美国文学史及选读1复习笔记_1939184186
美国文学考研复习笔记
History And Anthology of American LiteraturePartⅠThe Literature of Colonial America殖民主义时期的文学1.17世纪早期English and European explorers开始登陆美洲。
在他们之前100多年Caribbean Islands, Mexico andother Parts of South America已被the Spanish占领。
2.17th早期English settlements in Virginia and Massachusetts(弗吉尼亚和马萨诸塞)开始了美国历史3.美国最早殖民者(earliest settlers)included Dutch ,Swedes ,Germans ,French ,Spaniards ,Italians and Portuguese(荷兰人，瑞典人，德国人，法国人，西班牙人，意大利人及葡萄牙人等)。
4.美国早期文学主要为the narratives and journals of these settlements采用in diaries and in journals(日记和日志)，他们写关于the land with dense forests and deep-blue lakes and rich soil.5.第一批美国永久居民：the first permanent English settlement in North America was established atJamestown,Virginia in 1607(北美弗吉尼亚詹姆斯顿)。
6.船长约翰·史密斯Captain John Smith他的作品(reports of exploration)17th早期出版，被认为是美国第一部真正意义上的文学作品in the early 1600s,have been described as the first distinctly American literature written in English.他讲述了filled with themes, myths, images, scenes, character and events,吸引了朝圣者和清教徒前往lure the Pilgrims and the Puritans.7.美国第一位作家：1608年Captain John Smith写了封信《自殖民地第一次在弗吉尼亚垦荒以来发生的各种事件的真实介绍》“A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony”.8.他的第二本书1612年《弗吉尼亚地图，附：一个乡村的描述》“A Map of Virginia: with a Description of theCountry”.9.他一共出版了八本书，其中有关于新英格兰的历史及描述。
童明《美国文学史》（增订版）笔记和课后习题（含考研真题）详解
我国各大院校一般都把国内外通用的权威教科书作为本科生和研究生学习专业课程的参考教材，这些教材甚至被很多考试（特别是硕士和博士入学考试）和培训项目作为指定参考书。
为了帮助读者更好地学习专业课，我们有针对性地编著了一套与国内外教材配套的复习资料，并提供配套的名师讲堂、电子书和题库。
《美国文学史》（增订版）（童明主编）一直被用作高等院校英语专业英美文学教材，被很多院校指定为英语专业考研必读书和学术研究参考书。
为了帮助读者更好地使用该教材，我们精心编著了它的配套辅导用书。
作为该教材的学习辅导书，全书遵循该教材的章目编排，共分27章，每章由三部分组成：第一部分为复习笔记（中英文对照），总结本章的重点难点；第二部分是课后习题详解，对该书的课后思考题进行了详细解答；第三部分是考研真题与典型题详解，精选名校经典考研真题及相关习题，并提供了详细的参考答案。
本书具有以下几个方面的特点：1．梳理章节脉络，归纳核心考点。
每章的复习笔记以该教材为主并结合其他教材对本章的重难点知识进行了整理，并参考了国内名校名师讲授该教材的课堂笔记，对核心考点进行了归纳总结。
2．中英双语对照，凸显难点要点。
本书章节笔记采用了中英文对照的形式，强化对重要难点知识的理解和运用。
3．解析课后习题，提供详尽答案。
本书对童明主编的《美国文学史》（增订版）每章的课后思考题均进行了详细的分析和解答，并对相关重要知识点进行了延伸和归纳。
4．精选考研真题，补充难点习题。
本书精选名校近年考研真题及相关习题，并提供答案和详解。
所选真题和习题基本体现了各个章节的考点和难点，但又不完全局限于教材内容，是对教材内容极好的补充。
第1部分 早期美国文学：殖民时期至1815年第1章 “新世界”的文学1.1 复习笔记1.2 课后习题详解1.3 考研真题和典型题详解第2章 殖民地时期的美国文学：1620—1763 2.1 复习笔记2.2 课后习题详解2.3 考研真题和典型题详解第3章 文学与美国革命：1764—18153.1 复习笔记3.2 课后习题详解3.3 考研真题和典型题详解第2部分 美国浪漫主义时期：1815—1865第4章 美国浪漫主义时期4.1 复习笔记4.2 课后习题详解4.3 考研真题和典型题详解第5章 早期浪漫主义5.1 复习笔记5.2 课后习题详解5.3 考研真题和典型题详解第6章 超验主义和符号表征6.1 复习笔记6.2 课后习题详解6.3 考研真题和典型题详解第7章 霍桑、麦尔维尔和坡7.1 复习笔记7.2 课后习题详解7.3 考研真题和典型题详解第8章 惠特曼和狄金森8.1 复习笔记8.2 课后习题详解8.3 考研真题和典型题详解第9章 文学分支：反对奴隶制的写作9.1 复习笔记9.2 课后习题详解9.3 考研真题和典型题详解第3部分 美国现实主义时期：1865—1914第10章 现实主义时期10.1 复习笔记10.2 课后习题详解10.3 考研真题和典型题详解第11章 地区和地方色彩写作11.1 复习笔记11.2 课后习题详解11.3 考研真题和典型题详解第12章 亨利·詹姆斯和威廉·迪恩·豪威尔斯12.1 复习笔记12.2 课后习题详解12.3 考研真题和典型题详解第13章 自然主义文学13.1 复习笔记13.2 课后习题详解13.3 考研真题和典型题详解第14章 女性作家书写“女性问题”14.1 复习笔记14.2 课后习题详解14.3 考研真题和典型题详解第4部分 美国现代主义时期：1914—1945第15章 美国现代主义15.1 复习笔记15.1 复习笔记15.2 课后习题详解15.3 考研真题和典型题详解第16章 现代主义的演变16.1 复习笔记16.2 课后习题详解16.3 考研真题和典型题详解第17章 欧洲的美国现代主义17.1 复习笔记17.2 课后习题详解17.3 考研真题和典型题详解第18章 两次世界大战间的现代小说18.1 复习笔记18.2 课后习题详解18.3 考研真题和典型题详解第19章 现代美国诗歌19.1 复习笔记19.2 课后习题详解19.3 考研真题和典型题详解第20章 非裔美国小说和现代主义20.1 复习笔记20.2 课后习题详解20.3 考研真题和典型题详解第5部分 多元化的美国文学：1945年至新千年第21章 新形势下的多元化文学21.1 复习笔记21.2 课后习题详解21.3 考研真题和典型题解析第22章 美国戏剧：三大剧作家22.1 复习笔记22.2 课后习题详解22.3 考研真题和典型题详解第23章 主要小说家：1945年至60年代23.1 复习笔记23.2 课后习题详解23.3 考研真题和典型题详解第24章 1945年以来的诗学倾向24.1 复习笔记24.2 课后习题详解24.3 考研真题和典型题详解第25章 20世纪60年代以来的小说发展状况25.1 复习笔记25.2 课后习题详解25.3 考研真题和典型题详解第26章 当代多民族文学和小说26.1 复习笔记26.2 课后习题详解26.3 考研真题和典型题详解第27章 美国文学的全球化：流散作家27.1 复习笔记27.2 课后习题详解27.3 考研真题和典型题详解第1部分 早期美国文学：殖民时期至1815年第1章 “新世界”的文学1.1 复习笔记Ⅰ. Discoveries of America（发现美洲大陆）Who discovered America?谁发现了美洲？1 The credit is often attributed to Christopher Columbus. Yet this argument is controversial.一种说法是哥伦布发现了美洲大陆。
美国文学选读复习
History And Anthology of American Literature (VolumeⅠⅡ)美国文学史及选读1、2PartⅠThe Literature of Colonial America殖民主义时期的文学(at the beginning of 17th century)Part Ⅱ The Literature of Reason And Revolution理性和革命时期文学(by the mid-18th century)1．Thomas Jefferson: Declaration of Independence 独立宣言(1776年18世纪中后期)（仔细阅读知道意思）Benjamin Franklin: The AutobiographyThomas Paine: The American Crisis*一、Benjamin Franklin 本杰明·富兰克林1706-1790Symbol of America in the Age of Enlightenment殖民地时期作家。
独立战争前惟一的杰出的美国作家in the colonial period, the only good American author before the Revolutionary War.1．其还是美国第一位主要作家the first major writer非凡表达能力，简洁明了，有点幽默，还是一位讽刺天才as an author he had power of expression, simplicity, a subtle humor. He was also sarcastic.2．他最好作品收录在《自传》“Autobiography”。
“对这个年青的国家来说，他的损失比其它任何人的都要大“his shadow lies heavier than any other man’s on this young nation.二、Thomas Jefferson托马斯·杰弗逊（1743-1826）1．美国历史上最为广泛影响人物his thought and personality have influenced his countryman more deeply and remained more effectively alive.同富兰克林一样具人道主义精神vigorous humanitarian sympathies.启蒙运动的产物a product of the Enlightenment.2．1776年同约翰·亚当斯、本杰明·富兰克林、罗杰·谢尔曼、罗伯特·R·利文斯顿一起起草《独立宣言》with John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman and Robert R Livingston, he drafted the Declaration of Independence.3．1790-1793任华盛顿内阁中第一任国务卿，as the first American secretary of state. 1800起担任两届美国总统。
美国文学史复习大纲
美国文学史复习大纲一：作家作品1.Sherwood Anderson: Winesburg, Ohio(小镇畸人，1919) The Triumph of the Egg(鸡蛋的胜利，1921)2.John Steinbeck: The Grapes of Wrath(愤怒的葡萄，1939，strong sociological novel,1940年获普利策奖（Pulitzer Prize)),1962年获诺贝尔文学奖①the foremost novelist of the American Depression.美国大萧条时期最杰出的小说家。
②代表作：“Of Mice and Men”《人鼠之间》portrayed the tragic friendship between two migrant workers “The Grapes of Wrath”《愤怒的葡萄》regarded as masterpiece ,showed the migration of the Okies from the Dust Bowls to California ,a migration that ended in broken dreams and misery but at the same time affirmed the ability of the common people to endure and prevail. Theme : strength comes from unity i-we ;faith in life; struggle to live better2.John Dos Passos: 约翰多斯帕索斯His trilogy U.S.A(美利坚)---The 42nd Parallel(北纬42度，1930), 1919(1932), The Big Money(1936), Three Soldiers。
美国文学史及选读第一册复习摘要
美文学摘要Puritanism(清教,清教徒主义): doctrines (dɔktrin n. 教条, 教义, 学说), values, features of Am. Puritans, influence on Am. Literature,Features of colonial poetsThe 1st Am. Writer：Captain John SmithKey Points of Enlightenment movement●Originated in Europe in the 17th century●Basic principles: Stressing education; Stressing Reason; Concerns for civil rights●Significance: Accelerating加速social progress; freeing people from the limitations set by prevailing(1．占优势的;主要的2．流行的;普遍的 )Puritanism; Making spiritual preparation for American Revolution Influence on literature:In form: imitating English classical writersIn content: utilitarian ([ju:ˌtɪlɪˌteəri:ən] adj. 1．有效用的;实用的 2．功利(主义)的 n. 功利主义者;实用主义者) tendency (for political or educational purpose)What lessons can we d raw from the poem “the wild honeysuckle”（野金银花）?The wild can also be beautiful. Everyone should take an active attitude toward life. Never avoid challenges for fear of losing something. One can’t achieve anything under the shelter（shelter －简明英汉词典D.J.[ˌʃeltə]n. 1．遮蔽; 保护 2．避难所; 庇护所vt. 掩蔽; 庇护, 保护vi. 躲避, 避难）and protection.Features of American Romanticisma. Imitative: Some of the American Romantic writings were modeled on English and European works. The Romantic Movement proved to be a decisive influence. Without it, the rise of Romanticism would have been impossible. Romanticism writers such as Scott, Coleridge, Wordsworth, Byron all made a stimulating impact on American literature.b. Independent: From the very beginning, American Romanticism exhibited（陈列，展览；显示，显出；展览品，陈列品，在法庭提出的证物）distinct（截然不同的，完全分开的；清晰的，明白的，明显的）features of its own. It originated from（来自，源于…）a mixture of factors which were altogether American rather than anything else. American Romanticism was in essence（本质上，大体上，事实）the expression of a real new experience and contained “an alien（外国的，外国人的，陌生的，性质不同的）quality”. E.g., the American national experience of pioneering（开发，创始）into the west is a rich fund of material for American writers. It is these Romanticism writers that created an indigenous（土生土长的，生来的，固有的）American literature.c. Puritan influence over American Romanticism was clearly noticeable. E.g., the author tended more to moralize（vi论道德，说教）than writers in England.American Transcendentalism（超验主义，先验论；顿悟）Background:In 1836 a little book Nature came out. It was written by Emerson. It was considered “the Manifesto （ˌmænəˌfestəʊ宣言）of Transcendentalism（ˌtrænsenˌdentl超验主义）”.It started with Emerson’s Nature and ended with Whitman’s Leaves of Grass (1855) The Transcendentalists set up a club called “Transcendentalist（trænsen'dentlist] adj. 先验论者的,超越论者的)Club”. They expressed their views published their journal Dial. The center place is New England and Concord( concord －简明英汉词典D.J.[ˌkɔnˌkɔ:d, ˌkɔŋ-]n. 和谐, 一致, 和睦).Major features1) Emphasis on spirit or the Oversoul as the most important thing in the universe2) The individual as the most important element of society3) Nature as symbolic of the Spirit or GodLimitations:1) The shallow (shallow [ˌʃæləu] adj. 1．浅的2．肤浅的) optimism(n. 乐观, 乐观主义) made itimpossible for them to understand human suffering.2) They cut themselves from life and were trapped by empty talk. They stressed too much on human intuition (in tuition [ˌɪntjuˌiʃən] n.1.直觉2.凭直觉感知的知识).3) They failed to provide solution to problem they found.课后部分习题1. Early in the 17th century, the England settlements in Virginia and Massachusetts began the main stream of what we recognize as the American national history.settlers in America included Dutch, Swedes, Germans, French, Spaniards, Italians, and3. The first permanent English settlement in North America was established at Jamestown, Virginia in 1607.4. There was little of the religious ferment（骚乱，动荡）and zeal（热心，热忱，热情）that inspired such a tide of literature to flow Puritan New England.5. The Puritans had come to New England for the sake of religious freedom, while Virginia had been planted mainly as a commercial venture.6.Hard work，thrift（节约，节俭），piety（虔诚，虔敬）and sobriety（清醒，未醉，严肃，节制）were the Puritan values that dominated much of the earliest American writing, including the sermons（布道，说教）,books , and letters of such noted Puritan clergymen as John Cotton and Cotton Mather.True or false: The first American literature was neither American nor really literature.（T）It was not American because it was the work mainly of immigrants from England. It was not literature as we know it---in the form of poetry, essays, or fiction---but rather an interesting mixture of travel accounts and religious writings. The earliest colonial travel accounts are records of the perils（极大危险；危险的事或环境）and frustrations that challenged the courage of America’s first settlers. (P2)1. What are the influences of American Puritanism on American Literature?①Basis of American literaturedreamed of living under a perfect order；worked with courage；hoped to build an Eden of Garden on earth；faced the worst of life with optimism--went into the making of American literatureAll literature is based on a myth--Garden of Eden②Contributing to the development of Symbolism（象征主义）: a technique, widely used。
美国文学史复习知识点
PuritanismFeatures of Puritanism1. Purification of the church2. Calvinism (John Calvin, 1509-1564, French protestant reformer)(1). Emphasis of Predestination “预定论”(2). Total depravity (Original Sin) 彻底的堕落(因原罪而起）(3). Limited atonement 有限的赎罪Anne Bradstreet (1612 — 1672)First famous poet in North America, known as the “Tenth Muse”最早写出真正有价值的英文诗歌的女诗人Major works:the first collection of poems in North America.The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung up in America (1650)《最近在美洲出现的第十位缪斯》Contemplations《沉思录》Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790 )Statesman, essayist, orator, philosopher, ambassador, scientist, inventor, publisher“master of each and mastered by none”—Herman MelvilleOne of the Founding Fathers of AmericaSymbol of America in the Age of EnlightenmentThe only American to sign the four documents that created the United States:the Declaration of Independencethe treaty of alliance with Francethe treaty of peace with Englandthe constitutionThe symbol of American Dream, a self-made manHis Major WorksPoor Richard’s Almanac (1732)《格言历书》poems and essaysa good many adages and common sense witticismsAutobiography (1868)— the simple yet immensely fascinating record of a man rising to wealth and fame from a state of poverty and obscurity—the faithful account of the colorful career of American’s first self-made man.— a Puritan document (self-examination and self-improvement; illustration of Puritan ethics ) — a story of the fulfillment of American dream.Thirteen virtues from The Autobiography1. Temperance节制. Eat not to dullness; drink not to elevation.2. Silence沉默. Speak not but what may benefit others or yourself; avoid trifling conversation.3. Order秩序. Let all your things have their places; let each part of your business have its time.4. Resolution决心. Resolve to perform what you ought; perform without fail what you resolve.5. Frugality节俭. Make no expense but to do good to others or yourself, i.e., waste nothing.6. Industry勤奋. Lose no time; be always employed in something useful; cut off all unnecessaryactions.7. Sincerity诚实. Use no harmful deceit; think innocently and justly, and, if you speak, speakaccordingly.8. Justice公正. Wrong none by doing injuries, or omitting the benefits that are your duty.9. Moderation适度. Avoid extremes; forbear resenting injuries so much as you think they deserve.10. Cleanliness清洁. Tolerate no uncleanlinessin body, clothes, or habitation.11. Tranquility宁静. Be not disturbed at trifles, or at accidents common or unavoidable.12. Chastity贞洁. Rarely use venery but for health or offspring, never to dullness, weakness, or theinjury of our own or another’s peace or reputation.13. Humility谦虚. Imitate Jesus and Socrates.The Style of Puritan Writing1. Protestant - against ornateness; reverence for the Bible. The Puritans chose the Bible as the guidebook to their Promised Land.2. Puritan writing reflected the character and scope of the reading public, which was literate and well-grounded in religion.American RomanticismTime Range:From the end of the 18th century through the outbreak of the Civil War.Historical Background:National independence, democracyRising materialism and business: leisure and wealthReligious dogma, rationalismFeatures:American Romanticism was both imitative and independent.Imitative: English and European Romanticists, about home, family, nature, children and idealized love, etc.Independent: Emerson and Whitman, on major problems of American life, like the westward expansion and democracy and equality, etc.1. Romantic Subject Matter(1). The quest for beauty: non-didactic, "pure beauty." (Allan Poe)(2). The use of the far-away and non-normal - antique and fanciful (Hawthorn, Poe)(3). Escapism - from American problems (Irving).(4). Interest in external nature - for itself, for beauty(Emerson, Thoreau)2. Romantic Attitudes :(1). Appeals to imagination:remoteness of settings in time and space. improbable plots.(2). Stress on emotion rather than reason; optimism,(3). Authorial subjectivity: in form and meaning.3. Major Themes:a.Primitivism and the cult of the “noble savage”(Hiawatha 《海华沙》);b.The celebration of natural beauty and the simple life (Cooper, Emerson, Thoreau);mon man, uncorrupted by civilization (Whittier, Cooper);d.Interest in the picturesque past (Irving, Hawthorne);e.Interest in the remote places (Melville); medievalism (Longfellow);Representitive Writers and WorksWashington Irving’s The Sketch Book 《见闻札记》marks the beginning of American Romanticism.Whitman’s (慧特曼) Leaves of Grass 《草叶集》) is the last masterpiece of American Romanticism.James Fenimore Cooper’s Leatherstocking Tales 《皮裹腿故事集》depicts as a pioneer,effectively approximates the American national experience of adventure into the West.Washington Irving（1783-1859）Father of the American short stories；the first great American writer；the first American writer of imaginative literature to gain international fame.Masterpiece:The Sketch Book (1820）marks the beginning of American Romanticism.Rip Van Winkle （《瑞普·凡·温克尔》）The Legend of Sleepy Hollow （《睡谷的传说》）James Fenimore Cooper (1789-1851)One of the first authors to write about the American Westward movement.The creation of a myth about the formative period of the American nation.The introduction of the “Western” tradition into American literature.Masterpiece:Leatherstocking Tales 《皮裹腿故事集》（a collection of tales）The Pioneer, 1823; 《拓荒者》The Last of the Mohicans, 1826;《最后的莫西干人》The Prairie, 1827; 《大草原》The Pathfinder, 1840; 《探路人》The Deerslayer, 1841.