药用植物学PharmaceuticalBotany

绪论《药用植物学》

C、同物异用的变化
前胡：古本草用白花前胡，现今加入紫花前胡，但紫花前胡古代称为“土当归”。
5、解决工作中的实际问题
只要毕业后从事本专业的工作，无论你从事何种工作，《药用植物学》知识都是你必备的知识。
①生产、经营、研究、教学各种工作环境中，均与《药用植物学》知识有关，包括药材真伪的鉴别，药材质量的控制，新资源的调查发掘，民间药物的鉴定，新药的开发研究，中药材的种植研究……
人们从植物外表进行观察形成了植物形态学。
从植物内部进行观察形成了植物解剖学。
从植物形态和解剖特征对其分门别类，便于识别和应用，产生了植物分类学。
《药用植物学》包括这三个方面。
植物界分类方法后面再详细介绍。
4、中药品种的演变及复杂性
①中药的多源性
对常用中药534味（根据《中华本草·精选本》）进行统计，单源者（297味）占55.6%；两源者73味，占13.7%；多源者164味，占30.7%。两源和多源共有237味，共占44.4%。（其中植物药454味，单源256，两源59，多源139，合计多源198味，占43.6%）
山慈姑有兰科杜鹃兰（毛慈姑）Cremastra appendiculata、瓶状独蒜兰、滇独蒜兰、独叶山兰；百合科的老鸦瓣（光慈姑）、伊犁光慈姑、丽江光慈姑；防己科的金果榄、金牛胆；马兜铃科的岩慈姑；天南星科犁头尖等在不同地区混作山慈姑。另外如贯众、紫菀、白前、白薇、泽兰、透骨草、漏芦、秦皮、白鲜皮、海风藤、合欢花、王不留行等同名异物情况甚多，形成名实不符。
三原：麻黄、大黄、龙胆、威灵仙、升麻、黄连、辛夷、苦杏仁、山楂、细辛、豨莶草、天南星、黄精、百合、百部、莪术、麝香、珍珠、牡蛎等。
四源及以上：秦艽、秦皮、淫羊藿、钩藤、金银花、青黛、郁金、石斛、石决明、海马等。

