Charging of Direct and Indirect Costs - Creighton University
中英文对照足球术语正方英语翻译论坛
中英⽂对照⾜球术语正⽅英语翻译论坛football, soccer, Association football ⾜球field, pitch ⾜球场midfied 中场kick-off circle 中圈half-way line 中线football, eleven ⾜球队football player ⾜球运动员goalkeeper, goaltender, goalie 守门员back 后卫left 左后卫right back 右后卫centre half back 中卫half back 前卫left half back 左前卫right half back 右前卫forward 前锋centre forward, centre 中锋inside left forward, inside left 左内锋inside right forward, inside right 右内锋outside left forward, outside left 左边锋outside right forward, outside right 右边锋kick-off 开球bicycle kick, overhead kick 倒钩球chest-high ball 平胸球corner ball, corner ⾓球goal kick 球门球ground ball, grounder 地⾯球hand ball ⼿触球header 头球penalty kick 点球spot kick 罚点球free kick 罚任意球throw-in 掷界外球ball handling 控制球block tackle 正⾯抢截body check ⾝体阻挡bullt 球门前混战fair charge 合理冲撞chesting 胸部挡球close-marking defence 钉⼈防守close pass, short pass 短传consecutive passes 连续传球deceptive movement 假动作diving header 鱼跃顶球flying headar 跳起顶球dribbling 盘球finger-tip save （守门员）托救球clean catching （守门员）跳球抓好flank pass 边线传球high lobbing pass ⾼吊传球scissor pass 交叉传球volley pass 凌空传球triangular pass 三⾓传球rolling pass, ground pass 滚地传球slide tackle 铲球clearance kick 解除危险的球to shoot 射门grazing shot 贴地射门close-range shot 近射long drive 远射mishit 未射中offside 越位to pass the ball 传球to take a pass 接球spot pass 球传到位to trap 脚底停球to intercept 截球to break through, to beat 带球过⼈to break loose 摆脱to control the midfield 控制中场to disorganize the defence 破坏防守to fall back 退<>yellow card 黄牌（表⽰警告）red card 红牌（表⽰判罚出场）four-two-four formation 4-2-4 阵式four-three-three formation 4-3-3 阵式four backs system 四后卫制Brazilian formation 巴西阵式， 4-2-4 阵式time wasting tactics 拖延战术shoot-on-sight tactics 积极的抢射战术wing play 边锋战术off-side trap 越位战术战术⾜球open football 拉开的战术⾜球total football 全攻全守ball playing skill 控球技术to break up an attack 破坏⼀次攻势to ward off an assault 击退⼀次攻势to set the pace 掌握进攻节奏r>to set a wall 筑⼈墙< font=""><>回此帖被评分,最近评分记录贡献:1(seclusive)⾼⼭流⽔⾃在春花秋⽉如来[楼 主] | Posted:2006-07-10 18:06violet0506级别: 总版主精华: 4发帖:4307威望: 22844 点⾦钱:430550 正⽅币贡献: 420 点注册时间:2006-03-30最后登录:2009-02-28midfied 中场 应该是 midfield 吧．cool catmsn:cynkathy2005@ That which we call a rose by any other name would smell as sweet. [1 楼] |Posted:2006-07-11 10:36violet0506级别: 总版主精华: 4发帖:4307威望: 22844 点⾦钱:430550 正⽅币贡献: 420 点注册时间:2006-03-30最后登录:2009-02-28经过再整理为：场地名称篇field / pitch ⾜球场midfield 中场backfield 后场kickoff circle / center circle 中圈halfway line 中线touchline / sideline 边线goal line 球门线end line 底线penalty mark （点球）罚球点penalty area 禁区（罚球区）goal area ⼩禁区（球门区）flank/ wing 辅位woodwork 球门框crossbar/ bar 门楣goalpost/ post - 门柱球队称谓篇coach 教练head coach 主教练football player ⾜球运动员referee 裁判lineman 巡边员captain / leader 队长forward / striker 前锋midfielder 前卫left midfielder 左前卫right midfielder 右前卫attacking midfielder 攻击型前卫（前腰）defending midfielder 防守型前卫（后腰）center forward 中锋full back 后卫center back 中后卫left back 左后卫right back 右后卫sweeper 清道夫，拖后中卫goalkeeper / goalie 守门员cheer team 拉拉队winger 翼锋wing-back 翼卫sweeper 清道夫assistant referee 助理裁判substitute/ reserve 替补scorer ⼊球者keyman 球队重⼼球员center/ midfielder 中场⾜球技术篇kick-off 开球bicycle kick / overhead kick 倒钩球chest-high ball 半⾼球corner ball / corner ⾓球goal kick 球门球handball ⼿球header 头球penalty kick 点球place kick 定位球own goal 乌龙球hat-trick 帽⼦戏法free kick 任意球direct free kick 直接任意球indirect free kick 间接任意球stopping 停球chesting 胸部停球pass 传球short pass 短传long pass 长传cross pass 横传spot pass 球传到位consecutive passes 连续传球take a pass 接球triangular pass 三⾓传球flank pass 边线传球lobbing pass ⾼吊传球volley pass 凌空传球slide tackle 铲球rolling pass / ground pass 地滚球flying header 跳起顶球clearance kick 解围shoot 射门close-range shot 近射long shot 远射offside 越位throw-in 掷界外球block tackle 正⾯抢截body check 阻挡fair charge 合理冲撞diving header 鱼跃顶球dribbling 盘球，带球clean catching （守门员）接⾼球finger-tip save （守门员）托救球offside 越位deceptive movement 假动作break through 突破kick-out 踢出界⾜球战术篇set the pace 掌握进攻节奏ward off an assault 击退⼀次攻势break up an attack 破坏⼀次攻势disorganize the defence 搅乱防守total football 全攻全守⾜球战术open football 拉开的⾜球战术off-side trap 越位战术wing play 边锋战术time wasting tactics 拖延战术4-3-3 formation 433阵型4-4-2 formation 442阵型beat the offside trap 反越位成功foul 犯规technical foul 技术犯规break loose 摆脱control the midfield 控制中场set a wall 筑⼈墙close-marking defence 盯⼈防守⽐赛⽅式篇half-time interval 中场休息round robin 循环赛group round robin ⼩组循环赛extra time 加时赛elimination match 淘汰赛injury time 伤停补时golden goal / sudden death ⾦球制，突然死亡法eighth-final ⼋分之⼀决赛quarterfinal 四分之⼀决赛semi-final 半决赛final match 决赛preliminary match 预赛one-sided game ⼀边倒的⽐赛competition regulations ⽐赛条例disqualification 取消⽐赛资格match ban 禁赛命令doping test 药检draw / sortition 抽签send a player off 判罚出场red card 红牌yellow card 黄牌goal 球门，进球数draw 平局goal drought 进球荒ranking 排名（名次）[ 此贴被violet0506在2006-07-11 10:56重新编辑 ]此帖被评分,最近评分记录贡献:1(seclusive)cool catmsn:cynkathy2005@That which we call a rose by any other name would smell as sweet.[2 楼] | Posted:2006-07-11 10:40violet0506级别: 总版主精华: 4 发帖:4307威望: 22844 点⾦钱:430550 正⽅币贡献: 420 点注册时间:2006-03-30最后登录:2009-02-28再补充战术篇offending 攻击型central breakthrough 中央突破defending 防守型counter attack 反攻side attack 边线侧击overlap 叠⽡式助攻wall pass/ one-two 撞墙式传球技术篇chip 削球dribble 运球fake action 假动作heading 头球volley 抽射dead chick 补射half-volley 凌空抽射clear ⼤脚解围nutmeg 把球穿过对⽅两脚之间shielding ⽤⾝体保护球obstruction 站在对⽅带球⽅向以图抢断marking 盯⼈save 扑救shootout 射门tackle/ hard tackle 拦截/硬朗拦截sliding tackle 铲球back heel pass 脚后跟传球man wall 排⼈墙trap 控球pass 传球cool catmsn:cynkathy2005@That which we call a rose by any other name would smell as sweet.[3 楼] | Posted:2006-07-11 11:06violet0506级别: 总版主精华: 4发帖:4307威望: 22844 点⾦钱:430550 正⽅币贡献: 420 点注册时间:2006-03-30最后登录:2009-02-28请精通⾜球的⾏家指出错误．谢谢先．cool cat msn:cynkathy2005@That which we call a rose by any other name would smell as sweet.1.⾜球运动football ；soccer ；association football ；socker ；footy世界杯⾜球锦标赛World Cup （Soccer Tournament ）；FIFA World Cup世界杯决赛World Cup Finals世界⼥⼦⾜球锦标赛Women’s World Cup朱尔斯?雷⽶特杯 Jules Rimet Cup5⼈⾜球five-a-side；futsal7⼈⾜球seven-a-side⾜球暴⼒soccer violence；riot；hooliganism⾜球运动员 football/soccer player；footballer；booter⾜球队 football/soccer team；eleven队员（守门员除外）field player后卫线back line后卫fullback/back；rear defender左/右后卫left/right back前卫线link line前卫half/halfback边前卫wing/outside half左/右前卫left/right half中前卫center half双中前卫twin center halves⾃由中卫free man/back；spare man；libero清道夫（＝⾃由中卫）sweeper盯⼈中卫 stopper拖后前卫deep-lying halfback；policeman锋线forward line前锋forward；spearhead；lineman双前锋twin forwards靠前的前锋spearhead forward边锋winger；wing；wing forward；outside；outside forward 左边锋/左翼left wing/winger/flank；outside left右边锋/左翼right wing/winger/flank；outside right内锋inside (forward)；inner左/右内锋inside left/right拖后内锋withdrawn striker中锋center forward双中锋double center forwards；double spearheads拖后中锋withdrawn/deep-lying center forward攻击⼿striker中场队员midfielder；midfield player；link（man）前腰attacking midfielder双前腰double attacking midfielders后腰defending midfielder双后腰double defending midfielders2.核⼼队员key player；point man最佳球员（⼀场⽐赛后选出）Man of Match惯⽤左/右脚的 left/right-footed左右开⼸的double-footed积极拼抢的防守队员ball hawk观望队员（不积极主动的队员）ball watcher裁判员referee；ref；man in the middle巡边员linesman(已经弃⽤)助理裁判assistant referee第四官员the Fourth Official上半时/场first half下半时/场second half开球；⽐赛开始kick off实际⽐赛时间（由裁判掌握）official time伤停补时stoppage/injury time加时赛extra period；overtime突然死亡sudden death⾦球golden goal(已经弃⽤)银球（加时赛中进球后该半场仍赛完）silver goal点球决胜penalty shootout出界outside；out of bounds掷界外球throw-in球门球goal kick⾓球corner；corner kick获得罚⾓球权win a corner任意球free kick判给任意球award a free kick直接/间接任意球direct/indirect free kick定位球placekick；stationary ball踢定位球的队员placekicker严重犯规penal offence侵⼈犯规personal foul技术犯规technical foul故意犯规intentional foul越位offside⾮越位onside助理裁判⽤旗表⽰越位flag冲撞犯规charging从后⾯冲撞charging from behind合理冲撞legal/fair charge进⾏阻挡的队员blocker⾝体阻挡body check拉⼈犯规pushing推⼈犯规pushing3.打⼈striking⼩动作little trick/maneuver；concealed foul危险动作dangerous play抬腿过⾼foot over⼿球犯规handball；hands；handling磴踏犯规；踢⼈ hacking；stamping经常踢⼈的队员hacker绊⼈犯规tripping背后铲球tackle from behind铲球过迟（球已离开对⽅脚下）late tackle假摔fake a fall/an injury；simulation粗暴⾏动violent conduct延误⽐赛delay the game；hold up the game持球时间过长（守门员）excessive possession of the ball警告warning；caution；book黄牌yellow card红牌red card罚出场evict；eject；banish；send/order off the field；show the red card 停赛⼀场suspend for a game以少打多play shorthanded以少打多的局⾯man down/short以多打少的局⾯power play；man/numerical advantage罚点球penalty kick；spot kick踢罚球；主罚take the kick罚中convert a penalty kick罚球未中miss a penalty kick踢球kick；boot踢球者kicker得球gain possession of the ball失球lose possession of the ball漏球miskick踢出界kick out踢球太⾼sky控球能⼒ball-control；ball-handling控球时间⽐ball possession percentage停球trap；stop⼤腿停球thigh trap胸部挡球chest停空中球stop volley停住空中球kill a ball凌空踢出volley凌空反弹踢出half volley抛球凌空踢出punt；drop volley拨球flick the ball4.扫踢sweeping kick颠球juggle踏步转⾝step over the ball弧线球curved/swerving ball；bend；curl内弧线inswinger外弧线outswinger跑动踢球running kick踢后前冲kick and rush⽆球跑动off-the-ball running转⾝踢turnaround kick脚背踢球instep kick内脚背infront外脚背outfront脚外侧敲击flick/jab kick脚尖踢球toe kick脚⼸踢球kick with the inside of foot脚跟踢球heel kick传球pass⼀次/直接传球first-time pass/one-touch pass到位的传球spot/well-placed/pinpoint pass长传long pass短【近】传short【close】pass；三⾓传球triangular/delta pass短传配合short game短传三⾓配合short triangular passing深传deep pass沿边线传球flank pass传中center横传cross/lateral/line pass；cross横向转移传球square pass斜传球 diagonal pass传⾼球high/lob pass；loft；chip；pass in the air 地滚传球ground/rolling pass直传；向前传球forward pass⼤脚直传steep forward pass回传；向后传pass back脚后跟回传back-heel穿越through pass踢墙式⼆过⼀wall pass/ one-two推传push pass敲传（使⽤脚外侧）flick pass隐蔽传球trick pass快速传球brisk pass5.超前传球（有提前量的传球）lead pass助攻传球setup pass接传球receive a pass； pick up a pass接球失误fumble；mishandle运/带/盘球dribble；run with the ball运球队员dribbler带球过⼈beat；break through；dribble past盘带过多excessive dribbling头球head；nod；header（指⼀次动作）跳起顶球flying header；head with a jump侧顶head sideward善于顶球good in the air堵截block；clog断球intercept铲球；抢截tackle侧⾯铲球side tackle；side block tackle倒地铲球sliding/hook tackle抡脚铲球scything tackle铲倒对⽅tackle through the ball对⽅铲球时仍控制住球ride a tackle双⽅机会均等的球fifty-fifty ball混战scramble；melee；skirmish射门shoot；attempt at goal ；try for goal射⼿shooter；marksman进球find the net；hit home；drive the ball home破门得分make/score/neta goal破门机会scoring opportunity射门得分者goalgetter助攻射中assisted goal连中三元；帽⼦戏法hat-trick扳成平局的进球equalizer射中次数shots on goal轻易射门得分sitter射门命中率shooting average/percentage未射中mishit射门过⾼high shot；sky从门柱弹回deflect from the goalpost；bounce back from the goalpost 射中⽆效goal disallowed近射close-range shot；close-up shot远射long shot/drive冲门gate-crashing突然射门snap shot劲射hard/heavy/crashing/cannon/shot；drive；thump补射tip-in6.转⾝射门pivot shot贴地射门；低射grazing shot⼀次射门first-time one-touch shot; one-touch shot调整/停球后射门second-touch shot⼩⾓度射门sharp-angled shot狭缝射门（指穿过防守线）slot倒地射门sliding shot凌空射门volley shot倒钩射门volley shot头球⼊门head/nod in a goal⾼吊球射门lob/hanging shot射空门free shot⾹蕉球banana shot、bending ball、curve kick乌龙球own/self goal射门的强烈欲望goal hunger庆祝进球goal celebration球门⽹左/右上⾓top left/right-hand corner of the net球门⽹左/右下⾓bottom left/right-hand corner of the net守门goalkeeping；goaltending救球save；retrieve；stop托救球finger-tip save鱼跃救球；扑救diving save挡开parry拳击球fist/punch the ball护球；抱死smother封住⾓度shut off the angle；cut down the angle；narrow the angle （守门员）出击come out视线受阻unsighted快攻；快速突破fast break/counterattack防守反击switch from defense to attack；counterattack；push up 快速反击fast-switching attack；runback突破break；thrust中路突破thrust down the middle单⼑直⼊solo drive突破对⽅防守split the defense破坏对⽅防守disorganize the defense拉开对⽅的防守⾯spread the defense正⾯进攻frontal attack边线进攻flank attack左/右路进攻attack on the left/right wing全⾯压上sweeping attack助攻assist穿过weave through插⼊cut in；penetrate7.下底drive down the sideline靠近对⽅球门线deep钳形攻势pincers movement摆脱动作evasive movement绕过防守队员（通过假动作）turn a defender侧步躲闪sidestep补位cover a position；fill a gap；plug a hole跑位run off the ball跑位意识positional sense跑动量（⼀场⽐赛）work-rate密集防守tight/close defense; tight/close marking盯住mark up；get tight撤退retreat；withdraw后撤防守（引对⽅进⼊中场⼝袋）funnel back解围（踢开球门区）clear⼈墙（defensive）wall封死close off筑⼈墙set/line up a wall⼆夹⼀double-team前场opposing half后场own half进攻型⾜球offensive football防守型⾜球defensive football全攻全守型⾜球total football欧式⾜球European/Continental football拉丁美洲型⾜球Latin American football接/策应support接应位置supporting position分派位置assign position跟进trail制造空当create an opening边锋战术wing play紧靠边线hug the sideline控制中场control the midfield越位战术offside tactics/trap交叉移动scissors movement定位球战术（由固定队员主罚）set-piece playWM【3-4-3】阵式：WM【3-4-3】formationW阵式（WM阵式中的进攻部分）：W formationM阵式（WM阵式中的防守部分）：M formation4前锋【匈⽛利】阵式：four forwards formation ；Hungarian formation 4后卫阵式 four backs formation3后卫阵式 three backs formation2-3-5阵式：2-3-5 formation；pyramid4-3-3阵式：4-3-3 formation；Catenaccio formation4-2-4[巴西]阵式：4-2-4[Brazilian] formation五⼈制⽐赛five-a-side game绕杆练习swerve around sticks⾜球场football field/pitch/ground训练场地training grid中线旗center flag中圈kickoff circle中场midfield；center field球门线goal line球门区goal area球门区线goal area line⾓球区corner area⾓旗corner flag罚球点penalty kick mark/spot罚球区penalty area/box/zone罚球弧penalty/restraining arc球门goal；nets球门⼝goalmouth球门柱goalpost；upright球门横梁goal crossbar球门框woodwork球门⽹goal net彩条球⾐strip⾜球鞋football shoe⾸发阵容starting line-up降级relegation转会费transfer fee挂靴hang up one’s boots实际⽐赛时间actual playing time调整位置adjust one’s position提出警告administer the caution亚洲⾜球联合会AFC:Asian Football Confederation总分Aggregate score凶狠积极或主动积极的打法Aggressive play拼抢凶狠积极的队员，风格凶狠的队员Aggressive player空中球Air ball全攻型打法All-out attacking game业余⾜球运动员Amateur football player护踝Ankle pads预见，预料Anticipate上诉，申诉Appeal助攻Assist助理教练Assistant coach9.进攻Attack发动进攻Launch/initiate/start an attack对球门轮番攻击Attack after attack rolled towards the goal从两翼/侧进攻Attack down the flanks/wings攻⽅队员Attacker进攻型（攻式）⾜球Attacking football进攻型（攻式）打法Attacking play进攻三区；前场Attacking third防守三区；后场Defending third过渡三区（我⾃⼰起的名字，有好名字可以推荐⼀下）；中场Middle third 以进攻为主的；进攻型的Attack-oriented回传；向后传Back kick防线Back line防守补位Balancing the defense控制球Ball control控制球，运球Ball handling死球Ball out of play踢球技术Ball playing skill观望队员，在⽐赛中不积极主动的队员Ball watcher名词：禁⽌（参赛）Ban⾹蕉球Banana kick弧线射门Banana shot基本功（中国最缺少的）Basics基本功（基本技术）Basic skills晃过，过⼈；打败Beat射门意识强Be hungry for goal没打出最好⽔平Below one’s best替补席Bench倒钩Bicycle kick密集防守Blanket defense反⽅向（球场另⼀侧）Blind side堵截Block⾝体阻挡Body check⾝体接触Body contact狂轰滥炸Bombard警告Book（射门时）猛踢Boot球⽹右下⾓Bottom right-hand corner of the net反弹射门Bounce shot反弹；弹回Bounce界线Boundary line违反规则Breach of rules突破Break through突破Breakthrough10.破坏/⽡解进攻Break up an attack精彩的表演 Brilliant performance组织Build-up组织进攻Build up an attack争抢球；门前混战Bully冲击Bursting轮空Bye（法语）⾮洲⾜球联合会 CAF: confederation africaine de football 要球Call for the ball国脚Cap利⽤Capitalize on/upon队长Captain（守门员）持球⾏⾛Carry警告Caution中圈Central/Centre circle中⼼；v./n.传中Center/centre中场Centre field中锋Centre forward(CF)拖后中锋Centre forward playing deep中前卫（以前⽤的多）Centre halfback(CFB)中后卫Centre half(CH)中圈Centre spot中国⾜协CFA:Chinese Football Association争抢球Challenge for the ball换位Change position冠军Champions卫冕冠军Defending champions冲撞Charge从后⾯冲撞Charge from behind拉拉队队长Cheer-leader拉拉队Cheering squad平胸球/半⾼球Chest-high ball蹭球Chip蹭球Chip kick蹭传Chip pass选择场区和开球权Choice of ends and the kick-off解围Clearance密集防守Close defense势均⼒敌的⽐赛Close contest/ encounter/ game盯⼈Close marking紧逼对⽅进攻队员Close up on an attacker俱乐部Club俱乐部球队Club teamdive 鱼跃，假摔,play acting 表演（指假摔）take exception to 抗议stand 看台， stands 看台上的观众penalty area，禁区，penalty 点球，box ⼩禁区chip 突破bludgeon， drubbing 痛击capitulate 投降pounced on blunder from 抓住某⼈的失误the newly promoted 升班马snatch a victory 取得胜利maul 狂攻level，equalize 扳平haul down 拉倒，拽倒herald （观众）呼叫score, snap up, net 都可作及物动词（后加 N goals）意为“进球”wide （射门）偏出skipper 队长scout 球探dugout 教练席understudy 替补 (当然，substitute是正式⽤语)go nuts 情绪激动lob a pass ⼀记⾼空传球play-off 热⾝赛knockout round 淘汰阶段snuff out danger 化险为夷back-to-back defeats 连败clinch（seal） back-to-back titles 蝉联冠军cling on for a win 坚持到胜利starting line-up ⾸发阵容formation 阵形the final ball 临门⼀脚form （球队）状态bite the dust 惨败unbeaten run (streak) （若⼲轮）不败suffer a hangover like 重蹈覆辙bounce back 反弹points adrift 落后分bust-up 争吵pour forward ⼤举压上bypass 过⼈mark 盯⼈on a regular basis 稳定的出场outings n.客战， away adj.客场的swoop for （俱乐部）对相中球员的追逐flying （球队成绩）出⾊talisman （原意为护⾝符）队⾥的重量级⼈物slip down 成绩下滑pull out of slump 带领球队⾛出低迷的状态boo 发出嘘声livid at 对表⽰愤怒future looks bleak 前景暗淡05-06赛季的⼤⿊马维冈：round off a rags to riches story splash the cash 烧钱mod 萃拥进球的队友（庆祝）comeback （⽐分）逆转，（球员）复出spurn opportunities 浪费机会mop up 解围ping crisp passes 作快速短传barge 冲撞goal drought 进球荒acute angel 刁的⾓度tuck the ball 把球送⼊concede 失球get in front 领先brittle 脆弱的suspension 禁赛on-loan 租借。
