange（发条橙子）Anthony Burgess（安东尼·伯格斯）The Confessions of Nat Turner（纳特·特纳的忏悔）William Styron（威廉·斯太龙）The Corrections（纠正）Jonathan Franzen（约那逊·弗兰森）The Crying of Lot 49（拍卖第49号]）Thomas Pynchon（托马斯·品钦）A Dance to the Music of Time（随时间音乐起舞）Anthony Powell（安东尼·鲍威）The Day of the Locust（蝗虫肆虐日）Nathanael West（那瑟那尔·威斯特）Death Comes for the Archbishop（大主教之死）Willa Cather（威拉·凯瑟）A Death in the Family（家族成员之死）James Agee（詹姆斯·阿吉）The Death of the Heart（心脏之死）Elizabeth Bowen（伊丽莎白·伯文）Deliverance（释放）James Dickey（詹姆斯·迪克）Dog Soldiers（亡命之徒）Robert Stone（罗伯特·斯通）Falconer（放鹰者）John Cheever（约翰·契佛）The French Lieutenant’s Woman （法国中尉的女人）John Fowles（约翰·弗勒斯）The Golden Notebook（金色笔记）Doris Lessing（D·莱辛）Go Tell it on the Mountain（山上高呼）James Baldwin（詹姆斯·鲍德温）Gone With the Wind（飘）Margaret Mitchell（玛格丽特·米切尔）The Grapes of Wrath（愤怒的葡萄）John Steinbeck（约翰·斯坦伯克）Gravity’s Rainbow（引力彩虹）Thomas Pynchon（托马斯·品钦）The Great Gatsby（了不起的盖茨比）F. Scott Fitzgerald（F·斯考特·菲茨杰拉德）A Handful of Dust（一掬尘土）Evelyn Waugh（埃菲琳·瓦）The Heart Is A Lonely Hunter（心是孤独的猎手）Carson McCullers（卡尔逊·迈勒斯）The Heart of the Matter（核心问题）Graham Greene（G·格林）Herzog（赫尔佐格）Saul Bellow（索尔·贝罗）Housekeeping（管家）Marilynne Robinson （玛琳·罗伯逊）A House for Mr. Biswas（毕斯瓦思先生之屋）V.S. Naipaul （V·S·纳保罗）I, Claudius（我，克劳迪斯）Robert Graves（罗伯特·格里夫斯）Infinite Jest（无尽的玩笑）David Foster Wallace（戴维·弗斯特·华莱士）Invisible Man（隐形人）Ralph Ellison（拉尔芙·埃利逊）Light in August（八月之光）William Faulkner（威廉·福克纳）The Lion, The Witch and the Wardrobe（狮子，女巫和魔衣橱）C.S. Lewis（C·S·Lewis）Lolita（洛丽塔）Vladimir Naboko 弗拉基米尔·那波克Lord of the Flies（蝇王）William Golding 威廉·格尔丁The Lord of the Rings（指环王）by J.R.R. Tolkein （J·R·R·托肯）Loving（爱）Henry Green（亨利·格林）Lucky Jim（幸运的吉姆）Kingsley Amis（金斯利·埃米斯）The Man Who Loved Children （那个喜欢孩子的人）Christina Stead（克里斯蒂·斯太德）Midnight's Children（午夜之子）Salman Rushdie（萨尔曼·拉什迪）Money（金钱）Martin Amis（马丁·埃米斯）The Moviegoer（电影迷）Walker Percy（沃克·泊西）Mrs. Dalloway（达罗薇夫人）Virginia Woolf（芙吉妮亚·伍尔夫）Naked Lunch（裸体午餐）William Burroughs （威廉·伯罗斯）Native Son（土著之子）Richard Wright（理查·莱特）Neuromancer（神经漫游者）William Gibson（威廉·吉普逊）Never Let Me Go（别让我走）Kazuo Ishiguro （卡佐·伊什古罗）1984（一九八四）George Orwell（乔治·奥维尔）On the Road（在路上）by Jack Kerouac（杰克·克鲁亚克）One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest（飞越疯人院）Ken Kesey（肯·克西）The Painted Bird（染色鸟）Jerzy Kosinski（泽西·克金斯基）Pale Fire（幽冥火）Vladimir Nabokov（弗拉基米尔·那巴克夫）A Passage to India（印度之行）E.M. Forster（E·M·弗斯特）Play It As It Lays（顺其自然）Joan Didion（琼·迪丹）Portnoy's Complaint （波特诺的抱怨）Philip Roth（菲利普·罗斯）Possession（占有）A.S. Byatt（A·S·伯亚特）The Power and the Glory（权力与荣耀）Graham Greene（G·格林）The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie（让·布罗迪小姐的巅峰时刻）Muriel Spark（莫里·斯巴克）Rabbit, Run（兔子，跑吧）John Updike（约翰·厄普代克）Ragtime（雷格泰姆音乐）E.L. Doctorow（E·L·多克特罗）The Recognitions（辨识）William Gaddis（威廉·格迪斯）Red Harvest（红色收获）Dashiell Hammett （达斯·哈迈特）Revolutionary Road（革命之路）Richard Yates（理查·叶茨）The Sheltering Sky（僻护天空）Paul Bowles（保罗·保尔斯）Slaughterhouse-Five（第五号屠场）Kurt Vonnegut（克特·冯尼格特）Snow Crash（雪崩）Neal Stephenson（尼尔·史蒂文森）The Sot-Weed Factor（因素）John Barth（约翰·伯斯）The Sound and the Fury（喧哗与骚动）William Faulkner（威廉·福克纳）The Sportswriter（体育新闻记者）Richard Ford（理查·福特）The Spy Who Came in From the Cold（柏林谍影）John LeCarre（约翰·勒克）The Sun Also Rises（太阳照样升起）Ernest Hemingway（厄内斯特·海明威）Their Eyes Were Watching God（他们仰望上帝）Zora Neale Hurston（佐拉·尼尔·赫斯顿）Things Fall Apart（瓦解）Chinua Achebe（切努瓦·阿切比）To Kill a Mockingbird（杀死一只知更鸟）Harper Lee（哈普·李）To the Lighthouse（到灯塔去）Virginia Woolf（芙吉妮亚·伍尔夫）Tropic of Cancer（北回归线）Henry Miller（亨利·米勒）Ubik（尤比克）Philip K. Dick （菲·K·迪克）Under the Net（网下）Iris Murdoch（埃尔斯·莫多克）Under the Volcano（火山下）Malcolm Lowrey（马尔孔·罗瑞）Watchmen by Alan Moore & Dave Gibbons（守夜者）White Noise（白噪音）Don DeLillo（丹·迪里罗）White Teeth（白色的牙齿）Zadie Smith（匝迪·史密斯）Wide Sargasso Sea（野海草之海）Jean Rhys（让·里斯。

希腊神话的对英美文化的影响(完)

一、希腊神话的起源与特点希腊罗马神话是西方文化的源头,它最早以口头文学的形式在各部落流传,后来由荷马、赫希俄德等古希腊诗人整理成集。

它主要包括神的故事和英雄传说两部分。

希腊罗马神话在西方文化史上有着至尊的地位,对西方语言、文学、艺术、宗教等有深远影响。

一直以来西方文学家、艺术家从中撷取创作题材、获得创作灵感,同时,以希腊罗马神话为内容的文学、艺术作品又使希腊罗马神话广为传播,使神话元素不断渗透进西方各语言,并影响着西方人的思想观念与文化。

英美文化作为西方文化的一部分,不可避免地受到希腊罗马神话的影响。

兴起于14 世纪,结束于16 世纪的欧洲文艺复兴运动是当时欧洲的新兴资产阶级为反对封建主阶级而进行的一场思想文化运动。

在这场运动中,古希腊罗马文化被重新发掘出来,重新受到重视。

作为希腊罗马文化中的瑰宝, 希腊罗马神话也引起人们极大的兴趣。

希腊罗马神话以其丰富多彩和富有思想意义著称于世。

希腊神话非常丰富,包括神的故事和英雄传说两大部分。

神的故事主要包括开天辟地,神的产生, 神的谱系,天上的改朝换代,人类的起源和神的日常活动的故事。

英雄传说是古希腊人对远古历史的回忆,是人类对自然和社会邪恶势力所作斗争的颂歌。

英雄被当作神和人相结合而生的后代,是半人半神,实际上是对历史上或现实中英雄人物的神化,是集体力量和智慧的人格化。

希腊神话用数以千计的人物形象和许多曲折优美的故事反应了史前人类生活的广阔图景,表现了人类童年时代天真烂漫、自尊、公正的特点和向自然、向一切邪恶力量作斗争的英雄气概,因此具有永久的魅力[1 ] (P9)。

希腊神话对英美文化有特别大的影响,古罗马人在用武力征服了希腊后便被希腊文化所征服,完全继承了希腊神话,于是罗马神话中的神与希腊神话中的神相混同,都被赋予同样的经历和个性,只是在罗马神话中诸神有了拉丁文名字,于是希腊、罗马神话便融为一体,通称希腊罗马神话[2 ]二、希腊神话对英美文化的影响2.1 对语言文化的影响希腊罗马神话对于英美的文化,特别是善于兼收并蓄的英语语言产生了深远的影响。

修炼你的真诚领导力

修炼你的真诚领导力何谓卓越的领导者?在过去的50年里,为了确定卓越领导者的管理风格、特征和性格特点，研究人员做了1,000多项研究。

然而，这些研究者都没有将一个理想的领导者形象清晰地描述出来。

不过，也幸亏他们没做到这一点，否则管理者就会去争相模仿，给自己带上假面具，不但失去自我，也很容易被人一眼看穿。

模仿他人只会使自己变得不真实。

你可以从他人的经历中吸取经验，但如果完全模仿他人，那绝非成功之道。

人们信任你是因为你率直真诚，而不是因为你是另一个人的翻版。

安进公司（Amgen）的CEO兼总裁凯文〃沙拉尔（Kevin sharer）曾在20世纪80年代担任杰克〃韦尔奇特（Jack Welch）的助手，他因此获得了非常宝贵的经验同时也发现GE内部个人崇拜造成了不好的影响。

“每个人都希望成为杰克，”他解释说，其实领导力可以有多种表现。

你应该坚持真实的自我，而不是去仿效他人。

过去5年，人们对领导者越来越不信任。

很明显，在21世纪，我们需要新型的商业领袖。

2003本文作者之一比尔〃乔治在《真诚领导力：再探创造持久价值的法宝》（Authentic leadership:Rediscovering the secrets to Creating Lasting Value）一书中，号召新一代领导人进行“真诚的领导”。