药用植物学名词解释及简答题

药用植物学名词解释及简答题药用植物学是一门研究药用植物的学科，研究的范围包括药用植物植物的种类、结构、生物学、植物化学、药理学等。

它可以帮助我们更好地理解药用植物，并正确地使用它们。

药用植物学名词解释是药用植物学的基础，掌握这些常用名词有助于我们深入研究药用植物学。

例如：1、药用植物（medicinal plants）：指的是那些可以用来治疗疾病的植物，可以用于改善或缓解人们身体疾病的植物。

2、植物组成（plant composition）：指的是植物体中所含有的物质，如核酸、蛋白质、糖类、油脂、酚类和醌类物质等。

3、植物性状（plant characteristics）：指的是植物的外部特征，如形状、大小、色泽、花色、株型等。

4、植物繁殖（plant propagation）：指植物的繁殖过程，可以通过种子繁殖、芽繁殖、分株繁殖、组培繁殖等多种方式来实现。

5、药理作用（pharmacological effects）：指药物对人体具有的特定生理作用，可以治疗疾病、促进健康或调节人体紊乱的作用。

除了了解药用植物学名词，我们还应该了解药用植物学的一些简答题，以加深我们对药用植物学的理解。

1、什么是药用植物学？药用植物学是一门研究药用植物的学科，研究的范围包括药用植物植物的种类、结构、生物学、植物化学、药理学等。

2、药用植物的种类有哪些？药用植物的种类包括木本植物、草本植物、攀缘植物、灌木植物等。

3、药用植物的植物组成有哪些？药用植物的植物组成主要包括核酸、蛋白质、糖类、油脂、酚类和醌类物质等。

4、药用植物的繁殖方式有哪些？药用植物的繁殖方式包括种子繁殖、芽繁殖、分株繁殖和组培繁殖等。

5、药理作用是什么？药理作用是指药物对人体具有的特定生理作用，可以治疗疾病、促进健康或调节人体紊乱的作用。

以上就是关于药用植物学名词解释及简答题的介绍。

只有充分理解药用植物学的基础知识，才能更好地使用药用植物。

因此，我们应该努力去学习，以提高药用植物学的知识，有助于促进我们身体健康。

中医基础理论英文单词

每日单词1.学科【中医基础理论】2017-3-21中药Chinese materia medica [mə'tɪərɪr]中药学Chinese materia medica中医药traditional Chinese medicine and pharmacology [fɑrməˈkɑlədʒɪ]中西医结合integration of traditional and western medicine方剂学prescriptions of Chinesemateria medica中医皮肤科学 dermatology of TCM [,dɝmə'tɑlədʒi]中医肛肠科学 proctology of TCM [prɑk'tɑlədʒi]中医妇科学gynecology of TCM [,gaɪnə'kɑlədʒi]中医儿科学pediatrics of TCM[,pidi'ætrɪks]中医眼科学ophthalmology of TCM [,ɑfθæl'mɑlədʒi]中医耳鼻喉科学otorhinolaryngology of TCM [,oto,raɪno,lærɪŋ'ɡɑlədʒi]中医骨伤科学 osteology and traumatology of TCM [,ɑstɪ'ɑlədʒi] [,traʊmə'tɑlədʒi]中医急诊学science of emergentology of TCM针灸学science of acupuncture and moxibustion of TCM中医推拿学science of tuina of traditional Chinese medicine中医养生学science of preservation of traditional Chinese medicine中医康复学science of rehabilitation of traditional Chinese medicine中医护理学science of nursery of traditionalChinese medicine温病学science of epidemic febrile disease of TCM ['fibraɪl]药用植物学pharmaceutical botany [,fɑrmə'sutɪkl]【中医基础理论】2017-3-22中药化学chemistry of Chinese materia medica中药药理学pharmacology of Chinese materia medica中药鉴别学identification of Chinese materia medica中药炮制学science of processing Chinese materia medica中药药剂学pharmacy of Chinese materia medica中药制剂分析 analysising drug form of Chinese materia medica中国医学史Chinese medical history中医文献学Chinese medical literature中医各家学说 theories of schools of traditional Chinese medicine医案medical record国家中医药管理局State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine中华中医药学会China Association of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy世界针灸学会联合会The World Federation of Acupuncture-Moxibustion Societies中国针灸学会 China Association of Acupuncture and Moxibustion中国中西医结合学会Chinese Association of the Integration of Traditional and Western Medicine中国民族医药学会Chinese Association of Minority Medicine阳生阴长：yin growing while yang generating阳杀阴藏：yin concealing while yang declined阴静阳躁：static yin and dynamic yang阳化气，阴成形：yang transforming qi while yin constituting form【中医基础理论】2017-3-23阴阳平衡：yin-yang balance阴阳调和：yin-yang harmony阴阳交感：interaction of Yin and Yang阴阳自和：spontaneous harmonization of yin and yang阴阳对立：opposition of yin and yang阴阳互根：interdependence of Yin and Yang阴阳消长：mutual consuming of Yin and Yang阴阳转化：Inter-transformation of Yin and Yang阴阳互根：mutual rooting of Yin and Yang阴生于阳：Yin originating from yang阳生于阴：yang originating from Yin孤阳不生：solitary yang failing to grow独阴不长：solitary yin failing to develop阴偏盛：Preponderance (Excess) of Yin阳偏盛：Preponderance (Excess) of Yang[prɪ'pɑndərəns]阴偏衰：Weakness (Deficiency) of Yin阳偏衰：Weakness (Deficiency) of Yang重阴必阳：extreme yin turning into yang重阳必阴：extreme yang turning into yin阴平阳秘，精神乃治：when yin is at peace and yang is compact essence-spirit is normal 阴阳离决，精气乃绝：when yin and yang separate, essential qi expires【中医基础理论】2017-3-24阴阳偏盛：preponderance of yin or yang阴阳两虚：Dual deficiency of yin and yang阴虚阳亢：Yin deficiency with yang hyperactivity阴盛阳衰：Exuberance of yin with decline of yang [ɪg'zjʊbərəns]亡阴亡阳：yin collapse; yang exhaustion阳胜则阴病：when yang prevails, yin ails阴胜则阳病：when yin prevails, yang ails阴阳失调：yin-yang disharmony阳损及阴：yang impairment affects yin阴阳乖戾：yin-yang perversion阴阳胜复：Alternative preponderance of yin and yang阴竭阳脱：Yin exhaustion and yang collapse阴盛格阳：exuberant yin repelling yang阳胜则热：excess of yang causing heat; exuberance of yang leads to heat阴盛阳衰：exuberance of yin with decline of yang阴阳俱损：simultaneous consumption of yin and yang扶阳退阴：strengthening yang to reduce yin滋阴抑阳：enrich yin and repressing yang阳中求阴：seek yin from yang阳病治阴：Treating yang disease from yin【中医基础理论】2017-3-25阴阳平衡： balance of yin and yang; Yin-yang balance; balance between yin and yang阴平阳秘：Yin is even (steady) and yang is sound (firm).