新编文档-Local Control Funding Formula Regional Input Sessions - California 本地控制资金公式区域输入

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中国政治词汇

中国特色政治词汇一览爱国民主人士patriotic democratic personages创新型国家innovation- oriented nation粗放型经济增长extensive/inefficient mode of growth爱国统一战线patriotic united front法治政府law-based government安家费settling-in allowance改革攻坚tackle hard issues in the reform最低生活保障subsistence allowance优抚安置provide special assistance to entitled groups自主创新能力capacity for independent innovation经济适用房affordable housing按劳分配为主体distribution according to work remains dominant长治久安long-term stability社会保障体系social security system社会主义核心价值体系core socialist values社会主义荣辱观socialist concept of honor and disgrace安理会Security Council按揭贷款mortgage loan安居工程Comfortable Housing Project按劳分配distribution according to one's performance肝胆相照、荣辱与共be subordinated to and serve the overall interests of thecountry港人治港the people of Hong Kong administer Hong Kong可持续发展战略the strategy of sustainable development科教兴国战略the strategy of invigorating China through thedevelopment of science and education全国人民代表大会National People’s Congress(NPC)全国政协委员会member of the national committee of the CPPCC“三个代表”重要思想the important thought of Three Represents和平共处五项原则the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence“和平统一，一国两制”的方针the principle of “peaceful reunification” and “ onecountry, two system”互不侵犯mutual non-aggression互不干涉内政non-interference in each other’s internal affairs平等互利equality and mutual benefit求同存异seek common ground while shelving differences全方位外交multi-faceted/ multi-dimensional diplomacy全面合作伙伴关系comprehensive and cooperative partnership外交庇护diplomatic asylum贯彻百花齐放、百家争鸣的方针carry out the principle of letting a hundred flowersblossom and a hundred schools of thought contend司法公正judicial justice以人为本people oriented依法治国run the country according to the law拜金主义money worship白领工人white-collar worker公共服务和社会管理public services and administration和平统一大业great cause of peaceful reunification宏观调控macro-control安全专项整治carry out more special programs to address safetyproblems白皮书white paper保护生态环境preserve the ecological environment保护消费者合法权益protect the legitimate rights and interests of consumers 保护主义protectionism包机 a chartered plane保税区the low-tax, tariff-free zone;bonded area; tax-protected zone保证重点支出ensure funding for priority areas奔小康strive for a relatively comfortable life群众路线mass line解放和发展生产力release and develop productive forces解放思想emancipate people’s minds固定资产投资investment in the fixed assets政府工作报告report on the work of the government综合国力overall national strength自主创新independent innovation转变职能transform government functions共同繁荣shared/common prosperity民生people’s livelihood, people’s well-being基础设施建设construction of infrastructural facilities反腐倡廉anti-corruption bid指导思想guiding ideology全面建设小康社会build a moderately prosperous society in an all-around way科学发展观Scientific Outlook on Development扩大内须expand domestic demand惩防体系建设construction of anti-corruption system保障措施supporting measures治本effect a permanent cure分清职责affirmation of responsibility健全机构amplify necessary rules and regulations农民工migrant workers干部cadre行政许可administrative licensing南水北调South-to-North Water Diversion Project西部大开发战略western development strategy实事求是follow a realistic and pragmatic approach行政处罚administrative penalty监管supervision裁决arbitration领导班子leaderships权力下放delegate power to the lower levels投诉举报complaint and public tip-off同比增长growth on an annual basis环比增长sequential growth节能减排reduce carbon emission and save energy街道办事处sub-district office党工委party working committee管委会Management committee工业提速增效speed and efficiency raising in industrial section五项攻坚program of assault upon the 5 economic targets埋头苦干work with painstaking开拓奋进exploring and spurting重点领域突破breakthrough in key area重点工作创新innovation in critical work主要经济指标major economic indicators跨越式增长leap-forward development地区生产总值regional gross product地方级财政收入local financial revenue产业升级industrial upgrading产业园区industrial park社会事业social undertaking责任制responsibility system优化产业结构modify the industrial structure增量increment存量stock市政建设和管理urban construction and administration承载能力carrying capacity整体形象overall image污水处理sewage treatment居民可支配收入Per capita disposable income城乡居民urban and rural residents城乡公共就业服务体系urban and rural systems for providing public employmentservices城镇职工基本养老保险制度basic old-age insurance system for urban workers居住条件dwelling condition四位一体Four in One区委书记secretary of district party committee区长Chief Executive of District Government区直部门Departments Directly under the District Government 房地产税收一体化integration of real estate tax牵头部门initiate department责任部门responsible department第三产业tertiary industry战略性新兴产业strategic emerging industry产业核心竞争力Industry Core Competence人力资源和社会保障局bureau of human resource and social security基本公共服务体系basic public service system富民工程project of enriching the people幸福指数happiness index水利设施Water conservancy facilities防汛抗旱flood control and drought relief保障粮食生产secure the grain production完善配套功能perfect auxiliary facilities流域治理watershed management经济社会又好又快发展fast and fine economic and social development优化产业布局optimize the industrial layout夯实tamp节能减排energy saving and emission reduction生态绿色城市ecology green city拆迁办Administration of Urban House Dismantling andRelocation城管执法局Comprehensive Urban Management Enforcement信息调度 information scheduling区委组织部Organization Department of district party committee 区纪委district Commission for Discipline Inspection电子商务electronic commerce住建局bureau of housing and construction国土局Land and Resources Bureau国税局National Tax Bureau地税局Local Tax Bureau公安分局Branch Office of Public Security Bureau计生局Bureau of Family Planning林业局Bureau of Forestry药监局State Food and Drug Administration质监局Quality Control Bureau财政局Bureau of Finance农牧水利局Bureau of Agriculture Husbandry and Water Resource 住建局Bureau of Construction and Housing旅游办Administrative of Travel民政局Department of Civil Affairs教育局Bureau of Education文体局Bureau of Recreation and Sports卫生局Bureau of Health规划局Bureau of Planning影子银行shadow banking地方债务local debts产能过剩overcapacity体制机制障碍institutional obstacles财税体制fiscal and tax systems市场化改革market-oriented reform人民币资本项目可兑换the convertibility of the RMB under capital account简政放权streamline government and delegate powers多元平衡diversified, balanced攻坚期和深水区the deep water zone where tough challenges must bemet都是难啃的硬骨头They are hard nuts to crack.增长联动、利益融合interconnected growth and converging interests硬着陆hard landing博鳌亚洲论坛the Boao Forum for Asia生肖循环zodiac cycle乘势而上keep with the trend of times就要不断爬坡过坎there will inevitably come one challenge after another. 彩虹往往出现在风雨之后Rainbow often appears after wind and rain.“引进来”和“走出去”“bring in”foreign investment and encourage companies to“go global”以企业为主体、市场为导向、产学研相结合的技术创新体系technological innovation which is led by enterprises and guided by the market and which integrates the efforts of enterprises, universities and research institutes.任何一项事业,都需要远近兼顾、深谋远虑, 杀鸡取卵、涸泽而渔的发展是不会长久的。

Local fractional Fokker-Planck equation

$Local fractional Fokker-Planck equation$

a r X i v :c o n d -m a t /9801138v 1 [c o n d -m a t .s t a t -m e c h ] 14 J a n 1998Local fractional Fokker-Planck equationKiran M.Kolwankar ∗and Anil D.Gangal †Department of Physics,University of Pune,Pune 411007India(April 21997)(cond-mat/9801138)New kind of diﬀerential equations,called local fractional diﬀerential equations,has been pro-posed for the ﬁrst time.They involve local fractional derivatives introduced recently.Such equations appear to be suitable to deal with phenomena taking place in fractal space and time.A local frac-tional analog of Fokker-Planck equation has been derived starting from the Chapman-Kolmogorov condition.Such an equation is solved,with a speciﬁc choice of the transition probability,and shown to give rise to subdiﬀusive behavior.PACS number(s):02.50.Ga,47.53.+n,05.40.+j,05.60.+wDerivatives and integrals of fractional order have found many applications in recent studies of scaling phenom-ena [1–4].The main aim of the most of these papers is to formulate fractional integro-diﬀerential equations to de-scribe some scaling process.Modiﬁcations of equations governing physical processes such as diﬀusion equation,wave equation and Fokker-Planck equation have been suggested [5–10]which incorporate fractional derivatives with respect to time.Recently Zaslavasky [11]argued that the chaotic Hamiltonian dynamics of particles can be described by using fractional generalization of the Fokker-Planck-Kolmogorov (FPK)equation.However fractional derivatives are nonlocal and hence such equa-tions are not suitable to study local scaling behavior.In the present work we rigorously derive fractional analogs of equations like the FPK equation involving one space variable.Our approach diﬀers from the above mentioned ones since we use local fractional Taylor expansion,which was established only recently [12].As is argued below,such equations can provide appropriate schemes for de-scribing evolutions (e.g.sub or superdiﬀusive)normally not obtained from the usual FPK equation.It was realized recently [12]that there is a direct quantitative connection between fractional diﬀerentiabil-ity properties of continuous but nowhere diﬀerentiable functions and the dimensions of their graphs.In order to show this,a new notion of local fractional derivative (LFD)was introduced.The LFD of order q of a function f (y )was deﬁned byI D qf (y )=limx →yd q [f (x )−f (y )][d (x −a )]q=1dxxaf (y )Γ(n +1)(x −y )n(3)with q in the interval (N,N +1].Sometimes it is essen-tial to distinguish between limits taken from above andbelow.In that case we deﬁneI D q ±f (y )=limx →y ±d q FN (x,y )Γ(n +1)∆n+I D q±f (y )where P(x1,t1|x2,t2)denotes the transition probability from x1at time t1to x2at time t2andτ≥0.The usual FPK equation is obtained[16]from equation(6) by expanding the integrand in a Taylor series.There are number of limitations of this approach aris-ing naturally from the assumptions going into its deriva-tion.For instance,as noted in[17],probability distri-butions whose second moment does not exist are not described by FPK equation even though such distribu-tions may satisfy original Chapman-Kolmogorov equa-tion.Also,as emphasized in[18],the diﬀerentiability as-sumption may also break down in various situations.For instance,the transitional probability density may not be diﬀerentiable at x=x′in which case the derivation of FP equation itself will break down.Another situation is when we have a fractal function as the initial probabil-ity density.In such a case even the usual Fokker-Planck operator can not be operated on the initial density.It is thus of interest to broaden the class of diﬀerential equations one can derive starting from the Chapman-Kolmogorov equation,and study various processes de-scribed by them.In this paper we pursue the possibility of removing the assumption of diﬀerentiability of prob-ability densities.We follow the usual procedure to de-rive the Fokker-Planck equation from equation(6)except that we now expand the integrand using fractional Tay-lor expansion(5)instead of ordinary Taylor expansion. Thus,if∆=x−x′,W(x,t+τ)=W(x,t)+Nn=11∂(−x))n dx′∆n P(x+∆,t+τ|x,t)W(x,t)+1Γ(β+1)I Dβx+[ x−∞dy(x−y)βP(y,t+τ|x,t)W(x,t)]+Remainder(7)where I D x is a partial LFD w.r.t x.Now if0<α≤1W(x,t+τ)−W(x,t)=ταI Dαt W(x,t)Γ(α+1)=Nn=1∂Γ(n+1)W(x,t) +I Dβx− M+β(x,t,τ)Γ(β+1)W(x,t) (8)whereM+a(x,t,τ)= ∞x dy(y−x)a P(y,t+τ|x,t)a>0,(9) M−a(x,t,τ)= x−∞dy(x−y)a P(y,t+τ|x,t)a>0(10)andM a(x,t,τ)=M+a(x,t,τ)+M−a(x,t,τ)(11) are transitional moments.The limitτ→0gives us a equationI Dαt W(x,t)≡L(x,t)W(x,t)(12)where the operator L is given byL(x,t)=Nn=1∂ταΓ(β+1)(14) andAβα(x,t)=Aβα+(x,t)+Aβα−(x,t).(15)Here corresponding Aα’s are assumed to exist.We would like to point out that the equation(12)is analogous to truncated Kramers-Moyal expansion.Two rather impor-tant special cases are,0<β<1and1<β<2.In the former case we get the operatorL(x,t)=I Dβx−Aβα−(x,t)+I Dβx+Aβα+(x,t),and in the latter case we getL(x,t)=−∂This operator can be identiﬁed as generalizations of the Fokker-Planck operator in one space variable.It is clear that whenα=1andβ=2we get back the usual Fokker-Planck operator.It may be pointed out that the local fractional diﬀer-ential equations(LFDE)that we are proposing here are new kind of diﬀerential equations.To our knowledge this is theﬁrst direct occurrence of such equations.We note that they are diﬀerent from the conventional fractional diﬀerential equations which have been studied to some extent in the literature[13,14]and which have found sev-eral applications ranging from solutions of Bessel equa-tion,diﬀusion on curved surfaces to wave equation etc. In fact the equations appearing in[1,2,5–9,11]are all con-ventional fractional diﬀerential equations.On the other hand the present LFDE involve operators I D q,which found successful applications[12]in studying diﬀerentia-bility properties of nowhere diﬀerentiable functions and relating them to dimensions.They are appropriate to address scaling phenomena.It is for this reason that one would expect the equations governing the fractal pro-cesses to be LFDE.At this stage it is worth reﬂecting for a moment on the behavior of meaningful solutions of simple LFDE.We begin by considering the equationI D q x f(x)=g(x).(16) The questions of the general conditions guaranteeing so-lutions of such an equation is an involved one.We note that the equation I D q x f(x)=Const,does not have aﬁ-nite solution when0<q<1.Interestingly,the solutions to(16)can exist,when g(x)has a fractal support.For instance,when g(x)=χC(x),the membership function of a cantor set C(i.e.g(x)=1if x is in C and g(x)=0 otherwise),the solution with initial condition f(0)=0 exists if q=α≡dim H C.Explicitly,generalizing the Riemann integration procedure,f(x)≡P C(x)Γ(α+1)F i C(17)where x i are subdivision points of the interval[x0=0,x N=x]and F i C is aﬂag function which takes value1if the interval[x i,x i+1]contains a point of the set C and0 otherwise.Note that P C(x)is a Lebesgue-Cantor(stair-case)function and satisﬁes the bounds axα≤P C(x)≤bxαwhere a and b are suitable positive constants.Ingeneral,the algorithm of the equation(17)will work only for the sets C for which dim B C=dim H C(in fact in this case only Nαterms in the summation are nonzero).More details about solutions of such equations and algorithms will be discussed elsewhere[19].Returning back to equation(14)it is clear that thesmall time behavior of diﬀerent transitional moments de-cide the order of the derivative with respect to time(in order to demonstrate this point we consider the example of a L´e vy process below).On the other hand,small dis-tance behavior of transitional probability or the diﬀeren-tiability property of the initial probability density would dictate the order of space derivative.Depending on the actual values ofαandβas well as their interrelation the above local FFPK equation will describe diﬀerent pro-cesses.Equations which give rise to evolution-semigroup are of interest in physics.The equation(12)corresponds to a semigroup ifα=1.One can then write down a formal solution of the above equation in this case as follows.In the time independent case we haveW(x,t)=e L(x)t W(x,0)(18) and when the operator depends on time we haveW(x,t)=←T e t0L(x,t′)dt′W(x,0)(19) where L is an operator in equation(12)and←T is the time ordering operator.For the symmetric stable L´e vy process of indexµ,the moments scale as Mγ(λt)=λγ/µMγ(t)and we getI Dγ/µtW(x,t)=I Dγx−[Aγγ/µ−(x,t)W(x,t)]+I Dγx+[Aγγ/µ+(x,t)W(x,t)].(20) Since the process is symmetric theﬁrst derivative does not appear.The order of the time derivative depends on that of space derivative but it is always less than one. Now there is only one free parameterγwhich is restricted to the range0<γ<µ.In this case the value ofγwill be decided by the diﬀerentiability class of the initial dis-tribution function.(The details and intricacies will be addressed in[19].)Whenµ=2andγ=2we get back the usual Fokker-Planck equation describing a Gaussian process.Equation(20)forms one example where usual derivation of FPK equation breaks down and we get non-trivial values for the orders of the derivatives.As our next example we consider the transition prob-abilityP(x,t+τ|x′,t)=1π∆P C(t,τ)e−(x−x′)22≃1Γ(α+1)τα=ταThis gives us the following local fractional Fokker-Planck equation (in this case an analog of a diﬀusion equation).I D αt W (x,t )=Γ(α+1)∂x 2W (x,t )(24)We note that even though the variable t is taking all real positive values the actual evolution takes place only for valuesoft in the fractal set C .The solution of equa-tion (24)can easily be obtained asW (x,t )=P t −t 0W (x,t 0)(25)whereP t −t 0=limN →∞N −1 i =01+1∂x 2.(26)The above product converges because except for numberof terms of order N αall other terms take value 1.It is clear that for t 0<t ′<tW (x,t )=P t −t ′P t ′−t 0W (x,t 0)(27)and P t gives rise to a semigroup ing equa-tion (17)it can be easily seen thatW (x,t )=eP C (t )∂x 2W (x,t 0=0).(28)Now choosing W (x,0)=δ(x )and using the Fourier rep-resentation of delta function then we get the solutionW (x,t )=1πP C (t )e−x 2√bt α≤W (x,t )≤1πat αe −x 2∗Electronic address:kirkol@physics.unipune.ernet.in †Electronics address:adg@physics.unipune.ernet.in[1]T.F.Nonnenmacher,J.Phys.A:Math.Gen.23,L697(1990).[2]W.G.Gl¨o ckle and T.F.Nonnenmacher,J.Stat.Phys.71,741(1993).[3]M.F.Schlesinger,J.Stat.Phys.36,639(1984).[4]B.B.Mandelbrot and J.W.Van Ness,SIAM Rev.10,422(1968).[5]M.Giona and H.E.Roman,J.Phys.A:Math Gen.25,2093(1992)[6]H.E.Roman and M.Giona,J.Phys.A:Math.Gen.25,2107(1992)[7]W.Wyss,J.Math.Phys.27,2782(1986).[8]W.R.Schneider and W.Wyss,J.Math.Phys.30,134(1989).[9]G.Jumarie,J.Math.Phys.33,3536(1992).[10]H.C.Fogedby,Phys.Rev.Lett.73,2517(1994).[11]G.M.Zaslavsky,Physica D 76,110(1994).[12]K.M.Kolwankar and A.D.Gangal,Chaos 6505(1996).(chao-dyn/9609016)[13]K.B.Oldham and J.Spanier,The Fractional Calculus (Academic Press,New York,1974).[14]ler and B.Ross,An Introduction to the Frac-tional Calculus and Fractional Diﬀerential Equations (John Wiley,New York,1993).[15]K.M.Kolwankar and A.D.Gangal,Pramana -J.Phys.48,49(1997).(chao-dyn/9711010)[16]H.Risken,The Fokker-Planck Equation (Springer-Verlag,Berlin,1984).[17]E.W.Montroll and M.F.Schlesinger,On the wonder-ful world of random walks in Nonequlibrium Phenomenon II:From Stochastic to Hydrodynamics edited by J.L.Lebowitz and E.W.Montroll (North-Holland,Amster-dam,1984)[18]W.Feller,An Introduction to Probability Theory and its Applications (Wiley,New York,1968)Vol 2.[19]K.M.Kolwankar and A.D.Gangal,(in preparation)[20]K.M.Kolwankar and A.D.Gangal,in the proceedings of the Conference ‘Fractals in Engineering’,Archanon,1997.(physics/9801010)4。