真诚的领导者会热切追求自己的目标，坚持自己的价值观，他们在管理中既用脑子去思考，也用心去感受。

他们懂得与人建立长期且有意义的联系，并严格要求自己，以达到目标。

他们对自己始终有着清醒的认知。

《真诚领导力》一书的读者不乏CEO，他们都表示，自己也迫切希望成为真正的领导者，只是不知道该如何去做。

为此，我们对“如何获得并保持真诚的领导力”这一问题开始了探究。

我们采访了125名企业领导，研究他们如何培养自己的领能力。

在领导力发展这一领域中，我们的研究是有史以来规模最大的深度研究项目之一。

我们的采访对象坦率地与我们讨论发觉自身潜力的过程，也诚恳地与我们分享了自己的人生体验、个人奋斗历程，以及过去的成功和失败。

美国20世纪小说简介

也许我们的视野依然还停留在19世纪或20世纪之初的文学，但不知不觉间，整个20世纪也已划上句号。

20世纪的后50年，美国国力如日中天，颇似我国盛唐之时，成为文化艺术繁荣的社会基础。

最值得称道的是后现代主义作品、实验作品的诞生，巴思、巴塞尔姆、纳博科夫等后现代和实验小说家，自白派、后自白派、纽约派、黑山派诗歌方面形式和理论方面的探索，这都是美国现当代文学带给我们最大的宝藏。

以下内容是我当年考研时做的美国当代文学笔记（1945-2000），整理出来给大家分享。

大致分为小说、诗歌、戏剧三个部分。

第一部分为小说。

为节省篇幅，其中非常有名的大作家仅为简单带过,主要介绍不太出名的作家。

50年代【战争小说】：由于二战刚刚结束，这一时期的文学主要集中在对战争的记录和反思。

Irwin Shaw 《幼狮》诺曼•梅勒《裸者与死者》James Jones “From Here to Eternity”Herman Wouk 著有著名的《战争与回忆》（这部小说以及据此改编的电影都是上乘佳作），另两部作品为“winds of war”和“The caine mutiny (兵变)”【犹太小说】索尔•贝娄著名大作家，最佳作品普遍认为是《赫佐格》和《更多人死于心碎》马拉穆德(Bernard Malamud) 以短篇小说著称的犹太作家,短篇小说集包括“ The magic barrel”（1959年国家图书奖）, “Idiots First”, ”Rembrandt’s hat（伦勃朗的帽子）” ,长篇小说有：”The natural”, ”The assistant”I•B•辛格他的《傻瓜吉姆佩尔》在中国读者中广受好评。

另一些重要作品包括: ,”Satan in G oray”, “The family moskat”, “The Magician of Lublin(卢布林的魔术师)”, “The Spinnoza of Market Street(市场街的斯宾诺莎)”,【南方小说】罗伯特•潘•沃伦重要的南方小说家。

Lost in the Funhouse

ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
The essay was widely considered a statement of "the death
of the novel". Barth has since insisted that he was merely making clear that a particular stage in history was passing, and pointing to possible directions from there. He later (1980) wrote a follow-up essay, "The Literature of Replenishment", to clarify the point.
The short story collection Lost in the Funhouse (1968) and
the novella collection Chimera (1972) are even more metafictional than their two predecessors, foregrounding the writing process and presenting achievements such as a seven-deep nested quotation. Chimera shared the U.S. National Book Award for Fiction. In the novel LETTERS (1979), Barth interacts with characters from his first six books. His 1994 Once upon a Time: A Floating Opera, reuses stock characters, stock situations and formulas.