《杀鹿者》TranscendentalismFeatures:1.Oversoul2.Individualism3.NatureThe Transcendentalists:The Big Three:1.Ralph Waldo Emerson;2.Henry David Thoreau;3.Margaret FullerThree sources:1.A thoughtful revolt against Puritanism (total depravity, the original sin etc.).2.German philosophers of the 18th century.3.The effect of oriental thought on the Western world.Ralph Waldo EmersonMajor Works:1.Nature:Emerson’s best know workThe bible of New England transcendentalism2.“Divinity School Address”attacks organized Christianityargues for “moral sentiment” --- essence of all religionsurges the listeners to be the true teacher: offering first-hand revelations3.“The American Scholar”:America’s declaration of Intellectual Independenceasserts nature as a teacher that instructs man to see his connection with the worldmaintains creation is continuous and each age must have its own booksdeclares self-trust and independent thinking a necessity for the new scholar.Henry David ThoreauMajor Works:1.WaldenA book on self-culture and human perfectibilitycarrying out an experimentrecording in great detail a spiritually rewarding yet simple lifereflecting on nature’s restorative influenceA book that inspired modern nature preservation2.Civil DisobedienceNathaniel Hawthorne(1804-1864)Major Works:(1). Fanshawe《范肖》(2). The Token were reprinted in Twice-told Tales. 《重述一遍的故事》(3). Twice-Told Tales, 1837; 《重述一遍的故事》(4). Mosses from an Old Manse, 1846; 《古屋青苔》,including “Young Goodman Brown”《年轻的古德曼·布朗》, “Rappaccini’s Daughter”《拉帕西尼的女儿》, “The Artist of the Beautiful”, “The Birthmark”, and “Roger Malvin’s Burial”.(5). Books for children:Grandfather’s Chair(1841);Famous Old People(1841),Liberty Tree(1841),Biographical Stories for Children(1842)(6). The Scarlet Letter, 1850; 《红字》(7). The Snow-Image and Other Twice-Told Tales (1851)(8). The House of Seven Gables , 1851; 《七个尖角阁的房子》(9). The Blithedale Romance, 1852; 《福谷传奇》(10). The Marble Faun , 1860; 《玉石雕像》(11). The Centenary Edition of the Works of Hawthorne, 18 vols. ed. W. Charvat et al., 1962-1987. Masterpieces:The Scarlet Letter (1850), written after Hawthorn’s dismissal from his post owing to a change of administrations, proved to be his greatest work, and indeed summed up in classic terms the Puritan dilemma that had so long occupied his imagination.Other Important books:The House of the Seven Gables (1851); is another great romance, concerned with the decadence of Puritanism, a novel based upon colonial America and filled with mysticism.The Blithedale Romance, (1852) in which he tuned to the contemporary scene and his Brook Farm experiences;The Scarlet Letter (1850)人物:1.Wife: Hester Prynne2.丈夫改名后: Roger Chillingworth3.Priest: Arthur DimmesdaleWalt Whitman (1819-1891)Whitman’s (慧特曼) Leaves of Grass 《草叶集》) is the last masterpiece of American Romanticism.Free verse1. without a fixed, traditional rhyme scheme2. It is sometimes referred to as “open form” verse, or by the French term vers libre.Whitman’s statusWhitman stands as one of two giants of American poetry in 19th C.found new subjects for typical American type of poetry.rejected conventional themes, traditional rhymeHe influenced Harlem Renaissance writers as Langston Hughes and James Weldon Johnson.Ezra Pound, T.S. Eliot (Modernist poets) were also influenced by Whitman.Major Works:1.Leaves of Grass2.Song of Myself3.Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking4.When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom’d 纪念林肯Edgar Allan Poe1. Position(1). Poet, short-story writer and critic.(2). Unique position in the history of American literature:a. ancestor of the detective story (influencing Conan Doyle)b. forefather of psychological novels (psychological analysis)c. the first important American critic and father of psychoanalytic criticismd. (be regarded as) one of the first aesthetes in literary historyHowever, Poe may be the most controversial and most misunderstood literary figure in the history of American literature.2. Masterpieces:The Raven (1844)—one of his most enduring worksTo HelenHerman Melville:major theme: aliennationMasterpiece:Moby Dick 《白鲸》人物:1.Ishmael2.船长: Ahab3.白鲸: Moby Dick4.船: PequodA common Theme: one of“Rejection and quest”1.19世纪中期2.Cooper, Hawthorne, MelvilleEmily Dickinson (1830-1886)1.Pioneer of Imagism2.Calvinist family诗歌特点:1.Love: “With a Flower”, “Proof”2.Nature: “A Service of Song”, “Summer Shower”3.Death and immortality: “Because I Could Not Stop for Death”4.Miscellaneous: “Tell all the Truth but tell It Slant”Her techniques originality:1.Capitalizations and dashes2.Metaphors3.symbolismDickinson’s status1. Her unconventionality influenced modern poets like Adrienne Rich, Richard Wilbur, and William Stafford.Along with Walt Whitman, Dickinson is considered a true genius of American poetry of the 19th C. Works1.Because I could not …2.Tell all the Truth but tell it slant-3.With A Flower4.Proof5.A Service of Song6.This is my letterAmerican RealismTime Range:1865 – 1910Background:1. Aftermath of the Civil Wara.Social Problems: deterioration of moral values; extremes of wealth and poverty; majoritystruggled for survivalb.Question on the Transcendentalists’ assumptions2. A great interest in the realities of life3. The close of the frontierFeatures:1. Anti-romantic, anti-sentimental ; truthful description of life真实性2. Typical character and plot under typical setting人物情节与背景的典型性、代表性3. Objective rather than idealized view of human nature and experience客观性4. Concern for social and psychological problems关注社会与个人心理问题Realistic Techniques(1). Settings thoroughly familiar to the writer(2). Plots emphasizing the norm of daily experience(3). Ordinary characters, studied in depth(4). Complete authorial objectivity(5). Responsible morality; a world truly reportedRepresentative Writers and Works:1. William Dean Howells is the the champion of literary realism in America. His The Rise of SilasLapham, is about critical of the rise of materialism in American life2. Henry James is the forefather of psychological analysis and stream of consciousness.His famous work is The Portrait of a Lady.3. Mark Twain represents social life through portraits of local places which he knew best.His famous word is The Adventures of Tom Sawyer.William Dean Howells （1837 — 1920）1.middle class2.smiling aspectcking of psychological depthMajor Works1.The Rise of Silas Lapham （1885）《塞拉斯·拉帕姆的发迹》Protagonist: Silas Lapham, a self-made man , a upstart2. A Modern Instance （1881）《现代婚姻》3.Indian Summer （1886）《晚秋之暧》4.Annie Kilburn （1888）《安妮·吉尔伯恩》5.A Hazard of New Fortunes （1890）《时来运转》6.A Chance AcquaintanceHenry James（1843 — 1916）1.upper class2.Harvard3.Novelist, critic, playwright, essayist4.Forefather of psychological analysis and stream of consciousness5.International theme: American innocence in face of European sophisticationMajor Works:1.The American （1877）《美国人》2.Daisy Miller （1879）《苔瑟·密勒》3.The Portrait of a Lady （1881）《贵妇人的画像》4.The Bostonians （1886）《波士顿人》5.The Princess Casamassima （1886）《卡萨玛西玛公主》6.What Maisie Knew （1897）《梅吉的见闻》7.The Turn of the Screw 《拧螺丝》Three great novels8.The Wings of the Dove （1902）《鸽翼》9.The Ambassadors （1903）《专使》10.The Golden Bowl （1904）《金碗》Local Colorism (1860s -- 1900) 乡土文学Features1.Emphasis of elements which characterize a local culture, such as speech, customs, and morespeculiar to one particular place.2.Emphasis of physical setting and those distinctive qualities of landscape which condition humanthought and behavior.3.dialect4.frame storyMark Twain（1835 — 1910）1.lower class2.social critic, local colorist3.colloquial speech4.southwestern humor5. stories peculiar to Mississippi and WestMajor Works1. 《卡拉韦拉斯县驰名的跳蛙》The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County 第一个成功文学作品2.《镀金时代》（The Gilded Age, 1873）3.《汤姆·索耶历险记》（The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, 1876）4.《王子与贫儿》（The Prince and the Pauper, 1881）5.《密西西比河上》（Life on the Mississippi, 1883）6.《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》（The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, 1886）7. 《傻瓜威尔逊》Pud’nhead Wilson （1893）8. 《圣女贞德》Personal Reflections of Joan of Arc （1896）Following the Equator （1897）《赤道旅行记》9.《败坏了赫德莱堡的人》The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg (1900)10.《傻子国外旅行记》Innocents Abroad (1869)11.《神秘的来客》The Mysterious Stranger (1906)12.《人是怎么一回事》What Is Man (1906)The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1884)人物:1.Huckleberry Finn: Main character of the book, who runs away from his adopted family to be freeof society and civilization.2.Tom Sawyer: Huck's best friend who freely spins lies and loves adventure.3.Widow Douglas: Adopts Huck to try and civilize him.4.Miss Watson: Sister of the Widow Douglas. She tries to teach Huck religion and how to spell.5.Jim: Miss Watson's slave. He runs away and journeys down the Mississippi River with Huck.6.Pap: Huck's drunkard father.7.The King and the Duke: two swindlersComparison of the three “giants”1. ThemeHowells – middle classJames – upper classTwain – lower class2. ToneHowells – smiling/genteel realismJames – psychological realismTwain – local colourism and colloquialismAmerican NaturalismTime Range:1890 -- 1920Background:1. Emergence of “Modern America” : financial giants vs. industria l proletariat2. New ideas about man and man’s place in the universe: in a cold, indifferent andGodless world, man is insignificant without freedom of will.3. Younger generation of writers thought Howellsian realism was too restrained andgenteel to tell the truth of the harsher realities of American life.Definition:a critical term applied to the method of literary composition that aims at a detached, scientific objectivity in the treatment of natural man. It is thus more inclusive and less selective than realism, and holds to the philosophy of determinism. It conceives of man as controlled by his instincts or his passions, or by his social and economic environment and circumstances. Since in this view man has no free will, the naturalistic writer does not attempt to make moral judgments, and as a determinist he tends toward pessimism. (The Oxford Companion to American lit.)Features:1. Humans are controlled by some deterministic forces, both internal (heredity) and external (environment)2. The universe is indifferent and hostile.3. The literary naturalists have a major difference from the realists.They described the violent, sensational, sordid, unpleasant, and ugly aspects of life instead of the averageInstead of reflecting the middle-class life, they would rather write about the life of failure, poverty and even crime.4. general tone: hopelessness, despair, gloom, pessimismRepresentative Writers and Works1. as a response to a darkening social outlook: the harsh futility of life in nature, on the farm, or inthe city (Stephen Crane) Maggie: A Girl of the Street (1893)2. Theodore Dreiser Sister Carrie is a spiritual tragedy.3. the political implications of economic forces (Frank Norris) McTeagueStephen Crane (1871-1900)1.Pioneer in the field of Modern poetry : One of the two precursors of Imagist, the other beingEmily DicksonMajor Works:1. Maggie: A Girl of the Street (1893) 《街头女郎梅季》a.A masterpiece of Am. naturalism, the first naturalistic novel in American Literature.b.Tragic lifec.died in riverd.Pete seduces and abandons Maggie2.The Red Badge of Courage (1895)《红色英勇勋章3.The Open Boat《海上扁舟》(1897)4.The Bride Comes to Yellow Sky《新娘来到黄天镇》5.The Blue Hotel《蓝色旅馆》6.An Experiment in Misery7.Collection: The Black Riders and Other Lines《黑衣骑士及其他》(1895）8.Long poem: War Is Kind《战争是仁慈的》（1899）9.A Man Said to the Universe (book)10. A Man Adrift on a Slim Spar”(book)Frank Norris(1870-1902)Major Works:1. McTeague (1899) 《麦克提格》“the first full-bodied naturalistic American novel” / full l ength2.“The Epic of the Wheat”: a trilogy 《小麦史诗》3.The Octopus （1901）《章鱼》the best, about the production of the wheat, the octopus—the railroad4.The Pit (1903)《陷阱》the distribution and consumption of the wheat on the market5.The Wolf《野狼》Theodore Dreiser (1871-1945)Major Works:1.Sister Carrie (1900) 《嘉莉妹妹》a.第一部小说b.先遭拒绝, 后出版2.The Trilogy of Desire”《欲望三部曲》:a.The Financier (1912) 《金融家》b.The Titan (1914) 《巨头》c.The Stoic,《禁欲者》(1945, unfinished)3.The 'Genius' (1915) 《天才》4.An American Tragedy (1925) 《美国悲剧》, 自传5.Dawn 《曙光》(1931)6.The Bulwark 《堡垒》(1946)Sister Carrie (1900)人物:1.Caroline Meeber, known as Carrie2.Charlie Drouet3.George HurstwoodThe 1920sAmerican ModernismTime Range:1910s – 1945Historical Background:1. The Influence of the WWI:A stronger image of America in international arena;The economic boom-a deceptive affluence;The development of a new type of industrial economy;2. Intolerance in American society: the discrimination against minorities.3. The loss of faith—the death of God.Intellectually, Darwin, Freud, Nietzsche, MarxSpiritually, sense of disillusionment & fragmentationDefinition:1. The attempt to create something new in the space of modern crisis and change.2.Discontentment and a deliberate & radical break with traditional ways of expression in Western arts & lit.3.Innovative experimentation in subjects, forms, concepts & stylesFeatures:Fragmentation and open-endedness in structureAlienation as the chief characteristicInterests in the psychological depths of characters (method of stream-of-consciousness)Gender, race, class as accepted registers-- efforts to represent postwar world as incoherent, futile, fragmented, and meaningless, man as misplaced, lost and alienated, to resist traditional totalized views of realityRepresentitive Writers and Works1.T. S Eliot is the most dominant literary figure between the two world wars.The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock2.Ezra Pound is the leader of the Imagist movement, mentor of many literary talents, tried for treasonIndebtedness to Chinese culture.In a Station of the Metro.Imagism 意象主义(1912—1914, with Ezra Pound as the leader)1.Rejected the effusive nature of Romantic and Victorian poetry2.Focused on directness of idea and economy of language3.Contemporary with and in harsh contrast to Georgian poetry4.Contemporaries: Ezra Pound, T.S. EliotRepresentatives: Pound, Hulme, Amy Lowell, H.D., Richard Aldington, William Carlos WilliamsFeatures of the Imagist Poetry:1.To use the language of common speech2.To create new rhythms – a new cadence means a new idea3.To allow absolute freedom in the choice of subject4.To present an image5.To produce poetry that is hard and clear, never blurred or indefinite6.Concentration is the very essence of PoetryEzra Pound (1885—1972) 庞德Major Works:1.In a Station of the Metro2.Indebtedness to Chinese culturea.Hugh Selwyn Mauberley《休·西尔文·毛伯莱》b.Cantos （1915-1945）《诗章》3.1908 A Lume Spento《灯火熄灭之时》4.1909 Personae《人物》5.1910 The Spirit of Romance《罗曼斯精神》6.1915 Cathay《中国》7.1919 Homage to Sextus Propertivs《向塞克斯图斯·普罗佩提乌斯致敬》8.1920 Hugh Selwyn Mauberley《休·赛尔温·毛伯利》9.1945 The Pisan Cantos《比萨诗章》10.1954 Letters of Ezra Pound，1907—1941《埃兹拉·庞德书信集》11.1973 Literary Essays《文学论文集》SelectedProse 1909—1965《文选》Thomas Stearns Eliot (1888-1965)1.fragmentation2.modern man alienationMajor Works:1.The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock (1911)《普鲁弗洛克的情歌》2.The Waste Land (1922) 《荒原》3.Hollow Man (1925) 《空心人》4.Ash Wenesday (1930)《圣尘星期三》5.Four Quartets (1943)《四个四重奏》F.Scott Fitzgerald (1896—1940) 菲茨杰拉德1.The spokesman of the “Roaring twenties” and The Jazz Age2.StylistMajor Works:1.This Side of Paradise (1920) 《人间天堂》2.The Beautiful and Damned (1922)《美人与丑鬼》The first attempt at writing The Great Gatsby.3. The Great Gatsby (1925) 《了不起的盖茨比》a.F’s best, written in Paris, a masterpiece of the 1920sb.criticism on the Jazz Age4. Tender Is the Night (1934) 《夜色温柔》F’s second important novel, condemning the wasted energy of misguided youth.5. The Last Tycoon (1941)《最后一个巨头》unfinished6. Two short story collections:a.Flappers and Philosophers (1920) 《少女与哲学家》b.Tales of the Jazz Age (1922) 《爵士时代的故事》Give its name to the decade (1919-1929) –the Jazz Age (the “Roaring Twenties”, “The Flapper Period”)7.The Crack-Up (1945), essays collected by Edmund Wilson 《崩溃》The Great Gatsby (1925) 《了不起的盖茨比》人物:1.Tom Buchanan2.Daisy3.Gatsby4.Wilson5.Nick CarrawayErnest Hemingway (1899—1961) 海明威1.colloquial style2.iceberg theoryMajor Works:1. The Sun Also Rises (1926)《太阳照样升起》paints the image of a whole generation—the lost generation, spiritual crisis2. A Farewell to Arms (1929) 《永别了，武器》based on his war experience in Italy, a love tragedy in the War, the lovers called “modernRomeo and Juliet”, firmly established H’s reputation3. For Whom the Bell Tolls (1940) 《丧钟为谁而鸣》（《战地钟声》）Based on his experience as a journalist in Spain during its civil war, anti-Fascism4. The Old Man and the Sea (1952) 《老人与海》One of his best, winning the Nobel Prize5. Short story collections:a.Men without Women (1927)《没有女人的男人》b.Winner Take Nothing (1933) 《胜者无所得》6. Play:The Fifth Column (1940) 《第五纵队》The Old Man and the Sea (1952) 《老人与海》人物:1.Santiago2.marlinThe Lost Generation 迷惘的一代Writing Features:ing of age during the War, having something to do with it2.Disillusioned and antagonistic against war3.Unhappy about American culture4.Expatiates in Paris5.grace under pressure6.death7.war,violent, meaningless, chaotic, purposeless slaugterWilliam Faulkner(1897-1962)福克纳1.Southern Literature and Faulkner’s Yoknapatawpha saga2.Fictional world3.Family community4.Style:a.stream of consciousness and interior monologueb.disorder of timec.freshMajor Works:1.The Sound and The Fury (1929) 《喧嚣与骚动》2.As I Lay Dying (1930) 《我弥留之际》3.Sanctuary (1931) 《圣殿》4.Light in August (1932) 《八月之光》5.Absalom, Absalom (1936)《押沙龙！