阴阳失调：disharmony of yin and yang; imbalance of yin and yang阴阳调和：Harmony of yin and yang调和肝胃：Harmonizing the liver and stomach水曰润下：Water characterized by moistening and descending火曰炎上：Fire characterized by flaring up木曰曲直：Wood characterized by bending and straightening金曰从革：Metal characterized by changing土爰稼穑：Earth characterized by sowing and reaping木克土，土生金，金克木：Wood controls Earth, but Earth generates Metal, which controls Wood 母病及子：disease of the mother affects the child子病及母：disease of the child affects the mother子盗母气：child stealing the mother's qi【中医基础理论】2017-3-28虚则补其母：deficiency is treated by supplementing the mother实则泻其子：excess is treated by draining the child补母泻子：supplementing the mother and draining the child滋水涵木：replenishing water to nourish wood培土生金：reinforcing earth to generate metal益火补土：tonifying fire to supplement earth金水相生：mutual generation between metal and water抑强扶弱：restrain the powerful and help the weak抑木扶土：inhibiting wood and strengthening earth培土制水：cultivating earth to control water佐金平木：assisting metal and calming wood泻南补北：purging the south (fire) and nourishing the north (water)精：Essence【中医基础理论】2017-3-29三宝：three treasures先天之精：prenatal/innate essence [,pri'netl]后天之精：postnatal/acquired essence脏腑之精：essence of the bowels and viscera ['vɪsərə]生殖之精：reproductive essence水谷之精：essence of grain and water推动作用：Propelling温煦作用：Warming防御作用：Protecting固摄作用：Fixating ['fɪkset]气化作用：Qi-transforming气机：qi movement气化：qi transformation升：upward movement / ascending降：downward movement / descending出：Outward / going out入：inward / coming in【中医基础理论】2017-3-30元气：primary qi / genuine qi (most essential qi in the body)宗气：pectoral qi; ancestral qi (it accumulates in the chest) ['pɛktərəl] 营气：nutrient qi (forms blood to nourish body)卫气：defensive qi; protective真气：genuine qi正气：healthy qi; normal qi中气：middle qi藏象 viscera manifestation肾间动气：stirring qi of the kidney region心主血：the heart governs the blood肝藏血：the liver stores the blood脾统血：the spleen manages the blood津：thin fluid/fluid liquid液：thick fluid/liquid humor五液：five humors；visceral humor2017-3-31汗：sweat泪：tears涕：snivel美 ['snɪvl]涎：drool; thinner saliva[drul] [sə'laɪvə]唾：spittle; thicker saliva['spɪtl]气为血之帅：qi is the commander of the blood血为气之母：blood is the mother of qi精血同源：essence and blood are of the same source津血同源：liquid and blood are of the same source神：Mind魂：Ethereal Soul[ɪ'θɪrɪəl]魄：Corporeal Soul[kɔr'pɔrɪəl]意：Intellect志：Will-power五脏：five viscera六腑：six bowels奇恒之府：extraordinary organs【中医基础理论】2017-4-1心主血脉：It governs Blood & vessels心藏神：It houses the Mind其华在面：It manifests in the complexion开窍于舌：It opens into the tongue在志为喜：It is related to joy在液为汗：It controls sweat君主之官 monarch organ主血脉 governing blood and vessels主藏神 storing spirit主通明 governing smoothness and brightness肺为娇脏：delicate viscus主宣发与肃降：They control diffusing and descending of Qi and Body Fluids主气司呼吸：They govern Qi and respiration主通调水道：They regulate Water passages朝百脉，主治节：They control channels and blood vessels，and regulate all physiological activities 在体合皮：They control the skin其华在毛：They manifest in the body hair开窍为鼻：They open into the nose在液为涕：The control nasal mucus在神为魄：They house the Corporeal Soul在志为忧（悲）：They are affected by worry, grief and sadness【中医基础理论】2017-4-2脾气主升：It controls the ascending of Qi喜燥恶湿：likes dryness and is averse to dampness主运化：It governs transformation and transportation主统血：It controls the Blood在体合肉，主四肢：It controls the muscles and the four limbs在窍为口，其华在唇：It opens into the mouth and manifests in the lips在液为涎：It controls saliva脾舍意：It houses the Intellect在志为思：It is affected by pensiveness肝为刚脏：liver is the unyielding viscus肝主升发：liver governs upbearing and effusion主疏泄：It ensures the smooth flow of Qi主藏血：It stores Blood在体合筋：It controls the sinews其华在爪：It manifests in the nails在窍为目：It opens into the eyes在液为泪：It controls tears肝舍魂：It houses the Ethereal Soul在志为怒：It is affected by anger【中医基础理论】2017-4-3藏精，主生长发育与生殖：Store Essence and govern birth, growth, reproduction and development 主水：Govern Water主纳气：Control the reception of Qi在体合骨，生髓：Produce Marrow, fill up the brain and control bones在窍为耳及二阴：Open into the ears &the two lower