英美文学作家作品及名词解释、人物分析

英美文学作家作品及名词解释、人物分析Literary works and their authorsAmerican LiteratureColonial Period1.William BradfordOf Plymouth Plantation2.John WinthropA Model of Christian Charity3.Anne BradstreetThe Tenth Muse Lately sprung up in America“Upon the Burning of Our House”“To My Dear and Loving Husband”“The Flesh and the Spirit”4.Edward Taylor“Upon a Spider Catching a Fly”Huswifery5.Roger WilliamsThe Bloody Tenet of Persecution for the Cause of Conscience 6.John Woolman“Some Considerations on the Keeping of Negroes”“A Plea for the Poor”7.Thomas PaineCommon SenseAmerican CrisisThe Age of ReasonThe Rights of Man8.Philip Freneau“The Rising Glory of America”“The Wild Honey Suckle”9.Captain John SmithA Map of VirginiaDescription of New England10.Charles Brocken BrownWielandThe Transformation: An American TaleEdgar HuntlyOrmondArthur MervynAmerican Revolution1.Jonathan EdwardsThe Freedom of the WillThe Great Doctrine of Original Sin DefendedSinners in the Hands of an Angry GodThe Nature of True VirtueImages or Shadows of Divine Things2.Benjamin FranklinPoor Richard’s Almanac(2009年)The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin (2007年)3.Hector St. John CrevecoeurLetters from an American FarmerAmerican Romanticism1.Washington IrvingA History of New YorkThe Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon: Rip Van WinkleThe Legend of Sleepy Hollow The History of the Life and Voyages of Christopher ColumbusA Chronicle of the Conquest of GranadaThe AlhambraLife of GoldsmithLife of Washington2.James Fenimore CooperThe SpyLeatherstocking Tales: DeerslayerPathfinderThe Last of Mohicans (2003年)The PrairieThe PioneersNew England Transcendentalism3.Ralph Waldo EmersonNatureThe American Scholar(America’s Declaration of Intellectual Independence) Self-reliant (2009年)4.Henry David ThoreauWaldenCivil DisobedienceA Week on the Concord and Merrimack River (2008年)5.Nathaniel HawthorneThe Scarlet LetterTwice-told TalesMosses From an old ManseThe Blithedale RomanceYoung Good Man BrownThe Minister’s Black VeilThe House of Seven GablesThe Marble FaunDr. Rappaccini’s Daughter6.Herman MelvilleTypeeOmooMardiRedburnWhite JacketMoby DickPierreThe Confidence ManBilly Budd7.Edgar Allen PoeSonnet- to scienceIsrafelTo HelenThe City in the SeaThe Raven (2009年)The Fall of the House of UsherBlack CatThe Masque of the Red DeathThe Cask of Ammtillado FoeLigeieThe Purloined LetterThe Gold BudThe Murders in the Rue MorqueTales of the Grotesque and Arabesque 8.Harriet Beecher StoweUncle T om’s Cabin9.Henry Wadsworth LongfellowA Psalm of Life (2007年)Voices of the NightHiawathaEvangelineThe Courtship of Miles Standish10.Walt WhitmanLeaves of GrassSong of Myself (2003年出现诗句)I Hear America SingingOut of Cradle Endlessly RockingWhen Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom’d 11.Emily DickinsonAt last to pray is leftBecause I could not stop for deathI heard a fly buss—when I diedWild nights—wild nightsI die for beauty ———————————————————————————————————————————Realism1.William Dean HowellsThe Rise of Silas LaphanCriticism and FictionThe Minister’s ChargeA Modern InstanceA Word of ChangeAnnie KilburnA Hazard of New Fortunes2.Henry JamesDaisy MillerThe Portrait of a LadyThe AmericanThe Ambassadors (2004年)The Golden BowlThe Wings of the DoveThe Turn of the ScrewWhat Maisie KnewLocal Colourism3.Mark TwainThe Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County The Gilded AgeThe Adventures of Tom SawyerThe Adventures of Huckleberry FinnLife on the MississippiThe Man That Corrupted HadleyburgHead WilsonThe Mysterious StrangerA Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court The Prince and the PauperAmerican Naturalism1.Stephen CraneMaggie: A Girl of the StreetsThe Black RidersThe Red Badge of Courage“The Open Boat”“The Blue Hotel”“An Experiment in Misery”2.Frank NorrisMcTeagueThe OctopusThe Pit3.Theodore DreiserSister CarrieAn American TragedyThe GeniusJennie GerhardtThe FinancierThe TitanThe StoicThe Bulwark4.Jack LondonThe Call of the WildWhite FangThe Sea WolfMartin Eden5.O’HenryThe Gift of MagiThe Cop and the Anthem6.Upton SinclairThe JungleModernism1. F. Scott FitzgeraldThe Great GatsbyTender is the NightThe Beautiful and the DamnedThis Side of ParadiseThe Last TycoonAll the Sad Young MenTaps at Reveille2.Ernest HemingwayThe Sun Also Rises (2003年、2004年)A Farewell to Arms (2007年)For Whom the Bell Tolls (2008年、2009年) The Old Man and the SeaThe T orrents of SpringIn Our TimeMen without WomenWinner Take NothingImagism3.Ezra PoundCantosHugh Selwyn Mauberly4.T. S. EliotThe Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock (2003年出现诗句) The Waste Land (2005年)Hollow ManAsh WednesdayFour QuartersMurder in the CathedralThe Cocktail PartyThe Confidential Clerk5.Wallace StevensAnecdote of the Jar (2010年)Sunday MorningThe Emperor of Ice-creamThe Idea of Order at Key West6.William Carlos WilliamsPatersonThe Red WheelbarrowSpring and All7.Robert FrostStopping by Woods on a Sunday Evening Mending WallThe Road Not TakenFire and Ice8.Carl SandburgChicagoFogThe HarbourSmoke and SteelGood Morning, AmericaThe People, yes9. E. E. CummingsTulips and ChimneyThe Enormous RoomO Sweet Spontaneous10.Hart CraneThe BridgeVoyagesAt Melville’s Tomb11.Edith WhartonThe House of Mirth (2013年), The Touchstone, The Age of InnocenceSouthern Renaissance12.William FaulknerThe Sound and the Fury (2013年)As I Lay Dying (2005年、2006年)Light in August (2008年)Absalom, AbsalomGo Down, Moses (2007年)13.Sherwood AndersonWinesburg, OhioThe Triumph of the EggsDeath in the WoodsI Want to Know WhyPoor White14.Sinclair LewisMain StreetBabbittArrowsmithDodsworth15.Gertrude SteinThree LivesTender ButtonsThe Making of AmericansHow to WriteFour Saints in Three Acts16.Carson McCullers (Southern Gothic)The Heart is a Lonely HunterThe Ballad of the Sad CafeThe Member of the WeddingReflections in a Golden Eye17.Cormac McCarthy (Southern Gothic)SuttreeBlood MeridianAll the Pretty HorsesNo Country for Old ManThe RoadChild of God18.Willa CatherMy AntoniaThe Song of LarkA Lost LadyThe Professor’s HouseO Pioneers! (2002年、2010年) 19.Katherine Anne Porter Ship of FoolsLeaning Tower and Other Stories Flowering JudasThe Jilting of Granny Weatherall Pale Horse, Pale RiderThe Never Ending Wrong20.Thomas WolfeLook Homeward, AngelOf Time and RiverThe Web and the RockYou Can’t Go Home Again 21.Margaret MitchellGone with the WindThe 1930s1.John Dos PassosDistrict of ColumbiaU. S. A.The 42nd Parallel1919The Big Money2.John SteinbeckOf Mice and ManThe Grapes of WrathCup of GoldTortilla FlatIn Dubious BattleTravels with Charley3.John O’HaraAppointment in Samara4.James T. FarrellYoung LoniganThe Young Manhood of Studs Lonigan Postmodernism Postwar novel1.Saul BellowDangling ManThe VictimThe Adventures of Augie MarchSeize the DayHenderson the Rain King (2006年)Herzog (2013年)Mosby’s MemoirsMr. Sammler’s PlanetHumboldt’s GiftThe Dean’s Dece mberMore Die of HeartbreakThe Bellarosa ConnectionA TheftSomething to Remember Me ByThe Last Analysis2.Norman MailerThe Naked and the Dead (2004年)Barbary ShoreThe Deer ParkThe Armies of the NightMarilyn: A Novel BiographyThe Executioner’s SongAncient EveningTough Guys Don’t DanceHarlot’s GhostThe Gospel According to the SonAdvertisements for MyselfAn American DreamWhy Are We In Vietnam?Miami and the Siege of ChicagoExistential ErrandsGenius and Lust“The White Negro”3.J. D. SalingerThe Catcher in the Rye4.Bernard MalamudThe NaturalThe AssistantA New LifeThe FixerThe TenantsPictures of FidelmanDubin’s LivesGod’s GraceThe PeopleThe Magic BarrelIdiots FirstRembrandt’s Hat5.John UpdikeThe CentaurCouplesMarry MeGertrude & Claudius“Rabbit” pentalogy: Rabbit, Run, (2006年) Rabbit Redux, Rabbit is Rich, Rabbit at Best, Licks of Love 6.Flannery O’Connor Wise BloodA Good Man Is Hard to FindThe Violent Bear Is AwayEverything That Rises Must Converge7.William StyronLie Down in DarknessSet This House on FireThe confessions of Nat TurnerSophie’s ChoiceA Tidewater MorningThe Long MarchIn the Clap Shack8.Truman CapoteOther Voices, Other RoomsThe Grass HarpA Christmas MemoryBreakfast at Tiffany’sIn Cold Blood9.Philip RothGoodbye, Columbus, and Five Short Stories Portnoy’s C omplaint10.Joseph HellerCatch-22 (2005年)Something Happened11.Kurt V onnegutSlaughterhouse-Five (2008年)Player PianoMother NightCat’s CradleBreakfast at ChampionsSlapstickJailbirdDeadeye dickGalapagosBluebirdHocus PocusCanary in a CathouseWelcome to the Monkey House12.Ken KeseyOne Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest Sometimes a Great NationDemon BoxSailor Song13.John BarthLetters: A NovelSabbatical: A RomanceThe Tidewater TalesThe Last Voyage of Somebody the Sailor The Sot-Weed FactorLost in the FunhouseThe Floating OperaThe End of the RoadGiles Goat-Boy14.Donald BarthelmeCome Back, Dr. Caligarri Unspeakable PracticesUnnatural ActsCity DaysSadnessGuilty PleasuresAmateursGreat DaysOvernight to Many Distant CitiesSnow WhiteThe Dead FatherThe King15.Thomas PynchonV.The Crying of Lot 49Gravity’s RainbowVinelandMason & Dixon16.William GaddisRecognitionsCarpenter’s GothicJR17.Vladimir NabokovLolita (2004年)Dar, or the GiftPale Fire (2005年)18. A. S. ByattPossession(2013年、2010年)The Shadow of the SunThe Virgin in the GardenA Whistling WomanThe Children's BookStill LifeThe Shadow of the Sun19.Tim O’Brien (A war writer)The Things They CarriedIf I Die in a Combat Zone, Box Me Up and Ship Me Home Northern LightsGoing After CacciatoThe Nuclear AgeIn the Lake of WoodsJuly, JulyPostwar Poetry20.Elizabeth BishopQuestions of TravelGeography III“Sestina”“One Art”“Filling Station”“Over 2,000 Illustrations and a Complete Concordance”21.Richard WilburThe Beautiful Changes and Other PoemsCeremony and Other PoemsThings of This WorldAdvice to the Prophet and Other PoemsPrince Souvanna Phouma: An Exchange between Richard Wilbur and William Jay Smith ComplaintWalking to Sleep: New Poems and TranslationsSeed Leaves: Homage to R. F.22.John BerrymanThe Dream SongsThe DispossessedHomage to Mistress Bradstreet23.Randall JarrellBlood for a StrangerLittle Friend, Little FriendLossesThe Seven-League CrutchesThe Woman at the Washington Zoo The Lost WorldThe Confessional School24.Robert LowellLord Weary’s CastleLand of UnlikenessLife StudiesFor the Union DeadDay by Day25.Sylvia PlathA Winter ShipCrossing the WaterThe Bell Jar“Daddy”“Lady Lazarus”26.Anne SextonLive or DieTo Bedlam and Part Way BackAll My Pretty Ones TransformationsThe Death of NotebookThe Awful Rowing toward God The Beat Generation27.Allen GinsbergHowlEmpty MirrorReality SandwichesThe ChangePlanet NewsThe Fall of AmericaA Supermarket in California (2011年出现诗句)28.Gary SnyderAugust on Sourdough29.W. S. MerwinThe Asians DyingFor a Coming ExtinctionThe Last One30.Robert BlySilence in the Snow FieldsThe Night around the Body31.James WrightMinnesotaLying in a Hammock at William Duffy’s Farm on Pine Island The New York School32.Frank O’Hara“The Day Lady Died”33.John Ashbery“Self-Portrait in a Convex Mirror”34. A. R. AmmonsCorsons InletMountain TalkThe Black Mountain Poets35.Charles OlsonProjective VerseIn Cold Hell, in ThicketThe DistanceThe Maximus PoemsThree “beat” writers36.William BurroughsThe Naked LunchJunkieThe ExterminatorThe Wild BoysCities of the Red NightMind WarsPlace of Dead Roads37.Jack KerouacOn the RoadThe Lonesome TravellerThe Subterraneans and Maggie Cassady 38.Henry Miller Tropic of CancerBlack SpringTropic of CapricornThe Colossus of MaroussiThe Rosy CrucifixionPostwar Drama39.Eugene O’NeilThe Hairy Ape (2005年)Long Day’s Journey into NightDesire under the Elm Tree (2010年)The Iceman ComethBound East for CardiffBeyond the HorizonThe Emperor JonesAnna Christie40.Elmer RiceThe Adding Machine41.Tennessee WilliamsThe Glass MenagerieA Streetcar Named Desire42.Arthur MillerDeath of a SalesmanThe Man Who Had All Luck43.Edward AlbeeWho’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf? Multiethnic LiteratureAfrican American Literature1.Frederick DouglassMy Bondage and My Freedom2.Booker T. WashingtonUp from Slavery3.W. E. B. DuboisThe Souls of Black Folks: Essays and Sketches Harlem Renaissance4.Jean ToomerCane5.Countee Cullen“Shroud of Colour”ColourCopper SunThe Ballad of the Brown Girl/doc/8e10677542.html,ngston HughesThe Weary BluesSimple Speaks His MindThe Best of SimpleSimple’s Uncle SamMontage of a Dream Deferred“The Negro Speaks of Rivers”“As I Grew Older”7.Richard WrightUncle T om’s Children: Four NovellasNative SonBlack Boy8.Ralph EllisonInvisible Man9.James BaldwinGo Tell It on the Mountain10.Alice WalkerThe Colour Purple (2010年)11.Toni MorrisonThe Bluest Eye (2011年)Beloved (2006年)Song of SolomonJazzParadiseAsian American Literature12.Maxine Hong KingstonThe Woman Warrior: Memoirs of a Childhood among Ghosts China Men13.Amy TanThe Joy Luck ClubBritish LiteratureThe Middle Ages1.Geoffrey ChaucerThe Canterbury Tales (2005年)The House of FameTroilus and CriseydeThe Book of DuchessThe Parliament of FowlsPardoner’s Tale (2004年)2.William LanglandVision of Piers the Plowman________________________________________________________________ ___________________ The Elizabethan Age1.Thomas MoreUtopia2.Edmund SpenserThe Shepherd’s CalendarProthalamion and EpithalamionAmorettiThe Faerie Queene3.Philip SidneyAstrophel and StellaArcadiaApologie for Poetrie4.Christopher MarloweTamburlaine the GreatJew of MaltaThe Tragical History of Doctor FaustusHero and LeanderThe Passionate Shepherd5.William ShakespeareHenry IVLove’s Labour’s LostRichard IIIRomeo and JulietA Midsummer Night’s DreamThe Merchant of Venice (2009年)The Merry Wives of WindsorAs You Like It (2006年)Julius Caesar (2005年)HamletOthelloKing LearMacbethAntony and CleopatraTimon of AthensAll’s Well That Ends WellMeasure for MeasureCymbelineWin ter’s TaleThe Tempest6.Francis BaconAdvancement of LearningNew AtlantisEssays7.Ben JonsonEvery Man in His Humour________________________________________________________________ ___________________ The 17th Century1.John DonneThe FleaA Valediction: Forbidden MorningDeath be not ProudThe CanonizationBatter my heart, three-personed God, for you2.John MiltonParadise LostParadise Regained (2006年)Samson Agonistes (2002年)Lycidas3.John DrydenAll for LoveAbsalom and AchitophelAn Essay of Dramatic Poesy4.John BunyanThe Pilgrim’s ProgressThe Life and Death of Mr. BadmanHoly WarGrace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners________________________________________________________________ ___________________The Classic Age1.Alexander PopeEssay on Criticism (2004年)The Rape of the LockEssay on ManAn Epistle to Dr. ArbuthnotThe Dunciad2.Samuel JohnsonLondonThe Vanity of Human WishesLives of the PoetsA Fable for CriticsThe History of Rassledas, Prince of AbyssiniaTo the Right Honourable the Earl of ChesterfieldA Dictionary of English LanguageLife of the Poets3.Thomas GrayElegy Written in a Country Churchyard4.Oliver GoldsmithThe Deserted VillageShe Stoops to Conquer The Vicar of Wakefield5.Richard Brinsley Sheridan The RivalsThe School for Scandal6.Richard SteeleThe Spectator ClubThe Christian Hero7.Joseph Addison Adventures of a Shilling 8.Jonathan SwiftThe Battle of the Books Tale of a TubThe Irish Drapier’s Letters A Modest Proposal Gulliver’s Travels9.Daniel DefoeRobinson CrusoeMoll FlandersRoxana10.Samuel Richardson Pamela, Or Virtue Rewarded Clarissa Howe。

美国文学知识

美国文学知识一．殖民地时期（The Literature of Colonial American）北美的第一本书：《海湾圣诗》（The Bay Psalmbook）约翰·史密斯（John Smith）：被誉为美国文学的第一位作家。

代表作《关于弗吉尼亚的真实叙述》（A True Relation of Virginia）是美国文学第一书。

纳撒尼尔·沃德（Nathaniel Ward）：被誉为“北美讽刺文学第一笔”。

代表作《北美的阿格瓦姆鞋匠》（The Simple Cobbler of Aggawam in America）。

威廉·布拉福德（William Bradford）：被誉为“美国历史之父”。

代表作《普利茅斯种植园史》（History of Plymouth Plantation）。

安妮·布拉德斯特里特（Anne Bradstreet）：殖民地时期的第一位诗人。

代表作《最近在北美出现的第十位缪斯》（The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America）。