高炉炼铁专业英语
4 冶金过程物理化学4.1 冶金过程热力学冶金过程热力学thermodynamics of metallurgical processes 统计热力学statistical thermodynamics不可逆过程热力学thermodynamics of irreversible processes 化学热力学chemical thernodynamics表面热力学surface thermodynamics合金热力学thermodynamics of alloys冶金热力学数据库thermodynamics databank in metallurgy 系system单元系single-componentsystem多元系multicomponent system均相系统homogeneous system广度性质extensive property强度性质intensive property过程process等温过程isothermal process等压过程isobaric process等容过程isochoric process绝热过程adiabatic process可逆过程reversible process不可逆过程irreversible process自发过程spontaneous process自理过程physical process化学过程chemical process冶金过程metallurgical process化学反应chemical reaction化合反应combination reaction分解反应decomposition reaction置换反应displacement reaction可逆反应reversible reaction不可逆反应irreversible reaction电化学反应electrochemical reaction多相反应multiphase reaction固态反应solid state reaction气一金(属)反应gas-metal reaction渣一金（属）反应slag-metal reaction平衡equilibrium化学平衡chemical equilibrium相平衡phase equilibrium热力学平衡thermodynamic equilibrium亚稳平衡metastable equilibrium热力学函数thermodynamic function偏摩尔量partial molar quantity总摩尔量integral molar quantity标准态standard state焓enthalpy生成焓enthalpy of formation反应焓enthalpy of reaction熵entropy吉布斯能Gibbs energy生成吉布斯能Gibbs energy of formation 反应吉布斯能Gibbs energy of reaction溶解吉布斯能Gibbs energy of solution吉布斯能函数Gibbs energy function化学位chemical potential热化学thermochemistry热效应heat effect热容heat capacity熔化热heat of fusion汽化热heat of vaporization升华热heat of sublimation相变热heat of phase transformation放热反应exothermic reaction吸热反应endothermic reaction赫斯定律Hess’s law相律phase rule相图phase diagram一元相图single-component phase diagram 二元相图binary-component phase diagram 三元相图ternary-component phase diagram 液相线liquidus固相线solidus共晶点eutectic point杠杆规则lever rule溶液solution溶质solute溶剂solvent固溶体solid solution溶液浓度concentration of solution摩尔分数mole fraction冶金熔体metallurgical melt金属熔体metal melt(炉)渣,熔渣slag熔盐molten salt, fused salt理想溶液ideal solution真实溶液real solution正规溶液regular solution活度activity活度系数activity coefficient拉乌尔定律Raoult’s law亨利定律Henry’s law纯物质标准态pure substance standard质量１％溶液标准(态)1 mass% solution standard无限稀溶液参考态reference state of infinityly dilute solution相互作用系数interaction coefficient化学反应等温式chemical reaction isotherm吉布斯～亥姆霍兹方程Gibbs-Helmholtz equation质量作用定律law of mass action平衡常数equilibrium constant平衡值equilibrium value直接还原direct reduction间接还原indirect reduction金属热还原metallothermic reduction选择性氧化selective oxidation渣碱度basicity of slag光学破度optical basicity酸性氧化物acid oxide碱性氧化物basicoxide两性氧化物amphoteric泡沫渣foaming slag熔渣的分子理论molecular theory of slag熔渣的离子理论ionization theory of slag脱氧平衡deoxidation equilibrium脱氧常数deoxidation constant熔渣脱硫desulfurization by slag气态脱硫desulfurization in the gaseous state硫分配比sulfur partition ratio硫化物容量sulfide capacity氧化脱磷dephosphorization under oxidizing atmosphere磷分配比碳一氧平衡carbon-oxygen equilibrium真空脱碳vacuum decarburization去气degassing去除非金属夹杂(物)elimination of nonmetallic inclusion非金属夹杂(物)变形form modification of nonmetallic inclusion 脱硅desiliconization脱锰demanganization分配平衡distribution law化学气相沉积chemical vapor deposition(CVD)4.2 冶金过程动力学微观动力学microkinetics化学动力学chemical kinetics反应途径reaction path反应机理reaction mechanism基元反应elementary reaction平行反应parallel链反应chain reaction总反应overall reaction反应速率reaction rate反应速率常数reaction rate constant反应级数reaction order零级反应zero order reaction一级反应first order reaction二级反应second order reactionn级反应nth order reaction碰撞理论collision theory活化能activation energy表现活化能apparent activation energy阿伦尼乌斯方程Arrhenius equation半衰期half-life宏观动力学macrokinetics冶金过程动力学kinetics of metallurgical process传输现象transport phenomena传质mass transfer传热heat transfer动量传输momentum transfer层流laminar flow湍流turbulent flow气泡gas bubble鼓泡bubbling射流jet液滴liquid droplet粘度viscosity边界层boundary layer流率flow rate通量flux扩散diffusion菲克第一扩散定律Fick’s 1st law of diffusion菲克第一扩散定律Fick’s 2nd law of diffusion扩散系数diffusion coefficient传质系数mass transfer coefficient热传导heat conduction热对流heat convection自然对流natural convection强制对流forced convection热辐射heat radiation导热率thermal conductivity传热系数heat transfer coefficient体内浓度bulk concentration未反应核模型unreacted core model扩散控制反应diffusion-controlled reaction化学控制反应chenical-controlled reaction混合控制反应mixed-controlled reaction相似原理priciple of similarity雷诺数Reynolds number固定床fiexed bed填充床packed bed移动床moving bed流态化床fluidized bed混合时间mixing time停留时间residence time, retention time催化catalysis催化剂catalyst表面能surface energy表面张力surface tension界面能interfacial energy界面张力interfacial tension润湿wetting表面活性物质surface-active substance吸收absorption吸附absorption4.3 冶金电化学冶金电化学metallurgical electrochemistry熔盐电化学electrochemistry of fused salts固态离子学solid state ionics电解质溶液electrolyte solution阳离子cation阴离子anion电导conductance电导率conductivity电阻resistance电极electrode阴极cathode阳极anode电镀electroplating固体电解质solid electrolyte稳定的氧化锆stablized zirconia氧传感器oxygen sensor硅传感器silicon sensor定氧测头oxygen probe定硅测头silicon probe4.4 冶金物理化学研究方法冶金物理化学研究方法research methods in metallurgical physical chemistry热电偶thermocouple量热计calorimeter热太平thermobalance热分析thermal analysis差热分析differential thermal analysis,DTA热重法thermogravimetry分子筛molecular sieve5 钢铁冶金5.1 炼焦炼焦coking高温炭化high temperature carbonization塑性成焦机理plastic mechanism of coke formation中间相成焦机理mesophase mechanism of coke formation选煤coal preparation, coal washing配煤coal blending配煤试验coal blending test炼焦煤coking coal气煤gas coal肥煤fat coal瘦煤lean coal焦炉coke oven焦化室oven chamber焦饼coke cake结焦时间coking time周转时间cycle time装煤coal charging捣固装煤stamp charging推焦coke pushing焦炭熄火coke quenching干法熄焦dry quenching of coke焦台coke wharf装煤车larry car推焦机pushing machine拦焦机coke guide熄焦车quenching car焦炉焖炉banking for coke oven焦炭coke冶金焦metallurgical coke铸造焦foundry coke焦炭工业分析proximate analysis of coke焦炭元素分析ultimate analysis of coke焦炭落下指数shatter index of coke焦炭转鼓指数drum index of coke焦炭热强度hot strength of coke焦炭反应性coke reactivity焦炭反应后强度post-reaction strength of coke 焦炭显微强度microstrength of coke焦炉煤气coke oven gas发热值calorific value煤焦油coal tar粗苯crude benzol苯benzene甲苯toluene二甲苯xylene苯并呋喃-茚树脂coumarone-indene resin精萘refined naphthalene精蒽refined anthracene煤[焦油]沥青coal tar pitch沥青焦pitch coke针状焦needle coke型焦formcoke5.2 耐火材料耐火材料refractory materials耐火粘土fireclay高岭土kaolin硬质粘土flint clay轻质粘土soft clay陶土pot clay蒙脱石montmorillonite叶蜡石pyrophyllite膨润土bentonite鳞石英tridymite方石英cristobalite砂岩sandstone耐火石firestone莫来石mullite氧化铝alumina烧结氧化铝sintered alumina电熔氧化铝fused alumina刚玉corundum红柱石andalusite蓝晶石kyanite,cyanite硅线石sillimanite橄榄石olivine方镁石periclase镁砂magnesia合成镁砂synthetic sintered magnesia电熔镁砂fused magnesia烧结白云石砂sintered dolomite clinker合成镁铬砂synthetic magnesia chromite clinker尖晶石spinel镁铬尖晶石magnesia chrome spinel,magnesiochromite 硅藻土diatomaceous earth, infusorial earth蛭石vermiculite珍珠岩perlite碳化硅silicon carbide氮化硅silicon nitride氮化硼boron nitride粘土熟料chamotte熟料grog轻烧light burning,soft burning死烧dead burning,hard burning成型模注shaping moulding机压成型mechanical pressing等静压成型isostatic pressing摩擦压砖机friction press液压压砖机hydraulic press捣打成型ramming process熔铸成型fusion cast process砖坯强度green strength,dry strength隧道窑tunnel kiln回转窑rotary kiln倒焰窑down draught kiln耐火砖refractory brick标准型耐火砖standard size refractory brick泡砂石quartzite sandstone酸性耐火材料acid refractory [material]硅质耐火材料siliceous refractory [material]硅砖silica brick,dinas brick熔融石英制品fused quartz product硅酸铝质耐火材料aluminosillicate refractory半硅砖semisilica brick粘土砖fireclay brick,chamotte brick石墨粘土砖graphite clay brick高铝砖high alumina brick硅线石砖sillimanite brick莫来石砖mullite brick刚玉砖corundum brick铝铬砖alumina chrome brick熔铸砖fused cast brick碱性耐火材料basic refractory [material]镁质耐火材料magnesia refractory [material]镁砖magnesia brick镁铝砖magnesia alumina brick镁铬砖magnesia chrome brick镁炭砖magnesia carbon brick中性耐火材料neutral refractory [material]复合砖composite brick铝炭砖alumina carbon brick铝镁炭转alumina magnesia brick锆炭砖zirconia graphite brick镁钙炭砖magnesia clacia carbon brick长水口long nozzle浸入式水口immersion nozzle,submerged nozzle 定径水口metering nozzle氧化铝-碳化硅-炭砖Al2O3-SiC-C brick透气砖gas permeable brick,porous brick滑动水口slide gate nozzle水口砖nozzle brick塞头砖stopper绝热耐火材料insulating refractory轻质耐火材料light weight refractory袖砖sleeve brick格子砖checker brick,chequer brick陶瓷纤维ceramic fiber耐火纤维refractory fiber耐火浇注料refractory castable耐火混凝土refractory concrete荷重耐火性refractoriness under load抗渣性slagging resistance耐磨损性abrasion resistance5.3 碳素材料[含]碳[元]素材料carbon materials无定形碳amorphous carbon金刚石diamond炭相[学]carbon micrography炭黑carbon black石油沥青petroleum pitch石油焦炭petroleum coke石墨化graphitization石墨化电阻炉electric resistance furnace for graphitization 石墨纯净化处理purification treatment of graphite炭砖carbon brick炭块carbon block碳化硅基炭块SiC-based carbon block炭电极carbon electrode连续自焙电极Soderberg electrode石墨电极graphite electrode超高功率石墨电极ultra-high power graphite electrode石墨电极接头graphite electrode nipple石墨电极接头孔graphite electrode socket plug电极糊electrode paste石墨坩埚graphite crucible石墨电阻棒graphite rod resistor炭刷carbon brush高纯石墨high purity graphite5.4 铁合金铁合金ferroalloy硅铁ferrosilicon硅钙calcium silicon金属硅silicon metal锰铁ferromangnanese低碳锰铁low carbon ferromanganese硅锰silicomanganese金属锰manganese metal铬铁ferrochromium低碳铬铁low carbon ferrochromium微碳铬铁extra low carbon ferrochromium硅铬silicochromium金属铬chromium metal钨铁ferrotunsten钼铁ferromolybdenum钛铁ferrotitanium硼铁ferroboron铌铁ferroniobium磷铁ferrophosphorus镍铁ferronickel锆铁ferrozirconium硅锆silicozirconium稀土硅铁rare earth ferrosilicon稀土镁硅铁rare earth ferrosilicomagnesium成核剂nucleater孕育剂incubater,inoculant球化剂nodulizer蠕化剂vermiculizer中间铁合金master alloy复合铁合金complex ferroalloy电碳热法electro-carbothermic process电硅热法electro-silicothermic process铝热法aluminothermic process,thermit process电铝热法electro-aluminothermic process开弧炉open arc furnace埋弧炉submerged arc furnace半封闭炉semiclosed furnace封闭炉closed furnace矮烟罩电炉electric furnace with low hood矮炉身电炉low-shaft electric furnace5.5 烧结与球团人造块矿ore agglomerates烧结矿sinter压块矿briquette球团[矿] pellet针铁矿goethite自熔性铁矿self-fluxed iron ore复合铁矿complex iron ore块矿lump ore粉矿ore fines矿石混匀ore blending配矿ore proportioning矿石整粒ore size grading返矿return fines储矿场ore stockyard矿石堆料机ore stocker匀矿取料机ore reclaimer熔剂flux消石灰slaked lime活性石灰quickened lime有机粘结剂organic binder烧结混合料sinter mixture烧结铺底料hearth layer for sinter烧结sintering烧结热前沿heat front in sintering烧结火焰前沿flame front in sintering渣相粘结slag bonding扩散粘结diffusion bonding带式烧结机Dwight-Lloyd sintering machine环式烧结机circular travelling sintering machine烧结梭式布料机shuttle conveyer belt烧结点火料sintering ignition furnace烧结盘sintering pan烧结锅sintering pot烧结冷却机sinter cooler带式冷却机straight-line cooler环式冷却机circular cooler,annular cooler生球green pellet,ball生球长大聚合机理ball growth by coalescence生球长大成层机理ball growth by layering生球长大同化机理ball growth by assimilation精矿成球指数balling index for iron ore concentrates 生球转鼓强度drum strength of green pellet生球落下强度shatter strength of green pellet生球抗压强度compression strength of green pellet 生球爆裂温度cracking temperature of green pellet 圆筒造球机balling drum圆盘造球机balling disc竖炉陪烧球团shaft furnace for pellet firing带式机陪烧球团traveling grate for pellet firing链算机-回转窑陪烧球团grate-kiln for pellet firing 环式机陪烧球团circular gates for pellet firing冷固结球团cold bound pellet维式体wustite铁橄榄石fayalite铁尖晶石hercynite铁黄长石ferrogehlenite铁酸半钙calcium diferrite铁酸钙calcium ferrite铁酸二钙dicalcium ferrite锰铁橄榄石knebelite钙铁橄榄石kirschsteinite钙铁辉石hedenbergite钙铁榴石andradite钙长石anorthite钙镁橄榄石monticellite钙钛矿perovskite硅灰石wollastonite硅酸二钙dicalcium silicate硅酸三钙tricalcium silicate镁橄榄石forsterite镁黄长石akermanite镁蔷薇辉石manganolite钙铝黄长石gehlenite钛辉石titanaugite枪晶石cuspidine预还原球团pre-reduced pellet金属化球团metallized pellet转鼓试验drum test,tumbler test落下试验shatter test5.6 高炉炼铁炼铁iron making高炉炼铁[法] blast furnace process高炉blast furnace鼓风炉blast furnace炉料charge, burden矿料ore charge焦料coke charge炉料提升charge hoisting小车上料charge hoisting by skip吊罐上料charge hoisting by bucket皮带上料charge hoisting by belt conveyer装料charging装料顺序charging sequence储料漏斗hopper双料钟式装料two-bells system charging无料钟装料bell-less charging布料器distributor炉内料线stock line in the furnace探料尺gauge rod利用系数utilization coefficient冶炼强度combustion intensity鼓风blast风压blast pressure风温blast temperature鼓风量blast volume鼓风湿度blast humidity全风量操作full blast慢风under blowing休风delay喷吹燃料fuel injection喷煤coal injection喷油oil injection富氧鼓风oxygen enriched blast,oxygen enrichment 置换比replacement ratio喷射器injector热补偿thermal compensation焦比coke ratio,coke rate燃料比fuel ratio,fuel rate氧化带oxidizing zone风口循环区raceway蒸汽鼓风humidified blast混合喷吹mixed injection脱湿鼓风dehumidified blast炉内压差pressure drop in furnace煤气分布gas distribution煤气利用率gas utilization rate炉况furnace condition顺行smooth running焦炭负荷coke load,ore to coke ratio软熔带cohesive zone,softening zone渣比slag to iron ratio,slag ratio上部[炉料]调节burden conditioning下部[鼓风]调节blast conditioning高炉作业率operation rate of blast furnace 休风率delay ratio高炉寿命blast furnace campaign悬料hanging崩料slip沟流channeling结瘤scaffolding炉缸冻结hearth freeze-up开炉blow on停炉blow off积铁salamander炉型profile,furnace lines炉喉throat炉身shaft,stack炉腰belly炉腹bosh炉缸hearth炉底bottom炉腹角bosh angle炉身角stack angle有效容积effective volume工作容积working bolume铁口iron notch, slag notch渣口cinder notch, slag notch风口tuyere窥视孔peep hole风口水套tuyere cooler渣口水套slag notch cooler风口弯头tuyere stock热风围管bustle pipe堵渣机stopper泥炮mud gun,clay gun开铁口机iron notch drill铁水hot metal铁[水]罐iron ladle鱼雷车torpedo car主铁沟sow出铁沟casting house铁沟iron runner渣沟slag runner渣罐cinder ladle, slag ladle撇渣器skimmer冷却水箱cooling plate冷却壁cooling stave汽化冷却vaporization cooling热风炉hot blast stove燃烧室combustion chamber燃烧器burner热风阀hot blast valve烟道阀chimney valve冷风阀cold blast valve助燃风机burner blower切断阀burner shut-off valve旁通阀by-pass valve混风阀mixer selector valve送风期on blast of stove,on blast燃烧期on gas of stove, on gas换炉stove changing放散阀blow off valve内燃式热风炉Cowper stove外燃式燃烧炉outside combustion stove 顶燃式热风炉top combustion stove炉顶放散阀bleeding valve放散管bleeder上升管gas uptake放风阀snorting valve均压阀equalizing valve高压调节阀septum valve炉顶高压elevated top pressure铸铁机pig-casting machine铸铁模pig mold冲天炉cupola水渣granulating slag水渣池granulating pit渣场slag disposal pit高炉煤气top gas,blast furnace gas高炉煤气回收topgas recovery,TGR非焦炭炼铁non-coke iron making直接还原炼铁[法]direct reduction iron making直接还原铁directly reduced iron,DRI竖炉直接炼铁direct reduction in shaft furnace流态化炼铁fluidized-bed iron making转底炉炼铁rotary hearth iron making米德雷克斯直接炼铁[法]Midrex processHYL直接炼铁[法] HYL process克虏伯回转窑炼铁[法] Krupp rotary kiln iron-making 熔态还原smelting reduction铁溶法iron-bath process科雷克斯法COREX process生铁pig iron海绵铁sponge iron镜铁spiegel iron清铁法H-rion process。
成本与管理会计-亨格瑞-第13版-英文版-CA04
Batch-production operations
Costs cannot be directly traced to each unit of product.