orifices['ɔrəfɪsɪz]其华在发：Manifest in the hair在液为唾：Control spittle ['spɪtl]肾舍志：House the Will-power肾主命门：Control the Gate of Life (Minister Fire)The Gallbladder贮藏和排泄胆汁：It stores and excretes bile [ɪk'skrit] [baɪl]主决断：It controls decisiveness [dɪ'saɪsɪvnəs]The Stomach后天之气之根：Root of Post-Heaven Qi水谷之海：the Sea of water and grains主通降：Controls the descending of Qi/free downflow喜润恶燥：likes moisture and is averse to dryness ['mɔɪstʃɚ]主受纳：Controls receiving / intake主腐熟水谷：Controls the rotting and ripening of food['rɔtiŋ] ['raɪpən]太仓：Great Granary['grænəri]【中医基础理论】2017-4-4The Small Intestine主受盛化物：controls receiving and transforming主泌别清浊：separates the clear and turbid ['tɝbɪd]The Large Intestine主传化糟粕：Controls passage and conduction//governs the conveyance and transformation of waste 大肠主津：it governs fluids通行元气：It mobilizes the Original Qi运行水液：It controls the transportation and penetration of Qi [,pɛnɪ'treʃən]上焦如雾：The Upper Burner is like mist.中焦如沤：The Middle Burner is like foam (fermenter). [fom] [fɚ'mɛntɚ下焦如渎：The Lower Burner is compared to sluice (drainage ditch).[slus] 水闸脑：Brain髓：Marrow骨：Bones脉：Blood Vessels胆：Gall Bladder女子胞：Uterus['jutərəs]主持月经：it regulates menstruation孕育胎儿：it houses the fetus during pregnancy ['fitəs]心肾相交：heart-kidney interaction心肾不交：heart and kidney failing to interact水火既济：coordination between water and fire肝肾同源：liver and kidney are of the same source【中医基础理论】2017-4-5脾为生痰之源，肺为贮痰之器：spleen is the source of phlegm formation, lung is the receptacle that holds phlegm五体：five constituents筋：sinew; tendon ['sɪnju]脉：vessel肉：flesh皮：skin骨：bone皮毛：skin and hair腠理：striae and interstices['straii:]玄府：sweat pore（mysterious mansion） [pɔr]. 气孔['mænʃən] 大厦气门：sweat pore (qi gate)肌：muscle; flesh宗筋：convergence of tendon; penis (and testes)['pinɪs]面：face颈项：neck (and nape)[nep]胸胁：chest and hypochondrium[,haɪpə'kɑndrɪəm]脘腹：stomach duct and abdomen腰背：lumbus and back四肢：Four limbs前阴：external genitalia (anterior yin) [,dʒɛnə'teljə]后阴：anus (posterior yin)['enəs]五官：five sense【中医基础理论】2017-4-6七窍：seven orifices九窍：nine orifices清窍：clear orifice上窍：upper orifice下窍：lower orifice苗窍：signal orifice外因：external cause内因：internal cause不内外因：cause neither internal nor external / miscessaneous causes of disease 其他致病因素：other pathogens病理产物：pathological products六淫：six excesses疠气：pestilential qi [,pɛstɪ'lɛnʃl]风：wind寒：cold暑：summer-heat湿：dampness燥：dryness火：fire喜：joy怒：anger：忧：worry/anxiety思：pensiveness/thought悲：sadness/sorrow恐：fear 惊：shock/fright【中医基础理论】2017-4-7怒伤肝： anger affecting the Liver喜伤心： joy affecting the Heart思伤脾： pensiveness affecting the Spleen悲伤肺： sadness affecting the Lungs恐伤肾： fear affecting the Kidneys.饮食失宜：improper diet饮食不节：improper eating habit过饥（进食不足）：insufficient eating过饱：overeating饮食不洁：eating unclean food五味偏嗜：flavor predilection偏嗜肥甘：predilection for greasy food['grisi] [,prɛdl'ɛkʃən]过食生冷：overconsumption of raw or cold foods劳逸不当：overwork or lack of exercise过劳：overwork/overstrain劳力过度：excessive physical work劳神过度：excessive mental work房劳过度：excessive sexual activity过逸：lack of exercise体逸太过：lack of physical exercise神逸太过：lack of mental exercise邪气、病邪：evil/pathogen/pathogenic factor外邪：external evilFrom: 国医英语QQ群459509898【中医基础理论】2017-4-8内生五邪：five endogenous evil客邪：visiting evil/intruding pathogen时邪：seasonal evil合邪：combined evil浊邪：turbid evil毒：toxin热毒：heat toxin胎毒：fetal toxin蛊毒：parasitic toxin恶气：malign qi外感：external contraction内伤：internal damage劳倦：fatigue due to overstrain劳复：relapse due to overwork跌打损伤：injuries due to knocks and falls禀赋不足：constitutional insufficiency先天不足：inadequate natural endowment后天失调：lack of proper care after birth水土不服：failure to acclimatize to a new environment【中医基础理论】2017-4-9心藏神heart storing spirit肺藏魄 lung storing inferior spirit肝藏魂liver storing soul脾藏意 spleen storing idea肾藏志kidney storing will调节脏腑机能regulate viscera function主宰dominate/dictate/govern/decide疏泄catharsis [k ə'θɑrs ɪs]升降出入coming out and entering维系hold together精 jing （as the world origin in ancient philosophy ）气 qi （as the world origin in ancient philosophy ）精气学说 theory of jingqi生殖之精 essential substance for reproduction有形物质 tangible material感应 induction水地说 hypothesis of jing originating from water and earth [ha ɪ'p ɑθəs ɪs]运气说 hypothesis of qi originating from cloud and air元气 primordial qi [pra ɪ'm ɔrd ɪəl]From: 国医英语QQ 群459509898【中医基础理论】2017-4-10（元）气一元论 monism of qi阴阳：yin and yang the two opposing principles in nature变化：variation子午线：meridian (厥阴：jueyin meridian)太阴：lunar太阳：sunshine阴阳交感：interaction of yin anyang阴阳互藏：yinyang mutual hiding阴阳转化：mutual transformation between yin and yang阴阳消长：waxing and waning of yinyang阴阳相关：the relativity of yin and yang阴阳对立制约the opposition of yin and yang阴阳互根互用interdependence and interpromotion of yin and yang筋骨～阳中之阴skin and muscles~yang within yangtendon and bone~yin within yang阴阳失调imbalance of yin and yang ；五行学说doctrine of five elements春夏养阳reinforcing yang in summer to treat yang deficiency.