迈克尔·威格尔斯沃斯（Michael Wigglesworth）：诗人。

代表作《判决日》（The Day Of Doom）。

爱德华·泰勒（Edward Taylor）：诗人。

代表作《上帝对其选民有影响的决定》（Gods Determinations Touching His Elect）。

乔纳森·爱德华兹（Jonathan Edwards）：“大觉醒”（The Great Awakening）运动中的主要思想家。

代表作《愤怒是上帝手中之罪人》。

二．独立战争到南北战争（American Literature between the War of Independence and the Civil War）本杰明·富兰克林（Benjamin Franklin）：美国启蒙运动的开创者、科学家、实业家、政治家和革命家，参与撰写了《独立宣言》（Declaration of Independence）。

英语专八文学知识

Part 7. The 1920sImagism Ezra Pound艾兹拉•庞德1885-1972The Spirit of Romance罗曼司精神;The Anthology Des Imagistes意像派诗选;Cathay华夏（英译中国诗）;Literary Essays文学论;Hugh Swlwyn Mauberley;A Few Don’ts by Imagiste意像派戒条;Personage 面具;Polite Essays文雅集;The Cantos of Ezra Pound庞德诗章（109首及8首未完成稿）Thomas Stearns Eliot托马斯•艾略特1888-1965Prufrock and Other Observations普罗夫洛克（荒原意识）;The Waste Land荒原(The Burial of the Dead死者的葬礼;A Game of Chess弈棋;The Fire Sermon火诫;Death by Water水边之死;What the Thunder Said雷电之言);名诗：Ash Wednesday圣灰星期三;Four Quarters四个四重奏诗剧：Murder in the Cathedral大教堂谋杀案;Family Reunion大团圆;Cocktail Party鸡尾酒会Wallace Stevens华莱士•史蒂文斯1879-1955Harmonium风琴;The Man With the Blue Guitar弹蓝吉他的人;Notes Toward a Supreme Fiction关于最高虚构的札记(Peter Quince at the Clavier彼得•昆斯弹风琴;Sunday Morning礼拜天早晨);The Auroras of Autumn秋天的晨曦;Collected Poems诗集William Carlos Williams威廉•卡罗斯•威廉斯1883-1963收入Des Imagistes意像派（意像派的第一部诗选）诗集：Sour Grapes;Spring and All春;The Desert Music;The Journey of Love 爱的历程;Collected Poems;Complete Poems;Collected Later Poems;Pictures from Brueghel布留盖尔的肖像;Paterson佩特森（5卷长诗）;Asphodal,That Green Flower常青花日光兰（长诗）名诗：Red Wheelbarrow红色手推车;The Widow’s Lament in Spring 寡妇的春怨;The Dead Baby;The Sparrow ,to My Father麻雀—致父亲;Proletarian Portrait无产阶级画像（from An Early Martyr先驱）; The Great American Novels伟大的美国小说;In the American Grain 美国性格;Autobiography自传Robert Frest罗伯特•弗罗斯特1874-1963A Boy’s Wish少年心愿；North of Boston波士顿之北(Mending Wall 修墙,After Apple-picking摘苹果之后);Mountain Interval山间（成熟阶段）(The Road Not taken没有选择的道路);West-running Brook西流的溪涧;A Further Range又一片牧场;A Witness Tree一株作证的树Carl Sandburg卡尔•桑德堡1878-1967Always the Young Stranger永远是陌生的年轻人s;In RecklessEcstasy肆无忌惮的狂热;The Prairie Years草原的年代一、二;The War Years战争的年代（林肯传记）;The American Songbag美国歌袋;The People,Yes人民，好;Honey and Salt蜜与盐;Corn-huskers辗米机（Fog 雾）;Smoke and Steel烟与钢E Cumings肯明斯1894-1962Tulips anddd Chimneys郁金香与烟囱;The Enormous Room大房间;XLI Poems诗41首;Viva万岁;No， Thanks不，谢谢;Collected Poems诗集;Eimi爱米（访苏游记）F Scott Fitzgerald弗朗西斯•菲茨杰拉德1896-1940(迷惘的一代) The Side of Paradise人间天堂;The Beautiful and the Damned美丽的和倒霉;The Great Gatsby了不起的盖茨比;Tender in the Night夜色温柔;The Last Tycoon最后的巨头短篇小说：Flappers and Philosophers姑娘们和哲学家们;Tales of the Jazz爵士时代的故事;Taps at Reveille早晨的起床号;The Ice Palace 冰宫;May Days五一节;The Diamond as Big as the Ritz像里茨饭店那样大的钻石;Winter Dreams冬天的梦;The Rich Boy富家子弟;Babylon Revisted重访巴比伦敦The Crack-up崩溃（自传体文集）Ernest Hemingway欧内斯特•海明威1899-1961（“迷惘的一代”的代表人物）In Our Time在我们的年代里;The Torrents of Spring春潮;The Sun Also Rises太阳照样升起;Farewell to Arms永别了，武器;For Whom the Bell Tolls丧钟为谁而鸣短篇小说：Men Without Women没有女人的男人;The Winners Take Notheing胜者无所获;The Fifth Column and First Forty-nine Stories 第五纵队与首次发表的四十九个短篇政论：To Have and Have Not贫与富回忆录：A Moveable Feast 到处逍遥William Faulkner威廉•福克纳1897-1962The Marble Faun云石林神（诗集）;Soldiers'Pay兵饷（小说）短篇小说：Dry September干燥的九月;The Sound and the Fury愤怒与喧嚣;As I lay dying当我垂死的时候;Light in August八月之光;Absalom,Absolam押沙龙，押沙龙（家世小说）Sherwood Anderson舍伍德•安德森1876-1941Windy McPherson’s Son饶舌的麦克斐逊的儿子;Marching Men前进中的人们;Mid-American Chants美国中部之歌;Winesburg,Ohio/The Book of the Grotesque俄亥俄州的温斯堡/畸人志;Poor White穷苦的白人;Many Marriages多种婚姻;Dark Laughter阴沉的笑声The Triumph of the Egg and Other Stories鸡蛋的胜利和其他故事;Death in the Woods and Other Stories林中之死及其他故事;I Want to Know Why我想知道为什么Sinclair Lewis辛克莱•刘易斯1885-1951(美国第一个获诺贝尔奖)Dur Mr Wrenn我们的雷恩先生;The Job求职;The Main Street大先进;Babbitt巴比特;Arrowsmith艾罗史密斯;Elmer Gantry艾尔默•甘特里;Dodsworth多兹沃斯;It can’t Happen Here事情不会发生在这里;Kingsblood Royal王孙梦Villa Sibert Cather维拉•凯塞1873-1947O,Pioneers啊，先驱们;My Antonia我的安东尼亚;The Professor’s House教授之家;Death Comes for the Archibishop大主教之死Thomas Wolfe托马斯•沃尔夫1900-1938Look Homeward,Angel天使，望乡→（续）Of Time and the River时间与河流;The Web and the Rock蛛网与岩石;You Can’t Go Home Again 有家归不得;The Hills Beyond远山（未完成）短篇小说：From Death to Morning从死亡到早晨Part 8. The 1930sJohn Dos Passos帕索斯1896-1970The Three Soldiers;Manhattan Transfer;U.S.A(The Forty-second Parallel;1919;The Big Money);District of Columbia哥伦比亚大区(The Adventures of a Young Man一个年轻人的冒险;Number One第一号;The Grand Design伟大的计划);Orient Express东方特别快车（游记）John Steinbeck约翰•斯坦贝克1902-1966Cup of Gold金杯;Tortilla Flat煎饼房;In Dubious Battle胜负未定;Of Mice and Men鼠和人;The Grapes of Wrath愤怒的葡萄;The Moon is Down月亮下去了;Cannery Row罐头厂街;The Pearl珍珠短篇小说：The Red Pony小红马(The Gift,The Great Mountains大山;The Promise许诺,The Leader of the People人们的领袖)Part 9. Black American LiteratureFrederick Douglass弗莱德里克•道格拉斯1817-1895Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass an American Slave弗莱德里克•道格拉斯，一个美国黑人的自述/My Bondage and My Freedom我的枷锁与我的自由/The life and Time of Frederick Douglass弗莱德里克•道格拉斯的生平与时代William E•B Dubois威廉•艾伯•杜波依斯1868-1963Souls of Black Folk黑人的灵魂(Of Booker T Washington and Others);The Suppression of the African Slave Trade into the USA制止非洲奴隶贸易进入美国;The Philadephia Negro;John Brown;The Black Flame黑色的火焰（三部曲）James Langston Hughes詹姆斯•兰斯顿•休斯1902-1969Mulatto混血儿（剧本）;The Weary Blues疲倦的歌声;Dear Lovely Death 亲爱的死神;Shakespear in Harlem哈莱姆的莎士比亚;I Wonder as I Wander我漂泊我思考;The Best of Simple辛普尔精选Ralph Ellison拉尔夫•埃利林1914-1994长篇小说：Invisible Man看不见的人散文集：Shadow and Act影子与行动;Going to the Territory步入文学界James Baldwin詹姆斯•鲍德温1924-1987散文集：Note of a Native Son土生子的笔记;Nobody Knows My Name;Fire Next Time下一次烈火;No Name in the Street他的名字被遗忘;The Devil Finds Work魔鬼找到工作小说：Go Tell it on the Mountain向苍天呼吁;Giovanni’s Room乔万尼的房间;Another Country另一个国度;Tell Me How Long the Tr ain’s Been Gone告诉我火车已开多久;If Beale Street Could Talk假如比尔能说话;Just Above My Head就在我头上短篇小说集：Going to Meet the Man去见这个人剧本：The Amen Corner阿门角;Blues for Mister Charley为查理先生唱布鲁斯/黑人怨;One Day When I was Lost有一天当我迷失的时候/迷路前后Gwendolyn BrooksPart 10. American DramaEugene Oneil尤金•奥尼尔1888-1953独幕剧：Bound East to Cardiff东航卡迪夫;The Long V oyage Home归途迢迢;The Moon of the Carribbeans加勒比人之月多幕剧：Beyond the Horizon天边外（其成名作）;Anna Christie安娜•克里斯蒂;The Emperor Jones琼斯皇;The Hairy Ape毛猿;All the God’s Children Got Wings上帝的儿女都有翅膀The Great God Brown大神布朗;The Strange Interlude奇异的插曲;Mourning Becomes Electr素娥怨/悲悼a;The Iceman Cometh送冰的人来了;The Long Days Journey Into Night 进入黑夜的漫长旅程/日长路远夜常深沉J D Salinger杰罗姆•大卫•塞林格1919-短篇小说：The Young Folks年轻人短篇小说集：Nine Stories故事九篇中篇小说：Franny弗兰尼;Zooey卓埃;Raise High the Roof Beam,Carpenters木匠们，把屋梁升高;Seymour:An Introduction西摩其人长篇小说：The Cather in the Rye麦田守望者Tennessee William田纳西•威廉斯1911-1983 American Blues美国的布鲁斯;Battle of Angels天使的战斗;The Glass Menagerie玻璃动物园;The Streetcar Named Desire欲望号街车;Cat on a Hot Tin Roof热铁皮屋顶上的猫;The Night of The Iguana鬣蜥之夜;Summer and Smoke夏与烟;The Rose Tattoo玫瑰纹;Sweet Bird of Yout可爱的青春鸟Arthur Miller阿瑟•米勒1915-Situation Normal情况正常;The Man Who Had All the Luck吉星高照的人;All My Sons都是我的儿子;The Death of a Salesman推销员;The Crucible严峻的考验/萨姆勒的女巫;A View from the Bridge桥头眺望;A Memory of Two Mondays两个星期一的回忆;After the Fall堕落之后;Incident at Vichy维希事件;The Price代价;The Creation of the World and Other Business创世及其他;The Archbishop’s Ceiling大主教的天花板;The American Clock美国时钟Edward Albee爱德华•阿尔比1928-The Zoo Story动物园的故事;The Death of Bessie Smith贝西•史密斯之死;The Sandbox沙箱;The American Dream美国梦;Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf?谁害怕弗吉尼亚•伍尔夫;Tiny Alice小爱丽丝;A Delicate Balance脆弱的羊群;Seascape海景;The Lady from Dubuque来自杜布克的女人;The Man With Three Arms在臂人Part 11. The Post-War Scene: The Novel . PoetrySaul Bellow索尔•贝娄1915-长篇小说：Dangling Man晃来晃去/挂起来的人;The Victim受害者;The Adventure of Augie March奥基•马奇历险记;Henderson the Rain King雨王汉德逊;Herzog赫索格;Mr Summlar’s Planet塞姆勒先生的行星;Humboldt’s Gift洪堡的礼物中篇小说：Seize the Day且乐今朝Norman Mailer诺曼•米勒1923- (垮掉的一代；文学恐怖主义者/亡命之徒) 裸者与死者；Barbary Shore巴巴里海滨;The Deer Park廘苑;An American Dream一场美国梦;The White Negro白色黑人;Advertisement for Myself为自己做广告;Why Are We in Vietnam?我们为什么要去越南;The Executioner’s Song刽子手之歌;The Armies of the Night夜色幕下的大军(History as a Novel/The Novel as History)—非虚构小说;New Journalism新新闻报道Joseph Heller约瑟夫•海勒1923-长篇小说：Catch-22第二十二条军规;Something Happened出了毛病;As Good as Gold像高尔德一样好剧本：We Bombed in New Haven我们轰炸纽黑文;Catch-22;Clevinger’s Trial克莱文杰受审（据Catch-22第八章）John Barth约翰•巴思1930-长篇小说：The Floating Opera漂浮的歌剧;The End of the Road穷途末路;The Sot-weed Factor烟草代理商;Letters书信集;Giles Goat-boy山羊孩子贾尔斯;Lost in the Funhouse迷失在开心馆里（Title题目）;Chimera客迈拉；Sabbatical学院的轮休假;The Friday Book:Essays and Other Nonfictions星期五的书：论文及其他非小说Thomas Pynchon托马斯•品钦1937- (后现代主义)Geography of a Horse Dreamer马塞梦测者的地理;Angel City天使城;TheTooth of Crime罪恶的牙齿;Family家庭(Curse of the Starving Class饥饿阶级的诅咒;Buried Child被埋葬的孩子;True West真正的西部);Fool for Love情痴;A Lie of the Mind心灵的谎言;Paris/Texas德州的巴黎。

