石油地质学英文课件Chapter 1

Carbon
Hydrogen
76
24
84.5 (83-87)
13 (11-14)
84
10
83
5
79
6
Sulfur
Nitrogen Oxygen total
0
0 0 100
1.5 (<1%)
0.5 (<0.2) 0.5 (0.1-4.5) 100
3
1 2 100
1
1 10 100
5
2 8 100
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minor elements are Sulfur,Nitrogen and Oxygen elements are heavy metals,such as V and Ni.
(normally less than 3%);
Trace
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China University of Geosciences, Wuhan
Petroleum Geology
1.1 Definition
• The word petroleum originates from the Latin words petra(“rock and stone”) and oleum(“oil”), just like its Chinese word, 石油 means “石” and “油”. • Petroleum is a kind of mineral resources that occurs in the earth as gas, liquid, semi-solids or in more then one of these states. • Liquid petroleum is called crude oil that consists chiefly of the liquid hydrocarbons, with varying amounts of dissolved gases, bitumens, and impurities, which can be produced from underground reservoir rocks through a drill pipe.
Chapter 1 Crude Oil, Natural Gas, Oilfield Water
1. Crude oils 2. Natural gases 3. Oil-field waters
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Petroleum Geology
China University of Geosciences, Wuhan
Petroleum Geology
1.2 Chemical properties
(1) Elemental composition
The
The
main elements are Carbon and Hydrogen;
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(2) Alkane series — Paraffins

The general formula is CnH2n+2.

C1-4 are gases. methane/CH4, ethane/C2H6， propane/ C3H8, butane/C4H10
C5-20 are liquids. C20+ are usually waxy solids. In CnH2n+2 in crude oil, usually n≤80.


Alkane series can be divided into 2 types:
a. the normal alkanes: b. the isomeric arkanes:
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n-alkanes i-alkanes

China University of Geosciences, Wuhan
Petroleum Geology
(5) Nitrgen, sulfur, oxygen compounds (Asphaltics) •
– – – –
They are complex structural arrangements made of naphtheno-aromatic nuclei with chains and heteroatoms (O,N,S).
–
China University of Geosciences, Wuhan
Petroleum Geology
About porphyrin
• Porphyrins are characterized by a tetrapyrrolic nucleus(4 pyrrole rings), probably inherited from chlorophyll or hemin. So nickel porphyrin and vanadium porphyrin are biological markers indicating crude oils derived from organic matters. • Chlorophyll, the green photosynthetic pigment of plants. • Hemin, the red pigment of animal blood. • There are other metals, like iron(Fe), zinc(Zn), copper(Cu), lead(Pb), arsenic(As), molybdenum(Mo), cobalt(Co), magnesium(Mg), chromium(Cr) etc in crude oils, but only a very little amount.
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Butane Pentane Hexane Heptane
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(3) Naphthene or Cycloparaffin
Sulfur compounds：an average content of sulfur in crude oils is 0.65% by weight. Low or high sulfur crude oil: S<1.0%, S>1.0% b) Nitrogen compounds：Nitrogen content is usually much lower than sulfur content in crude oils. The average nitrogen content is 0.094% by wt, in most crude oils nitrogen content is less than 0.2%. The most important nitrogen compound is porphyrin: Nickel(Ni) and Vanadium(V) porphyrin. c) Oxygen compounds: as saturated fatty acids: phenols
of non-hydrocarbon compounds of nitrogen, sulfur, oxygen and also vanadium(V) and nickel(Ni) as impurities.
• The proportions of the hydrocarbon constituents and the
1 Crude oils
1.1 Definition
1.2 Chemical properties 1.3 Distillation
1.4 Classification
1.5 The differences between marine and
terrigenous oils
1.6 Physical properties
contaminants are different in various petroleum accumulations or oil fields.
• The physical properties of petroleum are different in
various accumulations/fields.
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Petroleum Geology
Naphthenes
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Petroleum Geology
(4) Aromatic Hydrocarbons
With general formular CnH2n-6; The term aromatic hydrocarbon originated from pleasant-smelling compounds in crude oils. However most HCs have very little odor in pure state. All aromatic HCs contain at least one benzene ring. They are unsaturated cycloHC series with double bonds between carbon atoms, likes benzene and its homologous: Benzene Naphthalene Paranaphthalene