美国文学史陶洁序言部分整理

美国文学史序言部分

殖民地时期（colonialism)约1607-1765

时期综述（随便看看，重点没有涉及这部分）

1、清教徒采用的文学体裁：a、narratives 日记b、journals 游记

2、英国最早移民到美国的诗人：Anne Bradstreet

3、在殖民时期最好的清教徒诗人：the best of Puritan poets is Edward Tayor.

启蒙时期与独立战争时期（reasoning and revolution)1765-18世纪末p1

代表作家：

1、Benjamin Franklin 本杰明·富兰克林1706-1790

Poor Richard's Almanac《格言历书》A Collection of maxims,or proverbs,on the value of work and savings for success.

The Autobiography《自传》开创了美国名人写传记的风气

2、William Hill Brown 威廉·希尔·布朗

The Power of Sympathy《同情的力量》

浪漫主义时期（Romanicism)1800-1865

一、文学特征：

1、Transcendentalism超验主义

代表人物：Emerson爱默生，believed that man was a part of absolute good。人性本善

Thoreau 梭罗，beheld divinity in the “unspotted innocence” of nature. 自然才是神圣的“洁白无瑕”

二、代表作家：

1、Washington Irving华盛顿.欧文

The Sketch Book《见闻札记》开创了美国短篇小说的传统

The Legend of Sleepy Hollow《睡谷的传说》和Rip Van Winkle《瑞普·凡·温克尔》取材于德国民间故事，以纽约哈德逊河谷为背景

2、James Fenimore Cooper 詹姆斯.芬尼莫.库珀

frontier saga 边疆传奇小说----Leatherstocking Tales《皮袜子故事集》五部曲

创造了原型人物-班波

3、William Cullen Bryant 威廉.卡伦.布莱恩特第一个浪漫主义诗人

To a Waterfowl《致水鸟》The Yellow Violet《黄色的堇香花》

4、Ralph Waldo Emersion 拉尔夫.沃尔多.爱默生是把超验主义引入新英格兰的先驱p18

作品：Nature 《论自然》超验主义理论的“圣经”

Essays《论文集》Poems《诗集》The American Scholar《论美国学者》

Representative Men 《人类代表》English Traits《英国特征》

5、Henry David Thoreau 亨利.戴维.梭罗p45

In Walden《沃尔登》描写在湖畔的生活，宣传自然的美好

on the duty of Civil Disobedience《论公民的不服从》

6、Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 亨利.沃兹沃思.朗费罗poet 诗人p53

the song of Hiawatha 《海华沙之歌》

Evangeline 《伊凡杰林》关于美国神话

7、Oliver Wendell Holmes 霍姆斯, James Russell Lowell洛威尔,Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 亨利.沃兹沃思.朗费罗被称为“Brahmin”波士顿的婆罗门

8、Walt Whitman沃尔特·惠特曼p60

他创造了诗歌的自由体（Free Verse---without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme.），

Leaves of Grass《草叶集》was published in1855.

One's Self I Sing《我歌唱自我》

O Captain!My Captain!《噢，船长！我的船长！》

9、Emily Dickinson（19世纪唯一出名的女作家）---I Died for Beauty,because I could

not stop for Death. P63

作品：《要描绘一片草原······》To Make a Prairie

《最美妙的胜利感觉》Success Is Counted Sweetest

《我是无名之辈》I'm Nobody!

10、Nathaniel Hawthorne 纳萨尼尔.霍桑p26

The Blithedale Romance《福谷传奇》The Scarlet Letter《红字》

The House of the Seven Gables 《带有七个尖角阁的房子》

The Minister’s Black Veil 《教长的黑纱》Young Goodman《好小伙子布朗》

The Birthmark 《胎痣》Rappaccini’s Daughter 《拉伯西尼医生的女儿》

Mosses from an Old Manse 《古宅青苔》Twice-Told Tales 《故事重述》

The Marble Faun 《玉石雕像》

“The Scarlet Letter”analysis分析：it not a praise of a Hester sinning, but a hymn on the moral growth of the woman when sinned against. Young Hester borders on being licentious. Her drive is sexual. She does her best to keep her hold on the magic chain humanity. Her life eventually acquires a real significance when she reestablishes a meaningful relationship with her fellowmen Symbolic of her moral development is the gradual imperceptible change with the scarlet letter undergoes in meaning. At first it is a token of shame, “Adultery” but then the genuine sympathy and help Hester offered to her fellow villagers’ changes it to “Able”. Later in the story, the letter A appears in the sky, signifying “Angel”. There is reason to agree with the critical observation that A may represent Adamic, or prehistoric, an archetypal vice suggestive of “original sin,” Dimmesdale, on the other hand, banishes himself form society. Deeply preoccupied with himself, he lives a stranger among his admirers. The result is that, whereas Hester is able to reconstruct her life and win a moral victory, Dimmesdale undergoes the tragic experience of physical and spiritual disintegration. Between him and Hester they point to a moral as Hawthorne may intend them to do, that the best policy for man is to be true, honest, and ever ready to show one’s worst to the outside world.

11、Edgar Allan Poe 埃德加.阿伦.坡p10