《时代》杂志评出的100部最佳英语小说

《时代》杂志评出的100部最佳英语小说评选人是《时代》评论家Lev Grossman和Richard Lacayo，评选时限为1923年（《时代杂志》创刊的年份）至今，范围是全世界，语种是英语。

100部小说名单如下（依篇名字母排序）：1984[一九八四]by George OrwellA Clockwork Orange[发条橙子]by Anthony BurgessA Dance to the Music of Time by Anthony PowellA Death in the Family by James AgeeA Handful of Dust[一掬尘土]by Evelyn WaughA House for Mr. Biswas[毕斯瓦思先生之屋]by V.S. Naipaul A Passage to India[印度之行]by E.M. ForsterAll the King’s Men by Robert Penn WarrenAmerican Pastoral[美国牧歌]by Philip RothAn American Tragedy[美国悲剧]by Theodore Dreiser Animal Farm[动物农庄]by George OrwellAppointment in Samarra by John O’HaraAre You There God? It’s Me, Margaret by Judy BlumeAt Swim-Two-Birds by Flann O’BrienAtonement by Ian McEwanBeloved[宠儿]by Toni MorrisonBlood Meridian[血色子午线]by Cormac McCarthyBrideshead Revisited by Evelyn WaughCall It Sleep by Henry RothCatch-22[第二十二条军规]by Joseph HellerDeath Comes for the Archbishop[大主教之死]by Willa Cather Deliveranceby James DickeyDog Soldiers by Robert StoneFalconer by John CheeverGo Tell it on the Mountain by James BaldwinGone With the Wind[飘]by Margaret MitchellGravity’s Rainbow by Thomas PynchonHerzog by Saul BellowHousekeeping[管家]by Marilynne RobinsonI, Claudius by Robert GravesInfinite Jest by David Foster WallaceInvisible Man[隐形人]by Ralph EllisonLight in August[八月之光]by William FaulknerLolita[洛丽塔]by Vladimir NabokoLord of the Flies[蝇王]by William GoldingLoving by Henry GreenLucky Jim[幸运的吉姆]by Kingsley AmisMidnight's Children by Salman RushdieMoney by Martin AmisMrs. Dalloway[达罗薇夫人]by Virginia WoolfNaked Lunch[裸体午餐]by William BurroughsNative Son by Richard WrightNeuromancer[神经漫游者]by William GibsonNever Let Me Go[别让我走]by Kazuo IshiguroOn the Road[在路上]by Jack KerouacOne Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest[飞越疯人院]by Ken Kesey Pale Fire[幽冥的火]by Vladimir NabokovPlay It As It Lays by Joan DidionPortnoy's Complaint by Philip RothPosession by A.S. ByattRabbit, Run[兔子，跑吧]by John UpdikeRagtime by E.L. DoctorowRed Harvest[红色收获]by Dashiell Hammett Revolutionary Road by Richard YatesSlaughterhouse-Five[第五号屠场]by Kurt VonnegutSnow Crash[雪崩]by Neal StephensonThe Adventures of Augie March by Saul BellowThe Assistant by Bernard MalamudThe Berlin Stories by Christopher IsherwoodThe Big Sleep[夜长梦多]by Raymond ChandlerThe Blind Assassin[盲人杀手]by Margaret AtwoodThe Bridge of San Luis Rey by Thornton WilderThe Catcher in the Rye[麦田里的守望者]by J.D. Salinger The Confessions of Nat Turner by William StyronThe Corrections by Jonathan FranzenThe Crying of Lot 49[拍卖第49号]by Thomas PynchonThe Day of the Locust by Nathanael WestThe Death of the Heart by Elizabeth BowenThe French Lieutenant’s Woman by John FowlesThe Golden Notebook by Doris LessigThe Grapes of Wrath[愤怒的葡萄]by John SteinbeckThe Great Gatsby[了不起的盖茨比]by F. Scott Fitzgerald The Heart Is A Lonely Hunter[心是孤独的猎手]by Carson McCullersThe Heart of the Matter[事情的核心/问题的核心]by Graham GreeneThe Lion, The Witch and the Wardrobe[女巫狮子和魔衣橱]by C.S. LewisThe Lord of the Rings by J.R.R. TolkeinThe Man Who Loved Children by Christina SteadThe Moviegoer by Walker PercyThe Painted Bird by Jerzy KosinskiThe Power and the Glory[权力与荣耀]by Graham GreeneThe Prime of Miss Jean Brodie by Muriel SparkThe Recognitions by William GaddisThe Sheltering Sky by Paul BowlesThe Sot-Weed Factor by John BarthThe Sound and the Fury[喧哗与骚动]by William FaulknerThe Sportswriter by Richard FordThe Spy Who Came in From the Cold[柏林谍影]by John LeCarre The Sun Also Rises[太阳照样升起]by Ernest Hemingway Their Eyes Were Watching God by Zora Neale Hurston Things Fall Apart[瓦解/生命中不可承受之重]by Chinua Achebe To Kill a Mockingbird[杀死一只知更鸟]by Harper LeeTo the Lighthouse[到灯塔去]by Virginia WoolfTropic of Cancer[北回归线]by Henry MillerUbik by Philip K. DickUnder the Net by Iris MurdochUnder the Volcano by Malcolm LowreyWatchmen by Alan Moore & Dave GibbonsWhite Noise[白噪音]by Don DeLilloWhite Teeth[白色的牙齿]by Zadie Smith。

长难句补充79句-含中文翻译

长难句补充79句-含中文翻译长难句补充1.Totally without light and subjected to intense pressures hundreds of times greater than at the Earth’s surface，the deep—ocean bottom is a hostile environment to humans，in some ways as forbidding and remote as the void of outer space．由于完全没有光，而且承受着比在地球表面大数百倍的极大压力，深海底部对人类而言是一个充满敌意的环境，在某些方面就像外层空间一样险恶和遥远。

2.Basic to any understanding of Canada in the 20 years after the Second World War is the country's impressive population growth．要理解二战之后20年中的加拿大，就必须了解该国惊人的人口增长。

3.As a result，claims that eating a diet consisting entirely of organically grown foods prevents or cures disease or provides other benefits to health have become widely publicized and form the basis for folklore．结果，那些认为只食用绿色食品就能防治疾病或增进健康的观点广为人知，并成为一些民间说法的基础。

4.There are numerous unsubstantiated reports that natural vitamins aresuperior to synthetic ones，that fertilized eggs are nutritionally superior to unfertilized eggs，that untreated grains are better than fumigated grains and the like．关于天然维生素优于人造维生素，受精蛋比未受精蛋的营养价值更高，未经熏蒸消毒处理的谷物比经过处理的好等等报道屡见不鲜，但都没有得到证实。