押沙龙！》6.Go Down, Moses (1942) 《去吧，摩西》7.Trilogy of the Snopes familyThe Hamlet (1940) 《村子》The Town (1957) 《小镇》The Mansion (1959)《大宅》8. Short Story collection:The Unvanquished, 《没有被征服的人》(1938)9. A Rose for EmilyJohn Dos Passos (1896—1970) 约翰·多斯·帕索斯U. S. A. Trilogy 《美国》三部曲a. The 42nd Parallel (1930)《北纬四十二度》“machine” dominates and impedes the free growth of individuals b. 1919 （1932）《一九一九》A record of W W I, depersonalizing machinec. The Big Money （1936）《赚大钱》The booming twentiesJohn Steinbeck (1902-1968) 约翰•斯坦贝克The Grapes of Wrath （1939）《愤怒的葡萄》被称作”Uncle Tom’s Cabin” of the 1930sEugene O’Neill (1888-1953) 尤金·奥尼尔1.“Founder of the American drama,” and “the American Shakespeare” in the history of Americandrama.2.receive the Nobel Prize for literature (1936).Major Works:1.Bound East for Cardiff （1916）《东航卡迪夫》his first play, marking the beginning of O’s long and successful dramatic career and ushered in the modern era of the American theatre2.Beyond Horizon (1920) 《天边外》his first play of success, established his reputation, Pulitzer Prize3.The Emperor Jones (1920) 《琼斯王》4.The Hairy Ape (1922) 《毛猿》Ralph (Waldo) Ellison (1914-1994)Invisible Man--An archetypal existential story of modern times.（注：可编辑下载，若有不当之处，请指正，谢谢!）。
美国文学史(1)所学知识点总结
美国文学史（1）所学知识点总结I The Colonial PeriodCaptain John SmithAmerican PuritanismII The Age of Enlightenment“Reason ”1. Benjamin Franklin1）Aotubiography;2）Poor Richard’s Almanac2. Thomas Paine:Common SenseIII Romantic Period1. Washington Irving “Father of American Literature”1)“Rip Van Winkle”2)“The Legend of Sleepy Hollow”2. James Fennimore Cooper“frontier, wilderness”Leatherstocking Tales : a series of 5 novels:The Deerslayer; The Last of the Mohicans; The Pathfinder;The Pioneers; The Prarie3. Nathaniel HawthonreThe Scaletter Letter(Hester Prynne, Roger Chillingwoth, Arthur Dimmesdale, Pearl,) 4. Herman Melville:Moby Dick (symbols, major themes, characters: Ishmael . Ahab) 5: Two transcendentalists:New England Transcendentalism (major features;)Ralph Waldo Emerson: “Nature”Henry David Thoreau: Waldon and “Civel Disobedience”6. Edgar Allan PoeGothic Tales : Major featuresa short story: “The Fall of the House of Usher”;Poems: “The Raven”; “To Helen”7. Two Greatest poets in 19th century AmericaWalt Whitman : Free verse ; Leaves of Grass“O Captain! My Captain!”“Song of Myself”Emily Dickinson:“Because I could not stop for Death”“Wild Nights, Wild Nights ”IV. American Realism(Definition; fidelity, actuality, truthful dipiction of life)1. Willam Dean Howells2. Mark Twain (Local Colorism)3. Henry James (international theme) American Naturalism :(3 major ideas; mood:pessimistic Stephne Crane :The Red Badge of Courage (war) Maggie, A Girl of StreetsFrank Norris:The OctopusTheodore Dreiser:Sister Carrie。
《美国文学史及选读》考研吴伟仁版考研复习笔记和真题
《美国文学史及选读》考研吴伟仁版考研复习笔记和真题第一部分殖民地时期的美国文学第1章约翰·史密斯1.1 复习笔记I. Historical Introduction (历史背景)(1) At the beginning of the seventeenth century, the vast continental area that was to become the United States had been probed only slightly by English and European explorers. At last early in the seventeenth century, the English settlements in Virginia and Massachusetts began the main stream of what we recognize as the American national history.(2) The colonies that became the first United States were for the most part sustained by English traditions, ruled by English laws, supported by English commerce, and named after English monarchs and English lands.(3) The first writings that we call American were the narratives and journals of the settlements. They wrote about their voyage to the new land, about adapting to new life and dealing with Indians; they wrote letters, contracts, government charters, religious and political statements.(4) The first permanent English settlement in North America was established at Jamestown, Virginia in 1607. Among the members of the small band of Jamestown settlers was Captain John Smith, an English soldier of fortune.His reports of exploration, published in the early 1600s, have been described as the first distinctly American literature written in English. (1) 直到17世纪初，美国所在的广袤大陆才被英国及少数几个欧洲国家的探险家涉足。
美国文学期末复习笔记 (1)
美国文学笔记III. The Romantic period （浪漫主义时期）: （1800-1865）American Transcendentalism(美国超验主义）（1830s- Civil War）Summit of Romanticism/ American Renaissance1. Appearance1836, ―Nature‖ by Emerson2. Features of Transcendentalism(1). Spirit(思想）/Oversoul（超灵）(2). importance of individualism(3). nature – symbol of spirit/God；garment of the oversoul(4). focus in intuition (irrationalism and subconsciousness)IV. The American Realism 现实主义时期(1865-1918)1. Three Giants in Realistic PeriodWilliam Dean Howells –―Dean of American Realism‖Henry JamesMark Twain2. Comparison:Theme:Howells –middle classJames –upper classTwain –lower classTechnique:Howells –smiling/genteel realismJames –psychological realismTwain –local colourism and colloquialismMark Twain (1835-1910):1. Summary:American writer, short story writer/Humorist2. Major works:The Celebrated jumping Frog of Calaveras County (1865)《卡拉维拉县弛名的跳蛙》Innocents Abroad (1869) 《傻子国外旅行记》The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876) 《汤姆.索亚历险记》Life on the Mississippi (1883) 《密西西比河上》The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1886)《哈克贝里.费恩历险记》: All modern American literature comes from his masterpiece ―The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.‖——Ernest Hemingway3. Style:(1). colloquial language（口语）, vernacular (本土的）language, dialects(2). local colour(3). syntactic feature: sentences are simple, brief, and sometimes ungrammatical(4). humour(5). tall tales (highly exaggerated) （荒诞不经的故事）(6). social criticism (satire on the different ugly things in society)4. ContributionOne of Mark Twain’s significant contributions to American literature lies in the fact that he made colloquial speech an accepted, respectable literary medium in the literary history of the country.Henry James (1843-1916)1. Summary:An American and British novelist, literary criticFounder of psychological realismFirst of the modern psychological novelistInitiator of the international theme: American innocence in face of European sophistication2. Major works:Daisy Miller （1878）《戴茜·米勒》The Portrait of a Lady (1881) 《贵妇的肖像》The Wings of the Dove (1902)《鸽翼》The Ambassadors (1903)《专使》The Golden Bowl (1904)《金碗》The Art of Fiction(1884)《小说的艺术》3. His Point of view(1). Psychological analysis, forefather of stream of consciousness(2).Psychological realism(3). Highly-refined language4. Style –“stylist”(1). Language: highly-refined, polished, insightful, and accurate(2).V ocabulary: large(3). Construction: complicated, intricateNaturalism（自然主义）1. Background:(1). Dar win’s theory: ―natural selection‖(2).Spenser’s idea: ―social Darwinism‖(3). French Naturalism: Zora2. Features(1). environment and heredity(2). scientific accuracy and a lot of details(3). general tone: ironic and pessimistic, hopelessness, despair, gloom, ugly side of the societySt ephen Crane (1881-1900)1. Summary:Novelist, poetPioneer in the naturalistic traditionPrecursors（先驱）of Imagist poetry2. Major Works:Maggie: A Girl of the Streets 《街头女郎麦姬》: the first naturalistic novel in AmericaThe Red Badge of Courage 《红色英勇勋章》The Open Boat《海上扁舟》V. AMERICAN MODERNISM (1918-1945)（美国现代主义）F. Scott Fitzgerald (1896-1940)1. Summary:Famous American novelist, short story writer, and essayistthe representative of the 1920sthe spokesman for the Jazz Ageone of the“lost generation”writers2. Major WorksThis Side of Paradise (1920) 《人间天堂》Tales of the Jazz Age (1922) 《爵士乐时代的故事》Tender Is the Night (1934) 《夜色温柔》The Great Gatsby (1925) 《了不起的盖茨比》:Narrative point of view – Nick CarrawayTheme: The decline of the American Dream3. His Point of view(1). He expressed what the young people believed in the 1920s, the so-called ―American Dream‖ is false innature.(2). He had always been critical of the rich and tried to show the integrating effects of money on theemotional make-up of his character. He found that wealth altered people’s characters, making them mean and distrusted. He thinks money brought only tragedy and remorse.(3). His novels follow a pattern: dream – lack of attraction – failure and despair.4. His ideas of “American Dream”It is false to most young people. Only those who were dishonest could become rich.William Faulkner (1897-1962)1. Sumary:An American novelist and poetInitiator of American Southern RenaissanceOne of the most influential modern novelists of 20th centuryNobel Prize winner for literature in 19492. Major Works:The Sound and the Fury 《喧哗与骚动》As I Lay Dying 《在我弥留之际》Light in August 《八月之光》Absalom, Absalom 《押沙龙，押沙龙！》Go Down, Moses 《去吧，摩西》Barn Burning 《烧牲口棚》Yoknapatawpha County（约克纳帕塔法县）:--- A fictional county in northern Mississippi, the setting for most of William Faulkner’s novels and short stories, and patterned upon Faulkner’s actual home in Lafayette County, Mississippi.3. Major Themes of his Works(1). history and race(2). Deterioration(3). Conflicts between generations, classes, races, man and environment(4). Horror, violence and the abnormal4. Faulkner's narrative technique(1).Withdrawal of the author as a controlling narrator(2). Dislocation of the narrative time: The most characteristic way of structuring his stories is to fragment thechronological time.(3). the modern stream-of-consciousness（意识流）technique and the interior monologue（内心独白）：(4). Multiple points of view（多重视角）(5). symbolism and mythological and biblical（圣经的）allusionsErnest Hemingway (1899—1961)1. Summary:Novelist and short-story writerOne of the great American writers of the 20th centuryThe Spokesman of the ―Lost Generation‖Nobel Prize winner for literature in 19542. Major worksThe Sun Also Rises 《太阳照常升起》A Farewell to Arms《永别了，武器》For Whom the Bell Tolls 《丧钟为谁而鸣》/ 《战地钟声》The Old Man and the Sea 《老人与海》A Clean, Well-lighted Place 《一个干净，明亮的地方》3. Major Themes(1).The ―Nada‖(虚无) Concept(2).Grace under pressure(压力下的优雅）―Man is not made for defeats. A man can be destroyed but not defeated.‖------The Old Man and the Sea(3). Code Hero（准则英雄/ 硬汉）a. The Hemingway hero is not a thinker; he is a man of action.b.―Grace under pressure is their motto.c.The Hemingway code heroes are best remembered for their indestructible(不可毁灭的）spirit.4. Artistic features(1) .The iceberg（冰山）techniqueThe dignity of movement of an ice-berg is due to only one-eighth of it being above water.(2). Language stylea. simple and naturalb.direct, clear and freshc. lean and economicald.simple, conversational, common found, fundamental wordse. simple sentencesf. Iceberg principle: understatement, implied thingsg.SymbolismEzra Pound (1885—1972)1. Summary:A leading spokesman of the ―Imagist Movement‖(意象主义运动）One of the most influential American poets and critic2. Major works:Cathay:《华夏集》《神州集》《中国诗章》Hugh Selwyn Mauberley《休·赛尔温·毛伯利》Cantos /《诗章》3. Imagism (1909-1917)(1) .Background:Imagism was influenced by French symbolism, ancient Chinese poetry and Japaneseliterature ―haiku‖(2). Defintion : The imagists, with Ezra Pound leading the way, hold that the most effective means to expressthe these momentary impressions is through the use of one dominant image.(3): Manifesto of Imagism:•Direct treatment•Economy of expression•New rhythmIn a station of the Metro《在一个地铁站》: a quintessential（典型的）imagist textRobert Frost（1847-1963）1. Summary:the most popular American poetWon Pulitzer Prize four timesReceived honorary degrees from forty-four colleges and universitiesRead ― The Gift Outright‖ at the inauguration of President John F. Kennedy in 19612. Famous Poems:F ire and Ice《火与冰》The Road Not Taken 《未选择的路》Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening 《雪夜伫立林边有感》Mending Wall《补墙》After Apple-Picking《摘罢苹果》3. Frost’s writing featureHis combination of the traditional verse pattern and a colloquial distinctive language (New England Speech)Eugene O’Neil (1888-1953)1. Summary:America's greatest playwrightWon the Pulitzer Prize four timesWon Nobel Prize in 1936Founder of the American drama2. Major WorksBeyond the Horizon (1920) 《天边外》The Emperor Jones(1920) 《琼斯皇帝》The Hairy Ape (1922)《毛猿》Desire under the Elms (1924) 《榆树下的欲望》美国文学笔记整理完整版18世纪末-19世纪中后浪漫主义时期Romanticism1. 早期浪漫主义华盛顿·欧文美国文学之父father of American Literature(为美国文学第一次赢得世界声誉)Washington Irving 以笔记小说和历史传厅闻名，humor1783-1859 The Sketch Book见闻札记（标志浪漫主义开始）A History of New York纽约史---美国人写的第一部诙谐文学杰作；----The Legend of Sleepy Hollow睡谷的传说---成为美国第1个获国际声誉作家-----Rip Van Winkle里普·万·温克尔(李伯大梦)The Alhambra阿尔罕伯拉2.超验主义New England Transcendentalism埃德加·爱伦·坡侦探小说之父Father of western detective stories and psychoanalytic criticism精神批Edgar Allan Poe 评，首开近代侦探小说先河，又是法国象征主义运动的源头1809-1849 Novelist小说家, poet, critic批评家good at writing Gothic(哥特式）and detective fictionPoetryThe Raven《乌鸦》To Helen《献给海伦》Short storiesHorror ( suspense, terror, Insanity, death，Revenge and rebirth）The Fall of the House of Usher《厄舍古屋的倒塌》The Masque of the Red Death 《红色死亡的化妆舞会》The Black Cat《黑猫》The Cask of Amontillado《一桶白葡萄酒》Ligeia《丽姬娅》Detective /ratiocinative(推理的）(originator)The Purloined Letter 《窃信案》The Muder in the Rue Morgue 《莫格街谋杀案》The Mystery of Marie Rog《玛丽.罗热疑案》The Gold Bug 《金甲虫》拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生Nature论自然-----新英格兰超验主义者的宣言书manifestoRalf Waldo Emerson The American Scholar论美国学者;American essayist,lecturer, poetThe Founder of Transcendentalism1803-1882 Self-reliance论自立The Transcendentalist超验主义者Representative Men代表人物School Address神学院演说Days日子-首开自由诗之先河free verseRalph Waldo Emerson was an American philosopher, essayist, and poet, best remembered for leading the Transcendentalist movement of the mid-19th century. He was seen as a champion of individualism个人主义.纳撒尼尔·霍桑subject: human soul first great American writer of fiction 虚构Nathaniel Hawthorne 象征主义大师American novelist and short story writer1804-1864 The Scarlet Letter红字Twice-told Tales尽人皆知的故事Mosses from an Old Manse古屋青苔The House of the Seven Gables有七个尖角阁的房子The Marble Faun玉石雕像The Blithedale Romance福谷传奇Young Goodman Brown年轻的布朗The Birthmark胎记His point of view : Hawthorne is influenced by Puritanism（清教主义）deeply.(1). Evil is at the core of human life 邪恶是人类生活的中心(2).whenever there is sin 罪恶, there is punishment 惩罚. Sin or evil can be passed from generation to generation 代代相传(3). Evil educates. 邪恶的教育(4). He has disgust in science科学. One source of evil is overweening (自负的) (too proud of oneself) intellect . His intellectual characters聪明的特征are villains反派角色, dreadful可怕的and cold-blooded冷血的赫尔曼·迈尔维尔擅长航海奇遇和异域风情Herman Melville Moby Dick/The White Whale白鲸（first American prose epic史诗）1819-1891 Main characters: Ishmael(以实玛利）: the narrator 叙述者Ahab（埃哈伯）: the protagonist 主要人物Moby DickTypee泰比Omoo奥穆Mardi玛地White Jacket白外衣Pierre皮尔埃; Billy Budd比利·巴德沃尔特·惠特曼Father of free verse自由诗之父Walt Whitman Leaves of Grass草叶集（the birth of truly American poetry and the1819-1892 end of romanticism）共和圣经Democratic Bible 美国史诗American EpicAmerican poet, essayist散文家, journalist新闻工作者, and humanist人道主义学家The father of free verse（自由诗）Song of Myself自我之歌Democratic Vistas 民主的前景One’s Self I Sing 《我歌唱一个人的自己》O Captain! My Captain! 《噢，我的船长！我的船长！》3.Writing themes (almost everything):equality of things and beings 平等的事情和人divinity 神学of everythingImmanence（无所不在）of GodDemocracy 民主evolution of cosmos（宇宙的演化）multiplicity 多样性of natureself-reliant spirit 自力更生的精神death, beauty of deathexpansion of America 美国的扩张brotherhood 手足情谊and social solidarity（社会团结）(unity of nations in the world世界统一的国家) pursuit 追求of love and happiness4.S tyle: “free verse（自由诗）: the verse that does not follow a fixed metrical pattern固定的韵律模式, the verse without a fixed beat 固定的节拍or regular rhyme scheme规律的格律.(1).Parallelism（排比）(2).phonetic recurrence（同字起句法）（the repetition重复of words or phrases at the beginning of the line, inthe middle or at the end)(3).the use of a certain pronoun ―I‖ (the first person narrator)(4).strong tendency to use oral English使用英语口语的强烈倾向(5).the habit of using snapshots 生活小照(6).a looser and more open-ended syntactic structure语法结构(7).use of conventional image 传统的想象(8).vocabulary – powerful, colourful, rarely used words of foreign origins, some even wrong(9). sentences – catalogue目录technique: long list of names, long poem lines5. Significance of Leaves of GrassLeaves of Gras s, either in content or in form, is an epoch-making work in American literature:无论是在内容还是在形式上,是一个划时代的作品在美国文学→Its democratic content marked the shift from Romanticism to Realism. 其民主内容标志着从浪漫主义到现实主义的转变→Its free-verse form broke from old poetic conventions to open a new way for American poetry.其生发的形式从旧的诗意的约定了打开新的思路对美国诗歌。