英语中最常用的3000个单词

英语中最常用的3000 个单词a abandonability ableabortion aboutabove abroadabsence absoluteabsolutely absorbabuse academicaccept accessaccident accompanyaccomplish accordingaccount accurateaccuse achieveachievement acidacknowledge acquireacross actaction activeactivist activityactor actressactual actuallyad adaptadd additionadditional addressadequate adjustadjustment administration administrator admireadmission admitadolescent adoptadult advanceadvanced advantageadventure advertisingadvice adviseadviser advocateaffair affectafford afraidAfrican African-Americanafter afternoonagain againstage agencyagenda agentaggressive agoagree agreement agricultural ahahead aidaide AIDSaim air aircraft airline airport album alcohol aliveall alliance allow ally almost alone along already also alter alternative although always AM amazing American among amount analysis analyst analyze ancient and anger angle angry animal anniversary announce annual another answer anticipate anxiety any anybody anymore anyone 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passage passenger passion past patchpath patient pattern pausepay payment PC peacepeak peer penalty people pepper per perceive percentage perception perfect perfectly perform performance perhaps period permanent permission permit person personalpersonality personally personnel perspective persuade petphase phenomenon philosophy phone photo photograph photographer phrase physical physically physician pianopick picturepie piecepile pilotpine pinkpipe pitchplace planplane planet planning plant plastic plate platform playplayer please pleasure plentyplot plusPM pocket poem poetpoetry pointpole police policy political politically politician politics poll pollution poolpoor pop popular population porch port portion portrait portray pose position positive possess possibility possible possibly post potpotato potential potentially poundpour poverty powder power powerful practicalpractice prayprayer precisely predict prefer preference pregnancy pregnant preparation prepare prescription presence present presentation preserve president presidential press pressure pretend pretty prevent previous previously pricepride priest primarily primary prime principal principle printprior priority prison prisoner privacy private probably problem procedure proceed process produce producer product production profession professional professor profile profit program progress project prominent promise promote prompt proof proper properly property proportion proposal propose proposed prosecutor prospect protect protection protein protest proudprove provide provider province provision psychological psychologist psychology public publication publicly publishpublisher pull punishment purchase pure purpose pursue pushput qualify quality quarter quarterback question quick quickly quiet quietly quit quite quote raceracial radical radio railrain raise range rankrapid rapidly rare rarelyrate rather rating ratioraw reach react reaction read reader reading readyreal reality realize really reason 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roperose rough roughly roundroute routine row rubrule run running ruralrush Russian sacred sadsafe safety sake salad salary salesales saltsame sample sanction sand satellite satisfaction satisfy sauce save saving say scale scandal scared scenario scene schedule scheme scholar scholarship school science scientific scientist scope score scream screen script sea search season seat second secret secretary section sector secure security see seedseek seem segment seize select selection self sell Senate senator send senior sense sensitive sentence separate sequence series serious seriously serve service session set setting settlesettlement seven several severe sex sexual shade shadow shake shall shape share sharp she sheet shelf shell shelter shift shine ship shirtshit shock shoe shoot shooting shop shopping shore short shortly shot should shoulder shout show shower shrug shutsick sidesigh sight sign signal significance significant significantly silence silent silver similar similarly simple 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management 企业管理类英文版PPT课件 (9)

“General Welfare” Clause
• Originally controversial, the “General
Welfare” clause conferred on Congress broad powers to tax and spend for the general welfare of the United States.[1]
Chapter 3 Legal Framework for Financing Public Education
Federal Role in Education
• The federal government has a
long precedent of providing education programs, funds, & initiatives to the states • Without federal intervention, many initiatives may not have been started, and many injustices would have continued longer
• • •
•
• •
A Historical & Legal perspective and Guiding principles regarding Taxation Equal protection State & Federal Constitutional language Adequacy Vouchers and charter schools Tuition tax credits
Federal Involvement in Education ONLY When…

