从接受美学角度分析儿童文学的翻译规则

Literature ReviewThis paper aims to study the E-C translation of nursery rhymes in Children's Literature from the perspective of reception aesthetic. Nowadays, the children’s literature is no longer a kind of reading material especially the nursery rhymes which is taught at the very young age of a person. It also becomes a medium to communicate among children. With the development of the culture transmission, various translation versions were created, meanwhile, it also becomes a kind of tool for countries to communicate deeply. And a number of experts are doing researches on the translation of the nursery rhymes.1、Definition of Children’s LiteratureThere is not a proper definition for children’s literature. From the view of Baidu we can know that “The children’s literature is a kind of literature which created for the children. It is easy to understand and can be divided into many aspects from the acknowledge classics like picture books, fairy tales, fables, nursery rhymes and other’s” (bai du bai ke).According to the opinion of Cao Wenxuan“the children’s literature can bring the children both happiness and sadness in heart, and the sadness is the more important feeling” (bai du wen ku).Riitta Oittinen (2002:62) also made a big contribution to the definition about the children’s literature, he said: “Seen from a very wide perspective, children’s literature could be anything that a child interesting”. It means that whatever thechildren interested in, even a picture, it can be called the children’s literature.As for nursery rhymes, in the accent time, we called it children’s folk rhymes. From Zuo Qiuming (2008:215) who wrote The zuo commentary, which are always regarded as the annalistic historical writing had written “pu yan yin tong yao”.we can tell that we have a very long history of the nursery rhymes.Xu Derong (2004:58) who was interviewed by the famous magazine Meta once talked about this in 2003. He said: “Scholars from 17 countries had papers published on that magazine but none was from China”. It showed that the translation of the children’s literature translation had not been paid too much attention.Shang Shengyilang, a famous Japanese theorist researching the children’s literature, defined the children’s literature: “ children’s literature is the literature which adults creates according to the children’s development for the purpose of educating them to be a sound person in society through the value of the children’s literature” and this is cited in Li Li’s book(2004:89)2、Research on Reception AestheticWith the development of the globalization, the importance of the communication has been known by many people. However, we can not express our ideas to the different races because of the different cultures and languages. Then the translation appeared which can help us built bridges between nations. The literature translation also became a necessary part of the communication. Reception aesthetic is one of the famous view towards the translation.2.1、The Definition of the Reception AestheticIn the 1960s, large social and political changes took in Germany and other countries. As a result, many young scholars intended to break down traditional methods and advocate new ones for researching and criticizing literature. They put all efforts to set up a total different standard. At that time, Hans Robert Jauss and Wolfgang Iser realized that the old paradigm worn out and the reconstruction of a new one emergent. They then put forward reception aesthetics theory, which completely absorbed the basic conceptions of the phenomenology from Roman Ingarden and Hans George Gadamer’s Philosophical Hermeneutics, regarding them as the rational basis for reception aesthetics（wei ji bai ke）.Wolfgang Iser (1996:57-58), one of the creators of the theory put forward that “the literary work has two poles: the artistic and the aesthetic. The artistic is the author’s text, and the aesthetic is the realization accomplished by the reader. A text can only come to life when it is read, and if it is to be examined , it must therefore be suited through the eyes of the reader”.Hu Gengshen (2007:248) point out that in the old Greek, people started to pay attention to the aesthete which related to the philosophy. It was not until Socrates started to realize the humanity did the experts put it into the category of translation field. Aurelius Augustinus put forward the idea that the proper beauty, order and harmonious that make up the aesthete.Zeng Wenxiong (2006:298) also made an importance about this point, He said: “The modern ideologist Ludwig Wittgenstein discovered this issue from theperspective of philosophy, he uses the words of Heidegger’s philosophy and the three factors of aesthetics explained the Learning ontology”2.2、Main Principles of Reception AestheticThe target language readers of the translation of the children’s literature are children who are very different from the adult readers. The reception aesthetic also has its own principles.Shen Meiru (1983:46) held a very positive opinion about the issue. She proposed: “We can describe the west world with our special words”. The translators should think about the culture of own, and never presume every word comforting to the original. Or it would not proper for the kid to read.The well-known German literary theorist Robert once had published a passage which talked about the five principles of Reception Aesthetic in 1967.He said: “the pay attention to the target reader, research the functions through the reception, study the inflection of the book, express idea properly and study the factors that influenced the reader”(jie shou mei xue).Xu Yuanchong (2008:6) said in his book: “From Democritus to Shakespeare, then from Keats to Schopenhauer, there were three things throughout their works and mind that ware the truth, goodness and beauty”. And this lay a foundation for his theory which was treated as the most significant event during the 21 century in this field.In Gentzler’s work (2004:95), he cited Lefebvre’s idea that “the translator’stask id precisely to render the source text, the original author’s interpretation of a given theme expressed in a number of variations, accessible to readers not familiar with these variations, by replacing the original author’s variation with their equivalents in a different language, time, place and tradition. Particular emphasis must be given to the fact that the translator has to replace