美国文学史及选读第一册复习摘要
美国⽂学史及选读第⼀册复习摘要美⽂学摘要Puritanism(清教,清教徒主义): doctrines (d?ktrin n. 教条, 教义, 学说), values, features of Am. Puritans, influence on Am. Literature,Features of colonial poetsThe 1st Am. Writer：Captain John SmithKey Points of Enlightenment movement●Originated in Europe in the 17th century●Basic principles: Stressing education; Stressing Reason; Concerns for civil rights●Significance: Accelerating加速social progress; freeing people from the limitations set by prevailing(1．占优势的;主要的2．流⾏的;普遍的 )Puritanism; Making spiritual preparation for American Revolution Influence on literature:In form: imitating English classical writersIn content: utilitarian ([ju:?t?l??te?ri:?n] adj. 1．有效⽤的;实⽤的 2．功利(主义)的 n. 功利主义者;实⽤主义者) tendency (for political or educational purpose)What lessons can we d raw from the poem “the wild honeysuckle”（野⾦银花）?The wild can also be beautiful. Everyone should take an active attitude toward life. Never avoid challenges for fear of losing something. One can’t achieve anything under the shelter（shelter －简明英汉词典D.J.[??elt?]n. 1．遮蔽; 保护 2．避难所; 庇护所vt. 掩蔽; 庇护, 保护vi. 躲避, 避难）and protection.Features of American Romanticisma. Imitative: Some of the American Romantic writings were modeled on English and European works. The Romantic Movement proved to be a decisive influence. Without it, the rise of Romanticism would have been impossible. Romanticism writers such as Scott, Coleridge, Wordsworth, Byron all made a stimulating impact on American literature.b. Independent: From the very beginning, American Romanticism exhibited（陈列，展览；显⽰，显出；展览品，陈列品，在法庭提出的证物）distinct（截然不同的，完全分开的；清晰的，明⽩的，明显的）features of its own. It originated from（来⾃，源于…）a mixture of factors which were altogether American rather than anything else. American Romanticism was in essence（本质上，⼤体上，事实）the expression of a real new experience and contained “an alien（外国的，外国⼈的，陌⽣的，性质不同的）quality”. E.g., the American national experience of pioneering（开发，创始）into the west is a rich fund of material for American writers. It is these Romanticism writers that created an indigenous（⼟⽣⼟长的，⽣来的，固有的）American literature.c. Puritan influence over American Romanticism was clearly noticeable. E.g., the author tended more to moralize（vi论道德，说教）than writers in England.American Transcendentalism（超验主义，先验论；顿悟）Background:In 1836 a little book Nature came out. It was written by Emerson. It was considered “the Manifesto （?m?n??fest??宣⾔）of Transcendentalism（?tr?nsen?dentl超验主义）”.It started with Emerson’s Nature and ended with Whitman’s Leaves of Grass (1855) The Transcendentalists set up a club called “Transcendentalist（tr?nsen'dentlist] adj. 先验论者的,超越论者的)Club”. They expressed their views published their journal Dial. The center place is New England and Concord( concord －简明英汉词典D.J.[?k?n?k?:d, ?k??-]n. 和谐, ⼀致, 和睦).Major features1) Emphasis on spirit or the Oversoul as the most important thing in the universe2) The individual as the most important element of society3) Nature as symbolic of the Spirit or GodLimitations:1) The shallow (shallow [l?u] adj. 1．浅的2．肤浅的) optimism(n. 乐观, 乐观主义) made itimpossible for them to understand human suffering.2) They cut themselves from life and were trapped by empty talk. They stressed too much on human intuition (in tuition [?? ntju?i??n] n.1.直觉2.凭直觉感知的知识).3) They failed to provide solution to problem they found.课后部分习题1. Early in the 17th century, the England settlements in Virginia and Massachusetts began the main stream of what we recognize as the American national history.settlers in America included Dutch, Swedes, Germans, French, Spaniards, Italians, and3. The first permanent English settlement in North America was established at Jamestown, Virginia in 1607.4. There was little of the religious ferment（骚乱，动荡）and zeal（热⼼，热忱，热情）that inspired such a tide of literature to flow Puritan New England.5. The Puritans had come to New England for the sake of religious freedom, while Virginia had been planted mainly as a commercial venture.6.Hard work，thrift（节约，节俭），piety（虔诚，虔敬）and sobriety（清醒，未醉，严肃，节制）were the Puritan values that dominated much of the earliest American writing, including the sermons（布道，说教）,books , and letters of such noted Puritan clergymen as John Cotton and Cotton Mather.True or false: The first American literature was neither American nor really literature.（T）It was not American because it was the work mainly of immigrants from England. It was not literature as we know it---in the form of poetry, essays, or fiction---but rather an interesting mixture of travel accounts and religious writings. The earliest colonial travel accounts are records of the perils（极⼤危险；危险的事或环境）and frustrations that challenged the courage of America’s first settlers. (P2)1. What are the influences of American Puritanism on American Literature?①Basis of American literaturedreamed of living under a perfect order；worked with courage；hoped to build an Eden of Garden on earth；faced the worst of life with optimism--went into the making of American literatureAll literature is based on a myth--Garden of Eden②Contributing to the development of Symbolism（象征主义）: a technique, widely used。
美国文学史复习整理
A m e r i c a n l i t e r a t u r e H i s t o r y 1607---1775 Colonial Period1775---1865 the Early National Period1828---1865 Romantic Period in American1865---1914 Realistic Period1914---1939 Modern Literature1939--- Contemporary PeriodChapter 1 Colonial America(1607---1775)The first permanent English settlement in North America was established at Jamestown, Virginia in 1607. It endured starvation, brutality, and misrule. However, the literature of the period paints America in glowing colors as the land of riches and opportunity. Among the members of the small band of Jamestown settlers was Captain John Smith, an English soldier of fortune. His reports of exploration, published in the early 1600s, have been described as the first distinct American literature written in English.Mayflower, 1620 ,brought the Pilgrims from England to New England. Christopher Jones PlymouthBefore landing, an agreement for the temporary government of the colony by the will of the majority was drawn up in the famous Mayflower Compact.Harvard, the first college in the colonies, was founded near Boston in 1636 in order to train new Puritan ministers. The first printing press in America was started there in 1638, and America’s first newspaper , The Boston Newsletter, appeared in 1704.They did not draw lines of distinction between the secular and religious spheres: All of life was an expression of the divine will----a belief that later resurfaces in Transcendentalism.Captain John SmithWilliam BradfordJohn WinthropCotton MatherAnne BradstreetEdward TaylorAmerican Puritanism•T hey stressed predestination, original sin, total depravity, and l imited atonement from God’s grace.•T hey went to America to prove that they were God’s chosen peoplewho would enjoy God’s blessings on earth and in Heaven.•F inally, they built a way of life that stressed hard work, thrift, piety, and sobriety.•B oth doctrinaire and an opportunist.Literary Influence:•A merican Literature is based on a myth ------ the Biblical myth of the Garden of Eden.•T he American Puritan’s metaphorical made of perception ---- symbolism.Chapter 2 Edwards·Franklin·Crevecoeur•J onathan Edwards and Benjamin Franklin shared the 18th century between them.•T hey embodied Puritan naïve idealism and crude materialism.•D eism•T hey were not interested in theology but in mans own nature.Jonathan Edward(1703-1758)Edwards embodied the spirit of revivalism (Great Awakening)He has 2 goals:a.to evoke the original sense of religious commitment.b. b. speak about the difference between head thinking and heart feelingMajor works:The Freedom of the Will (1754)The Great Doctrine of Original Sin Defended (1758)The Nature of True Virtue (1765)Edwards was, probably, at once the first modern American and the country’s last medieval man. Edwards was obviously grappling in all his intellectual life with the knotty problem of reconciling Puritan ideas with the new rationalism of Locke and Newton. Edwards represents the element of piety, the religious passion, the aspect of emotion and ecstasy, of the New England tradition, a tradition that he did his best but failed to revitalize复活. 和discovered, beneath the dogmas of the old theology, a dynamic world filled with the presence of God.Edwards extends typology beyond the strict limits of the Bible, anticipated the nature symbolism of the nineteenth-century Transcendentalism.Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790)Life story:•B orn in 1706 into a poor candle-maker’s family in Boston.•A t 17 he ran away to Philadelphia to make his own fortune. His entrance onto the city marked the beginning of a long success story of an archetypal kind.•H e helped found the Pennsylvania Hospital, an academy which led to the University of Pennsylvania, and the American Philosophical Society.•D uring the War of Independence, he was made a delegate to the Continental Congress anda member of the committee to write the Declaration of Independence.•H e was the only American to sign the four documents that created the United States including the Declaration of Independence.•H e was regarded as the father of the country.Literary Achievement•A lmanac autobiography (‘Poor Richard’s Almanac’, ‘Autobiography’ )His Style•C lear, plain, formal (the organization of his material is informal)Major Works:1)Poor Richard’s Almanac2)The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin•O n the art of self-improvement•T he first of its kind in literature------- An a ccount of a poor boy’s rise to wealth and fame and the fulfillment of the American dream•A Puritan document------a self-examination and self-improvement. The book is a convincing illustration of the Puritan ethic that, in order to get on in the word, one has to be industrious, frugal, and prudent.•A n eloquent elucidation说明of the fact that Franklin was the spokesman of Americanenlightenment, and he represented in America all its ideas.•T he book celebrates the fulfillment of the American dream.Hector St. John de CrevecoeurWork: Letters from an American Farmer (1775)The first eight of the twelve letters reveal the pride of a man being an American. It is evident that, to Crevecoeur, the American is a new man acting on principles: He is self-sufficient, self-reliant, and essentially self-made. Crevecoeur saw and spoke of the hope of a new Garden of Eden materializing in America.Crevecoeur also saw and spoke of the illusory nature of that dream. Starting from the ninth letter, he began to speak with a voice of a definitely disillusioned man. There in the same New World, he became aware of the existence of slavery, avarice, violence, famine and disease, and all other forms of the Atlantic.Chapter 3 American Romanticism·Irving·CooperAmerican Romanticism1.Characteristics of Romanticism:Romanticism was a rebellion against the objectivity of rationalism. (subjectivity)For romantics, the feelings, intuitions and emotions were more important than reason and common sense.They emphasized individualism, placing the individual against the group, against authority.The affirmed the inner life of the self, and wanted to be free to develop and express his own inner thoughts.Typical literary forms of romanticism include ballad, lyric, sentimental comedy, problem novel, historical novel , gothic romance, metrical romance, sonnet.2. Distinctive features of American Romanticism•the end of the 18th \century through the out break of the Civil War.•strongly influenced by European culture•American romantics tended to moralize3. Main contents: the exotic landscape , the frontier life, the westward expansion, the myth of a New Garden Eden in America (the native materials) New England Poems•It produced a feeling of “Newness” which inspired the romantic imagination..4. Representatives:•New England Poets: William Cullen Bryant; Henry Wadsworth Longfellow;•Writers: James Fenimaore Cooper, Washington IrvingElements of Romanticism•Frontier: vast expanse, freedom, no geographic limitations.•Optimism: greater than in Europe because of the presence of frontier.•Experimentation: in science, in institutions.•Mingling of races: immigrants in large numbers arrive to the US.•Growth of industrialization: polarization of north and south; north becomes industrialized, south remains agriculturalRomantic Subject Matter• 1. The quest for beauty: non-didactic, “pure beauty”• 2. The use of the far-away and non-normal----antique and fanciful:• a. In historical perspective: antiquarianism; antiquing or artificially aging; interest in the past.• b. Characterization and mood: grotesque, Gothicism, sense of terror, fear; use of the odd and queer.• 3. Escapism----from American problems• 4. Interest in external nature: for itself, for beauty• a. Nature as source for the knowledge of primitive.• b. Nature as refuge.• c. Nature as revelation of God to the individual.Romantic Attitude•Appeals to imagination; use of the “willing suspension of disbelief.”•Stress on emotion rather than reason; optimism, geniality.•Subjectivity: in form and meaning.Romantic Techniques• 1. Remoteness of settings in time and space.• 2. Improbable plots.• 3. Inadequate or unlikely characterization.• 4. Authorial subjectivity.• 5. Socially “harmful morality”, a world of “lies”• 6. Organic principle in writing: form rises out of content, non-formal.•7. Experimentation in new forms: picking up and using obsolete patterns.•8. Cultivation of the individualized, subjective form of writing.Washington Irving (1783-1859)1.Masterpieces:“The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Grayon” (1819-1820)“Bracebridge Hall”“Tales of a Traveller”“The History of the Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus ”The Sketch Book (1819), contains two most enduring stori es “Rip Van Winkle” and “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow”. In both these stories, Irving aims at creating a past in which history and myth blend into each other, providing for a rapidly changing American society kind of historical tradition so apparent in England and so apparently absent in the new nation.The plots of both stories are based on old German folk tales. However, Irving fills them with the “local color” of New York’s Hudson River Valley. In “The Legend”, Irving tells of a Connecticut schoolmaster plying his trade near Tarrytown, New York, among the Dutch families there. A fervent believer in witchcraft and the spirit world, Ichabod Crane is also one of the few educated men in the community, and as such is a notable figure in the area.In all, The Sketch Book contains thirty-two stories. The majority are on European subjects, mostly English. Like many important American writers after him, Irving found that the rich, older culture of the Old World gave him a lot of material for his stories. Few of his stories are really original. “We are a young people,” he explains in the preface, “and must take our examples and models from the existing nations of Europe”.A History of New York from the Beginning of the World to the End of the Dutch Dynasty (1809)---------his first book2. Comment•His stories, essays, histories, and biographies win him the acclaim as the 1st prose stylist of American romanticism.