保险词汇中英对照

保險詞彙英中對照表Abandonment 委付Above Normal Loss 異常損失Absolute Assignment 自由讓與Absolute Liability 絕對責任Absolute Ownership 絕對所有權Abstract 摘要卡Accelerative Endowment 提前滿期Accelerated Option 提前滿期選擇權Accelerated Paid-up or Endowment 縮短繳費期間或提前滿期Acceptance 承諾Accepted Value 承諾價額Accepting Office 分進公司Accident 意外事故Accident Control or Prevention 意外事故控制或預防Accidental Death And Dismemberment Benefit 意外死亡及四肢缺失、視力喪失給付Accidental Death Benefit 意外死亡給付Accidental Death Insurance 意外傷害死亡保險Accident Frequency 意外事故發生頻率Accident Insurance 意外保險Accident Rate 事故率Accident Severity 意外事故損失幅度Accident Year Experience 事故年經驗Accommodation Business 融通業務Accommodation Risk 融通危險Account Premium Modification Plan 保險費調整計劃Accounts Receivable Insurance 應收帳款保險Act Insurance 政策性保險Accumulation System 定額保險費Actual Cash Policy 實際現金價值保險單Actual Cash Value 實際現金價值Actual Loss Ratio 實際損失率Actual Present Value 實際現值Actual Total Loss 實際全損Actuary 精算師Affirmative Warranty 認定保證Agency Department 展業部Agency Plant 代理系統Agent 代理人Agent Captive 專屬代理人Agent Expense 代理費用Agent General 總代理人Agent Independent 獨立代理人Agent Local 當地代理人Agent Policy-Writing 簽單代理人Agent Special 特約代理人Agent State 州代理人Agent's Authority 代理人權限Agent's Balance 代理人佣金Aggregate Annual Deductible 累積年自負額Aggregate Excess Of Loss Cover 累積超額賠款再保險Aggregate Limit 累積限額Agreed Value 約定價值Agricultural Insurance 農業保險Aleatory Contract 射倖契約Amount of Loss, Claim 保險金Assessment Method 不定額保險費Assignment Of Policy Clause 保險單轉讓條款Automatic Reinstatement Clause 保險金額自動恢復條款Automatic Sprinkler Leakage 自動消防裝置滲漏BBinder, Binding Slip 暫保單Blanket Policy 總拓保險契約Balance 餘額Balanced Security 平衡的安全Balance Sheet 資產負債表，平衡表Balance Sheet Reserve 退休金－平衡表準備金Balance Sheet Reserve Plan 退休金－平衡表準備金方式Bank Check Plan 鋃行帳戶轉帳繳納保費制度Bank Loan Insurance 銀行貸款保險Bankrupt 破產Bankruptcy 宣告破產Bank Trusteed Retirement Plan 銀行信託型退休計劃Base Pay 基本薪資Basic Hospitalization 基本住院給付保險Basic Premium 基本保費Basic Rate 基本費率Basic Split-dollar Plan 基本保費分擔計劃Before-tax Earnings 稅前所得Beneficial Interest 保險契約權益Beneficiary 保險受益人Breach Of Contract 違反契約條款Broker 保險經紀人Brokerage Agency 經紀人公司Brokerage Business 經紀人招攬契約Brokerage Department 經紀人部門Broker-Agent 經紀人代理店Burglary And Robbery Insurance 竊盜保險Burial Insurance 喪葬保險Business 保險契約Business Interruption Insurance 營業中斷保險Business Continuation Insurance 專業繼續保險Business Continuation Plan 事業繼續保險計劃Business Health Insurance 企業健康保險Business In Force 有效契約Business Liability Insurance 事業責任險Business Insurance 企業保險Business Life Insurance Trust 企業壽險信託Business Overhead Expense Insurance 事業經費保險Business Under Common Control 共管企業Buy Term And Invest The Difference Buy-Sell Agreement 經營權買賣協議Bilateral Contract 購買定期險與投資差額保費CCancelable 可終止保險單Cancellation 終止Capital Sum 最高給付金額Captive Insurance 專屬保險Cargo Insurance 貨物保險Cash Claim 現金賠款Cash Payment 現金給付Cash Value 現金價值Calendar Year Experience 曆年度經驗Calendar Year Major Medical Plan 曆年式高額醫療費用保險Call 招攬拜訪Canada Pension Plan 加拿大退休金計劃Cancelable Contract 可解除契約Cancellation 解約Canvassing Account 新契約保費帳戶Capacity 承保能力、最高承保限額Capital 資本Capital Assets 資本性資產Capital Budget 資本預算表Capital Charges 資金費用Capital Conservation Method 資金不動用方法Capital Expenditures 資本支出Capital Gain 資本利得稅Capital Goods 資本財Capitalization 現值化Capitalization of Interest 利息滾入本金Capitalization Rate 現值化利率Capital Loss 資本損失Capital Market 資金市場Capital Need Analysis 資金需求分析Capital Net Worth 資本淨值Capital Stock 股本Capital Stock Insurance Company 壽險股份有限公司Capital Sum 一次給付金Capital Utilization Method 資金利用法Captive Agent 專業外務員Career Agency 專業代理店Career Agent 專業外務員Career Average 服務期間平均薪津法Career Average Formula 服務期間平均薪津方式Career Path 專業外務員訓練課程Career Presentation 專業介紹Carrier 保險業者Carryback Period For Employer Contributions 僱主醵出金之後轉期間Carryback (Carryforward) Provision 後轉條款、前轉條款Carryover Basis 移轉稅基Cash Account (代理人) 現金帳Cash Assets 現金資產Cash Basis of Accounting 現金制會計Cash Equivalents 相等現金資金Cash Refund Annuity 現金立即償還年金Cash Surrender Value 解約退還金Cash Value 現金價值Cash Value Policy 有解約退還金保險Casualty Actuarial Society 美國災害保險精算學會Casualty Index 災害保險情報引得(索引)Casualty Insurance 災害保險Catastrophe 巨災Catastrophe Hazard 巨災危險Catastrophe Insurance 高額醫療費用保險Catastrophe Reinsurance 巨災再保險、異常災害再保險Ceding Commission 分保佣金Cede 分保Center of Influence 介紹準客戶之協力者Cedent 分保人Cession 分保單位Certificate Insurance 保險證Certificate of Authority 權限證書、營業許可書Certificate of Convenience 臨時執照Certified Employee Benefit Specialist 公認企業員工福利士Cestuique Trust (信託) 受益人Cestuique vie (泛指) 被保險人Change of Beneficiary Provision 變更受益人條款Change of Plan Provision 變更保險計劃條款Charitable Bequest 慈善遺贈Charitable Gift 慈善捐贈Contingency Reserve 危險準備金Charitable Trust 慈善信託Charter 營業狀、營業證書Chartered Financial Analyst 公認財務分析師Chartered Life Underwriter (CLU) 公認壽險師Capitalization Method 準備金提存方式Cheap Takeover 廉價接收Check-o-matic 銀行存款帳戶轉帳繳納保費制度Contract of Indemnity 損害賠償合約Child's Benefit 育兒給付Claim 請求給付保險金賠償Claimant 申請保險給付者Claim Reserve 理賠準備Class 同一危險集團Classification 危險等級集團分類Classified Insurance 缺陷體保險Classified Risk 缺陷體危險Class Rate 級別費率Clause 條款Clean-up Fund 善後清償基金Clearance Fund 善後清償基金Client 當事人、客戶Close 促成簽約Close Corporation 股票未上市公司Close Corporation Insurance 股票未上市公司事業保險Closed Contract of Insurance 不得變更保險契約Close-end Mutual FundClosed-end Investment Company 資本額固定之投資信託公司CLU 公認壽險師Coinsure 共同保險Cold Canvassing 直衝招攬Cold Leads 直衝招攬Collateral Assignment 擔保讓與Collateral Assignment Plan 擔保讓與保險計劃Collateral Bond 擔保債券Collateral Loan 擔保貸款Collection Book 收費帳簿Collection Fee 收費費用College of Insurance 保險大學College Retirement Equities Fund (CREF) 大專退休基金會Collegia (古羅馬) 互助協會Combination Agency 兼售普通壽險和簡易險代理店Combination Company 兼售普壽與簡易險公司Combination Funding Plan 壽險與年金混合契約Combination Plan 混合型退休金制度Combination Policy 組合保險Combined Annuity Mortality Table 綜合年金死亡表Combined Group 聯合企業集團Combined Sigle Limit 單一責任限額Commercial Bank 商業銀行Commercial Health Insurance 商業健康保險Commercial Inspection Report 商業調查報告Commercial Insurance 營利保險、商業健康保險Commercial Policy 商業健康保單Commercial Report 商業調查報告Commission 佣金Commission, Contingent 利益佣金Commissioner 州利益佣金Commissioner 州保險監督官Commissioners Disability Table 標準殘障表Commissioners 1941 Standard Ordinary Table 1941年普通保險監督官標準死亡表Commissioners 1958 Standard Ordinary Table 1958年普通保險監督官標準死亡表Commissioners Standard Industrial Mortality Table 1961 1961年簡易保險監督官標準死亡表Commissioners Values NAIC 有價證券價格Commission of Authority 委任狀Commissions, Graded 等級佣金Contract of Indemnity 損害補償契約Consequential loss Insurance 從屬損失保險Claim Reserve 賠款準備Classified Premium 分類保險費Coinsurance 共保Coinsurer 共保人Coinsurance Clause 共保條款Coinsurance Percentage 共保比例Collective Insurance 集合保險Compulsory Insurance 強制性保險Contract of Utmost Good Faith 誠信契約Contract of Consideration 有償契約Contribution Clause 賠款分擔條款Co-operative Insurance Society 保險合作社Crop Insurance 收穫保險Conditional Contract 附條件契約Contract of Adhesion 附合契約Conditional Contract 繼續契約Collective Insurance Contract 集合保險契約Constant Method 固定法Constraint and Percentage Method 固定與比例混合法Capitalization Method 準備金提存方式Contingency Reserve 危險準備金Ceding Commission 分保佣金DDate Of Expiration 到期日Date Of Grace 寬限到期日Date Of Inception Of The Policy 保險單起保日Date Of Issue 簽單日Date Of Policy 保險單生效日Date Of Subscription The Policy 保險單起迄日Date Of Grace 寬限期間Declaration Policy 陳報保險單Declination 拒保Deductible 自負額Deductible Clause 自負額條款Degree of Risk 危險程度Deposit Premium 預付保險費Double Insurance 複保險Data Interview 面談Date Of Expiration 終止(滿期) 日Date Of Issue 發單日Date Of Last Payment 最近一次保費應付日Date Of Maturity 滿期日Date Of Policy 契約生效日Date Of Grace 寬限到期日Death Benefit 死亡給付Death Benefit For Parents 雙親受領之死亡給付Death Claim 死亡給付請求EEndorsement 批單Earned Income 勤勞所得Earned Premium 經過保費Earnings 勤勞所得Economic Benefit 實質給付Economic Life Value 生命的經濟價值Educational Trust 教育資金信託Education Insurance 教育保險Effective Date 生效日Elective Benefits 選擇給付Elapsed Years 經過年數Elective Indemnities 選擇給付Eligibility Requirement 適格要件Eligible Employees 適格員工Eligible Expense 適格醫療費用Elimination Period 除去期間Emergency Accident Benefit 緊急處理給付Emergency Expense Benefits 緊急經費給付Emergency Fund 鰥緊急準備金Employee 從業員工individual, Owner-employee, Junior Partner, Common-law Employee. Employee Benefit Programs 員工福利給付計劃Employee Contribution 員工醵出金Employee Organization 從業員團體Employee Pension Benefit Plan 員工退休金給付計劃Employee Retirement Income Security Act 受雇人員退休所得保障法Employee Stock Ownership Plan 員工持有公司股退休年金制度Employee Stock Ownership Trust 員工持有公司股票信託Employees' Trust 員工信託Employee Welfare Benefit Plan 員工福利給付計劃Employer's Liability Insurance 僱主責任保險Employment Benefit Plan 雇用給付計劃Endless Chain Prospecting 連鎖式保戶開拓法Endorsement 批註(條款)Endow 滿期Endow At Age 100 百歲滿期Endowment 養老保險Endowment Amount 滿期保額Endowment At Age 65 65 歲滿期Endowment Insurance Policy 養老保險保單Endowment Policy 養老保險保單Enemy Alien 敵對國Enrollment Card 登記卡ENTAIL 限嗣繼承不動產Entire Contract Clause 完全契約條款Entirety, Estate By (夫妻) 聯合財產Entity Plan 共同經營法人保險Entry Age Normal 普通加入年齡Entry Age Normal Method 普通加入年齡式退休金成本計算法Equity 純資產Equity 公平性Equity 衡平法Equity 持分Equity Annuity 變額年金Equity, Estimated Total 估計總淨值Equity Linked 變額Equity Rate 變動費率Equity Value Holding 變額性投資ＥRISA 受雇人員退休所得保障法Estate Planning 遺產設計Estate Protection 財產保全Estate Settlement 遺產分配Estate Shrinkage 遺產滅損Estate Tax 遺產稅Estate Transfer 財產移轉Estimated Premium 臨時保費Estimated Total Equity 估計總淨值Evidence Of Insurability 可保性證明Exact Date Of Exhaust 耗竭日Exact Interest 實計利息Examination 體檢Examination Under Oath 切結給付條款Examined Business 已體檢契約Examiner 體檢醫生Examiner 稽查Expected Period 除外期間Exception Of Proceeds Provision 保險金支付禁止規定Excess Arrears 逾期滯繳Excess Compensation 超額補償Excess Contribution 超額醵出金Excess Cover For Catastrophe 巨災超額賠款再保險Excess Initial Expense 初年度超額費手Excess Insurance 超額保險Excess Interest 超額利息Excess Limit 超過限定額Excess Line Broker 超額保險經紀人Excess Of Loss Reinsurance 超額再保Excess Plan 額外退休計劃Excluded Period 除外期間Exclusion 免責條款Exclusion Allowance 寬減額Exclusion Clause 除外條款Exclusion Ratio 寬減率Exclusive Agency System 專屬代理店制度Exclusive Agent 專任外務員Executed Contract 已履行契約Executed Trust 已設定信託Executor 遺囑執行人Executory Contract 未經履行契約Executory Trust 未設定信託Exemption Of Proceeds Provision 保險金債務豁免條款Exempt Pension Trust 免稅退休金信託Ex Gratia Payment 慰問給付Exhaust Loan 超過解約退還金的貸款Exhibit 明細表Expectancy Policy 平均餘命保險Expectancy Policy 妊娠定期健康保險Expectation Of Life 平均餘命Expected Mortality 預定死亡率Expenditure, Capital 資本支出Expense 營業費用Expense Allowance 費用補助Expense Factor 費用要素Expense Loading 附加保險費Expense Of Management 經營費用Expense Ratio 費用率Expense reimbursement allowance 經費支出補助Expense Reserve 經費準備金Expense Incurred 發生經費Expense Paid 費用支出Experience 經驗Experience And Service Table 從業員在職存經驗表Express Conditions 明示條款External Coinsurance 對外共同保險Excess Coverage 超額賠償責任Extended Cov 火災保險附加險Export Insurance 輸出保險Extra Charges 額外費用Expected Morbidity 預定罹病率Expense Constant 定額附加保費FFull Value Insurance 足額保險Facultative Certificate Of Reinsurance 臨時再保險證明書Facultative Obligatory Treaty 臨時拘束性合約再保險Fallen Building Clause 建築物傾倒條款Falling Aircraft&Vehicle Impact Form 航空器墜落、機動車輛碰撞保險Family Automobile Policy 家用汽車保險單Fidelity Insurance Clause 員工誠實保險條款Fiduciary Bond 受託保證保險Financial Responsibility Law 財務責任法Fine Arts Floaters 藝術品流動保險Fire 火災Fire Friendly 善火Fire Hostile 惡火Fire Insurance 火災保險Fire Wall 防火牆First Loss Insurance 損失優先賠付保險First arty Insurance 第一者保險Flat Rate 毛費率；判斷費率Floaters 流動保險Floating Policy 流動保險單Floating Stock 流動貨物Floor Plan Insurance 墊款銷售保險F.O.B. Plane 飛機上交貨價F.O.B. Train 火車上交貨價F.O.B. Truck 卡車上交貨價Forwarding Charge Clause 轉運費用條款Formal Contract 要式契約Foul Bill Of Lading 不潔提單Franchise Clause 起賠額條款Free Of Claim For Accident Reported 已知事故免責Free Of Particular Average Clauses, F.P.A. Clauses 平安險條款Free On Board, F.O.B. 船上交貨價Freight Abandonment Clauses 不要求運費條款Freight Waiver Clause 放棄運費條款Full Conditions 完全條件Full Reporting Clause 據實申報條款Full Value Insurance 足額保險Funds Held By Ceding Companies 存出再保責任準備Furrier's Customer's Insurance 皮貨商顧客保險Formal Contract 要式契約Fire Damage 火災損害Finish Stock 製程品存貨Fraudulent Misrepresentation 詐欺First Loss Insurance Clause 實損實賠保險條款General Agency 總代理店General Agency System 總代理店制度General Agent 總代理人General Condition 基本條款GAMS 區域總代理人與外勤經理協會General Market 一般市場General Operating Expenses 總營業費用General Partnership 普通合夥General Power Of Appointment 普通指定權Geographical limitations 地區限制Gift 贈與Gift Causa Mortis 死因贈與Gift Inter Vivos 生前贈與Gift Of Future Interest 遠期贈與Gift Tax Credit 贈與稅扣除額Gift Tax Marital Deduction 贈與稅配偶扣除額Gimmicks 花招Give 贈予Goodwill 商譽Government Benefit Plans 政府給付計劃Grace Period 寬限期間Graded Death Benefits 階段式死亡給付、削滅死亡給付Graded Premium Lift Insurance 階段式繳費保險Graded Vesting 賦予等級受領權Grant 讓與Grantee 受讓人Grantor 讓與人Gropsack General Agent 普通流動性業務員Gross cost 總成本Gross Earning 毛收入Gross Estate 總遺產Gross Line 總危險額Gross Net Premium 純總保費Gross Premium Valuation 營業保費評價法Gross Rates 營業保險費費率HHazard 危險Hazard, Moral 道德危險Head Office 總公司Head Of House 扶養人Head Start Fund 提早開始基金Health And Accident Underwriters Conference 健康意外保險人協會Health Certificate 健康聲明書Health Insurance 健康保險Health Insurance Association Of America 美國健康保險協會Health Insurance Benefits 健康保險給付Health Insurance Classifications 健康保險種類Health Insurance, Group 團體健康保險Health Insurance Institute 健康保險研究所Health Insurance Quality Award 健康保險繼續率優良獎Health Maintenance Organization (HMO) 保健組織Health Plans, Corporate 企業健康保險計劃Health Policy 健康保險Health Systems Agencies 健診儀器諮詢會Heir 繼承人Held In Trust 託管信託Hereditaments 繼承財產Highest And Best Use Value 最高利用價值High-Pressure Selling 強迫招攬High Risk 高風險體HMO 保險組織Home Insurance 住宅保險Home Office 總公司Home Office Life Underwriter Association 總公司核保人協會Honesty Clause 誠信條款Honorable Undertaking 互信契約Honoring 按時履行義務，兌現Hospital Benefit 住院給付Hospital Expense Insurance 住院費用保險Hospital Income Insurance 住院所得保險Hospital Indemnities 住院補償Hospitalization Insurance 住院保險Hospitalization Policy 住院保險Hospital Miscellaneous Benefits 住院雜項費用給付Hospital Room Benefits 病房費用給付Hospital/Surgical (Expense) Insurance 住院及外科手術保險Hour Of Service 服務時數House Confinement Clause 在家療養條款Household 家HR-10 Plan 參見Human Depreciation Concept 人員折耗論IIndividual, Owner-employee, Junior partner, Common-law Employee. Employee Benefit Programs 員工福利給付計劃Identification Clause 身份確認給付條款Illegal Holding Of Premiums 保費非法處置、保費流用Illness Frequency Rate 罹病頻率Illness Severity Rate 疾病強度率Impersonal Contract 非對人契約Immediate Annuity 即時付年金Immediate Estate 立即遺產Immediate Life Annuity 即時付生存年金Immediate Participation Guarantee Plan 直接參加保證給付式團體年金Immediate Vesting 立即受領權Impaired Capital 資本減損Impaired Risk 弱體Impairment 缺陷、弱體狀況Impairment Of Capital 資本減損Imperfect Trust 不完全信託Implied Consent 暗示同意Implied Contract 默示契約Implied Trust 暗示信託Implied Warranty 暗示擔保Inadmitted Asset 未認可資產Incidental Life Insurance Protection 附帶的壽險保障Incidents Of Ownership (保單) 所有權之附帶權利Includible Compensation 可包括薪Income 收入Income Bond 退休年金Income Continuation Agreement 所得繼續協定Income, Earned 勤勞所得Income-Earning ability 所得能力Income Fixed 定額所得Income Insurance 年金保險Income Policy 年金保險Income Protection 殘疾所得補償保險Income Provider Plans 家庭扶養年金保險Income Settlement Options 年金式保險金給付選擇權Income Statement 損益表Incompetent 公司的財務營運，將公司某一段期間的收入和費用列入予以結算的財務報表。