英美文学知识150题

1．Most of Emily Dickinson‟s poems were published __________.A. when she was youngB. after her failed love affairC. in her old ageD. after her death2. __________is a kind of drama that expounds an existential ideology and views its task as essentially metaphysical. It represents a view of the absurdity of the human condition by the abandoning of rational devices and the nonrealistic form.A. black humorB. non-fictionC. anti-heroD. theater of the absurd3. The Importance of Being Earnest is a comedy by__________.A. George Bernard ShawB. Oscar WildeC. Richard Brinsley SheridandD. William Shakespeare4. The Gothic style started in _________and quickly spread through all parts of western Europe.A. FrenchB. EnglishC. HebrewD. Germanic5. Ireland is called the Emerald Isle because of __________.A. its connection with BritainB. its green countrysideC. its unique shapeD. its abundant natural resources6. __________is the oldest newspaper in Australia.A. The Sydney Morning HeraldB. he AustraliaC. Daily MirrorD. Sun7. __________ was once the president of the Royal Society for twenty-three years.A. William HarveyB. Francis BaconC. Isaac NewtonD. John Dalton8. What is the relationship between the two words “flower/rose”?A. HomonymyB. AntonymyC. HyponymyD. Polysemy9. The function of the sentence “How are you?”A. directiveB. informativeC. performativeD. phatic10. Homonyms __________.A. are words that share the same phonetic features and the same semantic featuresB. are words that share the same semantic features but have different sets of phonetic featuresC. are words that share the same phonetic features but have different sets of semantic featuresD. are two words that all but one of semantic feature in common1-10. D D B A B A C C D C11. The Ring and the Book is a masterpiece of ____.A. Alfred TennysonB. Robert BrowningC. Thomas HardyD. Ralph Waldo Emerson12. “Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability” is one of the epigramsfound in _____A. Bacon‟s of StudiesB. Bunyan‟s The Pilgrim’s ProgressC. Fielding‟s Tom Jone sD. Johnson‟s A Dictionary of the English Language13. Who is Afraid of Virginia Woolf is written by ____.A. Samuel BeckettB. Virginia WolfC. Edward AlbeeD. John Barth14. The world‟s largest freshwater lake is Lake ____.A. SuperiorB. OntarioC. HuronD. Michigan15. The state _____is rich in fishing and trapping.A. HawaiiB. CaliforniaC. AlaskaD. New York16. The Australian National Day is set on January 26 to commemorate ____.A. the first European settlement of the continentB. the founding of the Commonwealth of AustraliaC. the discovery of the great southern “unknown land”D. Iacques Cartier‟s first voyage around Australia17. In 1788 Australia was settled by the British as a colony founded ____.A. to receive convicts from BritainB. to receive free settlersC. to supply Britain with wool and foodD. to expand Britain‟s imperial power18. The distinction between langue and parole is proposed by ____.A. HallidayB. SaussureC. ChomskyD. Firth19. In the following dialogue, the maxim of ____ is not observed.A. qualityB. quantityC. relevanceD. manner20. ____ are linguistic units larger than sentences.A. MovesB. DiscoursesC. TopicsD. Tendencies11-20. B A C A C A A B C B21. ____ is a classification of fiction in which a historical event is described in a way that exploits some of the devices of fiction, including a nonlineal time sequence and access to inner states of mind and feeling not commonly present in historical wirting.A. New fictionB. Nouveau RomanC. Historical storyD. Nonfiction Novel22. Ralph Waldo Emerson, the American Transcendentalist, argued for the following ideas except ____.A. man‟s dependence on himself for spiritual perfectionB. Faith in ChristianityC. direct intuition of a spiritual God in natureD. the importance of an independent American culture23. In the line “So ling lives this, and this gives life to thee”of Sonnet 18,Shakespeare ___A. meditates on man‟s mortalityB. eulogizes the power of artistic creationC. satirizes human vanityD. presents a dream vision24. Australia is the world‟s largest exporter of ____.A. wheatB. meatC. daily productsD. wool25. ____ is the most important work by Marx about Marxist economics.A. Thesis on FeuerbackB. The German IdeologyC. CapitalD. The capital26. Harvard University was founded in ____.A. 1366B. 1633C. 1636D. 136327. The state to which the Mayflower sailed is ____.A. FloridaB. MaineC. VirginiaD. Massachusetts28. Which of the following two-term sets shows the feature of complementarity?A. single/marriedB. big/smallC. hot/coldD. old/young29. Usually ____refers to the use of linguistic research in language teaching, but linguistics is used in other areas, as well.A. applied linguisticsB. theoretical linguisticsC. contextual linguisticsD. general linguistics30. Two words that are differentiated by one phoneme, such as “cat” and “rat”, are known as a ___A. distinctive featureB. argumentC. codeD. minimal pair21-30. D B B D C C D A A D31. “Utopia” was written by __________.A. Thomas MoreB. Francis BaconC. Daniel DefoeD. Jonathan Swift32. The Preface to Shakespeare and Lives of the Poets are the works of critic __________.A. G..B. Shaw B. Samuel JohnsonC. Ben JohnsonD. F. M. Foster33. In 1837, Ralph Waldo Emerson made a speech entitled __________ at Harvard, which was hailed by Oliver Wendell Holmes as “Our intellectual Declaration of Independence”.A. NatureB. Self-RelianceC. Divinity School AddressD. The American Scholar34. The U.S.A is known as a “Melting Pot” for its __________.A. mixture of nationalitiesB. mixture of climatesC. mixture of habitsD. mixture of religions35. __________ is regarded as the cradle of the Renaissance?A. GreeceB. ItalyC. GermanyD. England36. Who was “The father of psychoanalysis” and the author of The Interpretations ofDreams?A. MonetB. Sigmund FreudC. YeatsD. James Joyce37. As far as Australian culture is concerned, the history of Australia can be divided into the following phases with the exception of __________.A. the period of the original culture of Aboriginal peopleB. the period of the dominant British cultureC. the period of Asian cultureD. the period of a multicultural society38. __________ is often regarded as the founder of the study of sociolinguistics.A. SaussaureB. HallidayC. ChomskyD. Labov39. __________ is the academic discipline concerned with the study of the processes by which people learn languages in addition to their native tongue.A. IPAB. IC AnalysisC. SLAD. TG40. The __________ is the primary lexical units of a word, which carries the most significant aspects of semantic content and cannot be reduced into smaller constituents.A. bound morphemesB. affixC. rootD. prefix31-40. A B D A B B C D C C41. ____ is Mark Twain‟s master work, the one book from which as Ernest Hemingway noted, “all modern American literature comes.”A. The Gilded AgeB. The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras CountyC. The Adventures of Tom SawyerD. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn42. Apart from the dislocation of time and the modern stream-of-consciousness, the other narrative techniques Faulkner used to construct his stories include ____, symbolism and mythological and biblical allusions.A. impressionismB. expressionismC. multiple points of viewD. first person point of view43. Murder on the Orient Express is written by ____ a novelist of detective fiction.A. Arthur Conan DoyleB. Edgar Allan PoeC. Agatha ChristieD. John Fowels44. Who was the first woman Prime Minister in British history?A. Elizabeth IB. Elizabeth IIC. Margaret ThatcherD. Diana Princess of Wales45. The important thing done in the Second Continental Congress was that ____.A. “the Declaration of the Independence” was signedB. the Revolutionary Was endedC. a new government was discussedD. Washington was appointed commander of the army46. Whose book Evolution and Ethics was translated into Chinese in 1897 by Yan Fu?A. DarwinB. Thomas HuxleyC. MalthusD. Herbert Spencer47. Who is the author of On the Principle of Population?A. DarwinB. Thomas HulxleyC. MalthusD. Herbert Spencer48. In terms of Searle‟s classification system of illocutionary acts, the sentence …Ten bucks say that The Yankee will win the game‟ used to bet belongs to _____.A. representativeB. commissiveC. directiveD. declaration49. Three factors involved in describing vowels are ____.A. place of articulation/part of the tongue raised/voicingB. tongue height/ part of the tongue raised/lip roundingC. articulators/extreme vowel positions/voicingD. teeth position alveolar ridge position/voicing50. In ____ the structure of words is studied.A. phoneticsB. phonologyC. morphologyD. syntax41-50. D C C C D B C A B C51．“The Three Unities”, formulated by Renaissance dramatists, are the unities of the following elements but ____.A. timeB. placeC. actionD. character52. “The founder of English materialist philosophy” is ____.A. Geoffrey ChaucerB. Edmund SpenserC. Francis BaconD. John Donne53. Babbitt is written by ____ who is also the writer of Main Street.A. William FaulknerB. Sinclair LewisC. John SteinbeckD. Jack London54. Under the Whitlam government “God Save the Queen” was replaced by ____ as Australian national anthem.A. “Waltzing Matilda”B. “Click Go the Shears”C. “Advance Australia FairD. “My Country”55. Australia is the world‟s largest exporter of ____.A. wheatB. meatC. daily productsD. wool56. The United States is ____ populous country in the world.A. the third mostB. the second mostC. the mostD. the fourth most57. Which of the following is the father of the modern mode of painting?A. RaphaelB. TitianC. da VinciD. Michelangelo58. If we begin interpretation of a sentence spontaneously and automatically on the basis of whatever information is available to us, that is called ___.A. top-down processingB. hotttom-up processingC. inductive analysisD. Comparative analysis59. ____ is a personal dialect of an individual speaker that combines elements regarding regional, social, gender, and age variations.A. DialectB. IdiolectC. Ethnic dialectD. Linguistics repertoire60. Of the following words, ____ is an initialism.A. UNB. NATOC. BASICD. UNESCO51-60: D C B C D A B A B A61. Which of the following writer was not the representative of Harlem Renaissance?A. Claude MckayB. Countee CullenC. Langston HughesD. J.D. Salinger62. Yoknapatawpha saga refers to a series of fictions written by _____.A. Thomas HardyB. Mark TwainC. William FaulknerD. Allan Poe63. Why is Samuel Johnson called “Dictionary Johnson”?A. Because he knows a lot more than other writers in words.B. Because he often consults an encyclopedia while writing.C. Because he is a master of English language.D. Because he is author of the first English dictionary by an Englishman.64. In Australia, under _____ the legislation to provide equal pay for men and women doing the same work was passed.A. the Whitlam governmentB. the Hawke governmentC. the keating governmentD. the Fraser government65．