•He was the first American author to win international recognition, and was extremely popular in Europe.•I n his ‘Sketch Book’ appeared the First American modern American short stories and the first great American juvenile literature.•He perfected the best classic style that American literature ever produced.•Humor, ironic3．Features which characterize Irving’s writing:1) Irving avoids moralizing as much as possible2) he is good at enveloping his stories in an atmosphere, the richness of which is often more than compensation for the slimness of plot.James Fenimore Cooper (1789----1851)Cooper's first novel Precaution (1820)was an imitation of Jane Austin’s novels and did not meet with great success.His second, The Spy (1821), was based on Sir Walter Scott’s W averly series, and told an adventure tale about the American Revolution, set in Westchester Country. The protagonist was Harvey Birch, a supposed loyalist who actually was a spy for George Washington, disguised as “Mr. Harper”. The book brought Cooper fame and wealth and he gave up farming.In 1823 appeared The Pioneers. It started his preoccupation with a series of frontier adventures and pioneer life, in which he spent about twenty years. The novels depicted the adventures of Natty Bumppo, also called Leatherstocking or Hawkeye, and his Indian companion Chingachgook. They included such classics as The Deerslayer, The Last of the Mohicans, The Pathfinder, and The Prairie (1827).Cooper had the idea of transporting Leatherstocking to the Far West while he was writing The Last of the Mohicans.The Spy (1821)The Leatherstocking Tales (1823—1841)The Pilot (1824) The Red Rover (1827)Literary Achievements:The lst successful American novelistIn his fiction he dealt with the themes of wilderness versus civilization, freedom versus law, order versus change, aristocrat versus democrat, and natural rights versus legal rights.Cooper developed 3 kinds of novels:--the 1st kind is the novels about the revolutionary past (“The Spy”);--the 2nd is the sea novels (he also was the 1st writer to write a novel on the sea, “The Pilot”);--the 3rd i s novels about the American frontier (“The Pioneers ”, “The Pathfinder” and “The Deerslayer” )“The Leather Stocking Tales”---------Natty BumppoComment:•the characters in his fiction help create that part of American mythology: the story of the cow boy, the winning of the American West (daring frontiersman and friendly Indian) •Among his comtemporaries, Cooper was no doubt the best in exploring the possibilities of the American frontier in fiction.Chapter 4 New England Transcendentalism·Emerson·ThoreauNew England TranscendentalismBackgrounds:1.Ralph Waldo Emerson published ‘Nature’ in 1836 which represented a new way ofintellectual thinking in America.2.‘The Universe is composed of Nature and the Soul, Spirit is present everywhere. ’3.romantic idealism on Puritan soil4.1836, the Transcendental ClubTranscendentalismIn the realm of art and literature it meant the shattering of pseudo-classic rules and forms in favor of a spirit of freedom, the creation of works filled with the new passion for nature and common humanity and incarnating a fresh sense of the wonder, promise, and romance of life.Major Concepts (main ideas)‘transcendere’: to rise above, to pass beyond the limitsBelieve people could learn things both from the outside world by means of the 5 senses and from the inner world by intuition.It placed spirit first and matter secondIt took nature as symbolic of spirit or God. (All things in nature were symbols of the spiritual, of God’s presence. Nature could exercise a healthy and restorative influe nce on human mind.)It emphasized the significance of the individual (the individual was the most important element in society, the ideal kind of individual was self-reliant and unselfish.) Religion was an emotional communication between an individual soul and the universal ‘oversoul’.Comments:A manifestation of romantic movement in literature and philosophyAn ethical guide to life of America （the positive life ）Emerson, Thoreau, Dickinson, etc created one of the most prolific periods in the history of American literatureNever a systematic philosophy. It borrowed from many sources, but lacked of logical connection, finally, it turned to mysticism.Major writers and Literary WorksRalph Waldo Emerson (1803----1882) Henry David Thoreau (1817----1862)Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803----1882)•Ralph Waldo Emerson, the towering figure of his era, had a religious sense of mission.•The address he delivered in 1838 at his alma mater, the Harvard Divinity School, made him unwelcome at Harvard for 30 years.•In it, Emerson accused the church of acting "as if God were dead" and of emphasizing dogma while stifling the spirit.•Emerson's philosophy has been called contradictory, and it is true that he consciously avoided building a logical intellectual system because such a rational system would have negated his Romantic belief in intuition and flexibility.•Achievement:•‘Nature’ has been called “the manifesto of American transcendentalism”•‘The American Scholar’ has been called “America’s Declaration of IntellectualI ndependence”•American way instead of imitating things foreign.•The contribution both for philosophy and literature•His perception of humanity and nature as symbols of universal truth encouraged the development of the American symbolist movement.•Emphasize the common life worth of highest art•Believed the work’s form was determined by the writer’s perception of the higher truth he found symbolized in nature.Most of his major ideas –the need for a new national vision, the use of personal experience, the notion of the cosmic Over-Soul, and the doctrine of compensation -- are suggested in his first publication, Nature (1836).Henry David Thoreau (1817 – 1862)•If Ralph Waldo Emerson was the philosopher of Transcendentalism, Thoreau was its most devoted practitioner.•While Emerson wrote and lectured about Transcendentalism, Thoreau tried to live as a transcendentalist.Life Story:•Classically educated at Harvard•Father, John, was a pencil maker•Siblings Helen, John, and Sophia•Lived in and around Concord, Mass., all his life•Two books published in his lifetime--neither sold wellThe Walden Experiment•From 1841 –1843 Thoreau decided to conduct an experiment of self-sufficiency by building his own house on the shores of Walden Pond and living off the food he grew on his farm.Major Work: Walden•Thoreau later documented his experiment in his famous memoir Walden.Civil Disobedience•Another work that was a result of Thoreau’s Walden Experiment was his essay Civil Disobedience.•Civil Disobedience has been a highly influential work that has inspired peaceful activists such as Ghandi and Martin Luther King Jr.•Famous Quote: “If... the machine of government... is of such a nature that it requires you to be the agent of injustice to another, then, I say, break the law.”Henry David Thoreau (1817---1860)and Walden•--- a spiritual book•--- a diary of a nature lover, a classic of American prose (this is a book of essays put together, exploring subjects concerned with Nature, with the meaning of life, and with morality)3 aims in writing the book:•to make people evaluate the way he lived and thought;•to reveal the hidden spiritual possibilities in everyone’s life;•to condemn the weakness and errors of societysubjects:•The essentials of life: living rather than getting a living•It is a condemnation of making social improvement and comfort all important.•It stresses the importance of thought over material circumstance.•It has confidence in the individual, and holds that individual freedom breaks down the rules and barriers of society so that the individual can express himself and act on his own principles.• There is the possibility for and importance of change in one’s spiritual life which is inharmony with nature.Style:•Prophetic voice •Direct forceful sentence •Conversational in tone •Humor •Proverbial expressions •Brief tales, fables and allegories •MetaphorsChapter 5 Hawthorne ·MelvilleNathaniel Hawthorne (1804----1864)Themes in Hawthorne’s Writings• Moral allegories ——a story where everything is symbol, used commonly to instructespecially in religious matters• The sinful man• Hypocrisy (伪善)• The Dark side of human nature• Religious in natureHawthorne’s Major Works• Two collections of short stories: Twice-told Tales + Mosses from an Old Manse(古屋青苔)• The Scarlet Letter -------His masterpiece, which established him as the LeadingAmericannative novelist of the 19th century•The House of the Seven Gables(带有七个尖角阁的房子)•The Blithedale Romance(福谷传奇)•The Marble Faun(玉石雕像)Hawthorne’s Point of View-------Hawthorne is influenced by Puritanism deeply. He was not a Puritan himself, but he had Puritan ancestors who played an important role in his life and works.•Evil is at the core of human life.•Whenever there is sin, there is punishment. Sin or evil can be passed from generation to generation.•Evil educates•He has disgust in science. One source of evil is overweening intellect. His intellectual characters are villains, dreadful and cold-bloodedHawthorne’s aesthetic ideas1) he took a great interest in history and antiquity.•To him these furnish the soil on which his mind grows to fruition.•Trying to connect a bygone time with the very present, he makes the dream strange things look like truth.2) he was convinced that romance was the best form to describe America•The poverty of materials+the avoidance of offending the puritan taste—— romances rather than novels to tell the truth and satirize and yet not the offendWriting Style• A man of literary craftsmanship, extraordinary in•The use of symbol: symbols serve as a weapon to attack reality. It can be found everywhere in his writing.•Revelation of characters’ psychology: he is good at exploring the complexity of human psychology. There isn’t much physical movement going on in his works •The use of supernatural mixed with the actual•His stories are parable(allegory)——to teach a lesson•Use of ambiguity to keep the reader in the world of uncertainty——multiple point of viewComments:•Hawthorne is significant as a romantic writer because he used the New England regional past as subject and setting for his stories and he showed great concern about the American past.•He is significant for his themes: the consequences of pride, selfishness, and secret guilty; the conflict between lighthearted and somber toward life; the impingement of •He is significant for his styleHe used symbols and setting to reveal the psychology of the characters.---His style is soft, flowing, and almost feminine.---He used ambiguity to keep the reader in a world of uncertainty.Herman Melville (1819----1891)“Moby Dick”•Some critics hold it the greatest American novel.•The book suggests the beauty, terror, and mystery of creation.•Moby Dick is a symbol of nature.•Nature is capable of destroying the human world. Nature threatens humanity and thus calls out the heroic powers of the human beings. So the power of the universe is both of blessing and curse.style:•Allusions to classical myths• A threefold quality in his writing: the style of fact, the style of oratory celebrating the fact, and the style of meditaion.“Moby Dick”•The original design of Moby Dick made sense within the romantic tradition. Melville wanted to write a romantic text on the whale fishery, giving much exotic information, derived from encyclopedias and world literature. The characters were to be colorful and picturesque, including the Byronic captain of the whaling ship.•The result was a novel with MIXED STYLES:•FICTIONAL ADVENTURE•STORY•HISTORICAL DETAIL•SCIENTIFIC DISCUSSION•The novel’s plot is built on one basic conflict –AHAB vs. THE WHALE. It is essentially the story of Ahab and his quest to defeat the legendary Sperm Whale Moby Dick, for this whale took Ahab’s leg, causing him to use an ivory leg.•Whaling described as a ROYAL ACTIVITY(whales were considered prizes significant enough to be a dowry. Oil used in the coronation of kings is sperm oil)Chapter 6 Whitman·DicksonWalt Whitman (1819---1892)Major Work:Leaves of Grass: 9 editions ,more than 400 poems all written in free verse form, that is , poetry without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme. The title implies rebirth, renewal, or green life.Features of Whitman’s poems:•The sprawling lines of the poems are often extremely long.•Parallelism: the parallel lines say the same thing but use different words.•Envelope structure: the first line begins with the subject, and then more and more lines list modifiers till the verb appears in the last line of the stanza. This is like enclosing a whole list of ideas in an envelope.•Catalogue technique: means listing. Typical poems by Whitman make long, long lists of images, of sights, sounds, smells ,taste, and touch.•No regular pattern.•The verse unit is usually an independent clause.Emily Elizabeth Dickinson(1830--1886)Dickinson is known for using poetry as private observation.Her poems are carefully crafted in rhyme and meter.subjects: love, death, religion, immortality, pain, beautyTheory:•She regarded the poet as a seer. She thought the poet could grasp truth through her imagination and then the poem would reveal this truth to the reader.•She believed that poetry contributed to growth and poetry had an impact on one’s life.•She stressed indirection.•Her poems demonstrate inconsistence.(The reader can find one of her poems that says one thing about a problem and another poem that says the exact opposite)Style:•Lyric•Influence of Christian tradition•New England perspective•Puritan introspectionChapter 7 Edgar Allen PoeEdgar Allen Poe(1809—1849)•Poe established a new symbolic poetry, formulated the new short story in detective and science fiction line, developed an important artistic theory, and laid foundation for analytical criticism. •Poe is generally regarded as a pioneering aesthetician, psychological investigator, literary technician and his influence on American literary circles can never be overrated.Major Literary Works•“The Raven” 《乌鸦》•“Annable Lee” 《安娜贝尔·李》•“The Sleeper” 《睡梦人》•“A Dream Within a Dream” 《梦中梦》•“Sonnet—To Science” 《十四行诗—致科学》•“To Helen” 《致海伦》•“The City in the Sea” 《海中的城市》earlier entitled The Doomed City 《衰败的城市》1.Horror•Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque«述异集»-------a collection of short stories•“The Black Cat” 《黑猫》•“The Cask of Amontillado” （红色死亡假面舞会）•“The Fall of the House of Usher”2.Ratiocination（推理）•“The Murders in the Rue Morgue” 《莫格街谋杀案》•“The Gold Bug”《金甲虫》•“The Purloined Letter”《被窃的信件》•“The Mystery of Marie Roget” 《玛丽罗杰谜案》Literary theory:•The Philosophy of Composition 《创作原理》•The Poetic Principle 《诗歌原则》Themes•death – predominant theme (“Poe is not interested in anything alive. Everything in Poe’s writings is dead.” )•horror•negative thoughts of sciencePoe’s theory for poetry•short but achieve maximum effect•produce a feeling of beauty in the reader•"pure“, not to moralize•He stresses rhythm•insists on an even(规则的) metrical flow真实能够满足人的理智,感情能够满足人的心灵, 而美则能激动人的灵魂Poe’s theory for short story•Short story should be of brevity, totality, single effect, compression(压缩) and finality. Poe’s achievement1.His aesthetics, his call for "the rhythmical creation of beauty" have influenced Frenchsymbolists and the devotees of "art for art's sake."2.He is the father of psychoanalytic(心理分析的) criticism.3.He is the father of the detective story.Conclusion about his theories:•Only short poems could sustain the level of emotion in the reader that was generated by all good poetry.•The most important purpose of poetry is the creation of beauty•The tone of its highest manifestation is one of sadness. (The death of a beautiful woman is the most potential topic.)•The immediate object of poetry is pleasure, not truth.•Music is essential because it is•associated with indefinite sensations. (alliteration, assonance, repetition)•Poe preferred the tale to other fictional such as the novel because it is brief.•He stressed the principle of concentration and thematic totality.•The writer must decide the effect first and then determine the incidents.•Truth rather than beauty is often the aim of the tale.•The merit of a work of art should be judged by its psychological effect upon the reader. Chapter 8 The Age of Realism·Howells·JamesRealism:。