TCAD008

Process Steps
Statement Name
Description
DEPOSITION
EXPOSE DEVELOP ETCH
Deposits a material on the exposed surface.
Exposes photoresist using mask. Removes exposed positive photoresist or unexposed negative photoresist. Etches an exposed material.
Local Oxidation
$ TSUPREM-4 narrow window example $ Part 1: Oxide shape $ Set up the grid LINE X LOC=0.0 SPAC=0.15 LINE X LOC=1.25 SPAC=0.05 LINE X LOC=1.5 SPAC=0.1 LINE Y LOC=0 SPAC=0.03 LINE Y LOC=0.5 SPAC=0.1 $ No impurities, for faster oxidation simulation INITIALIZE $ Deposit pad oxide and define nitride mask DEPOSITION OXIDE THICKNES=0.03 SPACES=2 DEPOSITION NITRIDE THICKNES=0.10 SPACES=2 ETCH NITRIDE RIGHT P1.X=1.25 $ Plot the grid SELECT TITLE="Grid for Oxidation" PLOT.2D GRID SCALE C.GRID=2 $ Do the oxidation METHOD VISCOEL DY.OXIDE=0.05 INIT=0.15 AMBIENT MAT=OXIDE VC=170 AMBIENT MAT=NITRIDE VC=100 DIFFUSION TEMP=1000 TIME=100 WETO2 $ Save the structure SAVEFILE OUT.FILE=S4EX2AS

Program Chairs

International Conference on ParallelArchitectures andCompilationTechniques Barcelona, Spain September 8-12, 2001P A C T ’01InvitationThe Organizing Committee of PACT’01 is pleased to announce its advance program. The purpose of the PACT series of conferences is to bring together researchers from the architecture and compiler communities to present ground-breaking research and debate key issues of common interest. This conference, the tenth in the series, will be held in lovely Barcelona. The city represents a unique combination of beauty, culture, history, charm and advanced technology, and fosters an ideal environment for the enjoyable and stimulating exchange of ideas. Come to PACT'01 and see our high quality technical program, including three outstanding keynote speakers (Randall D. Isaac, IBM; Justin Rattner, Intel; Joel Emer, Compaq), 26 cutting-edge research papers, and a special session on Work in Progress. Attend the workshops on OpenMP, Binary Translation, Memory Access Decoupled Architectures, Compilers and Operating Systems for Low Power, and Ubiquitous Computing. Attend the tutorials on 3G Wireless Architecture, and the IBM Research Jalapeno JVM. Meet the experts in the field! After that, spend some days in Barcelona. From the old-world allure of the gothic quarter to the more modern, abstract appeal of the works of Gaudi, Barcelona will captivate you with a diversity of interesting places and museums to visit, charming people to meet, peaceful places to relax or simply enjoy the weather relaxing in the beautiful Mediterranean beaches. Finally, the catalan cuisine is one of the most select and varied in the Mediterranean area. We will try to bring you a piece of all that with our social program.The conference hotel is the Barcelona Hilton. The hotel has agreed to hold a limited number of rooms for conference attendees at a special rate until August 25, 2001. The advance registration deadline is July 25, 2001. Students are strongly encouraged to attend PACT’01. The conference has received some funding for student travel grants through generous corporate sponsorship. Public institutions and corporations have also provided funds to sponsor the activities of the conference.See you in Barcelona!General ChairMateo Valero, UPCProgram ChairsTodd Mowry, CMUJohn Shen, Intel/CMUFinance ChairJosep Torrellas, UIUCLocal Arrangements ChairJosep-Lluis Larriba, UPCPublication ChairGuang Gao, U. of DelawarePublicity ChairSally McKee, U. of UtahTutorials ChairMikko Lipasti, U. Wisconsin - Madison Workshops ChairsEvelyn Duesterwald, HP LabsGabby Silberman, IBMWeb MastersEduard Ayguade, UPC (Conference)Chris Colohan, CMU (Program Committee)Organizing CommitteeProgram CommitteeSarita Adve, UIUCNader Bagherzadeh, U. California,IrvineRas Bodik, U. Wisconsin-MadisonBrad Calder, U. California. San DiegoMichel Cosnard, INRIA, FranceAlan Cox, Rice U.Jim Dehnert, TransmetaSandhya Dwarkadas, U. RochesterKemal Ebcioglu, IBMBabak Falsafi, Carnegie Mellon U.Jesse Fang, IntelGuang Gao, U. DelawareAntonio Gonzalez, UPCDirk Grunwald, U. ColoradoMark Heinrich, Cornell U.Ali Hurson, Penn State U.Steve Keckler, U. Texas–AustinJohn Kubiatowicz, U.C. BerkeleyJames Larus, Microsoft ResearchMikko Lipasti, U. Wisconsin–MadisonProgram Committee (cont.)Margaret Martonosi, Princeton U.Kathryn McKinley, U. MassachusettsBilha Mendelson, IBMDavid Padua, UIUCPen Yew, U. MinnesotaSteering CommitteeNader Bagherzadeh, U. California, IrvineMichel Cosnard, INRIA, FranceKemal Ebcioglu, IBMParaskevas Evripidou, U. CyprusJean-Luc Gaudiot, U. Southern CaliforniaAli Hurson, Penn State U.Gabby Silberman, IBMMary-Lou Soffa, U. PittsburghAdvance ProgramSunday, September 9th20:00 - Welcoming ReceptionMonday, September 10th08:45 - Conference Opening09:00 - Keynote AddressRandall D. Isaac (VP Science and Technology, IBM Research).10:00 - Session 1: Simulation and Modeling "Basic Block Distribution Analysis to Find Periodic Behavior and Simulation Points in Applications".Tim Sherwood, Erez Perelman and Brad Calder, (University of California, San Diego)"Modeling Superscalar Processors via Statistical Simulation".Sebastien Nussbaum and James Smith (Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering,University of Wisconsin-Madison)"Hybrid Analytical-Statistical Modeling for Efficiently Exploring Architecture and Workload Design Spaces".Lieven Eeckhout and Koen De Bosschere (Department of Electronics and Information Systems, Ghent University)11:30 - Coffee Break12:00 - Session 2: Efficient Caches "Filtering Techniques to Improve Trace-Cache Efficiency".Roni Rosner, Avi Mendelson and Ronny Ronen (Israel Design Center, Intel)"Reactive-Associative Caches".Brannon Batson (1) and T. Vijaykumar (2).(1) Compaq and (2) Purdue University"Adaptive Mode Control: A Static-Power-Efficient Cache Design".Huiyang Zhou, Mark Toburen, Eric Rotenberg and Thomas Conte (North Carolina State University)13:30 - Lunch Break15:00 - Session 3: Specialized Instruction Sets"Implementation and Evaluation of the Complex Streamed Instruction Set".Ben Juurlink (1), Dmitri Tcheressiz (2), Stamatis Vassiliadis (1), Harry Wijshoff (2).(1) Computer Engineering Laboratory, Electrical Engineering Department, Delft University of Technology, Delft. (2) Department of Computer Science, Leiden University, Leiden."On the Efficiency of Reductions in micro-SIMD media extensions".Jesus Corbal, Roger Espasa, and Mateo Valero (Computer Architecture Department, UPC)17:00 - Excursion to Montserrat and Reception at Cavas Vinery Tuesday, September 11th09:00 - Keynote AddressJustin Rattner (Intel Fellow and Director of Microprocessor Research Labs).10:00 - Session 4: Prediction and Recovery "Boolean Formula-based Branch Prediction for Future Technologies".Daniel Jimenez (1), Heather Hanson (2) and Calvin Lin (1).(1) Department of Computer Sciences, The Universityof Texas at Austin. (2) Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin."Using Dataflow Based Context for Accurate Value Prediction".Renju Thomas and Manoj Franklin (University of Maryland)"Recovery mechanism for latency misprediction". Enric Morancho, Jose Maria Llaberia and Angel Olive (Computer Architecture Department, UPC)11:30 - Coffee Break12:00 - Session 5: Memory Optimization"A Cost Framework for Evaluating Integrated Restructuring Optimizations".Bharat Chandramouli, John Carter, Wilson Hsieh and Sally McKee (University of Utah)"Compiling for the Impulse Memory Controller". Xianglong Huang, Zhenlin Wang and Kathryn McKinley (Computer Science Dept., University of Massachusetts, Amherst)"On the Stability of Temporal Data Reference Profiles".Trishul Chilimbi (Microsoft Research)13:30 - Lunch Break15:00 - Session 6: Program Optimization "Code Reordering and Speculation Support for Dynamic Optimization Systems".Erik Nystrom, Ronald Barnes, Matthew Merten andWen-mei Hwu (University of Illinois)"A Unified Modulo Scheduling and Register Allocation Technique for Clustered Processors". Josep Codina, Jesus Sanchez and Antonio Gonzalez (Computer Architecture Department, UPC)"Cache-Friendly Implementations of Transitive Closure".Michael Penner and Viktor Prasanna (University of Southern California)16:30 - Coffee Break17:00 - Session 7: Technology Implications "The Effect of Technology Scaling on CMP Throughput".Jaehyuk Huh, Doug Burger and Stephen Keckler (University of Texas at Austin)"Area and System Clock Effects on SMT/CMP Processors".James Burns (Intel) and Jean-Luc Gaudiot (USC)18:15 - Work In Progress Session21:00 - Conference Banquet (Hilton Hotel)Wednesday, September 12th09:00 - Keynote AddressJoel Emer (Compaq Staff Fellow).10:00 - Session 8: Parallel Machines"Limits on Speculative Module-level Parallelism in Imperative and Object-oriented Programs on CMP Platforms".Fredrik Warg and Per Stenstrom (Chalmers University of Technology)"Compiler and Runtime Analysis for Efficient Communication in Data Intensive Applications". Renato Ferreira (1), Gagan Agrawal (2) and Joel Saltz (1).(1) University of Maryland, (2) University of Delaware "Architectural Support for Parallel Reductions in Scalable Shared-Memory Multiprocessors”. Maria Jesus Garzaran (1), Milos Prvulovic (2), Ye Zhang (2), Alin Jula (3), Hao Yu (3), Lawrence Rauchwerger (3) and Josep Torrellas (2).(1) Universidad de Zaragoza, Spain, (2) University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, (3) Texas A&M University11:30 - Coffee Break12:00 - Session 9: Data Prefetching "Optimizing Software Data Prefetches with Rotating Registers".Gautam Doshi, Rakesh Krishnaiyer and Kalyan Muthukumar (Intel Corporation)"Multi-Chain Prefetching: Effective Exploitation of Inter-Chain Memory Parallelism for Pointer-Chasing Codes".Nicholas Kohout (1), Seungryul Choi (2), Dongkeun Kim (3), Donald Yeung (3).(1) Intel Corp., (2) Department of Computer Science, University of Maryland at College Park, (3) Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Maryland at College Park"Data Flow Analysis for Software Prefetching Linked Data Structures in Java".Brendon Cahoon and Kathryn McKinley (University of Massachusetts)"Comparing and Combining Read Miss Clustering and Software Prefetching".Vijay Pai (1) and Sarita Adve (2).(1) Rice University, (2) University of Illinois14:00 - Final Conference AddressWorkshopsSaturday, September 8thEWOMP'01 (full day).European Workshop on OpenMP.WBT'01 (full day).Workshop on Binary Translation.MEDEA'01 (half day, morning). Workshop on Memory Access Decoupled Architectures.Sunday, September 9thEWOMP'01 (full day).Continuation from previous day.COLP'01 (full day).Workshop on Compilers and Operating Systems for Low Power.WUCC'01 (half day, morning).Workshop on Ubiquitous Computing and Communication.TutorialsSaturday, September 8th. “3G Wireless Infrastructure: Architecture, Algorithms, and Applications”. Allan Berenbaum, Nevin Heintze, Stefanos Kaxiras, Girija Narlikar.Sunday, September 9th. “The Design and Implementation of the Jalapeño JVM”. Michael Hind, IBM Research.Registration InformationEarly registration fees are valid up to July 25, 2001. To benefit from the "member" discount, you must indicate your ACM/IEEE/IFIP membership number. To benefit from the "full-time student" discount, you must send via fax a letter from the appropriate institution that demonstrates your position. The student discount only applies to the conference fee.1. Conference registration feesThe Conference registration fees include attendance in the Conference from September 10-12, coffee breaks, a copy of the conference proceedings, the welcoming reception (September 9), the excursion and conference reception (September 10), and the banquet (September 11).Early Late/On-site Member81700 Ptas.100700 Ptas. Non member103500 Ptas.124450 Ptas. Student53200 Ptas.57000 Ptas.If you plan to come with one or more accompanying people, the price for the excursion and welcoming reception is 13500 Ptas. and the conference banquet is 13500 Ptas., for each accompanying guest.2. Tutorial registration feesThe Tutorial registration includes attendance in one Tutorial on September 8 or 9, coffee breaks, and a copy of the notes.Early Late/On-site Member 29450 Ptas. 36100 Ptas. Non member36100 Ptas.44650 Ptas.3. Workshop registration feesThese fees apply to delegates who plan to attend both the workshops and the conference. The fees include a small discount assuming combined conference and workshop registration.EWOMP'01 Workshop (Two days)The Workshop registration fee includes attendance in EWOMP'01 on September 8 and 9, coffee breaks, the workshop dinner and a copy of the workshop proceedings.Early Late/On-site Member 19000 Ptas. 23750 Ptas. Non member23750 Ptas.29450 Ptas.One-day PassThe One-day Pass entitles you to attend any workshop held during September 8 or 9. The fee includes attendance in the workshops, coffee breaks, and a copy of one of the workshop proceedings.Early Late/On-site Member 9500 Ptas. 15200 Ptas.Non member15200 Ptas.19000 Ptas.HotelsThe Conference will be held at the Hilton Barcelona Hotel. The Hotel is located in the business, commercial and shopping districtof the city, 15 minutes from Barcelona International Airport.Hilton provides PACT'01 attendees with a limited number of rooms at special rates. The rate is 25.500 Ptas. for a single room and 27.500 Ptas. for double room (breakfast included, 7% tax not included). The reservation cut-off date will be August 25, 2001.We have also reserved some additional rooms in other hotels nearby: • Hotel Husa l'Illa ****23.000 Ptas. (single) / 26.000 Ptas. (double) • Hotel Husa Arenas ****15.500 Ptas. (single) / 18.000 Ptas. (double) • Hotel Viladomat ***16.000 Ptas. (single) / 17.500 Ptas. (double)• Hotel Husa Bonanova ***10.850 Ptas. (single) / 14.300 Ptas. (double)All prices include breakfast. 7% tax not included. Please use the reservation form available at the conference web site for each hotel and send if by fax.Important: We strongly suggest that you make your room reservation in advance.Student travel grantsA limited number of grants are available for students to travel to PACT’01. An application form can be downloaded from the conference web site. Applicants must submit the form by July 15, 2001. These travel grants are provided by Hewlett- Packard HPL, IBM Research, Intel and Microsoft Research.Supporting OrganizationsThe Organizing Committee of PACT’01 gratefully acknowledges the support received from public institutions (Spanish Ministry of Education through the CICYT, Catalan Government through the CIRIT, Technical University of Catalunya UPC) and corporations (Compaq, IBM and SGI).。