When did the third wave of migration begin in Australia?A. After the First World WarB. After the Second World WarC. During the Second World WarD. After the Vietnam War66. The “Big Stick” Policy was advanced by President _____.A. Franklin D. RooseveltB. William MekinleyC. Thomas Woodrow WilsonD. Theodore Roosevelt67. What is the largest river in America?A. The Ohio RiverB. The ColumbiaC. The Mississippi RiverD. The Colorado68. “Autumn” and “fall” are used respectively in Britain in and America, but refer to the same thing. The words are _____ synonyms.A. collocationalB. dialectalC. completeD. stylistic69. _____ is the abstract syntactic representation of a sentence, namely, the underlying level of structural organization which specifies all the factors governing the way the sentence should be interpreted.A. surface structureB. syntactic ambiguityC. syntactic componentD. deep structure70. London speech that was illustrated by Shakespear e‟s writing was generally termed _____.A. Old EnglishB. Middle EnglishC. Early Modern EnglishD. Late Modern61-70: D C D A B D C B D C71. Percy Bysshe Shelly is famous for ________.A. Ode to a Skylark and Ode to a NightingaleB. Ode on a Grecian Urn and Ode to the West WindC. Ode to a Nightingale and Ode on a Grecian UrnD. Ode to the West Wind and Ode to a Skylark72. “Tom Jones” was written by ________.A. Henry FieldingB. Daniel DefoeC. Jonathan SwiftD. Samuel Richardson73. Love Story is written by ________.A. Margaret MillarB. Mario PuzoC. Erich SegalD. Helen Eustis74. New Zealanders have adopted their name from the Kiwi, ________.A. which is an introduced flightless birdB. which was the only mammal in New ZealandC. which is a native flightless birdD. which was introduced to New Zealand 1000 years ago75. The two main land masses in New Zealand are ________.A. the White Island and the thermal regionB. the North Island and the South IslandC. Auckland and the South IslandD. the Southern Apls and the North Island76. Which of the following was best known for his Madona (Virgin Mary)?A. RaphaelB. MichelangeloC. Da VinciD. Titian77. The first American President who inaugurated in Washington City was ________.A. George WashingtonB. Thomas JeffersonC. John AdamsD. Andrew Jackson78. The study of the linguistic meaning of words, phrases, and sentences is called _____.A. semanticsB. pragmaticsC. syntaxD. language change79. In making conversation, the general principle that all participants are expected to observe is called the ________ principle proposed by J.Grice.A. comprehensiveB. generativeC. discourseD. cooperative80. ________ is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.A. referenceB. lexical meaningC. senseD. word71-80: D A C C B A B A D C81. The Hairy Ape by Eugene O‟Neill is a drama in the styles of ____.A. realism and romanticismB. romanticism and symbolismC. romanticism and expressionismD. realism and expressionism82. Literary criticism written from the perspective of women, reflecting female attitudes, conerns and values is regarded as ____.A. New CriticismB. PsychoanalysisC. StructuralismD. Feminist Criticism83. “Three or four families in a country village is something to work.” This statement was presented by ___.A. Emily BronteB. Jane AustenC. Mrs. GaskellD. George Eliot84. ____ had the title “the Wizard of Menlo Park”.A. John StevensB. Charlie ChaplinC. Thomas A EdisonD. Robert Fulton85. ____ major works Last Supper is the most famous of religious pictures.A. Loenardo da Vinci‟sB. Titian‟sC. Raphael‟sD. Michelangelo‟s86. What is the other official language besides English in New Zealand?A. GermanB. JapaneseC. FrenchD. Maori87. Who produced the first complete map of New Zealand in 1769?A. Abel TasmanB. a DutchmanC. HobsonD. James Cook88. Of the following linguists, ____ should be grouped into London school.A. FirthB. BloomfieldC. BoasD. Trubetzkoy89. ____ refers to a marginal language of few lexical items and straightforward grammatical rules, used as a medium of communication.A. Lingua francaB. CreoleC. PidginD. Standard language90. The basic essentials of the first language are acquired in the short period from about age two to puberty, which is called the ____ period for first language acquisition.A. initialB. one-word stageC. pubertyD. critical81-90: D D B C A D D A C D91. John Milton created Satan the real hero in his poem ___.A. “Paradise Lost”B. “Paradise Regained”C. “A gonists”D. Lycidas92. Erehwon is a satiric novel written by ____.A. Samuel ButlerB. Henry FieldingC. Thomas MoreD. Mark Twin93. “ In a station of the Metro” by ____ has been regarded as a classic specimen of Imagist poetry.A. Ezra PoundB. T.S. EliotC. William Carlos WilliamsD. Amy Lowell94. The Head of State of New Zealand is ____.A. the Prime MinisterB. the British monarchC. the Governor-GeneralD. the President95. The first settlers of New Zealand were ____.A. European navigatorsB. sealers and whalersC. voyagers from East PolynesiaD. Christian missionaries96. ____ is the oldest of all the parties in Ireland.A. Finn GaelB. The Progressive DemocratsC. Finna FailD. The Irish Labour Party97. The largest state of all the states of America is ____.A. TexasB. AlaskaC. CaliforniaD. Hawaii98. The feature that distinguishes “hotdog” and “hot dog” is ____.A. toneB. stressC. intonationD. aspiration99. ____deals with how language is acquired, understood and produced.A. PsycholinguisticsB. SociolinguisticsC. NeurolinguisticsD. Anthropological linguistics100. The study of language at some point of time is generally termed as ____ linguistics.A. appliedB. diachronicC. comparativeD. synchronic91-100: A A A B C D B B A D101. Which of the following is not written by the author of The Scarlet Letter?A. The House of the Seven GablesB. Young Good man BrownC. The Fall of the House of UsherD. The Minister‟s Black Veil102. I Have a Dream is famous speech addressed by _____.A. Abraham LincolnB. Martin Luther KingC. Winston ChurchillD. Mark Twain103. All the following writers are the great masters of “stream of consciousness” but _____.A. James JoyceB. Virginia woolfC. William FaulknerD. Henry James104. The largest city in Canada is _____.A. OttawaB. TorontoC. VancouverD. Montreal105. About _____ of the people of Quebec are French descents.A. 80%B. 30%C. 90%D. 50%106. Today, the City of London is the business centre of London where you can find _____.A. big supermarketsB. theatres and cinemasC. large financial organizationsD. restaurants and cafes107. In the United Kingdom, the party which wins the _____ number of seats in the House of Commons becomes the official Opposition.A. largestB. third largestC. fourth largestD. second largest 108. “Speech Act Theory” was proposed by ____ in 1962.A. SaussureB. ChomskyC. Jane AustinD. John Austin109. The major new development in linguistics in 20th century was _____ grammar.A. speculativeB. traditionalC. structuralD. Interference110. _____ refers to the tendency of many learners to stop developing their interlanguage grammar in the direction of the target language.A. FossilizationB. Error analysisC. OvergeneralizationD. Interference101-110: C B D B A C D D D A111. Aspect of the Novel was originally a series of lectures delivered at Cambridge by ____. It was one of the most important books on the theory of novel.A. E.M. ForsterB. Mark TwainC. William FaulknerD. Henry James112. Daniel Defoe is a famous ____.A. poetB. novelistC. playwrightD. essayist113. The famous representative drama of “theatre of the absurd” is ____ by Samuel Beckett.A. Waiting for LeftyB. Who is Afraid of Virginia WoolfC. Waiting for GodotD. The Zoo Story114. When printing was invented in the 1500‟s, the ____ Bible was the first complete work printed.A. LatinB. EnglishC. AramaicD. Hebrew115. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the Open University?A. It‟s open to everybody.B. No university degree is awarded.C. It requires no formal educational qualification.D. University course are followed through TV, radio, correspondence, etc. 116. The backbone of Canada‟s economy is ____.A. crude oilB. cereal exportC. manufacturingD. timber117. The longest river in Canada is ____.A. the St. LawrenceB. the MackenzieC. the SevernD. the Yukon118. The most recognizable difference between American English and British English are in ____ and vocabulary.A. structureB. grammarC. usageD. pronunciation119. The study of how we do things with utterance is the study of ____, the nature of which is determined by context.A. contextB. pragmaticsC. speech actD. semantics120. A(n) ____ is a mild, indirect or less offensive word or expression that replaces a taboo word or serves to avoid more direct wording that might he harsh, unpleasantly direct, or offensive, e.g. “pass away” for “die”.A. euphemismB. deleteC. coinageD. taboo111-120: A B C A B C B D C A121. The first novel of stream of consciousness written by a black writer _____ was CranA. Claude MckayB. Countee CullenC. Langston HughesD. Jean Toomer122. The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung up in America was written by _____.A. John SmithB. John EllisC. Anne BradstreetD. Nathaniel Morton123. In reading Shakespeare, you must have come across the line “To be or not to be---that is the question” by ____.A. Iago in OthelloB. Lear in King LearC. Shylock in The Merchant of VeniceD. Hamlet in Hamlet124. The name “Canada”is thought to be derived from kanata, an Indian word meaning _____.A. a settlementB. a guitarC. a meeting placeD. a piece of land125. Canada has become the world‟s _____ exporter of fish.A. secondB. largestC. forthD. fifth126. The most important and influential of English Bible is the Authorized or King James version, first published in _____.A. 1382B. 1901C. 1611D. 1979127. In Britain, ministers are appointed by the Queen on the recommendation of _____.A. the lord ChancellorB. the Prime MinisterC. the SpeakerD. the Parliamentary Commissioner 128. In many societies of the world, we find a large number of people who speak more than one language. As a characteristic of societies, _____ inevitably results from the coming into contact of people with different cultures and different languages.A. transferB. bilingualismC. diglossiaD. interlanguage129. Pragmatics differs from traditional semantics in that it studies meaning not in isolation, but in _____.A. relationshipB. dependenceC. sentenceD. context130. _____ is a design feature of human language that enables speakers to talk about a wide range of things, free from barriers caused by separation in time and space.A. Cultural transmissionB. DualityC. DisplacementD. Productivity121-130: D C D A B C B B D C131. Robert Browning‟s “May Last Duchess” is composed in the form of a(n)____.A. dramatic monologueB. extended metaphorC. syllogistic argumentD. dialogue132. The novel starts with “It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a wife.” This novel is Jane Austen‟s ____.A. EmmaB. PersuasionC. Sense and SensibilityD. Pride and Prejudice133. I‟m Nobody is a poem by ____ in the form of “dramatic monologue”.A. Ralph Waldo EmersonB. Emily DickinsonC. Edgar Allan PoeD. Robert Browning134. The Middle Ages is also called the ____.A. “Age of Faith”B. “Age of Christianity”C. “Age of Holy Spirit”D. “Age of Literature”135. In the latter part of the 4th century, which of the following tribes swept into Europe from central Asia, robbing and killing large numbers of the half civilized Germanic tribes?A. the MongoliansB. the TurkishC. the SyriansD. the Huns136. Who is the most influential person in the Canadian government?A. the QueenB. the Prime MinisterC. the ParliamentD. the Govbernor-General137. The Queen is represented by ____ in Canada.A. The leader of the majority partyB. the Prime MinisterC. the ParliamentD. the Governor-General138. Traditional grammarians begin with ____ definition of the sentence and its components.A. structuralB. notionalC. descriptiveD. prescriptive 139. ____ is defined as any regionally or socially definable human group identified by shared linguistic system.A. A speech communityB. A raceC. A societyD. A country140. ____ invasions established three major groups in England: Saxons, Angles and Jutes.A. GermanicB. NormanC. FrenchD. Roman131-140: A D B A D B D B A A141. Moby Dick is a novel by ____.A. Edgar Allan PoeB. Nanthaniel HawthornC. Herman MelvilleD. Henry James142. The God Father is written by ____.A. Margaret MillarB. Mario PuzoC. Dashiell HammettD. Helen Eustis143. The major concern of _____fiction lies in the tracing of the psychological development of his characters and in his energetic criticism of the dehumanizing effect of the capitalist industrialization on human nature.A. Charles Dickens‟B. D.H. Lawrence‟sC. Thomas Hardy‟sD. John Galsworthy‟s144. In Canada the Head of State is ____.A. the Prime MinisterB. the leader of the majority partyC. the government-GeneralD. Queen Elizabeth II145. What is the other official language besides English in Canada?A. GermanB. JapaneseC. FrenchD. Finnish146. The president of the Lords in Britain is called _____A. Lord ChancellorB. SpeakerC. Prime MinisterD. President147. The Church was divided into the Roman Catholic Church and Eastern OrthodoxChurch after ____.A. 1066B. 1296C. 1054D. 476148. Japanese is the only major language that uses ____ writing system.A. a word writingB. a logographicC. an alphabeticD. a syllabic149. ____ is one whose distribution is functionally equivalent to that of one or more of its constituents, i.e. a word or a group of words, which serves as a definable “centre” or “head”.A. Exocentric constructionB. CoordinationC. Endocentric constructionD. Collocation150. Of the following linguists, ____ should not be grouped into American school.A. FirthB. SapirC. BloomfieldD. Boas141-150: C B B D C A C D C A。