《美国文学史》各章节知识点指南
《美国文学史》各章节知识点指南时间：2011年2月使用教材：《美国文学史》（第二版）常耀信著Chapter 1 Colonial America★1607 Jamestown, Virginia：the first permanent English settlement in America★1620 Plymouth, Massachusetts: the second permanent English settlement in America★Captain John Smith: the first American writer writing in English★Anne Bradstreet: the first American woman poetMajor work: The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung up in America (1650)Contemplations (9) on P. 17 （熟悉这首诗歌）To My Dear and Loving Husband《致我亲爱的丈夫》★Philis Wheatley: the first black woman poet in American literature★Edward Taylor: the most famous poet in the colonial periodHuswifery on P. 19 （熟悉这首诗歌）★Roger Williams: The Bloody Tenet of Persecution for the Cause of Conscience (1644)Translated the Bible into the Indian tongue★John Winthrop: “Model of Christian Charity”（〈基督慈善之典范〉）The History of New England (two volumes, 1825, 1826)(〈新英格兰史〉) 1630 --- 1649 in diary★Thomas Paine: Common Sense, The American Crisis, The Rights of Man, The Age of Reason★Philip Freneau: Poet of the American RevolutionThe Wild Honeysuckle, The Indian Burying Ground, The Dying Indian: Tomo Chequi★Charles Brockden Brown: the first important American novelistWieland, Edgar Huntly, Ormond, Aurthur MervynChapter 2 Edwards, Franklin, Crevecoeurthe 18th century: Age of Reason and EnlightenmentJonathan Edwards: America’s first systematic ph ilosopherThe Freedom of the Will, Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God Benjamin Franklin: The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin, Poor Richard’s Almanac熟悉37页的引文Hector St. John de Crevecoeur: Letters from an American FarmerChapter 3 American Romanticism, Irving, CooperWashington Irving: the first American writer to win international acclaimThe Sketch Book: Rip Van Winkle, The Legend of Sleepy HollowJames Fenimore Cooper: Leatherstocking Tales (五个故事的题目)Natty Bumpo (人物形象)Chapter 4 New England Transcendentalism, Emerson, ThoreauRalph Waldo Emerson: Nature (the Bible and manifesto of New England Transcendentalism)The American Scholar (America’s Declaration of IntellectualIndependence)Henry David Thoreau: Walden, or Life in the WoodsChapter 5 Hawthorne, MelvilleNathaniel Hawthorne: The Scarlet Letter, Twice-Told Tales, The House of the Seven Gables, The Blithedale Romance, The Marble Faun, Young Goodman BrownHerman Melville: Moby Dick, Omoo, Mardi, Redburn, White Jacket, PierreChapter 6 Whitman, DickinsonWalt Whitman: Leaves of Grass; free verse; Song of MyselfEmily Dickinson: Of the 1775 poems, only 7 poems were published in her lifetime.熟悉教材中98至102页所选的诗歌Chapter 7 Edgar Allan Poe★Edgar Allan Poe: The Fall of the House of Usher, The Philosophy of Composition, The Poetic Principle, The Raven，To Helen熟悉教材中107页所选的The Raven中的部分诗行Chapter 8 The Age of Realism, Howells, JamesWilliam Dean Howells: The Rise of Silas Lapham, Criticism and FictionHenry James: important writings listed on P. 125the international themeChapter 9 Local Colorism, Mark TwainHamlin Garland: Crumbling Idols, Veritism (真实主义)Bret Harte: The Luck of Roaring CampMark Twain: 主要作品, vernacular literature, colloquial styleHarriet Beecher Stowe 斯托夫人& her Uncle Tom’s Cabin《汤姆叔叔的小屋》Louisa May Alcott 路易莎·梅·奥尔科特& her Little Women 《小妇人》Kate Chopin 凯特·肖班& her The Awakening 《觉醒》Chapter 10 American Naturalism, Crane, Norris, Dreiser, RobinsonStephen Crane: Maggie: A Girl of the Streets (the first naturalistic novel in American literature), The Red Badge of Courage (the first anti-war novel in American literature),Famous short stories: The Open Boat, The Bride Comes to the Yellow SkyFrank Norris: The Octopus, McTeagueTheodore Dreiser: Sister Carrie, Jennie Gerhardt, the Desire Trilogy, The GeniusEdwin Arlington Robinson: Richard CoryJack London: The Call of the Wild, White Fang, The Sea Wolf, Martin EdenO. Henry (William Sidney Porter): famous for his short stories such as The Gift of the Magi Upton Sinclair: The Jungle, the Muckraking MovementChapter 11 The 1920s, Imagism, PoundThe first American Renaissance: the first half of the 19th centuryThe second Renaissance: the 1920sThe three principles of the Imagist Poetry熟悉四首意象派诗歌：In a Station of the Metro, Oread, The Red Wheelbarrow, Fog, 并会分析其中的第一和第四首Ezra Pound: The Cantos, Hugh Selwyn MauberleyChapter 12 T. S. Eliot, Stevens, WilliamsT. S. Eliot: The Waste Land （五个部分的题目）, The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock其他主要作品founder of New Criticism: depersonalization, objective correlativeWilliam Carlos Williams: PatersonChapter 13 Frost, Sandburg, Cummings, Hart Crane, Moore★Robert Frost: New England poet, lyrical poet, the unofficial poet laureate, won the Pulitzer Prize four timesThe Road Not Taken (熟悉此诗), Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening, Mending Wall, Apple-picking <<摘苹果>>Carl Sandburg: Fog, The Harbor (two famous Imagist poems)E. E. Cummings: the most interesting experimentalist in modern American poetryHart Crane: The BridgeChapter 14 Fitzgerald, Hemingway★F. Scott Fitzgerald: the spokesman of the Jazz AgeThe Great GatsbyErnest H emingway: Hemingway hero with “grace under pressure”, the iceberg principle“I always try to write on the principle of the iceberg. There is seven-eights of it under water for every part that shows. Anything you know you can eliminate and it only strengthens your iceberg. It is the part that doesn’t show. ”冰山运动之雄伟壮观，是因为它只有八分之一在水面上。
美国文学史概述及选读复习资料
美国文学史American Literature in the colonical and Revolutionary:1.Benjamin Franklin(本杰明.富兰克林)2.hilip Freneau 菲利普·费瑞诺Benjamin Franklin(本杰明.富兰克林)1)"Poor Richard's Almanac" 穷人查理德的年鉴(以笔名Richard Sunders)2)“annual collection of proverbs “流行谚语集(It soon became the most popular bookof its kind, largely because of Franklin's shrewd humor, and first spread his reputation) 3)The Way to Wealth (Father Abraham’s Sermon)致富之道(as the “perface to Poor RichardImproved)4)The Autobiography自传(18世纪美国唯一流传至今的自传)5)Founded the Junto, a club for informal discussion of scientific, economic and politicalideas. 建立了一个秘密俱乐部，讨论的主题是政治、经济和科学等时事方面的问题.6)established America's first circulating library, founded the college--University ofPennsylvania. 建立了美国第一个可租借的图书馆，还创办了一所大学——就是现在的宾夕法尼亚大学.7)first applied the terms "positive" and "negative" to electrical charges.8)Writer,printer,publisher,scientist,philanthropist,and diplomat,he was the most famousand respected private figure of his time.The Rising Glory of America蒸蒸日上的美洲；The British Prison Ship英国囚船；To the Memory of the Brave Americans纪念美国勇士-----同类诗中最佳；The Wild Honeysuckle野生的金银花；The Indian Burying Ground印第安人殡葬地(1)poet and political journalist 诗人和政治方面的新闻记者(2)perhaps the most outstanding writer of the post-revolutionary period.(3)has been called the "Father of American Poetry" 美国诗歌之父(4)Imaginative and melancholy treatment of nature and human life,and sharp satire against the British tyranny19th Century American LiteratureWashington Irving(华盛顿.欧文)1．James Fenimore Cooper(詹姆斯.芬尼莫.库珀)2．Nathaniel Hawthorne(纳萨尼尔.霍桑)3．Edgar Allan Poe （埃德加.阿伦.坡）4．Henry Daived Thoreau(亨利.戴维.梭罗)5．Herman Melville(赫尔曼.麦尔维尔)6．Walt Whiteman(沃尔特.惠特曼)The Rise of American Romanticism• One of the most important periods in the history of American literature, stretches from the end of the 18th century to the outbreak of the Civil War(1861-65).• It started with the publication of Washington Irving's e T he h Sketch Book(1820) and ended with Whitman's s Leaves f of Grass(1855)..Romanticism的特点：frequently shared certain general characteristics, moral enthusiam,faith in the value of individualism and intuitive perception, and apresumption that he natural world was a source of corruption.浪漫主义之间大多是相通的，都注重道德，强调个人主义价值观和直觉感受，并且认为自然是美的源头，人类社会是腐败之源。
美国文学史及选读期末复习资料
美国文学史复习1（colonialism)第一部分殖民主义时期的文学一、时期综述1、清教徒采用的文学体裁：a、narratives 日记 b、journals 游记2、清教徒在美国的写作内容：1）their voyage to the new land2) Adapting themselves to unfamiliar climates and crops3) About dealing with Indians4) Guide to the new land, endless bounty, invitation to bold spirit3、清教徒的思想：1）puritan want to make up pure their religious beliefs and practices 净化信仰和行为方式2) Wish to restore simplicity to church and the authority of the Bible to the theology. 重建教堂，提供简单服务，建立神圣地位3）look upon themselves as chosen people, and it follow logically that anyone who challenged their way of life is opposing God's will and is not to be accepted. 认为自己是上帝选民，对他们的生活有异议就是反对上帝4）puritan opposition to pleasure and the arts sometimes has been exaggerated. 反对对快乐和艺术的追求到了十分荒唐的地步 5）religious teaching tended to emphasize the image of a wrathful God.强调上帝严厉的一面，忽视上帝仁慈的一面。
美国文学史与选读(上册)复习笔记
美国文学史及选读复习笔记整理by Daisy Part one. The literature of colonial AmericaI. Introduction of American literature1. Definition of American LiteratureLiterature produced in American English by American citizens2. Basic Qualities of American Writers1) IndependentA. no close hold; free from its controlB. an independent actionC. free-lance writer 自由作家D. their independence and their right to make up their own minds2) IndividualisticA. their own efforts for successB. the initiative; not give in easilyC. free from political prejudice and ideological conformityD. their literary career; successful through their individual effortsE. the rights of individuals; their own rights and interestF. a means of self-expression; a way of expressing their personal views about life andsociety, of advocating liberty, democracy and independent action of the individual.G. a devotion to self-realization, to protection of environment and to suspicion of amass society and power3) CriticalA. not satisfied with the contemporary societyB. question the prevailing valuesC. discern flaws in societyD. criticize American societyE. a literary tradition in America4) InnovativeA. the least restraints and bondage to the pastB. the new ideas, new attitudes, and new cultural facesC. experiments in writingD. different from others as much as possible; a new trend almost every ten yearsE. Ameri ca’s changing values5) HumorousA. a strictly national characteristic; part of their life, their character, and their styleB. the ludicrous and mirthfulC. enrich American literature with humor of all kindsII. Native American Literature1. Background1) A rich store of oral literature2) Different literary taste2. Three stages of development1) Traditional Indian LiteratureA. the category of oral literatureB. a regularity of metric patternC. an organic part of everyday lifeD. functional2) Transitional Indian LiteratureA. translations of the great Indian orators; memoirs of the Indian experienceB. related by Indians to white audiences.3) Modern Indian LiteratureA. novels, short stories, and poetryB. more good Indian poets than fiction writersC. both their rich heritage and their tragic loss of identityIII. Literature of Colonial Settlements1. Background1) Neither American nor really literaturenot American: the work mainly of immigrants from Englandnot literature: an interesting mixture of travel accounts and religious writings2) The austere 简朴的Pilgrims to reform the Church of England2. Puritanism1) The New England settlements:A. religious controversyB. an urge for religious freedom and determinationC. fleeing from religious and political oppression and persecutionD. human thirst for greater economic opportunity, for land, and for adventure2) Puritans -to “purify” the religious practice in the church3) Their own religious and moral principlesAmerican Puritanism — one of the enduring influences in American thoughtand American literature.4) Predestination, original sin, total depravity, and limited atonement 补偿fromGod’s grace5) Their way of life — hard work, thrift, piety, and sobriety3. Literature (In the colonial period, much of the literature was produced by Puritanwriters.)1) A literary expression of the Puritan idealismThe Puritan optimism — enormous impact on American literature2) A literature of discoveryThe potentialities of the New World; The harsh reality.3) The types of writing produced in the colonial settlements histories, travelaccounts, biographies, diaries, letters, autobiographies, sermons and poems4) The purpose of writingto record their experiences and to express their views and feelings5) Writers in this period includeWilliam Bradford(1590-1657)，John Winthrop(1588-1631),Ann Bradstreet(1612-1672), one of the most interesting of the early poetsEdward T aylor(1642-1729). the best of the Puritan poets.A and E: They can be called servants of God. Their writings served either Godor colonial expansion.Some other colonial writers wrote for civil and religious freedom, and somewrote for America shaking off the fetters of the savage British colonial rule.4. Characteristics1) utilitarian功利主义的, polemical好争论的, or didactic说教的2) teach some kind of lesson3) served either God or colonial expansion or both4) a practical consideration of the sort impression— each writer wanted to make upon a selected group of readers5) symbolism as a technique6) plainness7) fresh, simple, direct, and with a touch of nobility8) as much a product of continuities as an indigenous creation补充American PuritanismAmerican Puritanism is one of the most enduring shaping influences in American thought and American literature.The term “puritan” was first applied to those Protestant reformers who rejected QueenElizabeth’s religious settlements of 1560 because they were determined to “purify” their religion.Puritan BeliefsTwo covenants:1. the agreement made between God and Adam“original sin”(原罪）2. the agreement made between God and Abraham“grace”（恩典）The Puritans believed that they were descendents of Abraham: they were the “elect group” redeemed by the suffering of Jesus Christ and chosen to receive God’s “grace”.1. Origin of PuritanIn the mediaeval Europe, there was widespread religious revolution. In the 16th C, the English King Henry VIII, at that time, the Catholics were not allowed to divorce unless they have the Pope’s permission. Henry VIII wanted to divor ce his wife because she couldn’t bear him a son. But the Pope didn’t allow him to divorce because his wife is the Pope’s niece. Henry VIII became very dissatisfied with the Pope, so he broke away from the Roman Catholic Church & established the Church of England. But there was no radical彻底地difference between the doctrines of the Church of England and the Catholic Church. A group of people thought the Church of England was too Catholic and wanted to purify the church. Then came the name Puritans… Of cours e they had different religious belief from that of the Catholic Church.2. Puritanism---based on Calvinism•1)predestination: God’s electPuritans believed they are predestined before they were born.Nothing or no good work can change their fate.They b elieved the success of one’s business is the sign to show he is the God’s elect.So the Puritans works very hard, spend very little and invest more for thefuture business. They lived a very frugal life. This is their ethics.•2)original sin and total depravityMan is born sinful. This determines some puritans’ pessimistic attitude toward life. •3)limited atonement (the salvation of a selected few)•4)theocracyThey combined state with religion. Their government is at least not a liberal one. The Puritans established Am tradition---intolerant moralism. They strictly punished drunks, adultery & heretics.Puritans changed gradually due to the severity of frontier environment.Puritanism & ConfucianismConfucianism (修身齐家治国平天下) )3. Influence on Am literature•1)its optimismAmerican literature was from the outset conditioned by the Puritan heritage.It can be said American literature is bases on the Biblical myth of the Gardenof Eden.