Used for production of small, identical, low cost items.
The indirect costs of a cost object are costs that cannot be traced to the cost object in a cost-effective manner and are allocated to the cost object.
Financial Accounting
Product costs are used to value
inventory and to compute cost of
goods sold.
2019/10/16
Managerial Accounting and Cost Management
Product costs are used for planning, control, directing, and management decision
A job-costing system, or a job-order system, is used by a company that makes a distinct product or service called a job.
The product or service is often a single unit. The job is frequently the cost object. Costs are accumulated separately for each job or service.
全英文初级会计第四章
-Indirect cost allocated to A = $2 × 3000 = $6000
-Indirect cost allocated to B = $2 × 2000 = $4000
To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
4-6
Costing Approaches
• Actual Costing – allocates indirect costs based on the actual indirect-cost rates times the actual activity consumption
100 hours
Overhead Allocation
Rate:
$1,000 ÷ 100 DLhrs
= $10/DLhr
Overhead Applied to Job #123:
$10/DLhr X
5 hours used in Job #123
= $50
The Cost Object:
Job #123
DM DL OH
$100 $200
$50
Total Cost: $250
To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
翻译服务标准（Translationservicestandards）
翻译服务标准（Translation service standards）With the development of economy, international exchanges between the rapid development, the demand for translation services is increasing rapidly, engaged in the translation services industry more and more, the formation of a new industry is different from other service industries. As the translation service industry involves international communication in various fields and the construction of major import projects, the level of service and the quality of translation translation have great influence on the customers.In order to guide the healthy development of translation service industry, should Chinese Translation Services Committee and Chinese Standardization Association on the basis of the German industrial standard DIN - Norm2345, carried out jointly formulated "norms" translation service national standard preparation work, and put forward the declaration of national standards project plan to the national standardization management committee.Translation service enterprise service standard1, purposeDevelop is the tail section defining the scope of translation services work, in order to regulate the members of the national collaborative translation services business unit translation service standards, norms and unified service standards, optimize the internal management process the service unit, a clear division of responsibilities, the formation of user centered business philosophy and service concept.2. Scope of applicationThis standard is applicable to the translation service enterprises with legal person registration in all levels of industry and commerce administrative organizations.This standard is applicable to the translation organization which belongs to the enterprise legal person, the legal person or the juridical person.3. reference standardsISO-9000 international quality system certification standardsTSS101 trade legal translation quality standardTSS102 engineering translation quality standardTSS103 IT network translation quality standardTSS104 military ordnance translation quality standardTSS105 medical pharmaceutical translation quality standardTSS201 editing quality standardTSS202 electronic text specificationTSS203 paper text specificationTSS204 printing quality standardTSS302 interpretation service quality standard4. service quality standards for translation service enterprisesTranslation service enterprises should take "honesty" and meet the needs of users as the highest goal of the enterprise. On this basis, each translation service enterprise can formulate the quality policy and quality target according to its own situation.The scope of service quality standards of translation service enterprises includes business contact, business identification, business process, quality assurance, data archiving, user feedback, quality tracking, responsibility and so on.4.1 business contact4.1.1 reception is a translation service window of the enterprise, business contact in place, should be based on the obvious place of the enterprise business license, tax registration and other related documents, the reception staff shall be familiar with the work flow, the enterprise service content, standard fees, service period, enterprise performance and other aspects, the reception staff should be dedicated honest, dress appropriately, the language of civilization, as far as possible to meet the user's inquiry and consultation. An excellent business contact is the epitome of an excellententerprise.4.1.2 business contacts should be divided into two categories or several categories. Retail business contact process is to fully understand the process of user intent, to detailed records: the user's name, contact information, business language and translated into the text, the method of words (words, layout or computer) agreed price, dubbed cycle, specifications and product quality requirements, exclusive and special the term (if the user provided), exact appellation (this is especially important in the translation of notary), prepaid translation fee, original and / or reference pages, translation logo (details later on), the record should require the user to confirm the signing.The contract or agreement should be signed in bulk or batch business, and the contract or agreement should include the following contents:- the full name of the user;- user contact (telephone, mobile phone, fax, address, zip code, E-mail, etc.);- agreed translation content (language, item, cycle);- agreed quality content;- agreed confidentiality clause (see 4.7);- the agreed charging content (method of counting words, subunit price, chart counting method, etc.).4.2 service identifierEach document should have a clear and unique logo, the logo with the data through the whole process of business shall have the following logo dubbing, one or several items of content:Sequential numbering;- batch;- time;- quantity;- language;- user code.Signs can be expressed in numbers, letters, or other ways, but not confused. Identification should be traceable.According to the identification can be traced back to the customer, the translator, proofreading, proofreading, editing, proofreading, printing, typing, shipping and document path.4.3 business processThe management of business process should include the following aspects:The preparation before translation, translation, proofreading, professional reviewers (if required), edit, input (type of layout), proofreading, printing, quality inspection, document management.4.3.1 preparation before translationThe pre preparation personnel should understand the needs of the users in detail. According to the needs of the users, the process and time of the translation should be compiled and qualified translators and interpreters should be selected;Check the original, check whether there is leakage, missing pages, not clear place. If necessary, it should be explained to the user and requested additional supply. If the user is unable to provide a clear original, the original is marked with a pencil or other mark that can be removed.Translation should be done by using a photocopy of the original. In any case, the original of the user shall not be lost or destroyed.4.3.2 translationProfessional translators should be familiar with the translation involves, prepare the corresponding tool, according to the requirements of dubbing translation. In the course of translation, no translation, omission, translation, or translation should be noted. The quality requirements are TSS-101, TSS-102, TSS-103, TSS-104, TSS-105.4.3.3.The auditor should be based on the original (copy) of verbatim proofreading and translation, and unified special words according to the context of the name, data, formula, nominal unit shall be carefully proofread, generally speaking, the original imperial units (or other units) should be changed to metric units, at the same time with a bracket (or the original imperial units other units). After proofreading the translation shall be accurate, fluent language, without too much jerky points. Proofreading, translation should be used with other color pen, to show the difference. Quality requirements are TSS-101, TSS-102, TSS-103, TSS-104, TSS-105.4.3.4 editingThe editing is a process of re processing according to the original format, the translation of the font layout with TSS-201, TSS-202, TSS-203, the piece dubbed elegant appearance, compact layout, the chart is arranged in order, corresponding to the original, complete section. When editing, proofreading and translation should use different color pen, to see the difference, TSS-201.4.3.5 inputInput staff to respond to the original, according to the examination after the translation, verbatim input. Font specification, no typos, data accurate formula. Specific requirements are TSS-201, TSS-202, TSS-203.4.3.6 manuscript proofreadingThe presentation should be proofreading after proofreading the translation, in typescript verbatim proofreading, there shall be no missing, missing, wrong. That is wrong, you should fill in the errata, pay entry corrections, and auditing.4.3.7 quality checkQuality inspection personnel should be tested according to the original, translation, typing. According to the requirements of the user, one by one to check.4.3.8 printed matter and copiesThe service quality requirements of printed matter and photocopies are shown in TSS-204.4.4 quality assurance and corresponding responsibilitiesThe quality guarantee period of 4.4.1 translation product is 6 months after delivery.The quality standards for 4.4.2 translated products are TSS-102, TSS-103, TSS-104, TSS-105.4.4.3 in the quality guarantee period, the translation service enterprise for qualified translation of a small amount of errors and leaks can be used: (1) typing free correction; (2) printed out free errata.4.4.4 does not belong to the 4.4.3 specified category due to the user's modification.The quality of the translation provided by the 4.4.5 translation service provider can not be used by the user, so the translation cost of the part should be deducted accordingly, and the translation cost of the relevant parts should be deducted in the batch translation.4.4.6 translation services enterprises do not assume any indirect loss costs of users.4.4.7 translation service enterprises dubbed the finished products were identified as substandard products, should be directly damages compensation for the user, but the amount of compensation should not exceed the translation for the translation fee of the total amount.4.5 data archiving and othersThe translation service provider to undertake data is completed, the original copy of the corresponding translation, typewriting, errata and other related documents, the minimum retention period for 12 months.Archived data should be accurate, complete and easy to access. If there is a computer, it should be backed up.The user's original copy should be returned to the user in complete and relevant records.4.6 user feedback and quality trackingThe translation service enterprise should appoint a special person to register, arrange and feedback the feedback of the users, and rectify the feedback. Replies to user feedback should be answered.For batch users, each translation service enterprise should also carry out the quality tracking in the early, medium and late stages, and the problems reflected by the users should be promptly corrected. After the completion of the translation of batch users, the translation service enterprises should provide the users with a quality questionnaire of "national translation enterprise collaboration network".4.7 confidentiality4.7.1 all translation services have the obligation to protect business and technical secrets for users, without special agreement, shall not disclose any user's business or technical secrets to any third party. If intentionally or maliciously spread the user's business and technical secrets, should bear the corresponding legal responsibility.4.7.2 shall provide the business and technical secrets of the users to the request of the national law department, not listed in 4.7.1.5, the significance of making this standardThe publication of national standard "translation service norms" not only fills the gaps in the laws and regulations of China's translation service industry, but also plays a normative and guiding role in China's translation service market. Is the service standard has positive social significance and practical significance, first is the standardization management of translation service industry to provide technical indicators can be followed, so that customers have a choice of objective criteria of translation service, quality of service; to purify the disorderly translation market environment, from the vicious price competition in the transition to improve the quality of translation, to provide more comfortable, perfect service for customers.。
太阳能充电控制器操作手册说明书
Operating manualSolar charge controller10.10 A / 8.8 A / 6.6 APlease read these instructions completely before installation!1. About this manualThese operating instructions are part of the product. Read these operating instructions carefully before use, keep them over the entire lifetime of the product, and pass them on to any future owner or user of this product.This manual describes the installation, function, operation and maintenance of the solar charge controller. These operating instructions are intended for end customers.A technical expert must be consulted in cases of uncertainty.2. SafetyThe solar charge controller may only be used in PV systems for charging and controlling lead-acid batteries in accordance with this operating manual and the charging specifications of the battery manufacturer.The solar charge controller may only be connected to the local loads and the battery by trained personnel and in accordance with the applicable regulations. Follow the installation and operating instructions for all components of the PV system.No energy source other than a solar generator may be connected to the solar charge controller. Follow the general and national safety and accident prevention regulations.Keep children away from PV systems. Do not use the solar charge controller in dusty environments, in the vicinity of solvents or where inflammable gases and vapours can occur. No open fires, flames or sparks in the vicinity of the batteries. Ensure that the room is adequately ventilated. Check the charging process regularly.Follow the charging instructions of the battery manufacturer. Battery Acid splashes on skin or clothing should be immediately rinse with plenty of water. Seek medical advice.Do not operate the solar charge controller when it does not appear to function at all. The solar charge controller or connected cables are visibly damaged or loose. In these cases immediately remove the solar charge controller from the solar modules and battery.3. FunctionsThe solar charge controller monitors the state of charge of the battery bank, controls the charging process, controls the connection/disconnection of loads. This optimises battery use and significantly extends its service life.The following protection functions are part of the basic function of the controller: Overcharge protection ; Deep discharge protection ; Battery undervoltage protection ; Solar module reverse current protection.4. Installation4.1 Mounting location requirementsDo not mount the solar charge controller outdoors or in wet rooms. Do not subject the solar charge controller to direct sunshine or other sources of heat. Protect the solar charge controller from dirt and moisture.Mount upright on the wall (concrete) on a non-flammable substrate. Maintain a minimum clearance of 10 cm below and around the device to ensure unhindered air circulation. Mount the solar charge controller as close as possible to the batteries (with a safety clearance of at least 30 cm).4.2 Fastening the