all the variations contained in the source text by their equivalents”.Ma Xiao (2000:47) said that reception aesthetics also absorbed nourishment from Prague’s vacancy thought of structuralism, Sate’s theory of renewing reader’s status and circulating model theory of Max’s production-circulation-consume Jauss (1982:145) pointed out that it was Wolfgang who put forward “indeterminacy text and vacancy of meaning”. Indeterminacy refers to the absence of an exact correlation between phenomena described in literary texts and objects in the real world.3、Nursery rhymes and its Translation at Home and AbroadWith the development of the society, the nursery rhymes have become a major part of the Children’s literature which belongs to the folk literature before. However, the translation of the nursery rhymes has been ignored for a very long time.3.1、Nursery rhymes and its Translation at HomeWe used to teach the Chinese traditional nursery rhymes to the youth and know little about the foreign ones. The other countries have been in the same situation as well. What cause this kind of phenomenon is the shortage of authors and scholarsin this field.“As we step into the new century,” said Wang Quangen when he was interviewed by the People’s Daily, “the main authors of the children’s literature field are more than fifty, what we should care about were the young generations’ ability to deliver this kind of skill. Moreover, there still not many publishing presses would like to publish the Children’s literature, even the Children’s literature plays an import role in the young age” (2011). From this we can expose the phenomenon that children’s literature hasn’t been paid much attention let alone the nursery rhymes translation.You would find out there were about 4520 versions in the past ten years if you check the figure of the CNKI, but there are only 85 for the Children’s literature, what’s more, there were only nine nursery rhymes. From this, we can also conclude that the nursery rhymes translation is in an embarrassing position compares with other subjects (CNKI shu ju ku) .Xu Derong (2004:58) who was interviewed by the famous magazine Meta once talked about this in 2003. He said: “Scholars from 17 countries had papers published on that magazine but none was from China”. It showed that the translation of the children’s literature translation had not been paid too much attention.When talked about the development of the children’s literature translation. Zhang Luyuan (2007:90) talked about the profiles of children’s literature translation; she discussed this from late Qing Dynasty to the New Period. Qing Gong (2004:41)illustrates the features of the children’s literature translation during May 4th Movement. He concludes that modern children’s literature in China has intimate relation with children’s literature translation at that time.3.2、Nursery rhymes and its Translation abroadPeople in the West Country would teach their children the nursery rhymes as the Chinese do. From this we can know that the nursery rhymes take up a very import position. What about the translation of the nursery rhymes?In the paper of Liu Yuan (2008:12), she mentioned that Gote Klingberg was the first man who did a systematic research on the translation of the children’s literature. However, his study was not lain any theoretical approach of translation, and many of assumptions were questionable.Li Honghui wrote in his paper (2011:24)In the western world, the translators also focus their attention on the text and the theories of translation are mainly derived from the translators’ experience.Tiina Puurtinen (1995), a Finish scholar, also did research on the translation of the children’s literature, and published an article Linguistic Acceptability in Translated Children’s Literature which analyzed the effects of different styles of acceptability and reader expectations.Newmark (2001:39) in his book A Textbook of Translation says “I define culture as the way of life and its means of expression”. That is to say from people’s way of expression about their belief, ideas, thoughts, we can know their culture. From learning foreign culture, we can get familiar with their life.4、Future of the Nursery rhymes TranslationWith the development of the world and the concern about the young generation, the translation of children’s literature will has a bright future.As the translating job is the medium between the different cultures, and it has been approached primarily from the aspects of the differences in language structures, As Nida (1993:24) says “It is true that in all translating and interpreting the source and the target language must be implicitly or explicitly compared, but all such interlingua communication extends far beyond the mechanics of linguistic similarities and contrast”.Zheng zhenze said: “The children’s literature, whether produced at home or abroad, should introduce to the children. We should not oppose the books which published in the foreign countries.”(Bai du wen ku).In other countries, because of the difficulty in defining children’s literature, let alone the nursery rhymes, it is also hard to trace its history to a precise starting point. They always used the nursery rhymes as a window for children to understand themselves and others which Stephanie Feeney and Eva Moravcik (2007:31) hold the opinion towards the Children’s literature.On the other hand, there were more and more scholars have made many analysis in the development of the translation of the nursery rhymes all around the world, Zhu Ziqiang (2008:53) who was treated as the leader of this field put forward two theories that are the theory of the scientific nature and application in practice. He also said that “The children’s literature is also beneficial to the adults”. Themore precious is that his theory has become the theme of the translation in this field. In the preface of his book Tong shu shi xiao lu, he explained the meaning of basis which means the standard and criterion of the mind. That is the children-basis, the childhood is the first stage of one’s life and it is the very time for human to learn everything from the surroundings.5、ConclusionThe translation of the nursery rhymes hasn’t been put in a proper position. But we should keep positive about this for there are more and more experts are doing research in this field. In spite of the nursery rhymes plays an important role in childhood, it also become a popular literature in the world.。