(Adam and Eve used to live a carefree life in the Garden of Eden. luredby the snake, they ate the Forbidden Fruit in the apple tree. A peice of applechoked in Adam’s throat , then came Adam’s apple. After knowing the truth,God became very angry and drove them all out of the Garden of Eden. Thesnake used to walk like man but after that the God force him to crawl. Thenman was forced to suffer the labor to keep the whole family and Woman wasforced to suffer the agony of baby bearing.) After that, man have an illusionto restore the paradise. The puritans, after arriving at America, believeing thatGod must have sent them to this new land to restore the lost paradise , tobuild the wilderness into a new Garden of Eden. Fired with such a strongsense of mission, they treated life with a tremendous amount of optimism.The optimistic Puritans has exerted a great influence on American literature, •2)Puritan’s metaphorical mode of perception changed gradually into a literary symbolism问题American colonial literature is neither real literature nor Americanwhy?1.Diaries,histories,journals,letters,etc. personal literature in various forms2.Colonial Literature is mainly English literature tradition imitated & transplanted.Part two. The Literature of Reason and RevolutionⅠ.Background1. The American War for Independence 1775-1783The formation of a Federative bourgeois democratic republic: the United States ofAmerica2. EnlightenmentA) The spiritual life in the colonies during the period was to a great degree moldedby the bourgeois Enlightenment.(PS. The Age of Enlightenment, or simply The Enlightenment, is a term used todescribe a time in Western philosophy and cultural life, centered upon theeighteenth century, in which reason was advocated as the primary source andlegitimacy for authority.)(1) Originated in Europe in the 17th century; Center of Enlightenment: France(2) Sources: Newton’s theory;deism（自然神教派); French philosophy (Rousseau, Voltaire)(3) Basic principles:Stressing education; stressing Reason (Order) (The age has been called theAge of Reason.); employing Reason to reconsider the traditions and socialrealities; concerns for civil rights, such as equality and social justice; the ideaof progress.(4)Representatives:孟德斯鸠(Montesquieu, 1689—1755) Spirit Law division of power 三权分立伏尔泰(Voltaire,1694－1778) Philosophical(哲学通信）、思想：naturalfreedom and equality人生而自由平等狄德罗(Diderot, 1713-1784)让·雅各·卢梭(Jean-Jacques Rousseau,1712—1778) Social Contrac t康德(Kant, 1724-1804)霍布斯(Hobbs, 1588-1679)洛克(John Locke, 1632-1704)B) At the initial period the spread of the ideas of the Enlightenment was largely dueto journalism. All the leaders of the revolution were influenced by the Enlightenment;Representatives: Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Paine, Thomas Jefferson, etc.The representatives of the Enlightenment set themselves the task of disseminating knowledge among the people and advocating revolutionary ideas.They also actively participated in the War for Independence.C) The new nation was set on the basic ideas and principles of the Enlightenment.Influence of the Enlightenment(1) American Enlightenment dealt a decisive blow upon the Puritan traditionsand brought to life secular education and literature.(2) The secular ideals of the American Enlightenment were exemplified in the lifeand career of Benjamin Franklin.Ⅱ. LiteratureLiterature in the period of American Revolution was predominately public utilitarian 1. Call for America’s independence in literatureIn 1783, Noah Webster declared, “America must be as independent as she is in politics, as famous for the arts as for arms”.Yet throughout the century American literature was largely patterned on the writing of 18th century Englishmen.2. Literary achievements: great political pamphleteering and state papersEssayists and journalists had shaped the nation’s beliefs with reason dressed in clear and forceful prose.3. Representative worksThomas Jefferson: Declaration of IndependenceThomas Paine: The American Crisis; Rights of Man; The FederalistBenjamin Franklin: Poor Richard’s Almanac;The AutobiographyBenjamin Franklin (1706-1790)---a jack of all tradesA patriot, diplomat, author, printer, scientist, and inventor in the eighteenth century; One of the Founding Fathers of the United States.An embodiment of the “American Dream”1. His lifeBorn in a poor candle maker’s family in Boston and had no regular education; Became an apprentice to a printer when he was 12;An editor of a newspaper and published lots of essays when he was 16;He went to Philadelphia when he was 17 and became a successful printer and publisher;Found the Junto, a club for informal discussion of scientific, economic and political ideas;Established America’s first circulating library;Founded the college — University of Pennsylvania;Retired when he was 42.【successful in business, renowned in science, national affairs (politics)writer (literature): power of expression, simplicity, a subtle humor, sarcastic】2. Representative worksAs an author he had power of expression.His works are well-known for their simplicity, subtle humor and being sarcastic.(1)Poor Richard’s AlmanacModeled on farmers’ annual calendar; kept publishing for many years; includes many classical sayings, such as:“A penny saved is a penny earned.”“A plowman on his legs is higher than a gentlem an on his knees.”“God help them that help themselves.”“Early to bed, and early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise.”(2) The Autobiographywritten when he was 65;an introduction of his life to his own son;including four parts written in different times;the first success story of self-made Americans.In The Autobiography we will be able to notice:1) Puritanism’s influence, such as self-examination and self-improvement(timetable, thirteen virtues, life style)2) Enlighte nment spirits (man’s nature is good, rights of liberty, virtues include“order”)3. His style: simple, clear in order, direct, concise and humorous(“Nothing should be expressed in two words that can as well be expressed in one.”) (Puritanism’s influence);First of its kind in literature and set the autobiography as a genre;Popular, still well-read today4. His influence------His values and style influenced lots of AmericansHe was the only American to sign the four documents that created the United States: the Declaration of Independence, the treaty of alliance with France, the treaty of peace with England, and the constitution.“His shadow lies heavier than any other man’s on this young nation.”“The new Promethe us who had stolen fire [electricity in this case] from heaven”—Kant(康德) He was a printer, postmaster, almanac maker, essayist, scientist, orator, statesman, philosopher, political economist, ambassador“Jack of all trades, master of each and mastered by none—the type and genius of hisland”—Herman Melville Thomas Paine (1737-1809)---Great Commoner of Mankind Revolutionary War patriot and pamphleteer,Born in Thetford, England. Paine immigrated in 1774 to Pennsylvania, where he gravitated toward those who supported colonial independence.1. Paine's pamphlet Common Sense appeared in January 1776 and caused an immediate sensation. In it, Paine both supported American independence and attacked the corruption of the British hereditary (世袭的) monarchy. He fought in the Revolutionary War and continued to publish, including his 1776 essay The American Crisis.2. Major works(1).The Case of the Officers of the Excise (1772)--- His first pamphlet, a petition to Parliament for a living wage for the excise collectors(2). Common Sense (1776)--- signed simply “By an Englishman”, to urge the colonies to declare independence;Pain became forthwith the most articulate spokesman of the American Revolution.(3). The American Crisis (1776-1783)---Paine’s chief contribution was a series of 16 pamphlets (1776-1783) entitled The American Crisis and signed “Common Sense” which dealt directly with the military engagements to inspire the Continental Army.(4). The Rights of Man (1791 - 92)--- an answer to Burke’s Recent Reflections on the French Revolution, which not only championed Rousseau’s doctrines of freedom, but also suggested the overthrow of the British monarchy. Paine was indicted for treason and was forced to seek refuge in France.(5). The Age of Reason (1795)---a deistic treatise advocating a rationalistic view of religion.(6). Analysis of The American Crisis(1776–1783)---a series of pamphlets published in London from 1776–1783 during the American Revolution. It decried British actions and Loyalists, offering support to the Patriot cause.Thomas Jefferson (1743 – 1826)1. His mind ranged curiously over many fields of knowledge---law, philosophy, government, architecture, education, religion, science, agriculture, mechanics---and whatever he touched, he enriched in some measure.2. He was the third President of the United States (1801–1809), the principal author of The Declaration of Independence (1776), and one of the most influential Founding Fathers for his promotion of the ideals of Republicanism in the United States.3. As a political philosopher, Jefferson was a man of the Enlightenment and knew many intellectual leaders in Britain and France.4. He is a humanist looked to merit and ability alone, not to privilege.5. Jefferson served as the wartime Governor of Virginia (1779–1781), first United States Secretary of State (1789–1793) and second Vice President (1797–1801).6. A polymath (学识渊博的人), Jefferson achieved distinction as, among other things, a horticulturist, statesman, architect, archaeologist, paleontologist (古生物学者), author, inventor and founder of the University of Virginia.Philip Morin Freneau (1752-1832)---the most outstanding writer of the post-Revolutionary period He was an American poet, essayist, and journalist. Remembered as the poet of the American Revolution and the father of American poetry, he was a transitional figure in American literature.1. His political and satirical poems have value mainly for historians, but his place as the earliest important American lyric poet is secured by such poems as “The Wild Honeysuckle”, “The Indian Burying Ground”, and “Eutaw Springs”.2. His poems areStrongly lyrical; with clear imagery; neoclassical in form, and romantic in spirit.3. He is a deistic (自然神论的) optimist.(PS. Deism (自然神论, 自然神教派) is a religious philosophy and movement that derives the existence and nature of God from reason and personal experience. This is in contrast to fideism [哲]信仰主义, 一种认为知识取决于信仰的学说which is found in many forms of Christianity. Islam, Judaism and Catholic teachings hold that religion relies on revelation in sacred scriptures or the testimony of other people as well as reasoning.)4. “The Wild Honey Suckle”“The Wild Honey Suckle”(1786) , is considered an early seed to the later Transcendentalist (超验主义的) movement taken up by William Cullen Bryant, Ralph Waldo Emerson, and Henry David Thoreau.In this poem the poet expressed a keen awareness of the loveliness and transience of nature. He not only meditated on Mortality but also celebrated nature.The poem implies that life and death are inevitable law of nature.“The Wild Honey Suck le”is Philip Freneau's most widely read natural lyric with the theme of transience.The central image is a native wild flower, which makes a drastic difference from elite flower images typical of traditional English poems.The poem showed strong feelings for the natural beauty, which was the characteristic of romantic poets.The poem was written in regular 6-line tetrameter stanzas, rhyming: ababcc. The structure of the poem is regular, so it has the neoclassic quality of proportion (比例;均衡) and balance.The line“ the space is but an hour“ contains a hyperbole stressing the transience of life. The tone of the poem is both sentimental and optimistic.Part three. The literature of romanticismⅠ.General Introduction1. What is Romanticism?(English Romanticism, as a historical phase of literature, is generally said to have begun in 1798 with the publication of Wordsworth and Coleridge’s Lyrical Ballads and to have ended in 1832 with Sir Walter Scott’s death and the passage of the first Reform Bill in the Parliament. It appeared in England in the 18th century; a reaction against the prevailing neoclassical spirit and rationalism during the Age of Reason.)2. General features of RomanticismA. Stressing emotion rather than reasonB. Stressing freedom and individualityC. Idealism rather than materialismD. Writing about nature, medieval legends and with supernatural elementsⅡ.Historical Introduction of American Romanticism:(1)Time: from the end of the 18th century to the outbreak of the Civil War(2)Reasons (Why Romanticism emerged?)A. Fast development of the new nation (flood of immigrants; pioneers pushing thefrontier further west; industrialization; economic boom; a promising new land with prevailed optimistic moods)B. Development of journalism (Some influential periodicals appeared, such as TheNorth American Review, The New York Mirror, The American Quarterly Review, The New England Magazine, The Southern Review, The Southern Literary Messenger, The Atlantic Monthly, Harper’s Magazine and Knicker bockers. They need more literary productions.)C. Foreign influence (Review history of English literature.)(From the 18th centuryclassicismTo sentimentalism to Pre-Romanticism to Romanticism which can be divided into passive group and active group) (most influential British writers to American Romanticists-Walter Scott)(3)Features of American RomanticismA. ImitativeB. Independenta. peculiar American experience (landscape, pioneering to the West, Indiancivilization, new nation's democracy and dreams)b. Puritan heritage (more moralizing, edifying more than mere entertainment)(careful about love and sex. example: Scarlet Letter)(4)Two periods and representativesAmerican romanticism can be divided into the early period and the late period.A. 1770s to 1830s - Early periodRepresentatives: Washington Irving, James Fenimore Cooper and New England poetsTwo famous poets: William Cullen Bryant (first distinctive American lyric poet;writing about nature, religion and life; famous poems -"Thanatopsis" and "To a Waterfowl") and Henry WadsworthLongfellow (balancing Romantic spirits with classical andChristian taste; famous poem - "A Psalm of Life")B. 1830s to 1860s - Late periodFlowering of American literatureRepresentatives: Emerson, Thoreau, Hawthorne, Melville, Whitman, Dickinson, Poe etc.(5) SignificanceCreative period of a Native American culture and literatureⅢ. Transcendentalism超验主义1. American Romanticism entered a new phase around the middle 1830s andculminated around the 1840s in what has come to be known as “New England Transcendentalism” or “American Renaissance” (1836-1855). In 1836, Ralph Waldo Emerson published a book entitled Nature, which says that “The Universe is composed of Nature and the Soul” and that “Spirit is present everywhere.”Nature has been called “The Manifesto of American Transcendentalism” and its voice pushed American Romanticism into the phase of New England Transcendentalism. With the publication of Nature and of Emerson’s “The American Scholar” in 1837, American literature began to enter its formative period of an indigenous national literature, with liberal and nationalistic, among others, as its most distinct features.2.Transcendentalism, as Emerson defined in his essay “The Transcendentalist,” is“idealism as appears in 1842” when some New Englanders formed themselves into an informal club, which came to be called , and met to discuss matters of interest to the life of the nation as a whole. It appeared in America as a kind of reaction against the materialistic-oriented life of the time, and was, in actuality, Romantic idealism.3. Major Features of New England TranscendentalismNew England Transcendentalism represented a new way of looking at the world, man, and nature. Its major features can be summarized as follows:(1) The Transcendentalists placed emphasis on spirit, or the oversoul, as the mostimportant thing in the universe. The Oversoul was an all-pervading power for goodness, omnipresent and omnipotent, from which all things came and of which all were a part. It existed in nature and man alike and constituted the chiefelement of the universe.This kind of view of the universe represented a new way of looking at the world and was a reaction to the eighteenth-century Newtonian concept of the universe as consisting of matter and a reaction against the popular tendency to get ahead in world affairs to the neglect of spiritual welfare.