solar charge controllerMark the position of the solar charge controller fastening holes on the wall.Drill 4 Ø 6 mm holes and insert dowels. Fasten the solar charge controller to the wall with the cable openings facing downwards, using 4 oval head screws M4x40 (DIN 7996).4.3 ConnectionUse an wire size suited to the current ratings of the charge controller, e.g. 6mm² for 10A, 5 mm² for 8A, 4 mm² for 6A, 3 mm² for 5A for cable length of 10 m.An additional external 20A fuse (not provided) must be connected to the battery connection cable, close to the battery pole. The external fuse prevents cable short circuits.Solar modules generate electricity under incident light. The full voltage is present, even when the incident light levels are low. Protect the solar modules from incident light during installation, e.g. cover them.Never touch not isolated cable ends. Use only insulated tools. Ensure that all loads to be connected are switched off. If necessary, remove the fuse.Connections must always be made in the sequence described below.1st step: Connect the batteryConnect the battery connection cable with thecorrect polarity to the middle pair of terminalson the solar charge controller (with the batterysymbol).If present, remove any external fuse. Connectbattery connection cable A+ to the positivepole of the battery. Connect batteryconnection cable A– to the negative pole ofthe battery. Insert the external fuse in thebattery connection cable.If the connection polarity is correct, the infoLED illuminates green.2nd step: Connect the solar moduleEnsure that the solar module is protected from incident light (cover it or wait for night).Ensure that the solar module does not exceed the maximum permissible input current.First connect the M+ solar module connection cable to the correct pole of the left pair ofterminals on the solar charge controller (with the solar module symbol), then connect theM– cable. Remove the covering from the solar module.3rd step: Connect loadsFirst connect the L+ load cable to the correct pole of the right pair of terminals on the solarcharge controller (with the lamp symbol), then connect the L– cable. Insert the load fuse orswitch on the load.Notes : Connect loads that must not be deactivated by the solar charge controller deepdischarge protection, e.g. emergency lights or radio connection, directly to the battery.Loads with a higher current consumption than the device output can be directly connectedto the battery. However, the solar charge controller deep discharge protection will no longerintervene. Loads connected in this manner must also be separately fused.4th step: Final workFasten all cables with strain relief in the direct vicinity of the solar charge controller(clearance of approx. 10 cm).5. LED displaysLED Status Meaningilluminates green normal operationInfo LEDflashes slowly red* system fault- too high charging current- overload / short circuit- overheatedtogether with red LED :- too low battery voltagetogether with green LED :- too high battery voltageflashing quickly* battery empty, low voltage disconnectionprewarning, loads still onBatteryredLED flashing slowly* deep discharge protection active (LVD), loadsdisconnectedilluminates battery weak, loads are onBatteryyellowLEDflashes slowly yellow* LVD reconnection setpoint has not yet beenreached, loads still disconnectedilluminates battery goodBatterygreenLEDflashes quickly green* battery full, charge regulation active*flashing slowly: 0,4Hz: 4 times in 10 second, flashing quickly: 3Hz: 3 times in 1 second6. GroundingThe components in stand-alone systems do not have to be grounded – this is not standardpractice or may be prohibited by national regulations (e.g.: DIN 57100 Part 410: Prohibitionof grounding protective low voltage circuits). Ask your dealer for technical assistance.7. Lightning protectionIn systems subjected to an increased risk of overvoltage damage, we recommendinstalling additional lightning protection / overvoltage protection to reduce dropouts.Ask your dealer for technical assistance.8. MaintenanceThe solar charge controller is maintenance-free.All components of the PV system must be checked at least annually, according to thespecifications of the respective manufacturers. Ensure adequate ventilation of the coolingelement. Check the cable strain relief. Check that all cable connections are secure. Tightenscrews if necessary. Check corrosion on terminals.9. Faults and remediesNo display : Check battery polarity and external fuse. Or battery voltage is too low orbattery defective.Battery is not charged : Check if solar modul is connected with correct polarity or if shortcircuit at the solar input. If solar module voltage is lower than battery voltage or if solarmodule is defective the battery cannot be charged.Battery displays jumps quickly : Battery voltage changes quickly. Large pulse currentscause voltage fluctuation. Battery is too small or defective. Ask your dealer for technicalassistance.The following faults do not destroy the controller. After correcting the fault, the device willcontinue to operate correctly:* solar module short circuits * reverse solar module polarity *2* short circuits at load output * excessive load current* reversed battery polarity *1* solar module overcurrent* device overtemperature * overvoltage at the load output10. Legal guaranteeAccording to the German legal requirements, for this product the customer has a 2 yearlegal guarantee.The seller will remove all manufacturing and material faults that occur in the product duringthe legal guarantee period and affect the correct functioning of the product. Natural wearand tear does not constitute a malfunction.Legal guarantee does not apply if the fault can be attributed to third parties, unprofessionalinstallation or commissioning, incorrect or negligent handling, improper transport, excessiveloading, use of improper equipment, faulty construction work, unsuitable constructionlocation or improper operation or use.Legal guarantee claims shall only be accepted if notification of the fault is providedimmediately after it is discovered. Legal guarantee claims are to be directed to the seller.The seller must be informed before legal guarantee claims are processed.For processing a legal guarantee claim an exact fault description and the invoice / deliverynote must be provided. The seller can choose to fulfil the legal guarantee either by repair orreplacement.If the product can neither be repaired nor replaced, or if this does not occur within asuitable period in spite of the specification of an extension period in writing by thecustomer, the reduction in value caused by the fault shall be replaced, or, if this is notsufficient taking the interests of the end customer into consideration, the contract iscancelled. Any further claims against the seller based on this legal guarantee obligation, inparticular claims for damages due to lost profit, loss-of-use or indirect damages areexcluded, unless liability is obligatory by German law.11. Technical DataSteca Solsum F 6.6F 8.8F 10.10FSystem voltage 12 V (24 V)Own consumption < 4 mADC input sideOpen circuit voltage solar module(at minimum operating temperature)< 47 VModule current 6 A 8 A 10 ADC output sideLoad current 6 A 8 A 10 AEnd of charge voltage 13.9 V (27.8 V)Boost charge voltage 14.4 V (28.8 V)Reconnection voltage (SOC / LVR) *³> 50 % / 12.4 V … 12.7 V(24.8 V … 25.4 V)Deep discharge protection (SOC / LVD) *³< 30 % / 11.2 V … 11.6 V(22.4 V … 23.2 V)Operating conditionsAmbient temperature -25 °C … +50 °CFitting and constructionTerminal (fine / single wire) 4 mm2 / 6 mm2 - AWG 12 / 9Degree of protection IP 32Dimensions (X x Y x Z) 145 x 100 x 24 mmWeight approx. 150 g*1Solsum is protected against reverse battery polarity together with polarity protectedloads. Reverse battery polarity combined with short circuited or polarised load couldcause damages in load or regulator*2Avoid reverse module polarity in a 24V system*3Lower value for nominal current, higher value for lowest currentInfo LED Battery LEDsManufactured in aDIN EN ISO 9001:2000 facilitySolsum / Z02 / Version 1104/ 730.930。
Macally 蓝牙键盘说明书
RECHARGEABLE BACKLIT QUICK SWITCH BLUETOOTH COMPACT KEYBOARD FOR THREE DEVICESUser’s GuideFor Three Devices - Mac, iPad, iPhone, PC, Smartphones & TabletsBTBLTABKEYIntroductionPackage ContentsSystem Requirements / Technical SupportMacally Product InformationHardware BasicsKeyboard ShortcutsPairing the keyboard with MacPairing the keyboard with Windows PCPairing the keyboard with iPhone/iPadPairing the keyboard with Android Smartphones and Tablets 1 1 1 1 3Controlling the backlight 567899Thank you for purchasing the Macally Bluetooth Keyboard for Mac, iPhone, iPad, PC, Android Smartphones and Tablets. This keyboard supports up to three Bluetooth devices. One-touch quick switching allows you to type and switch from devices seamlessly. Whether it is doing work with a computer, sending messages on a smartphone, or enjoying videos on a tablet, it is truly the only keyboard that you need for all your applications. This product utilizes thin keycaps with a sensitive and responsive touch which provides a more comfortable and faster typing experience. It is designed with many features and flexibility to help improve your productivity. 7-color backlit keycaps are ideal to use the keyboard in low light environments.Before you begin using this product, be sure to read this user’s guide in its entirety.BTBLTABKEYSGUSB charging cableTechnical SupportPacific Standard Time1This manual is furnished under license and may be used or copied only in accordance with the terms of such license.transmitted, in any form or any means, electronic, mechanical, recording, or otherwise, including translation to another language or format, without the prior written permission of Macally Peripherals.The content of this manual is furnished for informational use only, is subject to change without notice, and should not be construed as a commitment by Macally Peripherals. Macally Peripherals assumes no responsibility or liability for any errors or inaccuracies that may appear in this book.document are the property of their respective holder.FCC Informationmay cause undesired operation.WarrantyMacally peripherals warrants that this product will be free from defects in title, materials and manufacturing workmanship for two years from the date of purchase. If the product is found to be defective then, as your sole remedy and as the manufacturer’s only obligation, Macally will repair or replace the product. This warranty shall not apply to products that have been subject to abuse, misuse, abnormal electrical or environmental conditions, or any condition other than what can be considered as normal use.Warranty DisclaimersMacally Peripherals makes no other warranties, express, implied or otherwise, regarding the BTkey, and specifically disclaims any warranty for merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. The exclusion of implied warranties is not permitted in some states and the exclusions specified herein may not apply to you. This warranty provides you with specific legal rights. There may be other rights that you have which vary form state to state.Limitation of LiabilityThe liability of Macally Peripherals arising from this warranty and sale shall be limited to a refund of the purchase price. In no event shall Macally Peripherals be liable for costs of procurement of substitute products or services, or for any lost profits, or for any consequential, incidental, direct or indirect damages, however caused and on any theory of liability, arising from this warranty and sale. These limitations shall apply not withstanding any failure of essential purpose of any limited remedy. V1.1.23USB chargingcable (included)Charging PortTo USB port of acharger or computer1. Press fn with one of Bluetooth device keys, B1, B2 and B3 to select a Bluetooth device to use the keyboard2. Press fn key with dual-function key to perform F1 to F12, PrtScn, del, enter, home, end, pgup, pgdn, and 4 backlight control keys.Use of fn(Fn) key: Select Bluetooth device, and use Function keys etc.84Bluetooth device 1 indicator: blue Bluetooth device 2 indicator: blue Bluetooth Device 3 indicator: bluePlease note: LED will show purple color when both blue and red light are on simultaneously; when the battery level is low, B1, B2 and B3 blue LEDs will blink simultaneously once every 5 seconds to remind you to charge the keyboard using the USB cable.Pair button12Caps lock indicator: blueCharging indicator: red during charging, and off when full4Bluetooth device keys: B1,B2 and B3, pressed with Fn key simultaneously to select a Bluetooth device channel635On/Off slide switch, turn on first 7press fn and Y key together to start backlight cycle mode of 7 colors, and press fn and Y key again to turnoff the cycle mode of 7 colors.when the cycle of 7 colors is off, press fn and U key together to start the single color backlight mode, the first backlight color is white. You can press fn and U key repeatedly to choose your preferred backlight color. To turn off the single color backlight, press fn and Y key twice.in single color backlight mode, there are 3 brightness levels(low, medium and high) to adjust, press fn and I keytogether to increase the brightness.in single color backlight mode, there are 3 brightness levels(low, medium and high) to adjust, press fn and O keytogether to decrease the brightness.Power consumption and auto shut-off of backlight: this keyboard has 800mAh Li-Ion rechargeable battery built in, which can last a couple of months with a full charge. But backlight consumes the battery power quite fast, that is why the backlight is set to turn off automatically if the keyboard is not typed in 5 minutes, and turn on automatically once typing resumes. To further extend the battery usage time, you probably should turn on the backlight at night or in low light environments.Low battery warning: when B1, B2 and B3 LEDs blinks simultaneously every five seconds, it reminds you the built-in battery is low, please connect the keyboard to a charger with the included USB cable. You can still use the keyboard during charging. Please pair and connect the Macally Bluetooth keyboard to your device first, then you will be able to use the keyboard and control/adjust the backlight as described below.5List of shortcut keys and what systems are supported.means “supported”, blank means “not supportedto the best of our knowledge.“Important Note:1. Please wait for BTBLTABKEYSG to be connected before entering your user’s password during computer boot up.2. Pairing light needs to be on and flashing during pairing process. If it’s not flashing, press the Pair button again andstart all over to pair BTBLTABKEYSG with your device.61. After a Bluetooth device(for Mac) is selected, for example B1, the first time use, pairing is required. Press the Pair button to set keyboard in pairing mode, the device LED flashes blue.2. Please click the Bluetooth icon in your computer’s menu bar located in upper right corner ofyour screen.Make sure Bluetooth is turned to On then select “Open Bluetooth Preferences ...” in the drop down menu.3. Bluetooth window displays a found Macally Bluetooth keyboard, please click on the “Connect” button next to it.4. Once pairing is finished, the Bluetooth keyboard shows “Connected” status.5. When Mac prompts you a message, “The keyboard can not be identified...