秋冬养阴nourishing yin in water to treat yin deficiency.夏病冬治treating summer disease from winter【中医基础理论】2017-4-11木曰曲直；wood can be flexed and extended火曰炎上fire flames up土爰稼穑 earth can grow props ；水曰润下water moistens and flows downward气机qi activity气化qi transformation五行相生inter-promotion of five elements五行相克inter-inhibition of five elements五行制化relationship of promotion and restriction of five elements五行相乘inter-invasion of five elements五行相侮reverse restriction in five elements五行胜复resistance of oppressed elements母病及子mother-organ disorder involving its child-organ子病及母child-organ disorder involving its mother-organ滋水涵木 replenishing water to nourish woodFrom: 国医英语QQ 群459509898From: 国医英语QQ 群459509898培土生金 reinforcing earth to generate metal益火补土 tonifying fire to supplement earth金水相生 mutual generation between metal and water抑木扶土 inhibiting wood and strengthening earth培土制水 cultivating earth to control water佐金平木 assisting metal and calming wood泻南补北 purging the south (fire) and nourishing the north(water)阴阳自和 reestablishment to yin-yang equilibrium阴阳平衡 both yin and yang in equilibrium满而不实：full of essence without foodstuff实而不满：full of foodstuff without essence【中医基础理论】2017-4-12心主神明：heart controlling metal activities肺为娇脏：lung being the delicate organ肝为刚脏：liver being the resolute zang-organ脾为孤脏：spleen being the solitary zang-organ泌别清浊: separating the clear from the turbid脑为髓海：brain being the marrow sea命门：vital gate罢极之本：source of endurance五脏之本 the source of vital essence of five ZANG-organs水谷之海 reservoir of water and grains腐熟水谷 digesting food以降为和 taking descent as the normal functional tendency of FU-organs小肠主液 the small intestine being concerned with the thick and turbid body fluid 大肠主津 the large intestine governing the body fluids州都之官 the viscus likened to a pond; the urinary bladder决渎之官 the organ in charge of water circulation上焦如雾 upper energizer acting as fog女子胞 uterus【中医基础理论】2017-4-13后天之本 source of acquired constitution先天之本 congenital foundation罢极之本 source of endurance上焦如雾 upper —jiao resembling mistFrom: 国医英语QQ 群459509898From: 国医英语QQ 群459509898中焦如沤 middle —jiao resembling fermenter下焦如渎 lower —jiao resembling drainage三焦 three warmers ，three burners ,tri-jiao奇恒之腑 extraordinary fu-organs肝开窍于目 the liver opens into the eyes惊恐伤肾 fear impairing kidney悲忧伤肺 melancholy impairing lung思虑伤脾 worry impairing spleen暴喜伤心 overwhelming joy impairing heart大怒伤肝 rage impairing liver精气为满 essence is characterized by fullness水谷为实 food is characterized by solidness魄 inferior spirit心为君主之官 the heart is the monarch organ心在窍为舌 the heart opens into the tongue在志为喜 associating with joy in emotions在液为汗 sweat in secretions其华在面 manifesting on the face主血脉 control the blood and vessel心藏神 the heart is to govern the mind【中医基础理论】2017-4-14心与小肠相表里 it meridian connects with the small intestine with which it is internally and externally related肺为华盖 the lung is compared to the “canopy ”肺与大肠相表里 it's meridian is internally and externally related to the large intestine 肾藏精 kidney storesessence在时为 the time supports spring在志为怒 with aspiration in fury五脏 five solid organs辩证论证 selection of treatment based on the differential diagnosi小肠 intestinum tenue膀胱 cystitis命门 vitaport;相火 prime-minister fire;怒伤肝 excessive rage impairs the liver天癸 sexual function of both sexes月经 menstruation心肾不交 disharmony between the heart and kidney生痰之源 source of phlegm纳运相得 inter-promotion between containing and digestion升降相因 interdependence between ascending and descending后天之本 source of acquired constitution冲脉 chong channel元气 vigour From: 国医英语QQ 群459509898【中医基础理论】2017-4-15藏泄互用 interdependence between storing and discharging精血同源 the essence and blood share the same orgin血液运行 blood circulation血虚 blood asthenia 血瘀 blood stasis血热 blood-heat 血寒 blood-cold血液生化不足 insufficiency of blood面色无华 pale complexion急慢性出血 acute and chronic hemorrhage血脉和利 harmony of blood and smoothness of the