Gallager博士论文LDPC（可编辑）

Gallager博士论文LDPCON THE THEORY OF GENERAL PARTIAL DIFFERENTIALOPERATORSBYLARS HORMANDERin LuridCONTENTSPagePREFACE 162CHAPTER I. Differential operators from an abstract point of view1.0. Introduction1631.1. Definitions and results from the abstract theory of operators 1641.2. The definition of differential operators1671.3Cauchy data and boundary problems 171CHAPTERII. Minimal differential operators with constant coefficients2.0. Introduction1742.1. Notations and formal properties of differential operators withconstant coef-ficients. 1762.2Estimates by Laplace transforms1772.3. The differential operators weaker than a given one1782.4. The algebra of energy integrals1802.5Analytical properties of energy integrals. 1822.6. ]~stimates by energy integrals 1832.7. Some special cases of Theorem 2.2. 1852.8The structure of the minimal domain 1892.9. Some theorems on complete continuity2012.10. On some sets of polynomials. 2072.11Remarks on the case of non-bounded domains. 208CHAPTER III. imal differential operators with constant cofficients3.0. Introduction2103.1. Comparison of the domains of imal differential operators 2113.2. The existence of null solutions 2163.3. Differential operators of local type. 2183.4. Construction of a fundamental solution of a complete operator of local type2223.5. Proof of Theorem 3.3. 22911- 553810. Acta Mathematica. 94. Imprim~t le 26 septembre 1955. 162 LARS HORMANDER3.6. The differentiability of the solutions of a complete operator of local type. 2303.7. Spectral theory of complete self-adjoint operators of local type2333.8. Examples of operators of local type3.9. An approximation theoremCHAPTERIV. Differential operators with variable coefficients4.0. Introduction2424.1. Preliminaries2424.2. Estimates of the minimal operator. 244REFERENCES. 247PREFACE0.1. The main interest in the theory of partial differential equations has always beenconcentrated on elliptic and normally hyperbolic equations. During the last few yearsthe theory of these equations has attained a very satisfactory form, at least where Dirich-let's and Cauchy's problems are concerned. There is also a vivid interest in other differentialequations of physical importance, particularly in the mixed elliptic-hyperbolic equationsof the second order. Very little, however, has been written concerning differential equationsof a general type. Petrowsky [25], p. 7, pp. 38-39 stated in 1946 that "it is unknown, evenfor most of the very simplest non-analytical equations, whether even one solution exists",and "there is, in addition, a sizable class of equations for which we do not know any correctlyposed boundary problems. The so-called ultra-hyperbolic equation U ~2 U U U+ ' + - + "'" +with p ~ 2 appears, for example, to be one of these." Some important papers have appearedsince then. In particular, we wish to mention the proof by Malgrange [19] that any differen-tial equation with constant coefficients has a fundamental solution. Explicit constructionsof distinguished fundamental solutions have been performed for the ultra-hyperbolicequations by de Rham [27] and others. Apart from this result, however, no efforts toexplore the properties of general differential operators seem to havebeen made. Theprincipal aim of this paper is to make an approach to such a study. The general point ofview may perhaps illuminate the theory of elliptic and hyperbolic equations also0.2. A pervading characteristic of the modern theory of differential equations is the useof the abstract theory of operators in Hilbert space. Our point of view here is also purelyoperator theoretical. To facilitate the reading of this paper we have included an exposition~2 ~2 ~2241238 GENERAL PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL OPERATORS 163of the necessary abstract theory in the first chapter, where we introduce our main problems3Using the abstract methods we prove that the answer to our questions depends on theexistence of so-called a priori inequalities. The later, chapters are to a great extent devotedto the proof of such inequalities. In Chapters II and IV the proofs are based on the energyintegral method in a general form, i.e. on the study of the integralsof certain quadraticforms in the derivatives of a function. For the wave equation, where it has a physicalinterpretation as the conservation of energy, this method was introduced by Friedrichs andLewy [6]. Recently Leray [19] has found a generalization which applies to normally hyper-bolic equations of higher order. In Chapter II we study systematically the algebraic aspectsof the energy integral method. This chapter deals only with equations with constant coef-ficients. The extension to a rather wide class of equations with variable coefficients isdiscussed in Chapter IVIn Chapter III we chiefly study a class of differential operators with constant coefficients,which in several respects appears to be the natural class for the study of problems usuallytreated only for elliptic operators. For example, Weyl's lemma holds true in this class, i.eall weak solutions are infinitely differentiable. Our main arguments use a fundamentalsolution which is constructed there. The results do not seem to be accessible by energyintegral arguments in the general case, although many important examples can be treatedby a method due to Friedrichs [5]0.3. A detailed exposition of the results would not be possible without the use of theconcepts introduced in Chapter I. However, this chapter, combined with the introductions ofeach of the following ones, gives a summary of the contents of the whole paper0.4. It is a pleasure for me to acknowledge the invaluable help which professor B. Lvan der Waerden has given me in connection with the problems of section 3.1. I also wantto thank professor A. Seidenberg, who called my attention to one of his papers, which isvery useful in section 3.4CHAPTER IDifferential Operators from an Abstract Point of View1.0. IntroductionIn the preface we have pointed out that the present chapter has the character of anintroduction to the whole paper. Accordingly we do not sum up the contents here, but1 Chapter I, particularly section 1.3, overlaps on several points witha part of an important paperby VIw [34] on general boundary problems for elliptic equations ofthe second order. 164 LARS HORMANDERmerely present the general plan. First, in section 1.1, we recall some well-known theoremsand definitions from functional analysis. Then in section 1.2 we define differential operatorsin Hilbert space and specialize the theorems of section 1.1 to the case of differential opera-tors. A discussion of the meaning of boundary data and boundary problems is given insection 1.3. This study has many ideas in common with Vi~ik [34]. It is not logically in-dispensable for the rest of the paper but it serves as a general background1.1. Definitions and results from the abstract theory of operatorsLet B o and Bj be two complex Banach spaces, i.e. two normed and complete complexvector spaces. A linear transformation operator T from B 0 to B 1 is a function defined ina linear set Dr in B 0 with values in B 1 such that1.1.1 Tocx +fly ocTx + fl Tyfor x, y E OT and complex x, ft. It follows from 1.1.1 that the range of values ~T is a linearset in B1;The set B 0B I of all pairs x [Xo, Xl] with x, E B, i 0, 1, where we introducethe natural vector operations and the norm 11.1.2 Ixl ix01 +is also a Banach space, called the direct sum of B 0 and B r If T is a linear transformationfrom B o to B1, the set in B 0B 1 defined by1.1.3 Gr [x Txo], XOfiOTis linear and contains no element of the form [0, xl] with x 1 # 0. The set GT is called thegraph of T. A linear set G in B oB1, containing no element of the form [0, xl] with x I # 0,is the graph of one and only one linear transformation TA linear transformation T is said to be closed, if the graph Gr is closed. We shah alsosay that a linear transformation T is pre-closed, if the closure Gr of the graph Gr is a graph,i.e. does not contain any element of the form [0, x~] with xl # 0. The transformation withthe graph Gr is then called the closure of T. Thus T is pre-closed if and only if, wheneverx n-+ 0 in B 0 and Tx n-+ y in B1, we have y 0. We also note that any hnear restriction ofa linear pre-closed operator is pre-closedThe following theorem gives a useful form of the theorem on the closed graph, whichstates that a closed transformation from B 0 to B 1 must be continuous, if O r B CfBourbaki, Espaces vectoriels topologiques, Chap. I, w 3 Paris 1953.i Any equivalent norm in B oB x can be used, but this choice has the advantage of giving a Hilbertnorm, if B 0 and B 1 have Hilbert normsoo, GENERAL pARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL OPERATORS165THEORE~ 1.1. Let i 0, 1, 2 Banach spaces and i 1, 2 linear trans/ormations /tom B o to Then, i/T 1 is closed, Tz pre-closed and ~T, ~T,, there exists aconstant C such that1.1.4 I C[ TlUl2 lull, ueO~,PROOF. The graph of T x is by assumption closed. Hence the mapping1.1.5 ~ [u, Tlu]~ T2uE B~is defined in a Banach space. We shall prove that the mapping is closed. Thus supposethat [un, Tlun] converges in and that T~u n converges in B~. SinceT 1 is closed, thereis an element nEtT, such that un-+u and virtue of the assumptions, u is in ~0T, and, since T~ is pre-closed, the existing limit of T~un can only be T2u. Hencethe mapping 1.1.5 is closed and defined in the whole of a Banach space, so that it iscontinuous in virtue of the theorem on the closed graph. This proves the theoremTheorem 1.1 is the only result we need for other spaces than Hilbert spaces; it will alsobe used when some of the spaces are spaces of continuous functions with uniform normIn the rest of this section we shall only consider transformations from a Hilbert space Hto itself. In that case the graph is situated in HH, which is also a Hilbert space, the innerproduct of x [x0, xl] and y [Y0, Yl] being given byx,yxo, yo+xl,ylFor the definition of adjoints, products of operators and so on, we refer thereader to Nagy[23], p. 27 ff.L E M M A 1.1. The range ~ r o/a closed densely de/ined linear operator T is equal to H i/and only i/ T *-1 exists and is continuous, and consequently is de/ined in a closed subspacePROOF. We first establish the necessity of the condition. Thus suppose that ~T HSince T* u 0 implies that Tv, u v,T* u 0 for every v E Dr, it follows that T* u 0only if u 0. Hence T *-1 is defined. Now for any element v in H we can find an elementw such that Tw v. Hence we have, if near.,u,v u, Tw T* u,w,so that for fixed vIu,vlLet u, be a sequence of elements in such that T* u nil is bounded. Since Iun, v[ isthen bounded for every fixed v, it follows from Banach-Steinhaus' theorem cf, Nagy [23],II lOT*CHT*uH,B~:In TlU. Tlun-GT~GT,GT,A- T~ulz-_B~be T~ be B~ 166 LARS HSRMANDERp. 9 that Ilun[[ must be bounded. Hence T *-1 is continuous, and since it is obviouslyclosed, we conclude that T*-I is defined in a closed subspaceThe sufficiency of the condition is easily proved directly but follows also as a corollaryof the next lemmaL ~ M M A 1.2. The densely de/ined closed operator T has a bounded right inverse S i/andonly i/ T *-1 exists and is continuous. 1PR O O F. Since TS I implies that ~T H, it follows from the part of Lemma 1.1,which we have proved, that a bounded right inverse can only exist if T *-1 is continuousThe remaining part of Lcmma 1.1 will also follow when we have constructed the rightinverse in Lemma 1.2In virtue of a well-known theorem of von Neumann [24], the operator TT* is self-adjoint and positive. Under the conditions of the lemma we have TT* u, u T'u, T'u C2u, u,where C is a positive constant. Hence TT* ~ C2I. Let A be the positive square root ofTT*. Since A2~ C ~ I, it follows from the spectral theorem that 0 A-l C-1I. Theoperator A -1 is bounded and self-adjoint, IIA-1]IC -1. Furthermore, the operatorT*A -1 is isometric according to von Neumann's theorem. Now we define1.1.6 S T*TT* -1 T*A-1A -1Since S is the product of an isometric operator and A -1, it must be bounded, and wehave S C-I- Finally, it is obvious that TS IL ~ M, 1.3. The densely de/ined closed operator T has a completely continuous right in- verse S i/ and only i/ T *-1 exists and is completely continuousP R o O F. We first note that the operator S given by 1.1.6 is completely continuousif T *-1 and consequently A -1 is completely continuous. This proves one half of the lemmaNow suppose that there exists a completely continuous right inverse S. If UE~T., wehave for any v E Hu, v u, TS v S* T* u, v,and therefore u S* T*u. Hence, if v E ~r., we have T*-I v S* v, which proves thatT *-1 is completely continuous, since it is a restriction of a completely continuous operator1 This means that S is continuous and defined in the whole of H, and satisfies the equality TS I, where I is the identity operator]~II IIUE~TT*, GENERAL PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL OPERATORS 1671.2. The definition of differential operatorsLet be a v-dimensional infinitely differentiable manifold. We shalldenote byC ~ ~ the set of infinitely differentiable functions defined in ~, and by C~ ~ the set ofthose functions in C ~ ~ which vanish outside a compact set in ~. When no confusionseems to be possible, we also write simply C ~ and C~A transformation to from C a t:l to itself is called a differential operator, if, in localcoordinate systems x., x~, it has the form1.2.1 tou~a. kx 1 0 1i ~ x ~' i ~ x u,where the sum contains only a finite number of terms 40, and the coefficients a s~are infinitely differentiable functions of x which do not change if we permute the indices~j.1 We shall denote the sequence ~k of indices between 1 and v by ~ and its lengthk by l a[. Furthermore, we set1D~ i ~x" D~D~D~ kFormula 1.2.1 then takes a simplified form, which will be used throughout:1.2.2 to u ~ a ~ x D~ uHere the summation shall be performed overall sequences ~We shall say that we have a differential operator with constant coefficients, if ~ is adomain in the v-dimensional real vector space R and the coefficients in 1.2.2 are constant,when the coordinates are linearLet Q be a fixed density in i.e. e x is a positive function, defined in every local coor-dinate system, such that ~ xdxl dx ~ is an invariant measure, which will be denoted dxWe require that ~ x shall be infinitely differentiable, and, in cases where has constantcoefficients, we always take Q x constantThe differential operators shall be studied in the ttilbert space L 2 of all equivalence classes of square integrable functions with respect to the measure dx, the scalar productin this space being1.2.3 u, v f u x v x dxWith respect to this scalar product we define the algebraic adjoint p of as follows1 We restrict ourselves to the infinitely differentiable case for simplicity in statements; most argu- ments and results are, however, more general and will later, in Chapter IV, be used under the weakercondition of a sufficient degree of differentiabilitytOtOg2,~,~1~k1,r~2 168 LARS HORMANDERLet vEC and let u be any function in C~. Integrating pu, v by parts, we find thatthere is a unique differential operator ~ such that1.2.4 p u, ~ u, ~ ~In fact, we obtainWhen the coefficients are constant we thus obtain ]0 by conjugating the coefficients,which motivates our notationL]~MMA 1.4. The operator p, de/ined /or those/unctions u in C ~ /or which u and Duare square integrable, is pre-closed in LP R O O F. Let u n be a sequence of functions in this domain such that u n ~ 0 and ]: un ~ vwith L2-convergence. Then we have for any /EC~v, / lim Pun,/ lim Un, p/ 0Hence v 0, which proves the lemmaRE~ARK. It follows from the trivial proof that Lemma 1.4 would also hold if, forexample, we consider ]0 as an operator from L ~ to C, the space ofcontinuous functionswith the uniform normLemma 1.4 justifies the following important definitionD F I N I T I 0 ~ 1.1. The closure Po o/the operator in L ~ with domain C~, defined by p,is called the minimal operator de/ined by p. The adjoint P o/ the minimal operator Po, definedby ~, is called the imal operator de/ined by ]:The definition of the imal operator means that u is in O~ and Pu / if and only if u and / are in L and for any v E C~ r we have/, v u, p vOperators defined in this way are often called weak extensions. In terms of the more generalconcept of distributions see Schwartz [28], we might also say that the domain consistsof those functions u in L 2 for which pu in the sense of the theory of distributions is afunction in LIf u E C and u and ]: u are square integrable, it follows from 1.2.4 that Pu exists andequals u. This is of course the idea underlying the definition. Since P is an adjoint operator,it is closed and therefore an extension of P0~D~~~,]~~yD~qa~v. ]gvq-lr162 GENERAL PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL OPERATORS 169It is unknown to the author whether in general P is the closure ofits restriction toN C ~. For elliptic second order equations in domains with a smoothboundary thisfollows from the results of Birman [1]. If p is a homogeneous operatorwith constantcoefficients and ~ is starshaped with respect to every point in anopen set, it is also easilyproved by regularization. In section 3.9 we shall prove an affirmativeresult for a classof differential operators with constant coefficients, when ~ is anydomainWe now illustrate Definition 1.1 by an elementary example. Let ~be the finite intervala, b of the real axis, and let p be the differential operator d~/dxIt is immediately veri-fied that the domain of P consists of those n-。