“ please follow KeyboardSetup Assistant on the screen to identify the keyboard.78Pairing the keyboard with your Windows PC1. After a Bluetooth device(for Windows PC) is selected, for example B2, the first time use, pairing is required. Press the Pair button to set keyboard in pairing mode, the device LED flashes blue.2. In Windows 10, for example, open the Settings from the Windows menu or by pressing Win and I keys. Then click to open Devices icon.3. Under Devices, select Bluetooth & other devices. Click on Add Bluetooth and other devices, select Bluetooth to add this keyboard. Make sure the keyboard Bluetooth device LED is still flashing and discoverable.4. Once you see the Macally Bluetooth Keyboard appear, double click on it to connect. Windows will notify you when the keyboard is ready to use.Please note that if you are using a different Windows OS version, the pairing procedures may be different slightly.6. Select ANSI option, and click on Done button to finish and close Keyboard Setup Assistant window.It is ready to use the keyboard in Mac.1. After a Bluetooth device(for iPad or iPhone) is selected, for example B3, the first time use, pairing is required. Press the Pair button to set keyboard in pairing mode, the device LED flashes blue.2. Bring your iPad or iPhone near by the keyboard. Open up “setting” then Bluetooth”.3. Turn on Bluetooth, under the “Bluetooth” menu, it will auto search for the new Bluetooth devices....4. Once it finds and displays MacallyBluetoothKeyboard model, select it to pair with MacallyBluetooth Keyboard.5. After pairing is successfully completed, it will show “Macally Bluetooth Keyboard.... connected”.It is ready to be used with your iPad or iPhone.1. After a Bluetooth device(for Android) is selected, for the first time use, pairing is required.Press the Pair button to set keyboard in pairing mode, the device LED flashes blue.2. In Android device, open Settings, then open "Connected devices" to find Bluetooth. Touch Bluetoothline to enter Bluetooth screen, make sure the Bluetooth is turned on, then touch on "Pair new device", your Android device starts searching for a new device.3. Make sure the Macally keyboard device LED is still flashing blue(in pairing mode), once you seeMacally Bluetooth Keyboard model appears, select it and it will automatically pair to your Android device. You can see "Connected" status for the Macally keyboard, then it is ready to use.Please note that if you are using a different Android OS version, the pairing procedures may be different slightly.9Thank you for choosing Macally! Now that you have joined the Macally community, we would like to extend our services by offering you our exclusive warranty program. Register your product within 14 days of purchase and you will automatically be enrolled in our Exclusive VIP Warranty Program. This is a golden ticket but only for 14 days! So don’t forget to enter your product info and register at:EXCLUSIVE VIP WARRANTY:•One Extra Year of Free Warranty (That’s a Total of 2 Years / No Hassles or Worry!)•Automatically Applies to All Future Macally Purchases.•Privy to Special Discounts and Offers.•Prioritized with Faster Tech and Customer Service Support.DON’T FORGET – you only have 14 days – Go to: Right Now!AND REMEMBER:If you have any questions, commentsor concerns, please contact us at:*****************************1 (909) 230 – 6888,M-F: from 8:30 a.m. to 5:30 p.m. PST(Pacific Standard Time)FCC Warning StatementChanges or modifications not expressly approved by the party responsible for compliance could void the user’s authority to operate the equipment. This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class B digital device, pursuant to Part 15 of the FCC Rules. These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection against harmful interference in a residential installation. This equipment generates uses and can radiate radio frequency energy and, if not installed and used in accordance with the instructions, may cause harmful interference to radio communications. However, there is no guarantee that interference will not occur in a particular installation. If this equipment does cause harmful interference to radio or television reception, which can be determined by turning the equipment off and on, the user is encouraged to try to correct the interference by one or more of the following measures:‐‐ Reorient or relocate the receiving antenna.‐‐ Increase the separation between the equipment and receiver.‐‐Connect the equipment into an outlet on a circuit different from that to which the receiver is connected.‐‐ Consult the dealer or an experienced radio/TV technician for help.。
基于7所三甲医院数据的血液透析成本测算与分析
：－－： ： ￡－０ｌ３ ·ｊ ０： ： 、二］ １三｜ 、 ｊ ＠：： ： ． Ｌ 蔓ｊ主： 、 ：０ ： ｊ ：：： 、）ｊ：、ｒＩ － ３０＝二、 ０ ｃ、二＝ ：‘ ，二 ： ‘ ：＿ｌ一二－
① 国家卫生计生 委卫生发展研究 中心 北京
１００１９１
② 中国医科 大学 附属盛京 医院
辽 宁 沈阳 ｌ １０００４
③北京大学第 三医院
北京
１００１９１
通信作者 ：赵 琨 ；Ｅ－ｍａｉｌ：ｚｋ３１７＠ｙａ支付方式研 究”项 目组对华东 、中南 、西南 、东 北 等地 区７市 的 ７所三级 甲等医院 ２０１２年的血液透 析医疗成 本进行测算 ，并对 血液 透析医疗成本具体 构成进行分析 ，以 期 为控 制血液透析医疗成本提供决策依 据和政策建议 。 １ 资 料 与 方 法 １．１ 资 料 来 源
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高职英语2课文翻译
Unit31.It’s important to know your objectives on a business trip, and to set out with those goals in mind and how toaccomplish them. But along the way, something rather amazing happens when you travel on business. You may go to some pretty amazing places, and get chances to see things you would have never sought out on your own.翻译：了解出差的目的，出发时牢记目标并清楚如何达成目标，这些都是很重要的。
但在途中也会发生一些有趣的事情。
你可能会去到一些令人惊叹的地方，有机会看到你自己可能永远都发现不了的东西。
2.Business trips don’t have to be all about business. There are times when you have completed your work andyou can take in some of the local color, attractions and good food. The first resource to find out what is really cool to enjoy in the city or town you are visiting is the locals. If you go to a faraway town to conduct business with a partner or vendor, they are often more than happy to show you the lay of the land and what is fun to see and do in the town.翻译：商务旅行不必都是生意。
汽车发动机相关中英文对照
汽车发动机相关中英文对照发动机 engine内燃机 intenal combusiton engine动力机装置 power unit汽油机 gasoline engine汽油喷射式汽油机gasoline-injection engine火花点火式发动机spark ignition engine压燃式发动机compression ignition engine 往复式内燃机 reciprocating internal combustion engine 化油器式发动机 carburetor engine柴油机 diesel engine转子发动机 rotary engine 旋轮线转子发动机rotary trochoidal engine二冲程发动机 two-stroke engine四冲程发动机 four-stroke engine直接喷射式柴油机direct injection engine间接喷射式柴油机indirect injection engine增压式发动机 supercharged engine风冷式发动机 air-cooled engine油冷式发动机 oil-cooled engine水冷式发动机 water-cooled engine自然进气式发动机naturally aspirated engine煤气机 gas engine液化石油气发动机liquified petroleum gas engine 柴油煤气机 diesel gas engine 多种燃料发动机 multifuel engine 石油发动机 hydrocarbonengine双燃料发动机 duel fuel engine热球式发动机 hot bulb engine多气缸发动机multiple cylinder engine对置活塞发动机opposed piston engine对置气缸式发动机opposed-cylinder engine十字头型发动机 cross headengine直列式发动机 in-line engine星型发动机 radial engine筒状活塞发动机trunk-piston engine斯特林发动机 stirling engine套阀式发动机 knight engine气孔扫气式发动机port-scavenged engine倾斜式发动机 slant engine前置式发动机 front-engine后置式发动机 rear-engine中置式发动机 central engine左侧发动机 left-hand engine右侧发动机 right-hand engine短冲程发动机 oversquareengine长冲程发动机 undersquareengine等径程发动机 square engine顶置凸轮轴发动机overhead camshaft engine双顶置凸轮轴发动机dual overhead camshaft engineV形发动机 V-engine顶置气门发动机valve in-head engine侧置气门发动机 side valveengine无气门发动机 valveless engine多气门发动机 multi-valveengine卧式发动机 horizontal engine斜置式发动机 inclined engine立式发动机 vertical engineW形发动机 w-engineI形发动机 I-engineL形发动机 L-engineF形发动机 F-engine二冲程循环 two-stroke cycle四冲程循环 four-stroke cycle狄塞尔循环 diesel cycle奥托循环 otto cycle混合循环 mixed cycle定容循环 constant volumecycle工作循环 working cycle等压循环 constant pressurecycle理想循环 ideal cycle热力循环 thermodynamic cycle冲程 stroke活塞行程 piston stroke长行程 long stroke上行程 up stroke下行程 down stroke进气行程 intake stroke充气行程 charging stroke压缩行程 compression stroke爆炸行程 explosion stroke膨胀行程 expansion stroke动力行程 power stroke排气行程 exhaust stroke膨胀换气行程expansion-exchange stroke换气压缩行程exchange-compression stroke止点 dead center上止点top dead center(upper deadcenter)下止点lower dead center(bottom deadcenter)上止点前budc(before upper dead center)上止点后atdc(after top dead cetner)下止点前bbdc(before bottom deadcenter)下止点后abdc(after bottom dead center) 缸径 cylinder bore缸径与行程 bore and stroke 空气室 energy chamber气缸余隙容积cylinder clearance volume燃烧室容积combustion chamber volume 气缸最大容积maximum cylinder volume压缩室 compression chamber 排气量 displacement发动机排量 engine displacement活塞排量 piston swept volume 气缸容量 cylinder capacity单室容量 single-chamber capacity容积法 volumetry压缩比 compression ratio临界压缩比critical compression ratio膨胀比 expansion ratio面容比 surface to volume ratio 行程缸径比 stroke-bore ratio 混合比 mixture ratio压缩压力 compression pressure制动平均有效压力 brake mean effective pressure(bmep) 空燃比 air fuel ratio燃空比 fuel air ratio燃料当量比 fuel equivalence ratio扭矩 torque单缸功率 power per cylinder 升功率 power per liter升扭矩 torque per liter升质量 mass per liter减额功率 derating power输出马力 shaft horsepower 马力小时，马力时horsepower-hour总马力 gross horse power总功率 gross power 净功率 net power燃油消耗量 fuel consumption比燃料消耗率specific fuel consumption空气消耗率 air consumption机油消耗量 oil consumption有效马力 net horse power额定马力 rated horse power马力重量系数horsepower-weight factor制动功率 brake horse power制动热效率brake thermal efficiency总效率 overall efficiency排烟极限功率smoke limiting horsepower功率曲线 power curve机械损失 mechanical loss机械效率 mechanical efficiency有效热效率effective thermal efficiency充气系数 volumetric efficiency过量空气系数coefficient of excess air适应性系数 adaptivecoefficient扭矩适应性系数coefficient of torque adaptibility转速适应性系数speed adaptive coefficient强化系数coefficient of intensification校正系数 correction factor换算系数 conversion factor活塞平均速度 mean pistonspeed发动机转速engine speed (rotationalfrequency)怠速转速 idling speed经济转速 economic speed起动转速 starting speed最低稳定工作转速 lowestcontinuous speed with load最大扭矩转速speed at maximum torque最高空转转速maximum no load governedspeed调速 speed governing超速 overspeed怠速 idling转速波动率 speed fluctuationrate工况working condition(operatingmode)额定工况declared working condition变工况 variable workingcondition稳定工况 steady workingcondition空载 no-load全负荷 full load超负荷 overload部分负荷 part load充量（进气） charge旋转方向 direction of rotation顺时针 clockwise逆时针 counter-clockwise左转 left-hand rotation右转 right-hand rotation外径 major diameter中径 pitch diameter内径 minor diameter径向间隙 radial clearance发动机性能 engineperformance加载性能 loading performance起动性能 starting performance加速性能 accelerationperformance动力性能 power performance排放性能 emissionperformance空转特性 no loadcharacteristics负荷特性part throttle characteristics调速特性governor control characteristics万有特性 mapping characteristics稳定调速率steady state speed governing rate气缸体和气缸盖cylinder block and head气缸体 cylinder block整体铸造cast inblock (cast enblock)发动机罩 engine bonnet气缸体加强筋engine block stiffening rib气缸 cylinder（转子机）缸体 stator缸径 cylinder bore气缸体机架 cylinder block frame气缸盖 cylinder head配气机构箱valve mechanism casing气缸体隔片 cylinder spacer 气缸盖密封环cylinder head ring gasket气缸盖垫片 cylinder head gasket气缸套cylinder liner(cylinder sleeve) 干式缸套 dry cylinder liner湿式缸套 wet cylinder liner 气缸水套 water jacket膨胀塞 expansion plug防冻塞 freeze plug气缸壁 cylinder wall环脊 ring ridge排气口 exhaust port中间隔板 intermediate bottum 导板 guideway创成半径（转子机）generating radius缸体宽度（转子机）operating width机柱 column燃烧室 combustion chamber 主燃烧室main combustion chamber 副燃烧室subsidiary combustion chamber预燃室 prechamber涡流燃烧室`swirl combustion chamber分开式燃烧室divided combustion chamber涡流式燃烧室turbulence combustionchamber半球形燃烧室hemispherical combustionchamber浴盆形燃烧室 bathtub sectioncombustion chamberL形燃烧室 L-combustionchamber楔形燃烧室wedge-section combustionchamber开式燃烧室open combustion chamber封闭喷射室 closed spraychamber活塞顶内燃烧室 pistonchamber爆发室 explosion chamber燃烧室容积比 volume ratio ofcombustion chamber燃烧室口径比 surface-volumeratio of combustion chamber通道面积比 area ratio ofcombustion chamber passage曲轴箱通气口 crankcasebreather凸轮轴轴承座camshaft bearing bush seat定时齿轮室罩camshaft drive(gear)cover曲轴箱检查孔盖 crankcasedoor曲轴箱防爆门crankcase explosion proof door主轴承盖 main bearing cap气缸盖罩 valve mechanismcover飞轮壳 flywheel cover扫气储器 scavenging airreceiver活塞 piston裙部开槽活塞 split skirt pistonU形槽活塞 U-slot piston滚花修复活塞 knurled piston圆顶活塞 dome head piston平顶活塞 flat head piston凸顶活塞 crown headpiston(convex head piston)凹顶活塞 concave head piston阶梯顶活塞 step-head piston筒形活塞 trunk piston椭圆形活塞 oval piston抗热变形活塞 autothermicpiston不变间隙活塞constant clearance piston镶因瓦钢片活塞 invar strutpiston直接冷却式活塞direct-cooled piston间接冷却式活塞indirect cooled piston滑裙活塞 slipper piston活塞速度 piston speed活塞顶部 piston head活塞裙部 piston skirt整体活塞裙 solid skirt活塞裙扩大衬簧piston skirt expander滑履式活塞裙 slipper skirt隔热槽 heat dam活塞标记 piston mark活塞销 piston pin活塞销孔 piston pin boss活塞销衬套 piston pin bushing全浮式活塞销full-floating piston pin半浮式活塞销semifloating piston pin固定螺钉式活塞销set screw piston pin活塞环 piston ring组合式活塞环compound piston ring同心活塞环 concentric piston ring偏心活塞环 eccentric piston ring自由环 free ring闭合环 closed ring梯形环 keystone ring半梯形环 half keystone ring 矩形环 rectangular ring油环 oil control ring开槽油环 slotted oil control ring螺旋弹簧加载双坡口油环coil spring loaded slotted oil control ring涨环 expander双坡口油环double bevelled oil control ring 内上坡口 internal bevel top 内下坡口 internal bevel bottom边缘坡口油环bevelled-ege oil control ring刮油环 scrapper ring钩形环 napier ring镀铬活塞环chrome plated piston ring活塞衬环 piston ring expander 活塞环槽 piston ring groove 活塞环区 ring zone活塞环岸 piston ring land活塞环内表面 back of ring 曲柄连杆机构 connecting rod 中心曲柄连杆机构central-located connecting rod 偏心曲柄连杆机构offset connecting rod铰接曲柄边杆机构hinged connecting rod连杆 connecting rod连杆小头 connecting rod small end连杆大头 connnecting rod big end 连杆杆身 connecting rodshank副连杆 slave connecting rod叉形连杆fork-and-blade connecting rod主连杆 main connecting rod方形连杆 boxed rod绞链式连杆hinged type connecting rod活节式连杆articulated connecting rod连杆盖 connecting rod cap连杆轴承 connecting rodbearing曲轴 crankshaft整体式曲轴 one-piececrankshaft组合式曲轴 assembledcrankshaft右侧曲轴 right-handcrankshaft左侧曲轴 left-hand crankshaft改变行程的曲轴stroked crankshaft曲轴前端 crankshaft front end曲轴主轴颈crankshaft main journal轴颈重叠度 shaft journaloverlap圆角 fillet主轴承main bearing曲轴止推轴承crankshaft thrust bearing薄臂轴瓦 thin wall bearingshell曲轴油道 crankshaft oilpassage曲柄 crank曲柄臂 crank arm曲柄销 crank pin轴套 bush曲柄转角 crank angle曲柄半径 crank radius抛油圈 oil slander角度轮 degree wheel动平衡机 dynamic balancer平衡重 balancer weight扭振减振器torsional vibration damper扭振平衡器 torsion balancer谐振平衡器 harmonic balancer振动平衡器 vibration balancer曲轴链轮 crankshaft sprocket转子轴颈 rotor journal偏心轴 eccentric shaft曲轴箱 crankcase闭式曲轴箱通风装置closed-crankcase ventilatingsystem飞轮 flywheel飞轮齿圈 flywheel ring gear飞轮芯棒 cantilever飞轮芯轴 flywheel spindle飞轮的惯量矩flywheel moment of inertia飞轮标记 flywheel mark当量系统 equivalent system当量轴长 equivalent shaftlength一级往复惯性力reciprocating inertia force,1storder二级往复贯性力 reciprocatinginertia force, 2nd order离心惯性力 centrifugal inertiaforce配气机构 valve gear凸轮轴 camshaft凸轮 cam整体式凸轮轴 one-piececamshaft组合式凸轮轴 assembledcamshaft凸轮轴驱动机构 camshaftdrive赛车用凸轮轴 race camshaft凸轮轴轴颈camshaft bearing journal凸轮轴轴承 camshaft bearing凸轮轴偏心轮 camshafteccentric凸轮轴链轮 camshaft sprocket凸轮轴正时齿轮camshaft timing gear凸轮轴齿轮 camshaft gear wheel进口凸轮 inlet cam排气凸轮exhaust cam快升凸轮quick lift cam快升缓降凸轮quick lift gradual clsing cam凸轮轮廓 cam contour凸轮包角 cam angle凸轮升程 cam-lobe lift凸轮尖 cam nose凸轮从动件 cam follower齿轮传动机构gear drive正时齿轮 timing gear链传动机构 chain drive链轮 sprocket wheel链轮盘 chain sprocket正时链条 timing chain带齿皮带 toothed timing belt 链条张紧轮 chain tension gear 半速齿轮 half speed gear正时齿轮刻印记号timing gear punch mark气门 valve进气过程 intake process换气过程 gas exchange process 扫气过程 scavenging process 给气比 delivery ratio分层充气 stratified charge充量系数 volumetric efficiency 涡流比 swirl rate进气涡流 intake swirl螺旋进气道进气 helical duct intake导流屏式气门进气masked valve intake切向进气道进气tangential duct intake进气紊流 intake trubulence进气提前角 intake advance angle进气持续角 intake duration angle进气迟后角 intake lag angle 进面值 time-area value气门升程 valve lift气门正时 valve timing扫气口面积 scavenging portarea菌形气门mashroom valve, poppet valve钠冷却气门 sodium filledvalve(natrium cooled valve)双气门 dual valve进气门 intake valve (suctionvalve,inlet valve)排气门 exhaust valve顶置气门 overhead valve侧置气门 side valve倾斜气门 inclined overheadvalve直立气门 vertical overheadvalve套筒式滑阀 sleeve valve气门机构 valve gear直接式气门驱动机构direct valve gear间接式气门驱动机构indirect valve gear气门杆 valve stem加大气门杆 oversize valvestem气门头 valve head气门工作面 valve face气门边限 valve margin气门弹簧座 valve-springretainer气门锁片 valve key气门间隙调节螺钉valve lash adjusting screw气门旋转器 valve rotator气门室 valve cage气门油封 valve oil seal气门口 valve port气门座 valve seat气门座镶圈（嵌镶式气门座圈）valve seat insert(valve seatring)气门座锥角 valve seat angle气门座宽度 valve seat width气门挺杆 valve tappet(valvelifter)液力挺杆 hydraulictappet(lifter)无间隙挺杆 zero-rush tappet(non-clearance tappet)筒形挺杆 barrel type tappet油压挺杆 ooil tappet滚轮挺杆roller tappet(lifter)挺杆转位 tappet rotation排气门挺杆 exhaust valve lifter气门导管 valve guide气门杆导管 stem guide气门重叠度 stem overlap气门开启持续时间 valveduration气门正时标记 valve timingsign气门弹簧 valve spring气门内弹簧 inner valve spring气门外弹簧 outer valve spring刚性缓冲弹簧 stiff bufferspring上紧弹簧 energizing spring防振气门弹簧 non-surgingspring弹簧座圈 spring retainer蝶形弹簧 belleville spring滚柱 roller气门室盖 valve chamber cover摇臂 rocker arm高升程摇臂 high lift rockerarm摇臂轴 rocker arm shaft推杆 push-rod摇臂支架 rocker arm bracket气门摇臂室罩valve rocker chamber cover导向轮 guide wheel导杆 slide bar导轨 slide rail张紧轮 