vessels气虚血瘀 qi asthenia and blood stasis气滞 qi stagnation气不摄血 failure of qi to control blood经脉meridian ；络脉collateral经络学说 theory of meridians and collaterals十二正经 twelve regular channels奇经八脉 eight extra channels十二经别 twelve divergent channels十五别络 fifteen large collaterals十二经筋 twelve meridian musculatures十二皮部 twelve cutaneous areas孙络 minute collateral浮络 superficial collaterals【中医基础理论】2017-4-16阴胜则阳病 an excess of yin leads to deficiency of yang（阳胜则热 predominance of yang generating heat ）木乘木虚 the wood over-restrains the earth虚寒证 deficiency-cold syndrome木火刑金 wood-fire impairs the metal金水相生 generation between the metal and water生克制化 interrelationship between generation and restriction相乘相侮 over-restriction and reverse restriction生中有制 restriction within generation相生相克 mutual generation and restrictionFrom: 国医英语QQ 群459509898From: 国医英语QQ 群459509898生我，我生 to be generated and to generate阴阳胜复 alternative predominance of yin and yang扶阳退阴 strengthening yang to reduce yin祛风散寒 expelling/eliminating wind to dispersing cold督脉 governor vessel任脉 conception vessel冲脉 thoroughfare vessel带脉 belt vessel阴蹻、阳蹻脉 Yinqiao vessel, Yangqiao vessel阴维、阳维脉 Yinwei vessel and Yangwei vessel.脾之大络 the large spleen collateral缺盆中痛 pain in the supraclavicular fossa肺经 the lung vessel【中医基础理论】2017-4-17阳脉之海sea of yang meridians(governor vessel)阴脉之海sea of yin meridians(conception vessel)任主胞胎conception vessel governing uterus and gestation十二经脉之海sea of the twelve meridians(thoroughfare vessel)血海blood sea手太阴肺经lung channel of hand taiyin手阳明大肠经large intestine channel of hang yangming足阳明胃经stomach channel of foot yangming足太阴脾经spleen channel of food taiyin手少阴心经heart channel of hand shaoyin手太阳小肠经 small intestine channel of hand taiyang足太阳膀胱经 bladder channel of foot taiyang足少阴肾经 kidney channel of foot shaoyin手厥阴心包经 pericardium channel of hand jueyin手少阳三焦经 tri-jiao(energizer) channel of hand shaoyang足少阳胆经 gallbladder channel of foot shaoyang足厥阴肝经 liver channel of foot jueyin虚里 heart apex人迎脉 man's prognosis pulse头为诸阳之会 the head is the junction of all yang meridians体质 physiqueFrom: 国医英语QQ 群459509898From: 国医英语QQ 群459509898【中医基础理论】2017-4-18禀赋 natural endowment稚阴稚阳 immature yin and yang劳则气耗 overexertion leading to qi consumption痰湿体质 the phlegm –dampness constitution个体差异性 individual variation相对稳定性 relay satellite群体趋同性 group convergence动态可变性 dynamic variability形神合一 harmonization between soma and spirit体格 physique体型 body type人格 personality气质 temperament性格 character素质 heredity理想体质 ideal body constitutions病势 disease tendency质化（从化） property transformation【中医基础理论】2017-4-19体质强弱 (body )constitutional state/ conditions of constitution平和质 mild constitution因人制宜 treatment in accordance with the patient's individuality生长发育水平 level of production营养状况 condition of nutrition体质的评价指标 the evaluation index of constitution先天禀赋 natural endowment体质强壮 robust constitution体质虚弱 weak constitution机体的抗病能力 body resistance外邪 exterior pernicious influences语声低微 whispering voice懒言 reluctance to speak自汗 spontaneous sweating盗汗 night sweats思虑太过 excessive mental activities形寒肢冷cold extremities淋雨涉水 being drenched by rain [drent ʃd]渴不欲饮 thirst without the desire to drink大渴 unquenchable thirst [ʌn'kwen(t)ʃəb(ə)l]From: 国医英语QQ 群459509898【中医基础理论】2017-4-20六淫 six evils行痹 wind arthralgia [ɑr'θræld ʒə]痛痹 arthritis着痹 localized pain disorder caused by moist heteropathy /,het ə'r ɔp əθi/ 反应性异常风邪 wind evil阳邪 yang pathogens内因 internal cause风疹 nettle rash病起过用 overuse causing disease三因学说 theory of three types of disease causes六淫 six excesses外风 external wind内风 internal wind内寒 internal cold内湿 internal dampness内燥 internal dryness内火 internal fire戾气 pestilent qi淤血 static blood血热 blood heat痰饮phlegm retention湿热damp heat【中医基础理论】2017-4-21风寒表证superficial cold syndrome里热证internal heat syndrome湿性重浊dampness is heavy and turbid眩晕耳鸣dizziness and vertigo气机失调disorder of qi movement大怒郁怒伤肝rage and depression impair liver七情内伤internal impairment due to seven emotions得温则减，遇寒加剧relieved by warming,aggravated by more cold正气 healthy qiFrom: 国医英语QQ 群459509898From: 国医英语QQ 群459509898邪气 pathogenic factors感邪即发 acute onset after affected徐发 chornic onset伏而后发 latent onset继发 secondary onset合病 simultaneous onset并病 following onset复病 recurrence【中医基础理论】2017-4-22重感致复 re-affectedness causing recurrence内伤七情 internal injury due to seven emotions怒则气上 excessive anger drives qi to flow upward喜则气缓 excessive joy makes qi sluggish悲则气消 