工业MPC技术

9
c
1997 by Jay H. Lee, Jin Hoon Choi, and Kwang Soon Lee
c
1997 by Jay H. Lee, Jin Hoon Choi, and Kwang Soon Lee
2 MULTI-LOOP CONTROL AND FURTHER PRACTICAL ISSUES
55
2.1 FEEDFORWARD-FEEDBACK CONTROL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 2.2 CASCADE CONTROL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 2.3 OVERRIDE CONTROL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Feedforward Control
Feedback Control
Feedforward-Feedback Control
8
c
1997 by Jay H. Lee, Jin Hoon Choi, and Kwang Soon Lee
1.2 MOTIVATION- WHYNEGATIVE FEEDBACK CONTROL ?
Some Comments on Negative Feedback
In a, as y deviates from zero, it is pulled back toward zero. Hence, negative feedback has self-stabilizing tendency. If an external r is put as in b, y will tend to r. When the positive signal is fed back positive feedback, it adds to itself and will tend to diverge.

assign local copy of initial line of gt_excel

Excel: A Powerful Tool for Data Management and Analysis With its user-friendly interface and a multitude of features, Microsoft Excel has become a go-to tool for data management and analysis across various industries. From basic calculations to complex data modeling, Excel offers a wide range of capabilities that streamline processes and enhance productivity. In this article, we will explore some key features of Excel and how it can be utilized effectively for data handling.Data Organization and ManipulationOne of the fundamental strengths of Excel is its ability to organize and manipulate data. With Excel, you can easily create spreadsheets to store and categorize data in a structured manner. This makes it effortless to enter, edit, and sort information according to your specific requirements. Excel also provides tools for filtering, formatting, and grouping data, enabling you to analyze and present the data in a visually appealing manner.Data Analysis ToolsExcel offers various built-in functions and formulas that assist in data analysis. Whether it’s calcula ting sums, averages, or percentages, Excel makes it simple to perform basic calculations on your data. Additionally, Excel’s conditional formatting feature allows you to highlight trends, patterns, or outliers based on customizable criteria. With the help of pivot tables, you can summarize large datasets and gain valuable insights by analyzing trends and patterns in your data.Customizable Charts and GraphsVisualizing data is crucial for understanding trends and patterns effectively. Excel provides a range of charts and graphs that can be customized to suit your needs. From simple bar graphs to complex scatter plots and histograms, you can easily select the most appropriate type of visualization for your data. Furthermore, Excel offers extensive options for formatting and styling, allowing you to create visually appealing and informative charts that effectively convey your message.Data Validation and Error CheckingTo ensure data accuracy and integrity, Excel offers features for data validation and error checking. By setting validation rules, you can define the type and range of values that can be entered into specific cells. This helps in minimizing errors and ensures consistency in your data. Excel’s error checking feature identifies potential errors in formulas and provides suggestions for correction, saving you time and effort in debugging complex formulas.Advanced Data ModelingFor more advanced data analysis and modeling tasks, Excel offers powerful features like Power Query and Power Pivot. Power Query allows you to connect, transform, and combine data from multiple sources seamlessly. With Power Pivot, you can create relationships between different tables and perform sophisticated calculations using Data Analysis Expressions (DAX). These advanced tools enable you to analyze large datasets and generate meaningful insights efficiently.Collaboration and SharingExcel also supports collaboration and sharing of spreadsheets among team members. Multiple users can work on the same workbook simultaneously, making it easier to collaborate on data analysis projects. With the Share feature, you can securely share your workbooks with others and control their level of access. This facilitates real-time collaboration and encourages effective teamwork, especially in scenarios where multiple stakeholders are involved in data analysis.ConclusionMicrosoft Excel is a versatile tool that empowers data management and analysis across various domains. Its wide range of features, from data organization and manipulation to advanced modeling and collaboration capabilities, makes it an indispensable software for professionals dealing with data. By harnessing the power of Excel, individuals and organizations can efficiently handle and analyze data, leading to better decision-making and improved productivity.。

城乡融合发展背景下县域干线公路沿线景观风貌规划研究——以安徽固镇县为例

Key words urban-rural integration; county; trunk roads; landscape planning; characteristic planning; landscape improvement; control methods城乡之间发展的不平衡是世界各国在现代化进程中所面临的共同问题，也是实现中国式现代化必须攻克的难题。

因此，党的二十大报告指出，要坚持城乡融合发展，畅通城乡要素流动。

本研究所指干线公路包括途径县域的国道、省道和县道等与沿线城镇、乡村无硬隔离设施的道路。

城乡融合发展背景下，此类公路是县域内外交通的要道，在县域发展中具有结构引导作用，其沿线空间是县域经济社会发展的重要承载空间，也是城乡融合发展的重要阵地。

对干线公路及其沿线空间的景观风貌进行规划提升，是以空间为对象促进城乡融合发展的重要方法之一。

1县域干线公路沿线的景观风貌特征1.1公路本体的景观风貌特征1.1.1交通性①具有道路的共性特征。

如交通标志、路面标线等交通设施，公交车站、路灯等家具小品，以及行车道、交叉口等交通空间。

②具有高等级道路特有的特征。

如连续的行道树、防护林，以及路幅较宽、车行道为主的空间断面特征。

1.1.2连续性①线形的连续。

干线公路在设计速度、设计通行能力等方面的高要求决定了其空间的线形连续。

②景观的连续。

连续的线形空间串接连续的景观要素，形成连续的景观风貌感知。

1.1.3统一性①体现在交通标志等工程要素的全国统一。

②体现在行道树等自然景观要素在同一自然条件下的地区统一。

摘要城乡融合发展背景下，作为交通骨架与发展廊道的县域干线公路，是畅通城乡要素流动、推动城乡融合发展的重要空间。

其沿线的景观风貌规划具有提升干线公路景观、缓解沿线空间矛盾、展示地方风貌特色和助力城乡融合发展的作用。

研究综合目标导向和问题导向，通过特征梳理和实践经验归纳，提出县域干线公路沿线景观风貌规划在内容层面应包括梳理景观风貌基底与特色要素、归纳上位要求与空间诉求、明确景观风貌定位与空间意境、制定景观风貌结构与规划策略等内容。

公共收益补充专项维修资金流程

公共收益补充专项维修资金流程英文回答：The Special Repair Fund for Public Welfare Supplements (SRFPWS) is a fund established by the Chinese government to provide financial support for the repair and maintenance of public welfare housing. The fund is managed by the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development (MOHURD) and is allocated to local governments based on a formula that takes into account factors such as the number of households in need of repair, the condition of the housing stock, and the local government's financial resources.To apply for SRFPWS funding, local governments must submit an application to MOHURD. The application must include a detailed description of the proposed repair work, the estimated cost of the work, and a plan for financing the work. MOHURD will review the application and approve it if it meets the criteria for funding.Once the application is approved, the local government will enter into a contract with a contractor to carry out the repair work. The contractor will be responsible for completing the work according to the specifications in the contract. Once the work is completed, the local government will inspect the work and approve it for payment.The SRFPWS is an important source of funding for the repair and maintenance of public welfare housing in China. The fund has helped to improve the living conditions of millions of low-income households and has contributed to the overall improvement of the housing stock in China.中文回答：公共收益补充专项维修资金流程。

Adjusting Control Points to Achieve Continuity

In this paper, I will review the Foley-Opitz C1 adjustment, and then show how it can be generalized to adjust the control points of triangular patches to achieve any level of continuity. These adjustments leave the control points unchanged if the patches already meet with the desired level of continuity, with the result that if the patches have a particular polynomial precision before the adjustment, then they retain that level of polynomial precision after the adjustment. I will then give a simple example to illustrate how to use the continuity adjustment scheme.
1 Email: smann@cgl.uwaterloo.ca
Preprint submitted to Elsevier Preprint
1 June 2001
of the problem results in a fairly high degree patch being required to solve the continuity/vertex consistency problem, and results in a large number of degrees of freedom left unspeciﬁed in the patch once these twin problems are solved. These degrees of freedom are usually set ad hoc or left as shape parameters without any suggestions for default settings. Unfortunately, these shape parameters are critical to surface quality, and poor settings of them result in surfaces with poor shape.