tensioning wheel链条张紧调节装置assembly chain tension adjuster张紧带轮 tensioning pulley传动带张紧装置 belt tensioner同步驱动皮带 synchronous belt同步驱动皮轮synchronous belt pulley供油系 fuel system控制燃烧系统controlled combustion system 反湿气装置 antipercolator电子燃油喷射electronic fuel injection蒸气回收装置vapor recovery system燃油蒸气回收系统fuel vapor recovery system液体回收装置liquid withdrawal system恒量净化管 constant purge line碳罐净化管 canister purge line 供油量 fuel delivery循环供油量 fuel delivery per cycle额定供油量 rated fuel delivery 怠速供油量idling speed fuel delivery供油规律 fuel supply rate curve 油量调节装置 fuel control unit 供油提前角fuel supply advance angle进油计量 inlet metering几何供油行程geometric fuel delivery stroke 供油率 fuel supply rate燃油通道 fuel gallery有效行程 effective stroke剩余行程 remainder stroke变行程计量variable stroke metering等容卸载constant volume unloading变容卸载variable volume unloading收缩容积 retraction volume燃油喷油装置fuel injection equipment 燃油喷射泵 fuel injectionpump滚轮式燃油喷射泵roll fuel injection pump凸轮轴式燃油喷射泵camshaft fuel injection pump直列式燃油喷射泵 in-line fuelinjection pump伺服式燃油喷射泵servo fuel injection pump底部突缘安装燃油喷射泵base flanged mounted fuelinjection pump上部安装燃油喷射泵 highflanged-mounted fuel injectionpump侧向安装燃油喷射泵side-mounted fuel injectionpump端部突缘安装式燃油喷射泵end flange-mounted fuelinjection pumpV形燃油喷射泵vee fuel injection pump脉动式燃油喷射泵jerk fuel injection pump螺纹安装燃油喷射泵screw-mounted fuel injectionpump蓄能式燃油喷射泵accumulator fuel injectionpump往复式燃油喷射泵reciprocating fuel injectionpump驱动轴式燃油喷射泵driveshaft fuel injection pump单缸式燃油喷射泵single cylinder fuel injectionpump圆柱式燃油喷射泵cylindrical fuel injection pump旋转式燃油喷射泵rotary fuel injection pump分配式燃油喷射泵distributor fuel injection pump多缸燃油喷射泵multicylinder fuel injectionpump框架安装式燃油喷射泵cradle mounted injection pump喷油始点 fuel injectionbeginning喷油终点 fuel injection end喷油持续角fuel injection duration angle喷油延迟 injection delay引燃喷射 pilot injection启喷压力injection starting pressure峰值喷油扭矩peak injection torque峰值喷油压力peak injection pressure喷油泵油缸数目 number ofcylinders of an injection pump无气喷射 solid injection喷射正时 injection timing集中喷射 group injection喷油器 injector整体式喷油器 unit injector喷嘴 nozzle轴针式喷嘴 pintle type nozzle环槽式喷嘴 annular slot nozzle孔式喷嘴 hole type nozzle长杆喷嘴long stem nozzle孔板式喷嘴 orifice platenozzle开式喷嘴 open nozzle闭式喷嘴 closed nozzle喷油提前器 timing advanceunit喷射泵壳体 injection pumphousing针阀 needle芯轴 central spindle喷嘴壳体 nozzle body针阀升程 needle lift喷嘴盖形螺母 nozzle cap nut喷油器壳体 nozzle holder突缘安装喷油器壳体 flanged-mounted injection nozzle holder燃油喷射泵传动装置transmision of an injection pump喷嘴锥体 nozzle hole cone柱塞 plunger柱塞套 barrel柱塞行程 plunger stroke喷孔 spray orifice海拔控制器 altitude control 提前器飞锤 flyweight喷孔长径比 ratio of nozzle hole length nozzle diameter喷嘴液动力特性nozzle hydrokinetic characteristics动态相位 dynamic phase喷孔面积 nozzle hole area喷嘴流通特性nozzle flow characteristic喷油背压 injection back pressure高压油管 high pressure pipe 平均喷油扭矩mean injection torque喷油总效率overall pumping efficiency峰值喷油压力injection peak pressure预行程 prestroke收缩行程 retraction stroke燃油箱 fuel tank油箱盖 fuel tank油位表 fuel level gauge注油控制装置 fill control system汽油箱 gasoline tank( petrol tank)汽油供给管 gasoline feed pipe 加油管 filler tube放油螺塞 drain plug吸油管 suction pipe刚性燃油管 rigid fuel pipe进油孔 fuel feed hole 供油管 supply pipe通气管 bleeding pipe通气管 bleeding pipe泄油阀 spill valve泄油孔口 spill port进油阀 inlet valve最大油量限制器maximum fuel stop滴油 dribble燃油表 fuel gauge输油泵 feed pump燃油泵 fuel pump附装燃油箱中的电动燃油泵tank-mounted eletric fuel pump机械式燃油泵mechanical fuel pump膜片式燃油泵diaphragm fuel supply pump叶片式供油泵vane fuel supply pump活塞式输油泵piston type fuel supply pump齿轮式输油泵gear fuel supply pump电动燃油泵 eletric fuel pump带真空泵的汽油泵vacuum pump with fuel pump起动加油器 primer起动给油杆 primer lever燃油泵上体 fuel pump body燃油泵下体 fuel pump base燃油泵盖 bowl cover进油口接头fuel inlet neck出油口接头 fuel discharge port输出阀 delivery valve泵油元件 pump element回油阀部件fuel return valve assembly化油器 carburetor化油器系统 carburetor circuit简单化油器 elementarycarburetor单腔化油器single-barrel carburetor双腔并动化油器two-barrel dual carburetor双腔分动化油器two-barrel duplex carburetor四腔化油器 four-barrelcarburetor上吸式化油器 updaughtcarburetor下吸式化油器downdraught carburetor平吸式化油器horizontal carburetor侧吸式化油器side-draft-carburetor高海拔补偿式化油器altitude compensatingcarburetor化油器附加器 adaptorcarburetor双腔式化油器twin-choke carburetor固定喉管式化油器fixed venturi carburetor可变喉管化油器variable venturi carburetor化油器接头 carburetor adaptor阻风门 choke valve阻风活塞 choke piston阻风板 choke plate自动阻风门 automatic choke阻风门拉钮 choke button电控自动阻风门electric-assisted choke阻风管 choke tube喉管 venturi双重或三重喉管double & triple venturi阻风门拉线 choke cable化油器小喉管 booster venturi浮子系 float system浮子 float环形浮子 annular float同心式浮子 concentric float浮子支销 float hinge pin浮子针阀 float needle valve阀针 valve needle浮子油面 float level浮子臂 float arm侧置浮子室式 side float type 怠速阀 idle valve怠速针阀 idle needle省油器 economizer省油器阀 economizer valve辅助空气阀 auxiliary air-valve 加速油井 accelerating well加速泵 accelerating pump加速泵喷嘴accelerating pump nozzle油门 throttle手油门 hand throttle节气门操纵手柄throttle control lever真空加浓器 vacuum booster 加浓器 excess fuel device量孔体 jet block怠速量孔 idle metering jet主量孔 main metering jet剂量阀活塞 dosage valve piston空气量孔 air jet燃油滤清器 fuel filter沉淀杯 sediment bowl串联过滤器 in-line filter燃油箱内装过滤器 in-tank filter调速器 governor飞球式调速器 flyball governor 调速器 governor飞球式调速器 flyball governor 液压调速器 hydraulic governor 真空转速调速器vacuum speed governor惯性调速器 inertia governor 离心调速器 centrifugal governor调速器重锤 governor weight 空气滤清器及进排气系统air cleaner and intake and exhaust sytem空气滤清器 air filter冲压式空气滤清器 ram air clearner 恒温控制式空气滤清器thermostatic controlled aircleaner油浴式空气滤清器oil bath air cleaner纸质空气滤清器 paper airclearner旋流管式空气滤清器swirl tube air filter滤清器滤芯 filter element空气滤清器壳体 air filterhousing空气滤清器盖 air filter cover滤清器密封圈 filter seal ring滤网 sieve滤纸盘或膜filter paper disc or membrane进气和排气系统intake and exhaust system排气管 exhaust pipe排气抽气管 exhaust extractionduct扫气泵 scavenging pump进气预热装置 intake preheater进气歧管 intake manifold进气歧管真空度intake manifold vacuum冷式进气歧管 cold manifold冲压式进气歧管ram intake manifold排气歧管 exhaust manifold脉冲式排气歧管pulse exhaust manifold等压排气歧管constant pressrue exhaustmanifold排气歧管热量控制阀exhaust manifold heat controlvalve超高度歧管 high-rise manifold升温横跨管道 heat crossover排气横跨管道 exhaustcrossover预热点 hot spot阻风门加热器 choke heater热空气导流管 hot air duct隔热板 heat shield排气再循环阀exhaust -gas-recirculation消声器 silencer进气消声器 intake silencer排气消声器 exhaust silencer金属垫片式消声器steel pack muffler玻璃丝消声器 glass packmuffler空洞消声器 gutted muffler前排气管 front exhaust pipe尾管 tail pipe消声器联接管 intermediatepipe热空气管 hot air pipe曲轴箱通风管 crankcase bleedpipe隔声罩 acoustic hood进气消声器元件 silencerelement真空泵 vacuum pump指示功率 indicated power指示热效率indicated thermal efficiency指示油耗率 indicated specificenergy consumption示功图 indicator diagram冷却系 cooling system风冷 air cooling水冷 water-cooling循环流冷却系cooling recovery system自然循环液冷却系统 naturalcirculation type cooling system热流循环液冷却系统thermo-siphon circulation typecooling system温差循环液冷却系统 gravitycirculation water cooling system压力式水冷却系统 positivecirculation cooling system加压式冷却法pressure type cooling水泵循环冷却系统pump circulation cooling system强制循环式化冷系统 forced-feed water circulation system 封闭式液冷系统sealed cooling system散热器 radiator片式散热器 finned radiator 管式散热器 tubular radiator 蜂窝式散热器 cellular radiator 哈里逊式散热器Harrison type radiator带板式散热器 ribbon type radiator上水箱 upper tank下水箱 lower tank涨溢箱 expansion tank散热器芯 radiator core之字形管散热器芯 film core 管-片式散热器芯 fin and tube core散热器加水口盖 radiator filter cap压力式水箱盖radiator-pressure cap蒸气-空气泄放阀vapor-air release valve散热器护罩 radiator cowl散热器百叶窗 radiator shutter 散热器保温帘 radiator roller blind散热片 cooling fin缸盖散热片 cylinder head fin 缸体散热片 cylinder block fin 控温装置temperature regulating device 恒温器 thermostat恒温器主阀 thermostat main valve恒温器旁通阀thermostat by-pass valve恒温器挠性波纹筒thermostat flexible bellows液体冷却设备liquid cooling equipment水泵 water pump 水泵体 pump casing水泵叶轮 water pump impeller旁通进水口water by-pass inlet neck循环泵 circulating pump主进水口 water main inlet port出水口 water outlet port自调式水封 self-adjusting sealunit溢流管 overflow pipe导流板 deflector风扇 fan(blower)轴流式风扇 axial flow fan离心式风扇 centrifugal fan风扇壳体 blower casing风扇导流罩 fan cowl风扇毂 fan hub风扇叶片 fan blade风扇叶轮 blower impeller风扇导流定子 blower stator风扇皮带轮 fan pulley三角皮带 v-belt风扇护罩 fan shroud风扇叶轮叶片 impeller vane冷却用空气 cooling air风扇导流叶片 stator vane强制风冷 forced-air cooling自然风冷 natural air cooling风道 air ducting润滑系 lubrication system润滑 lubrication气缸上部润滑upper cylinder lubrication压力润滑 pressure-feedlubrication压力润滑法 forced lubrication自动润滑 automatic lubrication飞溅润滑 splash lubrication润滑周期 lubrication interval边界润滑 borderlinelubrication曲轴箱机油油盘 crankcase oilpan油底壳 oil pan机油盘放油塞 sump plug集油器 oil collector机油泵 oil pump计量式机油泵 metering oilpump齿轮式机油泵 gear type oilpump转子式机油泵 rotor-type oilpump机油泵出油管 oil pump outletpipe放油口 oil drain hole油道 oil duct断油开关 cut-off cock机油散热器 oil cooler机油滤清器 oil filter机油粗滤器 primary oil filter机油精滤器 secondary oil filter全流式机油滤清器full-flow oil filter分流式机油滤清器 by-pass oilfilter离心式机油滤清器centrifugal oil filter整体式滤芯integral filtering element细滤器滤芯 filter element滤清器壳 filter box滤片filtering disc机油减压器 oil pressure reliefvalve旁通阀 by-pass oil filter机油滤网 oil strainer加机油孔 oil filter cap滤芯轴 filter shaft刮片组件 cleaning edge机油量尺 dipstick机油滤网 oil strainer增压器 supercharger增压和扫气装置 pressure-charging and scavenging unit增压装置 supercharging device涡轮增压器 turbo-charger气波增压器 comprex pressurewave supercharger增压器阻风阀supercharger blast gate增压器调节容气量的旁通阀supercharger control bypass增压器叶轮 supercharger impeller惯性增压 inertia supercharging 机械增压mechanical supercharging涡轮增压 turbo-charging增压比 supercharge ratio增压压力 boost pressure增压中冷 inter-cooling中冷度 inter-cooling level增压度 supercharging level喘振 surge喘振线 surge line轴流式涡轮 axial-flow turbine 脉冲进气 ram charging发动机试验 engine test发动机试验规程engine test procedure发动机技术要求engine technical requirements 标准大气状况standard atmospheric conditions大气压力 atmospheric pressure 进气温度 inlet air temperature 进气温度 inlet air temperature 功率校正 power correction功率标定 power rating功率换算 power conversion 校正系数 correction factor换算系数 performance test性能试验 performance test起动性能试验 starting ability test怠速试验 idle running test道路负荷试验 road load test 各缸工作均匀性试验cylinder variation test背压试验 back pressure test 最低稳定工作转速试验lowest continuous speed test with load背部泄漏试验 back-leakage test 调整试验 adjustment test热平衡试验 heat balance test快速磨损试验accelerated wear test热冲击试验 thermo-shock test空载特性试验no-load characteristic test模拟增压试验simulated supercharging test停缸试验 cylinder fuel-cut test增压机匹配试验turbo-charger matching test排气分析试验 exhaust analysistest突变负荷试验sudden load change test稳定性试验 stability test单缸熄火试验one cylinder shut off test例行检查试验routine inspection test验证试验 verification test鉴定试验 approval test可靠性试验 reliability test耐久性试验 durability test定型试验 type approval test验收试验 acceptance test现场试验 field test出厂试验 delivery test抽查试验 spot check test复查试验 re-check test台架试验 bench test强化试验 hop-up test发动机试验台 engine test bed底盘测功机 chassisdynamometer测功机 dynamometer水力测功机hydraulic dynamometer电涡流测功机eddy current dynamometer电力测功机 electricdynamometer扭矩仪 torque meter转速表 tachometer温度测量 thermometry温度测量仪器thermometric instruments空气流量测量air flow measurement热线风速仪 hot wireanemometer电子示功仪 electronicindicator燃烧分析仪 combustionanalyzer压力传感器 pressuretransducer精密声级计precision sound level meter排放 emission排放物 emission排气污染物 gaseous pollutant蒸发排放物 evaporativeemission曲轴箱排放物 crankcaseemission漏气 blowby gas氨氧化物 oxids of nitrogen一气化碳 carbon monoxide碳氢化合物 hydrocarbon甲烷 methane无甲烷碳氢化合物non-methane hydrocarbons光化学活性碳氢化合物photochemically reactivehydrocarbons微粒物 particulated matter黑烟 black smoke蓝烟 blue smoke白烟 white smoke碳烟 soot光化学烟雾smog臭味 odor丙烷 propane排放浓度 concentration ofemission排气烟度 exhaust smoke先期排气 initial exhaust亚临界排气 subcritical exhaust超临界排气 supercriticalexhaust强制排气 forced exhaust自由排气 free exhaust排气提前角 exhaust advance angle排气迟后角 exhaust lag angle 排气热损失 exhaust heat loss 排气净化 exhaust purification 排气背压 exhaust back pressure残余废气 residual gas排气有害成分poisonous exhaust composition 柴油机排烟 diesel smoke综合排放浓度 composite concentration of exhaust emission综合排放质量 composite mass of exhaust emission排放系数 emission factor排放率emission index质量排放量 mass emission比排放量 brake specific emission排放物控制系统emission control system排气排放物控制系统exhaust emission control system 二次空气 secondary air二次空气分配歧管secondary air distribution二次空气控制阀secondary air control valve二次空气转换阀secondary air switching valve二次空气转流阀secondary air diverter valve二次空气喷射装置secondary air injection system 二次空气喷射管secondary air injection tube二次空气喷射减速压阀secondary air injection relief valve脉动空气装置 pulsating air system 二次空气泵 secondary airpump曲轴箱排放物控制系统crankcase emission controlsystem曲轴箱双通风系统crankcase closed system曲轴箱单通风系统crankcase sealed system曲轴箱强制通风装置positive crankcase ventilationPCV阀 PCV valve蒸发排放物控制系统evaporative emission controlsystem活性碳罐贮存装置charcoal canister storage system活性碳罐 charcoal canister曲轴箱贮存装置crankcase storage system空气滤清器贮存装置air filter storage system燃油箱止回阀 fuel tank checkvalve油气分离器fuel and vapor separator清除阀 furge valve催化转化系统catalytic converting system催化燃烧分析仪catalytic combustion analyzer催化剂 catalyst转化器 converter催化转化器 catalytic converter轴流式转化器AXIAL FLOW TYPECONVERTER径流式转化器RADIAL FLOW TYPECONVERTER下流式转化器down flow type converter上流式转化器up flow type converter双床式转化器 dual bedconverter单床式转化器 single bedconverter氧化型催化剂 oxidationcatalyst还原型催化剂 reductioncatalyst三元催化剂 three-way catalyst贵金属催化剂 noble metalcatalyst普通金属催化剂base metal catalyst稀土催化剂 rare earth catalyst催化剂耗损 catalyst attrition催化剂收缩 catalyst shrinkage催化剂中毒 catalyst poisoning比表面积 specific surface area空速 space velocity载体涂料 washcoat双重催化系统 dual -catalystsystem催化箱 catalyst container载体 substrate整体式载体 monolithicsubstrate颗粒式载体 pelleted substrate转化效率 conversion efficiency熄灯温度 light-off temperature热态反应系统thermal reacting system热反应器 thermal reactor反应式歧管 reactive manifold过热保护装置over heating protection system过热警报装置over heating warning system排气口衬套 exhaust port liner后燃器 after burner排气再循环系 EGR system排气再循环exhaust gas recirculation节气门前EGR系统above throttle valve EGRsystem节气门后EGR 系统below throttle valve EGRsystem。
商务英语Marketing
Definition and Importance of Marketing
Marketing is the process of planning and executing the concept, pricing, promotion, and distribution of ideas, goods, and services to create exchanges that satisfy individual and organizational objectives
Developing a comprehensive product line plan that includes pricing, promotion, and distribution strategies
Evaluating the potential for product line extensions or variations to meet diverse customer demands
VS
Marketing is important because it helps organizations understand customer needs, build brand awareness, different products or services, and ultimately drive sales and revenue
skills
目录
• Promotion and advertising strategies • Customer Relationship Management and
Service Improvement
01
Basic Concepts and Principles of Marketing
初级国际会计第二章全英文课件
Use Unit Costs Cautiously
• What should the budgeted cost be for an estimated production of 600 bicycles?
• A unit cost (also called an average cost) is computed by dividing some amount of cost total by some number of units.
• The units may be expressed in various ways:
Direct and Indirect Costs
• Direct Costs （直接计入成本）– CAN be conveniently and economically traced (tracked) to a cost object
• Indirect Costs （间接计入成本）– CANNOT be conveniently or economically traced (tracked) to a cost object. Instead of being traced, these costs are allocated to a cost object in a rational and systematic manner
Cost Behavior (成本性态)
• Variable Costs （变动成本） – changes in total in proportion to changes in the related level of activity or volume
市场营销专业英语chapter
methods
目录
• Channel Strategy and Logistics Management
• Promotion strategies and communication methods
01 Marketing Overview
Definition and Importance of Marketing
Customers
Studying customer needs, preferences, and buying behavior to develop targeted marketing strategies
Competitors
Analyzing competitors' strategies, products, pricing, and market share to identify opportunities and threats
Direct and Indirect Costs
Suggested readings
• Gordon, L. A. and M. P. Loeb. 2001. Distinguishing between direct and indirect costs is crucial for internet companies. Management Accounting Quarterly (Summer): 12-17. • Accounting for Dummies by John Tracy • SBIR Basics: The Numbers (Accounting, Costs, Rates, Audits, and More) by Lea Strickland • /rimweb/rim_cfp/indexcfp.htm
Finding the direct cost
1. Is the cost incurred from a certain project or activity? 2. Can I easily trace the cost to a specific project or activity? 3. Will the cost disappear once the project or activity is finished?
Real world example
• Company XYZ has costs totaling $15,000. If Function A has direct costs of $7,000 and Function B has direct costs of $4,000, what are the indirect costs of Function A and Function B?