excessive sorrow consumes qi恐则气下 excessive fear drives qi to flow downward惊则气乱 excessive fright disorders qi思则气结 excessive thought stagnates qi内生五邪 five internal excesses饮食劳倦 improper diet and over strain不内外因 causes neither internal nor external病机学说：pathology虚实错杂：mixture of asthenia and sthenia邪胜正衰：prosperous pathogen with asthenic healthy qi虚：asthenia 实： sthenia大实有羸状：excessive sthenia manifesting as excessive asthenia虚实真假：pseudo or ture manifestation of asthenia and sthenia正虚邪恋：asthenia healthy qi with pathogen lingering虚中夹实：asthenia with sthenia【中医基础理论】2017-4-23虚实转化：inter-transformation between asthenia and sthenia因虚致实：sthenic symptoms caused by asthenia风气内动:internal generation of windFrom: 国医英语QQ 群459509898From: 国医英语QQ 群459509898热极生风:extreme heat causing wind syndrome肝阳化风:hyperactive liver-YANG causing syndrome of liver-wind阴虚风动:wind formation from yin deficiency血虚生风:wind formation from blood deficiency血燥生风:wind formation from blood dryness痰瘀生风:phlegm stasis causing wind寒从中生: endogenous cold formation湿浊内生:dampness originating from interior津伤化燥:dryness caused by consumption of body fluid邪气盛则实 exuberance of pathogenic factors leads to sthenia精气夺则虚 loss of essence leads to asthenia邪正盛衰superabundance or decline between healthy qi and pathogenic factors阴阳失调 imbalance between yin and yang气血失常 disorder of qi and blood经络和脏腑功能紊乱 dysfunction of the viscera and meridians阴阳互损 mutual consumption of yin or yang阴阳的格拒 mutual rejection between yin and yang阴阳的亡失 loss of yin or yang【中医基础理论】2017-4-24内生五邪 five endogenous pathogenic factors气滞血瘀 blood stasis due to qi deficiency气不摄血 qi fails to consolidate blood气不行水 qi not moving water气津两虚 deficiency of both qi and fluids瘀血痰饮 stagnated blood and phlegm retention津液耗伤 consumption of body fluid热扰心神 pathogenic heat disturbing the mind风痰阻络 wind-phlegm obstructing the channels胸闷如窒 a suffocating sensation in the chest内生五邪 five endogenous evils饮食不洁：unhygienic diet五味偏嗜: be addicted to one of the five flavours疳积：infantile malnutrition痰饮证phlegm retention syndrome体质差异the discrepancy of physique发育障碍eccyliosis戾气：epidemic pathogenic factor综合症：syndrome诊断失误 the error of diagnosis烧烫伤pathogeny burn and scald [p ə'θɔd ʒini]发病 disease onsetFrom: 国医英语QQ 群459509898【中医基础理论】2017-4-25正气 healthy qi邪气 pathogenic qi卒发 acute onset徐发 chronic onset伏发 latent onset继发 secondary onset合病 simultaneous onset并病 following onset复发 recurrence治病求本 treatment aiming at its pathogenesis急则治标 symptomatic treatment in acute condition缓则治本 radical treatment in chronic case标本兼治 treating both manifestationand root couse of disease治未病 preventive treatment of disease同病异治 treating same disease with different methods异病同治 treating different diseases with same methods因时治宜 treating in accordance with seasonal condition因地制宜 treating in accordance with local condition因人制宜 treating in accordance with the patient's individuality望神 inspection of spirit【中医基础理论】2017-4-26眼神 expression in one's eyes气色 complexion神情 expression体态 posture望色 inspection of color常色 normal complexion病色 sickly complexion五色主病 diseases reflected by five colours;望色十法 ten-principle examination of the complexion四诊合参 comprehensive analysisof data gained by fourdiagnostic methods内证 interior syndrome外证 exterior syndrome平人 healthy personFrom: 国医英语QQ 群459509898From: 国医英语QQ 群459509898八纲辨证 eight principal syndrome differentiation六经辨证 syndrome-differentiation of the six meridians辨病 disease differentiation卫气营血辨证 wei-qi-camp-blood syndrome differentiation常规医学：Conventional Medicine主流医学：Mainstream health care对抗疗法：Allopathic Therapy顺势疗法：Homeopathic therapy【中医基础理论】2017-4-27中西医结合：Integration of traditional Chinese and western medicine有机整体：organic whole形神统一：unity of the body and spirit天人相应：correspondence between human and universe证：Syndrome/Pattern症：symptom征：sign辨证：Syndrome Differentiation/Pattern Identification辨证论治：①Treatment based on Pattern Identification②Pattern Identification and Treatment诊断与保健体系a system of diagnosis and health-care approachesA highly sophisticated set of practices designed to cure illness and to maintain health andwellbeing辅助医学：Complementary Medicine 替代医学：Alternative Medicine天气 celetial qi地气 earth qi气立 establishment of general qi【中医基础理论】2017-4-28天人相应 adaptation of human body to natural environment辨证论治 treatment based on syndrome differentiation理法方药 principle-method-recipe-medicines From: 国医英语QQ 群459509898From: 国医英语QQ 群459509898。