Title,initial,surname：标题，初始，姓

Dear Sir New Homes Bonus Consultation Thank you for the opportunity to respond to your consultation on the proposed New Homes Bonus. The response below sets out views on behalf of Cornwall Council to the questions raised in your consultation. There is however, one outstanding issue upon which clarification was sought, but none received. This relates to the use of Council Tax as the basis for measuring the number of empty homes brought back into use. The issue here is to ensure it is a gross measure rather than net, which may in turn have implications for the data source used to validate the information. While the general provision of the bonus is welcomed, concern does remain however around the degree to which the bonus is fully funded or will be taken from the more general funding for local authorities. Clearly if this were to happen, the impacts would need to be clearly understood in advance to allow the fullest consideration of the schemes benefits.1. Responses requested:The consultation seeks views on a number of questions that relate to the operation of the proposed bonus:Consultation question 1Do you agree with the proposal to link the level of grant for each additional dwelling to the national average of the Council Tax band?The approach provides a relatively straight forward method of operation. No alternatives are suggested.The Rt Hon Grant Shapps MP Minister for Housing and Local Government New Homes Bonus Consultation 1/A6 Incentives Team Housing Supply divisionDepartment for Communities and Local Government Eland House Bressenden Place London SW1E 5DU Your ref: My ref: TGW/mhj Date: 21 December 2010∙Consultation question 2The Government proposes an affordable homes enhancement of £350 for each of the six years – What do you think the enhancement should be?∙ResponseThe additional £350 reflects the desire to encourage the delivery of more affordable homes. Considering the difficulty and cost of delivery, the added £350 while welcome, is limited. A greater differential may provide more incentive circa £500 per affordable unit.The parallel statement on the Community Infrastructure Levy suggests that the affordable units would not be subject to the Levy. While this helps in delivering affordable properties, from a community perspective, it can place added infrastructure pressures without equivalent funding for other facilities. A greater differential in funding through the new homes bonus may therefore also help address this difference in meeting wider community needs.This argument can also be extended to include empty properties bought back into use and open market properties converted to affordable for which only the supplement is paid.∙Consultation question 3Do you agree with the proposal to use PPS3 (definitions of affordable homes) and also include pitches on Gypsy and Traveller sites owned and managed by local authorities or registered social landlords to define affordable homes?∙ResponsePPS3 does provide a consistent and well understood approach to definition of affordable homes. In terms of Gypsy and Traveller sites it is unclear why this should be limited to RSL or Council sites.With an increasing approach of supporting travelling communities to meet their needs (which has been supported by the evidence in the Cornwall travellers assessment), this approach would suggest less support for privately delivered schemes which have no less impact on local communities and can in the right place play a key role in meeting local needs.Suggest all additional Gypsy and Traveller pitches are included.∙Consultation question 4Do you agree with the proposed to reward local authorities for bringing empty properties back into use through the New Homes Bonus? Are there any practical constraints?∙ResponseThe principle is strongly supported, bringing empty homes back into use can be expensive and time consuming, yet is critical for a sustainable approach to community development. ∙Consultation question 5Tier split – not relevant to Cornwall as a unitary authorityConsultation question 6Do you agree with the proposal to use the data collected on the Council Tax base form in October to track net additions and empty homes?∙ResponseThis approach is supported as a transparent process which does not add additional monitoring requirements. However further clarification is required on how this would operate with empty homes. There may be more accurate ways of assessing the gross number of empty homes bought back into use(HSSA returns). The current proposal if used as a basis for assessing progress on empty homes may lead to a situation where ,for example 50 homes brought back into use could be cancelled out in terms of funding by a further 50 being identified as empty. This reduces the incentive for what is a resource hungry process.There are also concerns about the robustness of Council tax data for empty homes which needs to be understood before such an approach is taken.∙Consultation question 7Do you agree with the proposal for one annual allocation based on the previous year’s Council Tax base form, paid the following April?∙ResponseThis is supported subject to clarification on issues raised above.∙Consultation question 8Do you agree that allocations should be announced alongside the Local Government finance timetable?∙ResponseThis is useful in coordinating investment to support communities within wider public spending.∙Consultation question 9Do you agree with the proposal to reward Local Authorities for affordable homes using data reported through the official statistics on gross additional affordable supply?ResponseProvided part N of the annual housing return (HSSA) are used this should provide anaccurate assessment of Completions. However, the only gap is that the HSSA doesn't pickup supported housing completions where the Local Authority is the only funder. This willneed review. It is also recommended that a review of the form and guidance notes thatrelate to these returns is provided to ensure a consistent/accurate provision of informationbetween authorities.∙Consultation question 10How significant are demolitions and can this data be collected at Local Authority level? ResponseEvidence in Cornwall would suggest the demolitions have a minimal impact in terms ofnumbers.∙Consultation question 11Do you think the proposed scheme will impact any groups with protected characteristics? ResponseThere is no obvious impact on specific groups.∙Consultation question 12Welcome wider views on the New Homes bonus, particularly where there are issues thathave not been addressed.∙ResponseIn general terms the proposal is welcomed but with an overriding concern remaining thedegree to which it is or isn’t fully funded beyond 2011/12.. If shortfall is made up from Formula Grant allocations, adjustments to Grant may disproportionately penalise thoseAuthorities with specific housing markets without some further intervention to amend thesettlement.The Councils are in the process of developing a wider response to how this funding is usedto support the wider ambitions of the authority and community using its services, arefreshed partnership structure and its local community network structures to helpunderstand local priorities particularly for areas with significant growth pressures. Thisneeds to be coordinated with other sources of funding so an understanding of the detail of the Governments wider local growth funding proposals will be critical to ensure a joined up approach. The Council will continue to develop its Local Investment plan as the tool to provide coordination of this approach and will be consulting the new Cornwall and Isles of Scilly Local enterprise partnership on the proposals for utilisation of the New Homes bonus.I hope this response is helpful if developing this exciting initiative and would of course be happy to discuss any of the issues raised in more depth as required.Yours sincerelyTerry Grove-WhiteAssistant Head of Planning and Regeneration (Strategic)Planning and Regeneration(01872) 224301*********************.uk。