高炉炼铁用设备材料词汇中英文翻译对照表
区域A （For Area A）Sector 段CISDI CodeCISDI代码Description 名称English 英文A BF 高炉本体Blast Furnace ProperB HS 热风炉Hot StoveC SW 软水回路Soft Water CircuitD CA 出铁场Cast HouseE ST 水渣系统Slag Granulation SystemF GC 煤气清洗系统Gas Cleaning SystemG SH 原料贮运系统Raw Material Handling SystemH 电气自动化和仪表－公用部分Electrical Automation & Instrumentation - CommonIJK CI PCI Pulverized Coal InjectionL OE 富氧系统Oxygen Enrichment SystemM CM 电讯和ITV系统Communication & ITV SystemN AC 空调系统Air Conditioning SystemO FF 消防及火灾报警系统Fire Fighting & DetectionSystemP CS 土建和钢结构厂房Civil & Metallic StructuresBuildingQ UT 公辅和操作支持系统Utilities & Operation SupportSystemZ EA 概述General区域D （For Area D）B RT TRT 系统Turbine Recovery TopK IW 高炉净环水处理厂Indirect Water Treatment Plant区域A （For Area A）A-高炉本体..................................................................................................................... BF Proper1. 安全水塔出水管手动阀 .......................... manual valve for outlet pipe of safety water tower2. 安全水塔出水管止回阀 ............................. c heck valve for outlet pipe of safety water tower3. 安全水塔气动阀 ...................................................... pneumatic valve for safety water tower4. 安全水塔手动阀 ........................................................... manual valve for safety water tower5. 泵出口电动阀................................................................... m otorized valve at outlet of pump6. 泵出口伸缩节................................................................... retractable joint at outlet of pump7. 泵出口手动阀....................................................................... m anual valve at outlet of pump8. 泵出口止回阀......................................................................... check valve at outlet of pump9. 泵进口手动阀......................................................................... m anual valve at inlet of pump10. 便携式超声波流量计............................................................... p ortable ultrasonic flowmeter11. 变频电机，变频调速电机.................................................................................. VVVF motor12. 并罐无料钟炉顶 ........................................................................parallel-hopper bell-less top13. 波纹补偿器 ......................................................................................... bellows compensator14. 波纹管....................................................................................................................... bellows15. 补水电动阀 ................................................................... motorized valve for water make-up16. 补水手动阀 ....................................................................... manual valve for water make-up17. 不锈钢手动球阀 .............................................................. m anual stainless steel ball valve18. 布料溜槽.................................................................................................... d istribution chute19. 超微孔炭砖 .................................................................... super micro-porous carbon blocks20. 超越冷却塔手动阀 .............................................. overriding manual valve for cooling tower21. 称量料罐.................................................................................................... weighing hopper22. 齿轮箱.....................................................................................................................gear Box23. 出铁口....................................................................................................................... taphole24. 除尘器氮气吹扫阀 ................................................................. N2 purging valve for deduster25. 除尘器蒸汽吹扫阀 ........................................................... steam purging valve for deduster26. 传动齿轮箱 ......................................................................................... t ransmission gearbox27. 大炭砖............................................................................................................. c arbon blocks28. 单轨小车........................................................................................................... monorail car29. 氮化硅结合碳化硅砖................................................................................... Si3N4-SiC brick30. 倒流休风管 ................................................................................................... back draft pipe31. 捣打料....................................................................................................... ramming material32. 电动蝶阀........................................................................................ m otorized butterfly valve33. 斗式提升机 .................................................................................................. pocket elevator34. 二冷 ......................................................................................................... s econdary cooling35. 防水耐火泥浆.................................................................................... water-proof fire mortar36. 风口 ............................................................................................................................ tuyere37. 风口大套.......................................................................................................... t uyere holder38. 风口小套..................................................................................................................... tuyere39. 风口中套.......................................................................................................... tuyere cooler40. 风口组合砖 ................................................................................................. t uyere assembly41. 刚玉质泥浆 ............................................................................................... corundum mortar42. 刚玉砖.......................................................................................................... corundum brick43. 高架蓄水池 .............................................................................................. elevated reservoir44. 高炉低压供水泵 ................................................................ low-pressure water pump for BF45. 高炉高压柴油机供水泵 .......................................... d iesel pump for BF high-pressure water46. 高炉高压供水泵 .......................................................................... high pressure water pump47. 高炉回水提升泵 .................................................................. lifting pump for BF return water48. 高炉软水二冷水供水泵 ................ s econdary cooling water pump for BF soft water system49. 工业循环水 .............................................................................. industrial recirculating water50. 供水和回水主管 ................................................................... water supply and return mains51. 管道过滤器 ............................................................................................................ pipe filter52. 光面冷却壁 ............................................................................................................. f lat stave53. 滑轮 .............................................................................................................................pulley54. 缓冲耐火泥浆................................................................................... a mortization fire mortar55. 灰铸铁冷却壁......................................................................................... g ray cast iron stave56. 回声探测器 ................................................................................................... sound detector57. 加速仪............................................................................................................ accelerometer58. 间接循环水冷却塔 ................................................ i ndirect recirculating water cooling tower59. 浇注料...................................................................................................................... c astable60. 接受罐............................................................................................................. r eceiving tank61. 截止阀................................................................................................................ check valve62. 金属软管............................................................................................................. metal hose63. 进冷却塔手动阀 ........................................................... manual valve for cooling tower inlet64. 净环水......................................................................................... indirect recirculating water65. 卷扬机................................................................................................................. hoist winch66. 客货两用电梯......................................................... c argo-passenger dual-purpose elevator67. 雷达式探尺 ................................................................................................... r adar stock rod68. 冷却壁.......................................................................................................................... stave69. 冷却壁设备配置 ...................................................................................... s tave configuration70. 冷却壁镶砖 ................................................................................................ stave Inlaid brick71. 冷却循环泵 .................................................................................... cooling circulating pump72. 冷水池......................................................................................................... c old water basin73. （高炉）利用系数 .................................................................................... productivity of BF74. 炉底 ..................................................................................................................... BF bottom75. 炉底保护砖 ........................................................................... protection brick for BF bottom76. 炉底冷却设备.................................................................... c ooling equipment for BF bottom77. 炉底铺设梁及水冷管.................................................... beam and water pipe for BF bottom78. 炉底水冷管 ........................................................................................................ b ottom Pipe79. 炉顶氮气吹扫阀 .............................................................................. B F top N2 purging valve80. 炉顶结构..................................................................................................... BF top structure81. 炉顶均排压设备 ....................................... BF top pressure equalizing and relief equipment82. 炉顶框架.......................................................................................................... BF top tower83. 炉顶喷水................................................................................................. B F top water spray84. 炉顶平台...................................................................................................... BF top platform85. 炉顶人孔..................................................................................................... BF top manhole86. 炉顶洒水装置..................................................................................BF top sprinkling device87. 炉顶探尺..................................................................................................... B F top stock rod88. 炉顶外封罩 ....................................................................................................... BF top cone89. 炉顶循环水系统 ......................................................... recirculating water system for BF top90. 炉顶液压站和润滑站................................ hydraulic station and greasing station for BF top91. 炉顶蒸汽吹扫阀 ................................................................... s team purging valve for BF top92. 炉腹 .............................................................................................................................. bosh93. 炉腹用铝炭砖..................................................................... aluminum-carbon brick for bosh94. 炉缸 ............................................................................................................................ h earth95. 炉喉 ............................................................................................................................. t hroat96. 炉喉保护板 .................................................................................. BF throat protection plate97. 炉喉钢砖...................................................................................................... B F throat armor98. 炉喉冷却壁 ........................................................................................................ throat stave99. 炉身 .............................................................................................................................. shaft 100. 炉体框架........................................................................................................... p roper tower 101. 炉体冷却壁 ................................................................................................. BF proper stave 102. 炉体冷却水系统 ................................................................. BF proper cooling water system 103. 炉体清灰管 ...................................................................... dust removing pipe for BF proper 104. 炉腰 ............................................................................................................................... b elly 105. 铝炭砖泥浆 ...................................................................... m ortar for aluminum-carbon brick 106. 埋刮板输送机...................................................................................... en masse conveyor 107. 煤气封罩................................................................................................................. top cone 108. 煤气上升管 ........................................................................................................gas uptakes 109. 耐热混凝土 ...................................................................................... heat resistant concrete 110. 逆向给料溜槽....................................................................................... reversing feed chute 111. 排气筒............................................................................................................. exhaust stack 112. 排污电动阀 ............................................................................. motorized valve for drainage 113. 排污手动阀 ................................................................................. manual valve for drainage 114. 球阀 ....................................................................................................................... ball valve 115. 全厂工业水管网 ............................................................. plant industrial water pipe network 116. 热风阀.......................................................................................................... Hot Blast Valve 117. 热风炉蒸汽吹扫阀 .................................................................... steam purging valve for HS118. 热风围管吊挂........................................................................... hot blast bustle pipe hanger 119. 热水池.......................................................................................................... hot water basin 120. 热水提升泵 ......................................................................................... h ot water lifting pump 121. 上部炉身............................................................................................................. upper shaft 122. 上料主皮带机通廊 ........................................................ corridor of main charging conveyor 123. 十字测温................................................................................ cross temperature measuring 124. 十字测温装置............................................................................. c ross temperature detector 125. 石墨碳砖............................................................................................ graphite carbon block 126. 手动蝶阀............................................................................................ m anual butterfly valve 127. 手动阀.............................................................................................................. m anual valve 128. 死铁层深度 .......................................................................................... depth of salamander 129. 送风支管........................................................................................................... tuyere stock 130. 送风支管内模....................................................................... internal mould for tuyere stock 131. 炭素胶泥.......................................................................................... m ortar for carbon block 132. 炭素填料......................................................................................... carbon stuffing material 133. 碳化硅捣打料..................................................................................... SiC ramming material 134. 碳化硅耐火泥浆 .................................................................. silicon carbide fire-proof mortar 135. 铁口框................................................................................................................ n otch frame 136. 铜冷却壁.......................................................................................................... copper stave 137. 铜冷却壁喷涂料 .............................................................. guniting material for copper stave 138. 脱气罐........................................................................................................... d egassing tank 139. 万向波纹管 ................................................................................... universal expansion joint 140. 微孔碳砖.................................................................................. micro-porous carbon blocks 141. 无料钟炉顶 ........................................................................................................ b ell-less top 142. 无水压入泥浆............................................................................... w ater free press-in mortar 143. 下部排料装置........................................................................... bottom discharging facilities 144. 镶砖铸铁冷却壁 ................................................................................... inlaid cast iron stave 145. 循环水系统 .................................................................................... circulation water system 146. 仪表罐.......................................................................................................... instrument tank 147. 移动受料斗 ..................................................................................movable receiving hopper148. 渣口 ...................................................................................................................slag taphole 149. 粘土质泥浆 .......................................................................................... m ortar of clay quality 150. 直接冷却水 ............................................................................................ d irect cooling water 151. 中心空心喉管........................................................................................ c entral hollow throat 152. 贮灰斗................................................................................................... d ust storage hopper 153. 铸铁冷却壁 .................................................................................................... c ast iron stave 154. 自流浇注料 ............................................................................................... self-flow castableB-热风炉 ......................................................................................................................... Hot Stove1. 充压阀...................................................................................................... pressurizing valve2. 倒流休风阀 .................................................................................................. b ack draft valve3. 低蠕变高铝砖..................................................................... low creeping high alumina brick4. 低蠕变粘土砖.................................................................................... l ow creeping clay brick5. 发泡苯乙烯 ................................................................................................. v esicant styrene6. 反弹率.............................................................................................................. r ebound ratio7. 放风阀................................................................................................................. snort Valve8. 风机房起重用手动小车 ................................................. m anual trolley for lifting in fan room9. 风机房起重用手拉葫芦 ................................................... m anual hoist for lifting in fan room10. 复合莫来石砖................................................................................... compound mullite brick11. 钢结构件............................................................................................... steel structure parts12. 高铝质泥浆 ........................................................................................... high alumina mortar13. 高铝质漂珠隔热砖 .................................................................. high-alumina insulation brick14. 格子砖.............................................................................................................. c hecker brick15. 隔热板......................................................................................................... insulation board16. 更换热风阀用起重机.............................................. c rane for replacement of hot blast valve17. 拱顶砖................................................................................................................. dome brick18. 管道锚固件 .......................................................................................... a nchor part for pipes19. 管道砖................................................................................................................... pipe brick20. 硅质泥浆............................................................................................................silica mortar21. 硅砖 ................................................................................................................... silicon brick22. 红砖 .................................................................................................................... (clay) brick23. 混风管......................................................................................................... m ixed blast pipe24. 混风切断阀 .............................................................................. shutoff valve for mixed blast25. 混合煤气切断阀 ......................................................................................... M G shutoff valve26. 混合煤气燃烧阀 ................................................................................. MG combustion valve27. 混合煤气支管眼镜阀.................................................................................. M G goggle valve28. 浇注料.................................................................................................................... c astables29. 堇青石砖....................................................................................................... cordierite brick30. 聚轻莫来石砖..................................................................................... i nsulation mullite brick31. 冷风阀.......................................................................................................... cold blast valve32. 冷风放风阀消声器 ............................................................................. silencer of snort valve33. 冷风支管.................................................................................................... c old blast branch34. 冷风主管....................................................................................................... c old blast main35. 炉箅子及支柱..................................................................... g rate and support column of HS36. 煤气放散阀 ............................................................................................... g as bleeder valve37. 煤气支管............................................................................................................. gas branch38. 煤气主管................................................................................................................ gas main39. 煤气主管................................................................................................................ gas main40. 煤气总管阀 ................................................................................................... g as main valve41. 煤气总管用盲板 ....................................................................... b lind plate for gas pipe main42. 排压阀................................................................................................ (pressure) relief valve43. 喷涂料........................................................................................................ guniting material44. 