(2) The Transcendentalists stressed the importance of the individual. To them, the individual was the most important element of society. As the regeneration of society could only come about through the regeneration of the individual, his perfection, his self-culture, and self-improvement should become the first concern of his life.A). the ideal type of man was the self-reliant individual whom Emerson never stopped talking about in his life. So people could depend on themselves for spiritual perfection.B). this new notion of the individual and his importance represented a new way of looking at man. It was a reaction against the Calvinist concept that man is totally depraved, sinful, and can not be saved except through the grace of God. It was also a reaction against the process of dehumanization that came in the wake of developing capitalism.C). the industrialization of New England was turning men into nonhuman. People were losing their individuality and were becoming uniform. By asserting the importance of the individual, the Transcendentalists emphasized the significance of men regaining their lost personality.(3) The Transcendentalists saw nature as symbolic of the Spirit or God. Naturewas, to them, not purely matter. It was alive, filled with God’s overwhelming presence. It was the garment of the Oversoul. They believed that things in nature tended to be symbolic, and the physical world was a symbol of the spiritual.A). this is in turn added to the tradition of literary symbolism in Americanliterature. New England Transcendentalism was important to American literature.It inspired a whole new generation of famous authors such as Emerson, Thoreau, Hawthorne, Melville, Whitman and Dickinson.4. The Influence of Transcendentalism(1) It served as an ethical guide to life for a young nation and brought about theidea that human can be perfected by nature. It stressed religious tolerance, called to throw off shackles of customs and traditions and go forward to the development of a new and distinctly American culture.(2) It advocated idealism that was greatly needed in a rapidly expanded economywhere opportunity often became opportunism, and the desire to “get on”obscured the moral necessity for rising to spiritual height.(3) It helped to create the first American Renaissance – one of the most prolificperiod.5. Major WritersNew England Transcendentalist Prose writers:Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882)Henry David Thoreau (1817-1862)Novelists of American Renaissance:Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804-1864)Herman Melville (1819-1891)Poets of American Renaissance:Walt Whitman (1819-1892)Emily Dickinson (1830-1886)Edgar Allen Poe (1809-1849)THE BIG THREE:Ralph Waldo EmersonHenry David ThoreauMargaret FullerWriters of the Early periodWashington Irving (1783-1859)American author, short story writer, essayist, poet, travel book writer, biographer, and columnist. Irving has been called the father of the American short story. He is best known for “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow”, in which the schoolmaster Ichabold Crane meets with a headless horseman, and “Rip Van Winkle”, about a man who falls asleep for 20 years.1. Several names attached to Irving(1) First writer of American imaginative literature(2) The beginning of short story as a genre(3) The messenger先驱sent from the new world to the old world。
美国文学史及选读1复习笔记
For personal use only in study and research; not for commercial useHistory And Anthology of American Literature (VolumeⅠ)美国文学史及选读1PartⅠThe Literature of Colonial America殖民主义时期的文学1.17世纪早期English and European explorers开始登陆美洲。
在他们之前100多年Caribbean Islands, Mexico andother Parts of South America已被the Spanish占领。
2.17th早期English settlements in Virginia and Massachusetts(弗吉尼亚和马萨诸塞)开始了美国历史3.美国最早殖民者(earliest settlers)included Dutch ,Swedes ,Germans ,Freunch ,Spaniards ,Italians and Portugueses(荷兰人，瑞典人，德国人，法国人，西班牙人，意大利人及葡萄牙人等)。
4.美国早期文学主要为the narratives and journals of these settlements采用in diaries and in journals(日记和日志)，他们写关于the land with dense forests and deep-blue lakes and rich soil.5.第一批美国永久居民：the first permanent English settlement in North America was established atJamestown,Virginia in 1607(北美弗吉尼亚詹姆斯顿)。
6.船长约翰·史密斯Captain John Smith他的作品(reports of exploration)17th早期出版，被认为是美国第一部真正意义上的文学作品in the early 1600s,have been described as the first distinctly American literature written in English.他讲述了filled with themes, myths, images, scenes, character and events,吸引了朝圣者和清教徒前往lure the Pilgrims and the Puritans.7.美国第一位作家：1608年Captain John Smith写了封信《自殖民地第一次在弗吉尼亚垦荒以来发生的各种事件的真实介绍》“A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony”.8.他的第二本书1612年《弗吉尼亚地图，附：一个乡村的描述》“A Map of Virginia: with a Description of theCountry”.9.他一共出版了八本书，其中有关于新英格兰的历史及描述。
美国文学选读知识点整理
美国文学选读知识点整理1．Benjamin Franklin(1706~1790)Poor Richard’s AlmanacThe Autobiography2．Edgar Allan Poe(1809~1849)Tamerlane and Other PoemsMurders in the Rue MorguePoemsThe Purloined LetterThe Raven and other PoemsThe Gold BugTales of the Grotesque and ArabesqueThe Philosophy of CompositionTalesThe Poetic PrincipleThe Fall of the House of UsesAl AraafThe Red Masque of the Red Death LigeiaThe Black CatThe Cask of AmontilladoAnnabel LeeSonnet--To ScienceTo Helen3．Ralph Waldo Emerson(1803~1882） Nature Self-RelianceThe American ScholarThe Divinity School AddressEssays:First SeriesEssays：Second SeriesRepresentative menEnglish TraitsThe Conduct of LifePoemsMay-Day and Other PiecesNathaniel Hawthorne(1804~1864)FanshaweTwice-told TalesMosses from an Old ManseScarlet LetterThe House of the Seven GablesThe Blithedale RomanceThe Marble Faun4．Herman Melville(1819~1891)TypeeOmooMardiRedburnWhite JacketMoby DickThe Confidence ManBattle PiecesClarelTimoleonBilly Budd5．Henry David Thoreau(1817~1862)On the Duty of Civil DisobedienceA Week on the Concord and Merrimack RiverWalden6．Henry Wadsworth Longfellow(1807~11882) V oices ofthe NightBallads and Other PoemsEvangelineThe Song of HiawathaI shot an ArrowA Psalm of Life7．Walt Whitman(1819~1892)Leaves of GrassOne’s Self I SingO Captain!My Captain8．Emily Dickinson(1830~1886)To Make a PrairieSuccess Is Counted SweetestI’m Nobody!9．Mark Twain (1835~1910)The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras CountryThe Innocents AbroadThe Gilded AgeThe Adventures of Tom SawyerLife on the MississippiThe Adventures of Hucklebeerry finnA Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court The Tragedy of Pudd’nhead WilsonThe Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg10．Henry James(1843~1916)A Passionate PilgrimRoderick HudsonThe Novels and Tales of Henry JamesThe AmericanDaisy MillerThe Portrait of a LadyThe BostoniansThe Princess of CasamassimaThe Spoils of PoyntonThe Turn of the ScrewThe Awkward AgeThe Wings of the DoveThe AmbassadorsThe Golden BowlThe Art of FictionThe American SceneThe Jolly Corner11．Stephen Crane(1871~1900)Maggie:A Girl of the StreetsThe Red Badge of CourageThe Open BoatThe Bride Comes to Y ellow SkyThe Blue Hotel12．Willa Cather(1873~1947)Miss Jewett13．Sherwood Anderson（176~1941）Windy McPherson’s SonWinesburg,OhioMarching MenPoor WhiteThe triumph of the Egg and Other StoriesHorses and MenMany MarriagesDark LaughterBeyond DesireDeath in the Woods and Other Stories14．Katherine Anne Porter（1890~1980）The Flowering JudasPale Horse,Pale RiderThe Leaning TowerThe Old OrderOld MortalityA Ship of FoolsThe Jilting of Granny Weatherall15．F.Scott Fitzgerald（1896~1940）This Side of ParadiseThe Beautiful and the DamnedFlappers and PhilosophersTales of the Jazz AgeThe Great GatsbyTender is the NightThe Crack-Up16．William Faulkner(1897~1962)The Marble FaunSoldier’s PayThe Sound and the FuryMosquitoesAs I Lay DyingLight in AugustAbsalom,AbsalomThe HamletSartorisThe T ownThe MansionBarn Burning17．Ernest Hemingway(1899~1961)In Our TimeThe Sun Also RisesA Farewell to ArmsFor Whom the Bell TollsThe Old Man and the SeaA Clean,Well-Lighted Place18．Ezra Pound(1885~1972)ExultationsPersonaeCathayCantosDes ImagistesIn a Station of the Metro19．Wallace Stevens(1879~1955)The Necessary AngelAnecdote of the Jar20．William Carlos Williams(1883~1963) Collected Later PoemsCollected Early PoemsPatersonThe Red WheelbarrowSpring and All21．Robert Frost(1874~1963)A Boy’s WillNorth of BostonNew HamphshireCollected PoemsA Further RangeA Witness TreeFire and IceStopping by Woods on a Snowy EveningThe Road Not Taken22．Langston Hughes(1902~1967)The Weary BluesFine Clothes to the JewThe Dream Keeper and Other PoemsShakespeare in HarlemDreamsMe and the MuleBorder Line23．Archibald MacLeish(1892~1982)The Happy MarriageThe Poet of EarthConquistadorCollected PoemsJ.B.Ars Poetica24．Eugene Glastone O’Neill(1888~1953) Bound East for CardiffIn The ZoneThe Long V oyage HomeThe Moon of the CaribeesEmperor JonesThe Hairy ApeThe Great God BrownStrange InterludeDesire Under the ElmsMourning Becomes ElectraThe Iceman ComethA Touch of the PoetLong Day’s Journey Into NightThe Moon for the MisbegottenHughieMore Stately Mansions25．Eiwyn Brooks White(1899~1985) Talk of the TownIs Sex NecessaryElements of StyleStuart LittleCharlotte’s WebQuo V adimus or The Case for the Bicycle One Man’s MeatThe Points of My CompassLetters of E.B,whiteEssays of E.B,whitePoems and Sketches of E.B.White Writings from The New Y orkerOnce More to the Lake 26．Tennessee Williams(1911~1983) The Glass MenagerieA Streetcar Named DesireCat On a Hot Tin RoofSummer and SmokeThe Rose TattooCamino RealOrpheus DescendingSuddenly Last SummerThe Sweet Bird of Y outhThe Night of the Lguana27．Ralph Waldo Ellison(1914~1994) Invisible ManShadow and ActGoing to the Territory28．Robert Lowell(1917~1977)Lord Weary’s CastleLife StudiesThe DolphinSkunk Hour29．Elizabeth Bishop(1911~1979)North and SouthCollected PoemsGeography IIIIn the Waiting Room30．Theodore Roethke(1908~1963）The Waking PoemsThe Collected PoemsOn the Poet and His Craft：Selected Prose 31．Allen Ginsberg（1926~1997）HowlA Supermarket in California32．Sylvia Plath（1932~1963）The ColossusArielWinter TreesThe Bell JarLetters HomePoint Shirley33．Robert Hayden （1913~1980）Frederick Douglass34．Robert Bly（1926~）The Light Around the BodyThe SixtiesDriving Through Minnesota During the Hanoi Bombing 35．Maya Angelou（1928~）Still I Rise36．Arthur Miller（1915~2005） All My SonseDeath of a SalesmanThe CrucibleA View from the BridgeAfter the FallThe Archbishop’s CellingThe Misfits37．Saul Bellow（1915~2005） Dangling manThe VictimThe Adventures of Augie MarchHenderson the Rain KingHerzogSeize the DayMr.Sammler’s PlanetHumbolt’s GiftThe Dean’s DecemberMore Die of HeartbreakThe TheftThe ActualRavelsteinMosby’s Memories and Other StoriesThe Last AnalysisLooking for Mr.Green38．Joseph Heller（1923~1999） We Bombed in New HavenSomething HappenedGood as GoldGod KnowsCatch-2239．Toni Morrison（1931~）The Bluest EyeSulaSong of SolomonTar BabyBelovedJazzParadiseLoveA MercyRecitatif40．Louise Erdrich（1954~）Love MedicineThe Beet QueenTracksThe Crown of ColumbusThe Bingo PalaceTales of Burning LoveThe Antelope WifeThe Last Report on the Miracles at Little No Horse The Master Butchers Singing ClubFour SoulsThe Painted DrumThe Plague of DovesShadow TagLulu’s Boys。
美国文学史及选读自考考点
The literature of colonial AmericaJohn Smith1）The 1st American writer2）作品“reports of exploration”have been de scribed as the 1st distinctly American literatur e written in English, attracted Pilgrims(朝圣者) &the Puritans.3）1608，写了封信“A true Relation of Such O ccurance&Accidents of Note as Hath Happen ed in Virginia Since the 1st planting of That c olony”4）1612，第二本书“A map of Virginia :with a Description of the Country”5）他一共出版了八本书，公司破产以后做了向导，he sought a post as guide to the pilgrims. 1624，“General History of Virginia”讲述How the Indian princess Pocahonats Saved him. 6）他早期记录和反映的思想慢慢演变成了美国历史的基本思想，这种思想推动了美国边疆的西移。
7）早期英格兰文学主要关于theological(神学), moral(道德), historical and political.The Puritans in New England embraced hards hips, together with the discipline of a harsh church.They had toughness, purpose and cha racter, they grappled strongly with challenges they set themselves.他们的基本价值观：hard w ork, thrift, piety and sobriety.（也是美国作品的主导思想）William Bradford & John Withrop1）William Bradford：“The History of Plymouth Plantation”（从1630年写起，关于一群清教徒从英国出发到Amsterdam最后到新大陆的过程）Cotton Mather评价：“a common blessing and father to them all.”2）John Withrop：“The History of New England”（1630，登上Arbella号去Massachusetts并keep a journal and to the rest of his life.1826年出版）3）Puritans-Puritans wanted to make pure their religious beliefs and practices.The Puritan was Would-be purifier.-Looked upon themselves as a choosen peolple.-Anyone who challenged their way of life wa s opposing God’s will and was not to be ac cepted.-They were zealous in defense of their own beliefs but often intolerant of the beliefs of others-Made laws about private morality as well as public behavior Nathaniel Hawthorne called them“stern and black browed Puritans”John Cotton & Roger Williams1）John Cotton：The patriarch(教父) of New England2）Roger Williams：“A key into the language of Ameriaca”&“A help to the language of the Natives in That Part of America Called New England”(美洲新英格兰部分土著居民语言指南)Anne Bradstreet & Edward Taylor1）Anne Bradstreet：One of the most interest ing of the early poet.(1630乘Arbella到Massa chusetts)“The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in Ameri ca”（在美洲诞生的第十个缪斯）2）Edward Taylor：The best of the Puritan Po ets(作品大部分关于宗教)The Literature of Reason And Revolution1.American Independence WarNoah Webster评价：American must be as ind ependent in literature as she is inpolitics, as famous for arts as for arms.（文化上的独立，艺术上的著名）②Thomas Jefferson：”Declaration of Independ ence(独立宣言)”2.Enlightenment 启蒙运动3文学上独立的代表作1785, Jefferson：“Notes on the State of Virginia.“1791, Bartram：“Travels”Benjamin Franklin 1706-17901）In the colonial period, the only good Ame rican author before the Revolutionary War. -Born in Boston曾创办“Pennsylvania Gazatte”, 1732-1758出版”Poor Richard’s Almanac coll ocation of proverbs”2）founded the Junto&Established America’s first circulating library& founded the Universit y of PennsylvaniaAided Jefferson in writting the Declaration of Independence.3）The 1st major writers.4）“Autobiography”,编辑了美国第一份殖民杂志“General magazine”朋友评价：His shadow lies heavier than any ot her man’s on this young nation.Thomas Paine 1739-18091）“Great Commoner of Mankind”(人类最平凡的人）&Pamphleteer(小册作家)2）1772, he wrote his 1st pamphlet“The case of the Officers of the Excise”1774, Franklin给他写推荐信“an ingenious wort hy young man”He is a political satirist of genius(政治讽刺的天才)3）1776.1.10 His famous pamphlet“Common Sense”appeared, 署名by an Englishman(书中大胆拥护独立宣言各主张，因此成了美国独立革命思想的代言人)4）1776-1783，“American Crisis”signed“Com mon Sense”在部队被广泛传阅鼓舞士气5）1791-1792，“Rights of Man”6）在法国因反对路易十六和恐怖统治入狱，1793-1 795，“The Age of Reason”a deistic treatise a dvocating a rationalistic view of religion.（注重宗教观念的理性）7）最后一部作品“Agrarian Justice”Thomas Jefferson 1743-1826美国历史上最为广泛影响的人物，同Franklin一样具人道主义精神1）1776，with John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman and Robert R Livingston, hedrafted the Declaration of Independence. 2）1800起担任两届美国总统，建立the Library of Congress，1819创建the university of Virginia 并担任第一任校长Philip Freneau1）The most outstanding writter of the Post-Revolutionary period. Double role as poet an d political journalist.2）1770，“The Power of Fancy”因出版有关讽刺英国人作品而被认可3）1776，“The House of Night”（the Gothic mood）F·L·帕蒂称它为“the 1st distinctly romant ic note heard in America”and“The Beauties of Santa Cruz”4）1781，“The British Prison Ship”5）1786，他的早期作品被收录在“The Poems of Philip Freneau Written Chiefly During the Lat e War”6）1788，“Miscellaneous Works”.1791，with Jefferson’s support“National Gaz ette”campaigned against the opinions of the“Gazette of the United States”7）教材作品“The Wild Honey Suckle”“The In dian Burying Ground”“To a Caty-Did”The Literature of Romanticism1）1828年Andrew Jackson as the 7th Presiden t of the United States标志Virginia王朝的结束1 861年开始Civil War.’[[[‘2）美国早期的主要文学形式，被长篇、短篇故事和诗歌所取代novels, short stories, and poems re placed sermons and manifestos as America’s principal literary forms.Washington Irving 1783-18591）He was the 1st great prose stylist of Amer ican romanticism familiar style.第一位浪漫主义散文文体作家，大众化风格2）He was the 1st great belletrist, writing alw ays for pleasure, and to produce pleasure.第一个不折不扣的纯文学作家，他写作只是为了快乐和创造快乐3）1819-1820，His“Sketch Book”appeared t he 1st modern short stories and the 1st great American juvenile literature to write good hi story and biography as literary entertainment.第一部《见闻札记》是现代文学史上的第一部短篇小说，也是美国第一部伟大的青少年文学读物，他把历史与传说当作娱乐形式来写。