MathFoR The Mathematical Formula Recognition System

MathFoR:The Mathematical FormulaRecognition SystemE.Tapia.P.Holzschneider,A.Stoﬀel,S.Ihlefeld,G.Hohl and R.Rojas Freie Universit¨a t Berlin,Institut f¨u r Informatik,Takustr.9,14195Berlin,Germanytapia@inf.fu-berlin.deAbstract.We describe MathFoR,a system for the recognition of on-line handwritten mathematical expressions.The system consists of twomain components.Theﬁrst component is a complete set of Java librariesthat handles and recognizes digital ink.The second component is the lay-out analyzer that translates the recognized ink into a tree structure inXML format,which is transformed to another language using XSLT.Wepresent also example ofﬁnal top level applications developed with oursystem.Keywords:Graphics Recognition,Technical Drawings,Complete Sys-tems.1IntroductionThe introduction of devices such as personal digital assistants(PDAs)or Tablet PCs has inﬂuenced a growing interest on developing pen-computing applications during the last years.Such devices use the stylus as input tool,being a substitute for keyboards and mouse and a natural extension of the pen and paper,the most widely used form to collect information.Handwritten information stored in electronic form eases its processing and understanding,in particular,with artiﬁcial intelligence techniques.Handwriting Recognition(HWR)is an important technology that converts handwriting into text or other data structures that can be automatically pro-cessed by computers.An example of these technologies is the stroke alphabet Graﬃti that is the most widely used method for symbol recognition in PDAs. HWR can be also used to develop methods for user-computer interaction and in-terfaces,by recognizing gestures that indicate the execution of operating system commands.Most of the handwritten information in pen-computing is,however,a two-dimensional composite of symbols and drawings that have rich structure,which cannot be simply interpreted and recognized as plain text.In particular,recog-nition mathematical notation–such as formulas,matrices and diagrams–is a complex and diﬃcult task that has gained attention among the AI community during the last years.Recognition of such two-dimensional structures have a potential application in scientiﬁc document processing,human-computer inter-action and mathematical knowledge management,only to mention some areas.1.1Existing ArchitecturesDevelopment of pen-computing applications led vendors and researchers to de-velop software architectures and to implement libraries that handle digital ink. The next sections give a short overview about such architectures.General-Purpose ArchitecturesMicrosoft,for instance,released the Tablet PC version of the Windows oper-ating system that provides a Software Development Kit(SDK)for processing, storing,and recognizing digital ink.These libraries are specialized towards the recognition of letters and words of western languages and East Asian languages, allowing a more natural writing when compared with Graﬃti.One of its most attractive characteristics is that the recognizers are integrated natively in the operating system.Unfortunately,some researchers have found diﬃcult to extend the recognizers and to deﬁne new ones within the SDK.Madhvanath et al.[3]oﬀer,in contrast,a general-purpose open-source toolkit for on-line handwritten recognition.The aim of the LipiTk toolkit is to facilitate the development of new recognizers and their use in real-world applications.The main components that the toolkit provides are a generic library to handle digi-tal ink,two algorithms for symbol recognition,and tools to collect and annotate digital ink,and to train classiﬁers.LipiTk runs in both Linux and Windows,and most of the programs are written in standard C++.The toolkit is a very am-bitious project that aims also to deﬁne standard interfaces and communication protocols for exchange of digital-ink among diﬀerent platforms and devices. Specialized Architectures for Mathematical NotationMost of the working systems and prototype programs for the recognition of pen-mathematics follow,in essence,the steps proposed by Lee and Wang[2]. Although his system is specialized for oﬀ-line mathematical equations,i.e.ex-pressions in scanned documents,almost all of the procedures can be used as well for the recognition of pen-based mathematics.We have only to substitute the“Optical Scanning”step for a“Ink Input”step in theirﬂow diagram.Their procedural framework can be divided in three main modules:1.Document Segmentation:Mathematical expressions are extracted and iso-lated from text lines.2.Symbol Recognition:The label of symbols is established by means of a clas-siﬁer3.Structural Analysis:The structure of the recognized symbols is analyzed toform a hierarchical structure that represents a mathematical expression. The internal hierarchical structure is processed and interpreted to obtain aﬁnal result.This result can be a character string that represents the expression in LaTeX,another structure used by a computer algebra system,or an image rep-resenting the plot of a function given by the expression,among other structures.Fig.1.MathFoR architecture.Diﬀerences between recognition systems found in the literature are generated by variations and improvements of these modules.Smirnova and Watt[4]propose an architectural framework for pen-based mathematics from the perspective of software engineering.Their target deploy-ment is document processing and mathematical computing.Their objective is to deﬁne a platform-independent pen-based framework for mathematical entry, edition and calculation.These objectives lead them to deﬁne two portability criteria for the framework,which consider the software life and usability given a platform,and the software life across platforms.The modules of their framework which shall vary,depending of the platform,are1)basic software to collect digital ink,2)low level processing module to interconnect the components that process digital ink and manipulate mathematical objects,and3)use of the framework in some hosting application.2The MathFoR System ArchitectureMathFoR is a system for the recognition of on-line handwritten mathematical expressions.Even though our system did not intent to be,at least at the very beginning of our research,a general-purpose toolkit for pen-based systems,our experience developing MathFoR led us to regard the whole system in a general concept as represented in Fig.1(a).MathFoR’s current structure aims to build top-level application in the top of two main components:one handling the raw data and the other analyzing the document structure.Such an application is a bridge between the main com-ponents.The main components hide a third component that implements the required classiﬁcation algorithms.It remains,in general but not necessarily,hid-den to the top level application.The whole architecture is based on an execution platform that can be the operating system or a virtual machine.The very concrete implementation of the architecture uses the Java virtual machine by Sun Microsystems as execution platform,and Weka library[8]for the classiﬁcation component,see Fig.1(b).Java allows users to run the system over a wide variety of operating systems including Windows,Linux,MacOS and Sun OS.Weka contains a collection of machine learning algorithms that can beincluded directly in the Java code.We developed a pair of specialized toolkits, Jink and MathFoR,as a concrete implementation of the raw data handling and the structural analysis components.Both are described in the next section.3MathFoR Main Components3.1Digital-Ink Toolkit:JinkProcessing and interpreting digital stylus input imposes special requirements to raw data representation,visualization and integration into applications.Even though available general-purpose vector graphics frameworks oﬀer a complete infrastructure to deal with vector graphics,they don’t comply with the special needs(i.e.runtime guarantees or data representation)when dealing with digital ink.Additionally,most of them don’t integrate well and seamlessly to custom projects-not speaking of being lightweight and easy-to-use.Thus,forcing the use of an improper or inconvenient framework,or quick and dirty custom GUI code,constrains and slows down the development on small experimental projects for applications evolving out of current research.In contrast to existing frameworks,JInk is a Digital Ink Toolkit for Java that emerged from the cumulated working practice of the Workgroup for Artiﬁcial Intelligence on Project MathFoR.The library has been especially designed to defuse the most signiﬁcant diﬃculties when dealing with digital ink,such that forthcoming projects can be placed upon a solid foundation.In short:the toolkit keeps all needed runtime guarantees without dropping versatility and application quality look and feel.JInk provides:1.Straight and uncorrupted live-input recording:Input recording responsive-ness and processing speed does not depend on input length,document size or visualization complexity.Stroke insertion and deletion,visibility calcula-tions,and painting are local access operations that have O(1)execution time execution time in practice,no matter how large the document is.2.Ease-of-use andﬂexibility:JInk consists of100%Java code and is entirelybased on Sun’s Java2D foundation and the Swing GUI Toolkit–J2SDK1.3 and up or J2SDK1.5when using generics.JInk can be integrated into every Java AWT or Swing-based application or applet.All GUI classes conse-quently follow the Swing design patterns,such that every developer who is used to Swing-API can work with JInk without reading a manual.JInk is lightweight–less than100k binary package size–and does not introduce any additional dependencies to heavyweight frameworks.3.Especially designed for concurrent and deferred processing:Most applica-tions of digital ink interpretation perform complex computations on recorded input concurrently or distributed among(remote)workers in order not to harm user interface responsiveness.This practice usually introduces many data synchronization diﬃculties and pitfalls.By using JInk,the raw data exchange with concurrent or distributed workers is inherently thread-safewithout any use of thread synchronization,and without handing the need for thread synchronization to the application-level code:The data represen-tation virtually mimics the copy-on-write paradigm that is used by Java Strings.Modiﬁcations on ink strokes do not alter strokes itself,because a virtual copy is created instead.Therefore,referenced data cannot lose in-tegrity.The JInk framework itself can be divided into two main packages:–The core package contains everything needed for the actual digital ink data representation.The central component”Ink”encapsulates the raw data and also provides functions for most common modiﬁcation operations.All those operations are well designed and stick to guaranteed execution cost bound-aries.Additionally,a sequence of modiﬁcations is executed at the moment of access.Such collected operations are aggregated and,if possible,conﬂated.This minimizes the overall execution cost of data batch processing and also optimizes the overall memory footprint and data storage or transfer volumes, since only the executed operations need to be stored or transferred instead of the modiﬁed data.Finally,the Ink component fully integrates into Java’s GUI API and can be directly used as a drawing primitive in Sun’s Java2D.–The Editor package contains GUI components that can be assembled to an end-user ink editor.The editor displays and edits arbitrary large ink documents,and provides familiar input and drawing methods,including true rubber erase,selection and transformation and unconstrained undo and redo.3.2Structural Analysis Toolkit:MathFoRThe layout analysis of mathematical notation operates on recognized symbols, acting independently from the original raw input,because we do not relay di-rectly on the stylus information.This approach assumes that the raw data is represented as node elements containing information about their identity and spatial location within the abstract document.The layout analyzer takes a list of nodes and,depending on their spatial relationships,constructs a baseline structured tree that represents the mathematical expression,see Figﬁg:mathfor. SymbolsMathFoR deﬁnes symbols and their relationships in a XML conﬁgurationﬁle that consists of three main parts:symbol classes,orientation and the symbols themselves.A symbol class deﬁnes a”grammar”of the sensitive regions of a symbol and the type of relation between these regions.In our standard gram-mar,for instance,we expect that an element of the”variable”class has super-scripted or subscripted components.An element of the”left parenthesis”class has neither a superscripted component nor a subscripted one.The orientation part deﬁnes some spatial regions of symbols.This information contains the as-cent and descent thresholds of the symbols and the left and right border spaceFig.2.A conmutative diagram recognized by MathFoR.The baseline structure tree is showed at the left of the component.in the bounding box.Finally,the symbol part lists concrete symbols associated with a class and orientation and associate ambiguities which can be resolved by MathFoR.The information about ambiguities helps the system to distinguish, for example,between a capital sigma and the sum operator.The conﬁgurationﬁle allows the use of diﬀerent symbols sets and grammars under a common layout ers can change symbol sets and grammars without modifying the MathFoR core classes or their program code.Especially the orientations part of the symbols depends on the user and the input method: If one uses an OCR system for the recognition of symbols,one does not concern about the irregularities in writing;the conﬁguration can be more restrictive, increasing the recognition rate in this case.RecognitionRecognition of mathematical expressions uses some algorithms developed previ-ously by our work group[6,5,7].The algorithms use a Minimum Spanning Tree (MST)construction,using the symbols as nodes of a totally connected graph, combined with information about the typical usage of the symbols,as given in the aforementioned conﬁgurationﬁle.Mathematical structures with tabular lay-out require,however,special treatment,which led us to develop a new algorithm to recognize such structures.Mathematical structures with tabular layout,like matrices or commutative diagrams,require special assumptions.One assumption about matrices is that they occur only between parentheses.Therefore,when MathFoR recognizes an open and closing bracket pair,it switches to matrix mode and tries to recognize the matrix,assuming that the matrix components are mainly cells aligned along a mutative diagrams consist on an abstract level of cells and arrows, where each cell is connected to another by at least one arrow.This representation is inspired by several packages for LaTeX that commonly uses a matrix format to describe commutative diagrams.The recognition of matrices uses projection methods toﬁnd their cells,and the recognition of diagrams is a two-step method that uses an optimization criterion[9].Theﬁrst step constructs an initial grouping of the raw symbols in the dia-gram,using the arrow ends in combination with the MST approach,see Fig.3(a)-(b).By using the MST,each symbol is assigned to a start,end point or to a label of an arrow.Symbols that are connected to a start or end point are grouped with their neighbors to construct an initial group of cells in the diagram.The second stepﬁnds theﬁnal cells and the grid structure of the diagram.To simplify this task,we assume that the cells are aligned in a grid structure,and the rows and columns of the grid are parallel to the screen coordinate system.These assumptions allow us to deﬁne a cost function for a given grid,transforming our layout analysis into a minimization problem.We found in our experiments that a simple hill climbing algorithm is suﬃcient toﬁnd,in most cases,the correct diagram.See Fig.3(c)-(d).The cost function is a linear combination of several numerical features of the grid.Atﬁrst,we consider the number of rows and the height of the highest row. The minimization of these features ensures that the rows are compact,and that there are not too many rows in the grid.The next features are row overlapping and distance between rows,which help to overcome some irregularities in the input.If the overlapping increases,then the grid cost decreases.The minimal overlapping of groups in the same row is used to split a row,even when the two rows are closed to each other.If the distance between two adjacent rows is too small,then they merge.Analogous features are used to create and destroy columns within the grid.OutputThe output is a structure tree which can be used by a Java program directly, using the classes deﬁned in MathFoR.The structure tree has also a representa-tion as XML document,which allows the user to transform the tree into a custom format using XSLT.At time,we use a set of XSLT transformations to convert the structure tree into mathematical expressions in LaTeX or Mathematica for-mat.The transformations deﬁned in the XSLTﬁle translate the names of the symbols into a proper representation and deal with the quirks of the selected format.In LaTeX,for example,it is necessary to create two objects\left(and a\right.,when the original text only has an opening parenthesis.Fig.3.(a)The intial grouping collect symbols that belong to the same cell in diﬀerent goups,which leads to(b)an incorrect conversion of the diagram.(c)After otimization theﬁnal grid is found that leads to(d)the correct interpretation of the diagram. Queries on the Structure TreeAccessing and extracting nodes in the structure tree were quite simple oper-ations in theﬁrst versions of MathFoR,because we accessed only direct child nodes and discarded the nodes that we don’t needed.Such operations became, however,a complicated and confusing task during the recognition of commuta-tive diagrams,because we not only accessed direct children but also grandchil-dren using some special constraints.For that reason,we decided to implement a query mechanism that allows us to build up a query on the structure tree in advance,and to execute this query late as many times as we need.This reduces the code complexity and improves the readability.4Top-Level Applications and ToolsJEdit Plug-inAs a demonstrator of the MathFoR system,we developed a JEdit plug-in that embeds the recognizer in an editor used to write LaTeX manuscripts.Figure4(a)Fig.4.(a)The JEdit plug-in and(b)WebFoR.shows a view of the LaTeX editor in the background,when the handwriting recognizer plug-in has been started.The idea is that when a person is working with LaTeX and needs to enter a complex formula,he starts the plug-in by pressing a function key on the keyboard.The function key opens a window where the user can draw the formula using the mouse or a digitizing tablet connected to the computer.The digital ink is then translated into LaTeX code that the editor immediately incorporates into the document.Here we are thinking of proﬁcient LaTeX users who usually enter small expressions directly using the keyboard. Thus,the handwriting recognition plug-in will be called only for larger formulas, where handwriting input is more convenient.The advantage of using a standard LaTeX editor for embedding the hand-writing recognizer is that information about the variables and processed symbols is immediately available.The special syntax of LaTeX tells the system exactly which variables are being used.In a future research,the LaTeX editor will allow us to use context information for on-line improvement of symbol recognition, which can be accomplished more easily as when only considering the digital ink document without the context.WebFoRAnother demonstrator for the MathFoR system and speciﬁcally for the capa-bilities of the JInk library is WebFoR,a web-based version of the JEdit LaTeX Plug-In,see Fig.4(b).The WebFoR application design splits the MathFoR sys-tem into a notepad applet integrated into a website,which is executed within the client-side web browser.A server-side ink recognition daemon delegates all incoming recognition requests among a set of workers.The client-side notepad allows a user to input a formula as done in the JEdit plug-in.All Input and modiﬁcations are transmitted to the ink recognition daemon and evaluated.The result is then shown within the website.This split design keeps the client-side user interface responsive and small enough for a website,while server-side daemon encapsulates the heavyweight symbol classiﬁer and the formula recognition system.In that way,a full-scale recognition system can be used,since there is no need to cut down the recognition component in order toﬁt into an applet.Character Classiﬁcation WizardThe main purpose of the Character Classiﬁcation Wizard is to oﬀer a comfort-able and easy way to enter and manage sets of handwritten symbols,which will be used as training samples to build new classiﬁers.The classiﬁcation wizard is based on the JInk classes,see Fig.5.One can use the wizard to create projects that organize the training samples into user-deﬁned alphabets.Such a structure makes possible to select a certain subset of the whole database to train a classiﬁer.These alphabets contain a set of isolated characters that are managed internally as an instance of the InkGruop class each.Selected characters are used to train default and custom classiﬁers.The wiz-ard oﬀers two default classiﬁers,k-nearest neighbors and multilayer perceptron, which are included in the Weka library.We have chosen the Weka library be-cause it already implements a wide variety of classiﬁcation algorithms and is freely available.Custom self-written classiﬁers can be created by only imple-menting the Classiﬁer interface of Weka.The output of the training process is an instance of the InkClassiﬁer class. This is just a convenience class that contains the trained Weka-classiﬁer.InkClas-siﬁer encapsulates the digital-ink preprocessing and feature extraction algo-rithms needed as input for the Weka classiﬁer.The default preprocessing settingsFig.6.The UNIPEN viewer.can be adjusted in the training dialog or,again,custom preprocessing algorithms can be implemented by using the given Preprocessor interface.Object serializa-tion is used to store an InkClassiﬁer abject.This eases the inclusion of the clas-siﬁer in some external application that tryes to classify a new InkGroup without worrying about a reimplementation of preprocessing and data conversion. UNIPEN Reader and ViewerTo make sure that classiﬁers deliver the best possible results,it is necessary to train them with as much data as possible.For this reason we use the UNIPEN database[1],the de-facto database of on-line handwriting for benchmarking classiﬁers.This database contains a collection of online handwritten symbols, collected by40diﬀerent institutions and companies around the world.The UNIPEN data format is veryﬂexible and allows the user to store a broad variety of symbols,since the writer has the freedom to choose the hardware and the organisation of the data into metadataﬁles.A typical UNIPEN data ﬁle consists on sets of strokes organized as segments that can be handwritten paragraphs,word or characters.Theﬁle can contain several.INCLUDE codeword that indicate the path to the actual stroke data that deﬁne the segments.The main function of the viewer is,of course,the visualization of the UNIPEN data,and its conversion into an own internal format.The viewer uses the meta-dataﬁle to collect the information needed toﬁnd the right coordinate sequence for a symbol in the database.The coordinates are normalized and used to create instances of the InkGroup object that are used by our classiﬁcation wizard or other algorithms.See Fig.6.5StatusTheﬁrst version of the MathFoR system was developed between2004and2005. Some modiﬁcation and extensions were made in2006to include the recognition of matrices.This version of the system was included as an intelligent tool within the Electronic Chalkboard(E-Chalk)[6].The treatment of digital ink became a toolkit as its own and has been developed separately since the beginning of 2007.That allowed the rewriting of the layout analysis libraries from scratch, also including the separate deﬁnition of layout parameters using XMLﬁles and the use of XSLT to convert theﬁnal recognition into several formats.The whole set of libraries has been developed by some researches in our work group and, currently,by hard-working students of our university.The current version has been used only internally to develop the tools and applications described in the last section.We plan to release a beta version of the libraries at the beginning of October under some open source license.Students of our university will use our library during the next semester in the pattern recognition courses and other specialized seminars,related with recognition of on-online handwriting and pen-based interfaces.6Summary and Further WorkMathFoR uses the Java Virtual Machine as execution platform,taking as advan-tage that the virtual machine runs on a wide variety of operating systems.The main components of the system are the libraries JInk and MathFoR.They han-dle digital ink and analyze the spatial relations between the recognized symbols.A top level application is a bridge between both packages.It is also a concrete implementation of several abstract classes and interfaces deﬁned in JInk and MathFoR.JInk is a library based completely in the Component Architecture of the Java AWT.For this reason,experimented Java programmers can easily integrate digital ink documents into GUI Applications.Digital ink is deﬁned as an interface that has a concrete implementation as a GUI Component Object,oﬀering all the advantages of the components patterns deﬁned in Java AWT:handling mouse events,drawing,serialization,aﬃne transformations,etc.The library also oﬀers an editor for digital ink,that can be easily extended for the developer to include own processing algorithms and recognizers.The structural analysis is based on previous research in our work group.A new library for the structural analysis has been implemented from scratch,of-fering a better ordering and organization of the classes that describe the data used by the algorithms.The XML representation of the data and the recognized structures allows aﬂexible the translation,via XSLT,of the recognized expres-sions into several formatting and programming languages.We have currently translators into the LaTeX language.Our libraries have been growing”horizontally”depending on the needs of the system.We have on-going projects for storing and retrieval of digital inkdata,annotation of digital ink,word recognition and communication using client-server architecture for the recognition of digital ink.References1.I.Guyon,L.Schomaker,R.Plamondon,M.Liberman,and S.Janet.UNIPENProject of On-Line Data Exchange and Recognizer Benchmarks.Pattern Recogni-tion,1994.Vol.2-Conference B:Proceedings of the12th IAPR International Con-ference on Computer Vision&Image Processing,2,1994.2.H.J.Lee and J.S.Wang.Design of a mathematical expression understanding system.Pattern Recognition Letters,18(3):289–298,1997.3.S.Madhvanath,D.Vijayasenan,and T.M.Kadiresan.LipiTk:A Generic Toolkit forOnline Handwriting Recognition.In Proceedings of the tenth International Work-shop on Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition(IWFHR-10),2006.4. E.Smirnova and S.Watt.A context for pen-based mathematical computing.Pro-ceedings of the2005Maple Summer Conference,2005.5. E.Tapia and R.Rojas.Recognition of On-Line Handwritten Mathematical Expres-sions using a Minimum Spanning Tree Construction and Symbol Dominance.Fifth IAPR International Workshop on Graphics Recognition(GREC),2003.6. E.Tapia and R.Rojas.Recognition of On-Line Handwritten Mathematical Formulasin the E-Chalk System.Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition(ICDAR),2003.7. E.Tapia and R.Rojas.Recognition of On-Line Handwritten Mathematical Formulasin the E-Chalk System-An Extension.Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition(ICDAR),2005.8.I.H.Witten and E.Frank.Data Mining:Practical Machine Learning Tools andTechniques with Java Implementations.Morgan Kaufmann,1999.9.M.Ye,H.Sutanto,S.Raghupathy,C.Li,and M.Shilman.Grouping Text Linesin Freeform Handwritten Notes.Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition(ICDAR),2005.。

教育业常用词汇

教育业常用词汇FTP是英文File Transfer Protocol(文件传输协议)的缩写。

顾名思义，FTP就是专门用来传输文件的协议，也就是说通过FTP我们可以在Internet网上的任意两台计算机间互传文件。

什么是FTP呢？FTP 是TCP/IP 协议组中的协议之一，是英文File Transfer Protocol的缩写。

该协议是Internet文件传送的基础，它由一系列规格说明文档组成，目标是提高文件的共享性，提供非直接使用远程计算机，使存储介质对用户透明和可靠高效地传送数据。

简单的说，FTP就是完成两台计算机之间的拷贝，从远程计算机拷贝文件至自己的计算机上，称之为“下载（download）”文件。

若将文件从自己计算机中拷贝至远程计算机上，则称之为“上载（upload）”文件。

在TCP/IP协议中，FTP标准命令TCP端口号为21，Port方式数据端口为20。

FTP协议的任务是从一台计算机将文件传送到另一台计算机，它与这两台计算机所处的位置、联接的方式、甚至是是否使用相同的操作系统无关。

假设两台计算机通过ftp协议对话，并且能访问Internet，你可以用ftp命令来传输文件。

每种操作系统使用上有某一些细微差别，但是每种协议基本的命令结构是相同的。

FTP的传输有两种方式：ASCII传输模式和二进制数据传输模式。

1．ASCII传输方式：假定用户正在拷贝的文件包含的简单ASCII码文本，如果在远程机器上运行的不是UNIX，当文件传输时ftp通常会自动地调整文件的内容以便于把文件解释成另外那台计算机存储文本文件的格式。

但是常常有这样的情况，用户正在传输的文件包含的不是文本文件，它们可能是程序，数据库，字处理文件或者压缩文件（尽管字处理文件包含的大部分是文本，其中也包含有指示页尺寸，字库等信息的非打印字符）。

在拷贝任何非文本文件之前，用binary 命令告诉ftp逐字拷贝，不要对这些文件进行处理，这也是下面要讲的二进制传输。