墙砖 ....................................................................................................................... wall brick45. 轻质泥浆.................................................................................................... insulation mortar46. 燃烧煤气放散阀 ............................................................... b leeder valve for combustion gas47. 燃烧器砖............................................................................................................ b urner brick48. 热风阀............................................................................................................ h ot blast valve49. 热风炉............................................................................................................ h ot stove (HS)50. 热风炉本体 .......................................................................................................... HS proper51. 热风炉隔墙砌体用不锈钢板.................................. stainless steel plate for HS partition wall52. 热风炉混风装置 ................................................................................ H S blast mixing facility53. 热风炉壳内侧耐酸喷涂料............................. a cid resistant coating at inner side of HS shell54. 热风炉燃烧器钢桥 .......................................................................steel bridge for HS burner55. 热风炉润滑站及配管......................................................... HS lubrication station and piping56. 热风炉小阀门................................................................................................ HS small valve57. 热风炉液压站及配管........................................................... HS hydraulic station and piping58. 热风支管..................................................................................................... hot blast branch59. 热风主管........................................................................................................ hot blast main60. 热风总管........................................................................................................ hot blast main61. 砂浆 ............................................................................................................................ m ortar62. 伸缩管....................................................................................................................... bellows63. 碳化硅填料 ........................................................................................... S iC stuffing material64. 纤维棉................................................................................................................. fiber cotton65. 纤维毯...................................................................................................................... fiber felt66. 烟道 ................................................................................................................................ flue67. 烟道阀.................................................................................................................... f lue valve68. 烟道支管............................................................................................................. flue branch69. 烟道主管................................................................................................................ flue main70. 烟道总管................................................................................................................ flue main71. 油纸 ........................................................................................................................ oil paper72. 粘土质泥浆 .............................................................................................. c lay quality mortar73. 粘土质漂珠隔热砖 ..................................................................... clay quality insulation brick74. 致密粘土砖 ............................................................................................. compact clay brick75. 助燃风机出口逆止阀................................................... o utlet check valve of combustion fan76. 助燃风机及附件 ............................................................... c ombustion fan and its auxiliaries77. 助燃空气....................................................................................................... combustion air78. 助燃空气放散阀 ................................................................. b leeder valve for combustion air79. 助燃空气旁通管 ........................................................................ combustion air bypass pipe80. 助燃空气燃烧阀 ................................................................................... combustion air valve81. 助燃空气支管.................................................................................... combustion air branch82. 助燃空气主管........................................................................................ c ombustion air main83. 助燃空气总管........................................................................................ c ombustion air main。
15《物流专业英语》-Unit-15-Transport-costs
第十九页，编辑于星期四：十三点 五十八分。
Cost unit A cost unit is the cost per item. Take for instance ‘passenger / mile’ in a
passenger transport operation. The managers want to know how much it costs to transport a single passenger on the basis of per mile of travel. 成本核算单位 成本核算单位是指每个单项的成本。以客运营运中的“客/英里”为例， 经理们想知道，以每英里行程来计算，运送一个单个旅客需要花 多少钱。
第二十三页，编辑于星期四：十三点 五十八分。
Fixed costs
Fixed costs are those that do not vary over a given period. Neither will it be affected by mileage or vehicle activity. In transport fixed costs are often referred to as ‘standing costs’, which exist whether the vehicles move or not, eg house rent and insurance.
ITIL术语中英文对照表
发表于: 2009-11—29 14：26发表主题：ITIL术语中英文对照表，论坛里有看到，但是没有过验证,在这里贴ITIL术语中英文对照表Absorbed overhead 可分摊间接费用Absorption costing 吸收成本法,完全成本法Acceptance 验收Acceptance environment 验收环境Acceptance test 验收测试Access control 访问控制Accounting 会计核算Accuracy 准确度Action lists 行动列表Activity Based Costing （ABC) 作业成本法(ABC)Adaptive maintenance 适应性维护Additive maintenance 补充性维护Adjustability 可调整性Agreed Service Time (AST）约定服务时段Alert 告警Alert phase 告警阶段Allocated cost 可直接分配成本Application 应用，应用系统Application maintenance 应用维护Application management 应用管理Application sizing 应用选型Application software 应用软件Apportioned cost 待分摊间接成本Architecture 架构Archive 存档Asset 资产Asset management 资产管理Assurance 保证Attributes 属性Audit 审计Auditability 可审计性Authentication 验证Authenticity 真实性Authorisation 授权Automatic Call Distribution （ACD) 自动呼叫转发（系统）（ACD）Availability 可用性Availability management 可用性管理Availability Management Database (AMDB) 可用性管理数据库(AMDB）Backup 备份Balanced Scorecard （BSC) 平衡计分卡Baseline 基线Baseline security 安全基线Batch processing rate 批处理速度Benchmark 标杆Biometrics 生物测定学BS7799 BS7799Budgeting 预算编制Bug BUG(也可形象地译为“臭虫")Build 构建Building environment 构建环境Business 业务，商业Business capacity management 业务能力管理Business Continuity Management （BCM）业务持续性管理（BCM) Business function 业务功能，业务职能部门Business Impact Analysis (BIA) 业务影响分析（BIA）Business process 业务流程Business recovery objective 业务恢复目标Business recovery plan framework 业务恢复计划框架Business recovery plans 业务恢复计划Business recovery team 业务恢复小组Business Relationship Management （BRM）业务关系管理（BRM）Business request 业务请求Business Unit (BU) 业务单元（BU）Bypass 临时措施Call 呼叫Call center 呼叫中心Capacity Database (CDB）能力数据库（CBD）Capacity management 能力管理Capacity plan 能力计划Capacity planning 能力规划Capital investment appraisal 资本投资评估Capitalization 资本化Category 类别，分类Central point of contact 联络中心Certificate 证书Certification Authority (CA）认证机构（CA)Certify 认证Change 变更Change Advisory Board （CAB）变更顾问委员会(CAB）Change Advisory Board /Emergency Committee（CAB/EC）变更顾问委员会/应急委员会（CAB/EC）Change authority 变更授权Change builder 变更构建者Change control 变更控制Change document 变更文档Change history 变更历史Change log 变更日志Change management 变更管理Change manager 变更经理Change model 变更模式Change processing 变更处理Change Record 变更记录Change request 变更请求Chargeable unit 计费单元Charging 计费CI level 配置项级别Clarity 易理解性Classification 分类，分级Clean desk 桌面清理，桌面整理Client 客户Cold stand-by 冷支持Command，control and communications 命令、控制和协调Communication facility 通信设备，通信设施Compatibility 兼容性Completeness 完整性Complexity 复杂性Component Failure Impact Analysis (CFIA) 组件故障影响分析（CFIA）Compromise 泄漏Computer 计算机Computer Aided Systems Engineering（CASE）计算机辅助系统工程（CASE）Computer center 计算机中心Computer operations 计算机操作Computer platform 计算机平台Computer system 计算机系统Computer Telephony Integration (CTI) 计算机电话集成（系统）（CTI) Confidentiality 保密性Confidentiality, Integrity and Availability （CIA) 保密性、完整性和可用性（CIA）Configuration 配置Configuration baseline 配置基线Configuration control 配置控制Configuration documentation 配置文档Configuration identification 配置标识Configuration Item (CI）配置项（CI）Configuration management 配置管理Configuration Management Database（CMDB）配置管理数据库（CMDB）Configuration management plan 配置管理计划Configuration manager 配置经理Configuration structure 配置结构Configure 配置Connectivity 连通性Contingency manager 应急经理Contingency plan 应急计划Contingency planning 应急规划Contingency planning and control 应急规划及控制Continuity 持续性Continuity manager 持续性经理Continuous availability 持续可用性Continuous operation 持续运作Contract 合同Control 控制Controllability 可控性Cookie Cookie（也可形象地译为“甜饼",译者注）Correctability 可纠正性Corrective controls 纠正性控制Corrective maintenance 纠正性维护Corrective measures 纠正措施Cost 成本，费用Cost effectiveness 成本效益Cost management 成本管理Cost unit 成本单元Costing 成本核算Countermeasure 防范措施Cracker 骇客CRAMM CRAMM（英国中央计算机与电信局行风险分析和管理的方法。
使用无人机喷洒农药的账务处理流程
使用无人机喷洒农药的账务处理流程English Answer:Business Process for Drone Pesticide Spraying Accounting.1. Purchase or Lease of Drone.Capitalize the cost of purchasing or leasing a drone and allocate it to a fixed asset account.Establish a depreciation schedule based on the drone's estimated useful life.2. Pesticide Purchase.Recognize the purchase of pesticides as an inventory expense.Maintain inventory records to track pesticide usageand remaining quantities.3. Spraying Services.Charge clients for drone spraying services based on a pre-determined rate.Record the service revenue in the income statement.Calculate and allocate direct costs of spraying, including:Labor costs of drone operators.Pesticide costs.Battery charging expenses.4. Indirect Costs.Allocate indirect costs related to drone spraying, such as:Maintenance and repairs.Insurance premiums.Depreciation of fixed assets used for spraying.5. Cost of Goods Sold.Determine the cost of goods sold for pesticide spraying by summing the direct and indirect costs incurred.6. Depreciation Expense.Record depreciation expense based on the established schedule for the drone and other fixed assets used in spraying.7. Wages and Payroll.Process payroll for drone operators and any otherstaff involved in spraying operations.8. Other Expenses.Record other expenses related to drone spraying, such as:Fuel costs.Travel expenses.Advertising costs.9. Net Income.Calculate net income by subtracting total expenses from service revenue.Chinese Answer:无人机喷洒农药的账务处理流程。
足球相关的英文词汇
足球相关的英文词汇足球运动football；soccer；association football；socker；footy 世界杯足球锦标赛World Cup（Soccer Tournament）；FIFA World Cup 世界杯决赛World Cup Finals世界女子足球锦标赛Women’s World Cup朱尔斯·雷米特杯 Jules Rimet Cup5人足球five-a-side；futsal7人足球seven-a-side足球暴力soccer violence；riot；hooliganism足球运动员 football/soccer player；footballer；booter足球队 football/soccer team；eleven队员（守门员除外）field player后卫线back line后卫fullback/back；rear defender左/右后卫left/right back前卫线link line前卫half/halfback边前卫wing/outside half左/右前卫left/right half中前卫center half双中前卫twin center halves自由中卫free man/back；spare man；libero清道夫（＝自由中卫）sweeper盯人中卫 stopper拖后前卫deep-lying halfback；policeman锋线forward line前锋forward；spearhead；lineman双前锋twin forwards靠前的前锋spearhead forward边锋winger；wing；wing forward；outside；outside forward左边锋/左翼left wing/winger/flank；outside left右边锋/左翼right wing/winger/flank；outside right内锋inside (forward)；inner左/右内锋inside left/right拖后内锋withdrawn striker中锋center forward双中锋double center forwards；double spearheads拖后中锋withdrawn/deep-lying center forward攻击手striker中场队员midfielder；midfield player；link（man）前腰attacking midfielder双前腰double attacking midfielders后腰defending midfielder双后腰double defending midfielders2：核心队员key player；point man最佳球员（一场比赛后选出）Man of Match惯用左/右脚的 left/right-footed左右开弓的double-footed积极拼抢的防守队员ball hawk观望队员（不积极主动的队员）ball watcher裁判员referee；ref；man in the middle巡边员linesman(已经弃用)助理裁判assistant referee第四官员the Fourth Official上半时/场first half下半时/场second half开球；比赛开始kick off实际比赛时间（由裁判掌握）official time伤停补时stoppage/injury time加时赛extra period；overtime突然死亡sudden death金球golden goal(已经弃用)银球（加时赛中进球后该半场仍赛完）silver goal 点球决胜penalty shootout出界outside；out of bounds掷界外球throw-in球门球goal kick角球corner；corner kick获得罚角球权win a corner任意球free kick判给任意球award a free kick直接/间接任意球direct/indirect free kick定位球placekick；stationary ball踢定位球的队员placekicker严重犯规penal offence侵人犯规personal foul技术犯规technical foul故意犯规intentional foul越位offside非越位onside助理裁判用旗表示越位flag冲撞犯规charging从后面冲撞charging from behind合理冲撞legal/fair charge进行阻挡的队员blocker身体阻挡body check拉人犯规pushing推人犯规pushing3.打人striking小动作little trick/maneuver；concealed foul危险动作dangerous play抬腿过高foot over手球犯规handball；hands；handling磴踏犯规；踢人 hacking；stamping经常踢人的队员hacker绊人犯规tripping背后铲球tackle from behind铲球过迟（球已离开对方脚下）late tackle假摔fake a fall/an injury；simulation粗暴行动violent conduct延误比赛delay the game；hold up the game持球时间过长（守门员）excessive possession of the ball警告warning；caution；book黄牌yellow card红牌red card罚出场evict；eject；banish；send/order off the field；show the red card停赛一场suspend for a game以少打多play shorthanded以少打多的局面man down/short以多打少的局面power play；man/numerical advantage罚点球penalty kick；spot kick踢罚球；主罚take the kick罚中convert a penalty kick罚球未中miss a penalty kick踢球kick；boot踢球者kicker得球gain possession of the ball失球lose possession of the ball漏球miskick踢出界kick out踢球太高sky控球能力ball-control；ball-handling控球时间比ball possession percentage停球trap；stop大腿停球thigh trap胸部挡球chest停空中球stop volley停住空中球kill a ball凌空踢出volley凌空反弹踢出half volley抛球凌空踢出punt；drop volley拨球flick the ball4.扫踢sweeping kick颠球juggle踏步转身step over the ball弧线球curved/swerving ball；bend；curl内弧线inswinger外弧线outswinger跑动踢球running kick踢后前冲kick and rush无球跑动off-the-ball running转身踢turnaround kick脚背踢球instep kick内脚背infront外脚背outfront脚外侧敲击flick/jab kick脚尖踢球toe kick脚弓踢球kick with the inside of foot脚跟踢球heel kick传球pass一次/直接传球first-time pass/one-touch pass到位的传球spot/well-placed/pinpoint pass长传long pass短【近】传short【close】pass；三角传球triangular/delta pass短传配合short game短传三角配合short triangular passing深传deep pass沿边线传球flank pass传中center横传cross/lateral/line pass；cross横向转移传球square pass斜传球 diagonal pass传高球high/lob pass；loft；chip；pass in the air 地滚传球ground/rolling pass直传；向前传球forward pass大脚直传steep forward pass回传；向后传pass back脚后跟回传back-heel穿越through pass踢墙式二过一wall pass/ one-two推传push pass敲传（使用脚外侧）flick pass隐蔽传球trick pass快速传球brisk pass5.超前传球（有提前量的传球）lead pass助攻传球setup pass接传球receive a pass； pick up a pass接球失误fumble；mishandle运/带/盘球dribble；run with the ball运球队员dribbler带球过人beat；break through；dribble past盘带过多excessive dribbling头球head；nod；header（指一次动作）跳起顶球flying header；head with a jump侧顶head sideward善于顶球good in the air堵截block；clog断球intercept铲球；抢截tackle侧面铲球side tackle；side block tackle倒地铲球sliding/hook tackle抡脚铲球scything tackle铲倒对方tackle through the ball对方铲球时仍控制住球ride a tackle双方机会均等的球fifty-fifty ball混战scramble；melee；skirmish射门shoot；attempt at goal ；try for goal射手shooter；marksman进球find the net；hit home；drive the ball home 破门得分make/score/neta goal破门机会scoring opportunity射门得分者goalgetter助攻射中assisted goal连中三元；帽子戏法hat-trick扳成平局的进球equalizer射中次数shots on goal轻易射门得分sitter射门命中率shooting average/percentage未射中mishit射门过高high shot；sky从门柱弹回deflect from the goalpost；bounce back from the goalpost 射中无效goal disallowed近射close-range shot；close-up shot远射long shot/drive冲门gate-crashing突然射门snap shot劲射hard/heavy/crashing/cannon/shot；drive；thump补射tip-in6.转身射门pivot shot贴地射门；低射grazing shot一次射门first-time one-touch shot; one-touch shot调整/停球后射门second-touch shot小角度射门sharp-angled shot狭缝射门（指穿过防守线）slot倒地射门sliding shot凌空射门volley shot倒钩射门volley shot头球入门head/nod in a goal高吊球射门lob/hanging shot射空门free shot香蕉球banana shot、bending ball、curve kick乌龙球own/self goal射门的强烈欲望goal hunger庆祝进球goal celebration球门网左/右上角top left/right-hand corner of the net球门网左/右下角bottom left/right-hand corner of the net守门goalkeeping；goaltending救球save；retrieve；stop托救球finger-tip save鱼跃救球；扑救diving save挡开parry拳击球fist/punch the ball护球；抱死smother封住角度shut off the angle；cut down the angle；narrow the angle （守门员）出击come out视线受阻unsighted快攻；快速突破fast break/counterattack防守反击switch from defense to attack；counterattack；push up快速反击fast-switching attack；runback突破break；thrust中路突破thrust down the middle单刀直入solo drive突破对方防守split the defense破坏对方防守disorganize the defense拉开对方的防守面spread the defense正面进攻frontal attack边线进攻flank attack左/右路进攻attack on the left/right wing全面压上sweeping attack助攻assist穿过weave through插入cut in；penetrate7.下底drive down the sideline靠近对方球门线deep钳形攻势pincers movement摆脱动作evasive movement绕过防守队员（通过假动作）turn a defender侧步躲闪sidestep补位cover a position；fill a gap；plug a hole跑位run off the ball跑位意识positional sense跑动量（一场比赛）work-rate密集防守tight/close defense; tight/close marking 盯住mark up；get tight撤退retreat；withdraw后撤防守（引对方进入中场口袋）funnel back解围（踢开球门区）clear人墙（defensive）wall封死close off筑人墙set/line up a wall二夹一double-team前场opposing half后场own half进攻型足球offensive football防守型足球defensive football全攻全守型足球total football欧式足球European/Continental football拉丁美洲型足球Latin American football接/策应support接应位置supporting position分派位置assign position跟进trail制造空当create an opening边锋战术wing play紧靠边线hug the sideline控制中场control the midfield越位战术offside tactics/trap交叉移动scissors movement定位球战术（由固定队员主罚）set-piece playWM【3-4-3】阵式：WM【3-4-3】formationW阵式（WM阵式中的进攻部分）：W formationM阵式（WM阵式中的防守部分）：M formation4前锋【匈牙利】阵式：four forwards formation ；Hungarian formation 4后卫阵式 four backs formation3后卫阵式 three backs formation2-3-5阵式：2-3-5 formation；pyramid4-3-3阵式：4-3-3 formation；Catenaccio formation4-2-4[巴西]阵式：4-2-4[Brazilian] formation五人制比赛five-a-side game绕杆练习swerve around sticks足球场football field/pitch/ground训练场地training grid中线旗center flag中圈kickoff circle中场midfield；center field球门线goal line球门区goal area球门区线goal area line角球区corner area角旗corner flag罚球点penalty kick mark/spot罚球区penalty area/box/zone罚球弧penalty/restraining arc球门goal；nets球门口goalmouth球门柱goalpost；upright球门横梁goal crossbar球门框woodwork球门网goal net彩条球衣strip足球鞋football shoe首发阵容starting line-up降级relegation转会费transfer fee挂靴hang up one’s boots实际比赛时间actual playing time调整位置adjust one’s position提出警告administer the caution亚洲足球联合会AFC:Asian Football Confederation总分Aggregate score凶狠积极或主动积极的打法Aggressive play拼抢凶狠积极的队员，风格凶狠的队员Aggressive player空中球Air ball全攻型打法All-out attacking game业余足球运动员Amateur football player护踝Ankle pads预见，预料Anticipate上诉，申诉Appeal助攻Assist助理教练Assistant coach9.进攻Attack发动进攻Launch/initiate/start an attack对球门轮番攻击Attack after attack rolled towards the goal从两翼/侧进攻Attack down the flanks/wings攻方队员Attacker进攻型（攻式）足球Attacking football进攻型（攻式）打法Attacking play进攻三区；前场Attacking third防守三区；后场Defending third过渡三区（我自己起的名字，有好名字可以推荐一下）；中场Middle third 以进攻为主的；进攻型的Attack-oriented回传；向后传Back kick防线Back line防守补位Balancing the defense控制球Ball control控制球，运球Ball handling死球Ball out of play踢球技术Ball playing skill观望队员，在比赛中不积极主动的队员Ball watcher名词：禁止（参赛）Ban香蕉球Banana kick弧线射门Banana shot基本功（中国最缺少的）Basics基本功（基本技术）Basic skills晃过，过人；打败Beat射门意识强Be hungry for goal没打出最好水平Below one’s best替补席Bench倒钩Bicycle kick密集防守Blanket defense反方向（球场另一侧）Blind side堵截Block身体阻挡Body check身体接触Body contact狂轰滥炸Bombard警告Book（射门时）猛踢Boot球网右下角Bottom right-hand corner of the net反弹射门Bounce shot反弹；弹回Bounce界线Boundary line违反规则Breach of rules突破Break through突破Breakthrough10.破坏/瓦解进攻Break up an attack精彩的表演 Brilliant performance组织Build-up组织进攻Build up an attack争抢球；门前混战Bully冲击Bursting轮空Bye（法语）非洲足球联合会 CAF: confederation africaine de football 要球Call for the ball国脚Cap利用Capitalize on/upon队长Captain（守门员）持球行走Carry警告Caution中圈Central/Centre circle中心；v./n.传中Center/centre中场Centre field中锋Centre forward(CF)拖后中锋Centre forward playing deep中前卫（以前用的多）Centre halfback(CFB)中后卫Centre half(CH)中圈Centre spot中国足协CFA:Chinese Football Association争抢球Challenge for the ball换位Change position冠军Champions卫冕冠军Defending champions冲撞Charge从后面冲撞Charge from behind拉拉队队长Cheer-leader拉拉队Cheering squad平胸球/半高球Chest-high ball蹭球Chip蹭球Chip kick蹭传Chip pass选择场区和开球权Choice of ends and the kick-off解围Clearance密集防守Close defense势均力敌的比赛Close contest/ encounter/ game盯人Close marking紧逼对方进攻队员Close up on an attacker俱乐部Club俱乐部球队Club teamdive 鱼跃，假摔,play acting 表演（指假摔）take exception to 抗议stand 看台， stands 看台上的观众penalty area，禁区，penalty 点球，box 小禁区chip 突破bludgeon， drubbing 痛击capitulate 投降pounced on blunder from 抓住某人的失误the newly promoted 升班马snatch a victory 取得胜利maul 狂攻level，equalize 扳平haul down 拉倒，拽倒herald （观众）呼叫score, snap up, net 都可作及物动词（后加 N goals）意为“进球”wide （射门）偏出skipper 队长scout 球探dugout 教练席understudy 替补 (当然，substitute是正式用语)go nuts 情绪激动lob a pass 一记高空传球play-off 热身赛knockout round 淘汰阶段snuff out danger 化险为夷back-to-back defeats 连败clinch（seal） back-to-back titles 蝉联冠军cling on for a win 坚持到胜利starting line-up 首发阵容formation 阵形the final ball 临门一脚form （球队）状态bite the dust 惨败...unbeaten run (streak) （若干轮）不败suffer a hangover like ... 重蹈覆辙bounce back 反弹... points adrift 落后...分bust-up 争吵pour forward 大举压上bypass 过人mark 盯人on a regular basis 稳定的出场outings n.客战， away adj.客场的swoop for （俱乐部）对相中球员的追逐flying （球队成绩）出色talisman （原意为护身符）队里的重量级人物slip down 成绩下滑pull ... out of slump 带领球队走出低迷的状态boo 发出嘘声livid at 对...表示愤怒future looks bleak 前景暗淡05-06赛季的大黑马维冈：round off a rags to riches story splash the cash 烧钱mod 萃拥进球的队友（庆祝）comeback （比分）逆转，（球员）复出spurn opportunities 浪费机会mop up 解围ping crisp passes 作快速短传barge 冲撞goal drought 进球荒acute angel 刁的角度tuck the ball 把球送入concede 失球get in front 领先brittle 脆弱的suspension 禁赛on-loan 租借。
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Direct
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7050 External Printing & Publishing
7051–Advertising
Yes
Direct
OMB-A-21 J1c for exception - allowable only if specific to project and for participants and personnel recruiting.
Yes
F & A
OMB A-21 F4a
7200 Rentals & Leasing
7201 - Facilities Rental/Leasing
Yes
F & A
OMB A-21 J43 (ref C3. reasonable)
7202 - Special Purpose Furniture & Equipment Rental/Leasing
7250 Repairs and Maintenance
7251 - Building & Grounds Repairs & Maintenance
Yes
F & A
Allowable only if the cost incurred is to keep the property in an efficient operating condition and neither adds to the permanent value of the property nor appreciably prolongs its intended life.
Yes
F & A
OMB A-21 J9
7003 - Base Service
Yes
F & A
"
7004 - Cable TV
Yes
Direct
"
7005 - Long Distance
Yes
Direct
"
7006 - Other Communications (Cellular)
Yes
Direct
"
7100 Insurance
7101 - Auto Insurance
Yes
F & A
7105 - Malpractice Insurance
Yes
F & A
OMB A-21 J25g: Allowable only for human subject grants
7106 - Property Insurance
7052–Binding
Yes
Direct
OMB-A-21 J39c for exception - allowable only if specific to project and for participants and personnel recruiting.
7053 - Copying (External Vendor)
Yes
F & A
Same as 7251
7255 - Repairs - Medical Equipment Insurance (Med. Dean’s Office Use)
Yes
Direct
Same as 7251
7300 Contracted Services
7301 - Accounting and Auditing
-
-
Does not apply
6210 - Fellowships & Graduate Assistants
Yes
Direct
6211 - Special Pay and Stipends
Yes
Direct
6260 - Residents Pay–Taxable
Yes
Direct
6310 - Student Employment
Yes
Direct
6320 - Student Employment - Overtime
Yes
Follows regular salary charge
6360 - Supplemental Pay
Yes
Direct
6510 - PIP Pay to Physicians
Yes
Direct
6520 -NonpayrollPersonal Services
Yes
F & A
OMB A-21 J37. Exceptions in J13
7328 – Construction Expense
Yes
F & A
OMB A-21 J40
7311 Medical, Clinical and Research Contracted Services
7312 - Lab Services Fees
Yes
Direct
6540 - OtherNonpayrollPayments
Yes
Direct
6601-6710 - Employee Benefits
Yes
Direct
Same treatment as related salary
7001 Communications
7002 - Answering Services
Yes
F & A
OMB A-21 F4a
7307 - Investment Management
Yes
F & A
OMB A-21 J20c
7308 - Janitorial
Yes
F & A
OMB A-21 F4a
7309 - Legal
Yes
F & A
OMB A-21 J37. Exceptions in J13
7007–Pagers
Yes
Direct
"
7008–Postage
Yes
F & A
OMB A-21 J9; Exception
7009 - Telephone Equipment
Yes
F & A
"
7010 - Telephone Service Calls
Yes
F & A
"
7011 - Radio/TV Broadcast Fees
7304 - Educational (Honoraria)
Yes
Direct
OMB A-21 J37. Exceptions in J13
7305 - Hazardous Waste Disposal
Yes
Direct
OMB A-21 F4a
7306 - Non-hazardous Waste Disposal
DIRECT AND FACILITIES AND ADMINISTRATIVE (F & A OR INDIRECT)
COST REFERENCE TABLE
Account Code/Tile
Allowable
Normal
Treatment
Comments/
Reference
6000 Salaries and Wages
Yes
Direct
OMB-A-21 J39c for exception - allowable only if specific to project and for participants and personnel recruiting.
7054 - Printing (External Vendor)
Yes
F & A
OMB A-21 J25a,b
7107 - Public Liability Insurance
Yes
F & A
7108 - Other Insurance
Yes
F & A
7109 - Medical Equip. Insurance Premium
Yes
F & A
OMB A-21 J25a,b,d
7150 Utilities
7151 - Chilled Water & Steam
Yes
F & A
OMB A-21 F4a
7152 - Electricity
Yes
F & A
OMB A-21 F4a
7153 - ElectricityPassthrough
Yes
F & A
OMB A-21 F4a
7154 - Water, Gas & Sewer
Yes
Direct
7205 - General Purpose Furniture & Equipment Rental/Leasing
Yes
F & A
OMB A-21 J18a(4) General Purpose Equipment includes office equipment and furnishings, printing equipment, etc.
7310 - Management Consulting
Yes
Direct
OMB A-21 J37. Exceptions in J13
7315 - Other Contracted Services
Yes
F & A
OMB A-21 J37. Exceptions in J13