《万花筒》读后感

《万花筒》读后感《万花筒》是由美国作家John Barth所写的一篇短篇小说，讲述了一个关于故事的故事。

小说创新性地采用了不同的叙事角度和喜剧元素，让读者在阅读的过程中体验到了一种奇妙的阅读体验。

在这篇小说里，作者通过不同的叙事者来讲述同一个故事，分别是第一人称、第二人称和第三人称。

其中第一人称是一个想要成为小说家的年轻人，他在听了一个老作家的建议后努力去寻找一个悬疑故事，最终找到了一个老人家，听到了一个恐怖的故事。

第二人称是老作家想要让年轻人听一个悬疑故事而给他讲的，这个故事的主要内容是一个男子在车上与一个陌生女子相识，并且在一个房间里度过一晚上后发现女子其实是鬼魂。

第三人称则是小说家以故事的形式写出来的，其中有一个小女孩发现自己进入了一个未知的世界，在努力脱离这个世界的同时，最终发现这个世界与她的想象中的世界并不一样。

小说中采用了不同的叙述方式和角度，使故事的情节特别精彩，充满了悬念。

读者可以从不同的角度感受到同一个故事的不同情感，这让小说更加有趣和引人入胜。

读者可以通过小说中的故事，感受到作者对故事的深刻思考和对文学的独特见解。

另外，小说中也融入了很多喜剧元素，给读者带来了欢乐和轻松的阅读体验。

作者通过虚构的故事情节，探讨了人生命运的不可预知性以及命运的起伏波动，这让读者在阅读中感到愉悦和满足。

总之，《万花筒》是一篇充满创意和思考的小说，它让读者感受到作者的独特魅力和对文学的深刻思考。

在阅读这篇小说的过程中，读者能够领略到不同的叙述方式和角度所带来的不同感受，并且感受到阅读的乐趣和愉悦。

此外，小说中的喜剧元素也给读者带来了轻松和愉悦的阅读体验，这让小说更加生动和有趣。

谁是故事高手？——评《汤姆·爱迪生的长毛狗》

谁是故事高手？——评《汤姆·爱迪生的长毛狗》-大学语文论文谁是故事高手？——评《汤姆·爱迪生的长毛狗》○王晴芮渝萍摘要：本文将从元小说的角度，解读冯内古特的短篇小说《汤姆·爱迪生的长毛狗》。

该小说不仅讲述了一个具有后现代风格的高度游戏化的故事以娱乐读者，还通过对比暗含了讲故事的技巧问题。

与大多数明确指涉讲故事的模式、技巧和构思困惑等元小说不同，这个短篇小说的高妙之处在于，作者省去了那些直接的自我指涉议论，让它以间接的方式呈现，克服了大多数元小说对故事完整性的割裂和娱乐性的破坏。

关键词：故事技巧交际策略元小说游戏与智慧帕特里夏·沃尔在《元小说：自我意识小说的理论与实践》中将元小说定义为有意识地、系统地将读者的注意力引向对作品艺术特质的关注，通过对他们自身构建方式的评价，这类作品不仅审视叙事小说最基本的结构，也探索文学文本对外在世界进行虚构的可能性。

她还列举了元小说的常见特征：在炫耀创造性想象力的同时，表现出对这种表现方式有效性的不确定；对语言、文学形式和虚构写作行为保持高度的自我意识；对小说与形式关系表现出不确定感；戏仿的风格和过分幼稚或者表现上看似幼稚的写作风格。

[1]这些特征不一定集中在每一部元小说中。

通常能够让读者明确留意到元小说特征的是作品中那些关于创作技巧的议论。

比如，在约翰·巴斯的《迷失在游乐宫》中有大量的关于写作技巧的论述，第一段就出现了这样的文字：“斜体还被运用在小说中，尤其用来指代‘外在的’、侵入性的、或仿真的声音，如电台广播、电报、新闻报道等等……”[2]但《汤姆·爱迪生的长毛狗》代表了另外一种元小说：即直接把关于想象力、讲故事的技巧、虚构与现实的关系等问题的思考融进故事和情节中去，避免了突兀地植入有关自身构建方式的论述。

如果说小说是作者完成的产品，他们所使用的那些创作技巧就是制造出产品的工具。

与其在展示产品的同时炫耀自己用了哪些工具，不如让读者在欣赏产品的时候，自己去揣摩和发现制造产品的工具和手段。

短篇小说的魅力推荐十个短篇小说家

短篇小说的魅力推荐十个短篇小说家一篇紧凑、简练、个性鲜明的短篇小说，能够在短暂的篇幅内完整地呈现一个故事，甚至是一个世界观。

这种节制、独具匠心的语言艺术，在文学领域里有着重要地位。

本文将推荐十位短篇小说家，介绍他们的作品和风格。

章一：瑞文·加纳（Reverend Gilbert White）瑞文·加纳拥有一位清晰、幽默的笔触，他的短篇小说探索了真情、幽默与哀伤混杂的人性。

代表作有《三毛马弗莱》（Three Owls, 1951）和《伊丽莎白女王在雷克亚未健行》（Queen Elizabeth Walk, 1971）。

章二：约翰·切弗（John Cheever）约翰·切弗是美国现代短篇小说的开创者之一，他以强烈的个人风格创作了一系列的现实主义小说，通过探讨中产阶级生活状态，表达出对现代都市生活的种种质疑。

代表作有《信任让你免于恐惧》（Trust Me, 1957）和《游泳人》（The Swimmer, 1964）。

章三：约翰·巴特（John Barth）约翰·巴特是短篇小说家、小说家、散文家，以及散文小说家。

他在马克·特威恩和弗兰克·欧康纳的影响下，形成了一种惊人的充满幽默感和信念礼仪的小说风格。

代表作有《管家和明星》（The Burglar and the Beast, 2012）和《欢迎来到索瑞亚》（Welcome toSörmland, 2007）。

章四：艾莉斯·门罗（Alice Munro）艾莉斯·门罗被誉为现代短篇小说的女王，她的短篇小说中没有太多惊奇的意外，却以微妙的好奇心描绘了人类生活的一些复杂之处。

代表作有《跟第二任老公出门旅行的女人》（The Woman Who Slept with Her Second Husband and Didn’t Talk, 2002）和《跨过普鲁斯特村》（Crossing to Safety, 1991）。

世界百科的知名编辑有哪些

世界百科的知名编辑有哪些世界百科作为一款知识性较高的综合百科类平台，其内容产出离不开众多知名编辑的辛勤付出与贡献。

以下是一些世界百科知名编辑的介绍：1. 约翰·巴斯（John Barth）：约翰·巴斯是世界百科的创始人之一，他在1993年联合其他学者共同创建了世界百科，同时担任首任总编。

巴斯以其深厚的学术知识和丰富的编辑经验，为世界百科的发展做出了重要贡献。

2. 玛丽亚·史密斯（Maria Smith）：作为一位资深的百科编辑，玛丽亚·史密斯在世界百科上负责科学与技术领域的编辑工作。

她凭借其对科学知识的广博了解和严谨的编辑态度，为世界百科提供了许多权威可信的科学类条目。

3. 安德鲁·詹姆斯（Andrew James）：安德鲁·詹姆斯是一位热衷于历史和人文领域的编辑。

他在世界百科上专注于人类历史和文化的编写与整理，并且以其严密的论证和生动的叙事，使其编辑的历史条目成为平台上的热门内容。

4. 朱莉娅·李（Julia Lee）：朱莉娅·李是一名资深的语言学家和百科全书编纂专家。

她在世界百科上负责语言学领域的编辑工作，涉及文字、语言流派、语言变体等诸多内容。

她的条目以其专业性和易懂性受到广大用户的好评。

5. 彼得·约翰逊（Peter Johnson）：作为一位数学与物理专家，彼得·约翰逊在世界百科上负责数学和物理学领域的编辑工作。

他通过深入浅出的方式，对抽象的数学与物理概念进行解释，使得用户能够更好地理解这些知识。

6. 莉莉·张（Lily Zhang）：莉莉·张是一位资深的生物学家，热衷于生命科学领域。

她在世界百科上担任生物学的编辑工作，将复杂的生物概念和理论用通俗易懂的语言进行描述，使得用户能够轻松理解和学习。

这仅仅是部分世界百科知名编辑的介绍，世界百科还有更多优秀的编辑们为平台提供了丰富多样的内容。

浅谈术语“后现代主义”的产生发展史

浅谈术语“后现代主义”的产生发展史摘要：德国哲学新锐大师沃夫冈·韦尔施（Wolfgang Welsch）在《从现代主义走出的道路》中对“后现代主义”这个术语追根溯源，详细介绍了它的源起和发展史。

在“后现代主义”一词频频闪现的今天，这个有些令人费解的术语已挤入人们的日常生活。

当它越来越多地作为“新奇特”和“时髦”的代名词被人们所接受，当有人将“后现代主义”当作哗众取宠、不合逻辑的笑料，笑称“看不懂的就是后现代主义”的时候，我们不禁要问一面受追捧、一面遭误解的“后现代主义”究竟是什么，它从何而来，意欲何为。

被称为德国哲学新锐大师之一的沃夫冈·韦尔施（Wolfgang Welsch）试图解释这个问题，并在他编著的《从现代主义走出的道路》[1]的前言中对“后现代主义”这个术语追根溯源，详细介绍了它的源起和发展史。

本文试概括介绍他在该书中对“后现代主义”一词来源及发展的解答。

一、源起韦尔施提到，作为一个形容词“后现代”最早出现在1870年。

英国画家约翰•瓦特金斯•钱普曼（John Watkins Chapman 1832-1903）提出，他和他的朋友要将油画绘画方法推进到“后现代”油画时代。

“后现代”油画是他在个人画展中提出的口号，他以“后现代绘画”（Postmodern Painting）一词来表示对当时法国印象派，即所谓“前卫”画派进行超越的批判和创新的精神。

但韦尔施同时也指出，这个术语的首次出现并未对后世产生影响。

“后现代”的第二次出现是在1917年，德国哲学家鲁道夫·潘维兹（Rudolf Pannwitz）在《欧洲文化的危机》一书中提到“后现代”这个形容词。

他在书中提到“后现代的人”的概念，将“后现代的人”描绘成是一个超越“现代”危机的形象。

（引文见 A3Z5-8：“那个经过体育锻炼的、有民族意识的、有军人素养的、受宗教激发的后现代的人是一个在颓废野蛮环境下披着坚硬外壳的软体动物，他从欧洲虚无主义极端革命所产生的巨大的颓废而难产？的漩涡中奋力游来。