中医药名词英文翻译01（学科相关词汇）

中医药名词英⽂翻译01（学科相关词汇）01.001中医(1)traditional Chinesemedicine；(2)traditionalChinese physician (1)起源与形成于中国的具有整体观念、辨证论治等特点的医学；(2)本学科专业职业队伍。

01.002中药Chinese materia medica在中医理论指导下应⽤的药物。

包括中药材、中药饮⽚和中成药等。

01.003中医学traditional Chinesemedicine 以中医药理论与实践经验为主体，研究⼈类⽣命活动中健康与疾病转化规律及其预防、诊断、治疗、康复和保健的综合性科学。

01.004中药学Chinese materia medica中药学科的统称。

研究中药基本理论和各种药材饮⽚、中成药的来源、采制、性能、功效、临床应⽤等知识的学科。

01.005中医药traditional Chinesemedicine and pharmacy中医与中药的合称。

01.006中医药学traditional Chinesemedicine and pharmacy 中医学与中药学的合称，侧重反映中医与中药两者共同发展，密不可分。

01.007中西医结合integration oftraditional and westernmedicine 以现代医学等现代科学知识及⼿段来继承和发展中医药，中西医学相互补充，取长补短，诊治疾病的医学形式。

01.008中医基础理论basic theory oftraditional Chinesemedicine 研究和阐明中医学的基本概念、基本理论、基本规律、基本原则的学科。

01.009中医诊断学diagnostics oftraditional Chinesemedicine 根据中医学的理论体系，研究诊察病情、判断病种、辨别证候的基础理论、基本知识和基本技能的学科。

01.010⽅剂学prescriptions of Chinesemateria medica研究治法与⽅剂配伍规律及其临床运⽤的学科。

《药用植物学》1.2 变态根的类型(一)

(六) 水生根水生植物的根呈须状垂直生于水中，水生植物的根呈须状垂直生于水中，如菱、睡莲等。如菱、睡莲等。 (七) 寄生根寄生植物产生的不定根伸入寄主植物体内吸收水分和营养物质。菟丝子、列当称为菟丝子、列当称为全寄生植物。桑寄生、槲寄生称为半寄生植物。
二、变态根的形态与类型 (一) 贮藏根根的一部分或全部因贮藏营养物质而呈肉质肥大状，根的一部分或全部因贮藏营养物质而呈肉质肥大状，称贮藏根。称贮藏根。贮藏根依据其来源及形态的不同又可分为肉质直根和块ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ。块根。攀援植物在其地上茎干上生出不定根。攀援植物在其地上茎干上生出不定根。
(二) 支柱根增强支持茎干的作用，增强支持茎干的作用，如玉米、如玉米、薏苡。薏苡。
(三) 攀援根攀援植物在其地上茎干上生出不定根，攀援植物在其地上茎干上生出不定根，如常春藤、如常春藤、络石等。石等。
(四) 气生根自茎上产生的不伸入土中而暴露在空气中的不定根，如自茎上产生的不伸入土中而暴露在空气中的不定根，如石斛。石斛。
(五) 呼吸根有些生长在湖沼或热带海滩地带的植物，如红树等有些生长在湖沼或热带海滩地带的植物，如红树等。，如红树等。
药用植物学 Pharmaceutical Botany
教
师：李涛
所在单位：所在单位四川大学华西药学院课程内容：认识药用植物根的特征
本部分主要讨论：
第一节根
一．正常根的形态二．变态根的类型三．根的显微构造四．根的生理功能
【目的与要求】掌握根的外形特征和内部构造特征（包括初生构造和次生构造）。掌握单子叶植物根和双子叶植物根的主要区别。熟悉根的类型、变态根的类型。熟悉根的异常构造。了解植物根尖及其分区，根的生理功能。

药用植物学》课程标准

药用植物学》课程标准The course "Pharmaceutical Botany" XXX dispensers。

salespersons。

custodians。

selectors。

and cultivators。

It is a nal platform and fundamental course for the five-year nal XXX Province。

with a suggested n of 94 hours and a credit of 5.The course is designed to equip students with the basic theories。

knowledge。

XXX。

and to XXX," "Practical Chinese Medicinal Chemistry," and "XXX."The course is designed based on the "XXX (Trial)" and breaks away from XXX is the primary feature。

Instead。

the course XXX。

XXX approach aims to help students recognizemore plants。

master the skills required for the nal Chinese medicine n。

and develop their interests in active learning and problem-solving。

XXX.The course content is based on the responsibilities and tasksof the ns of standardized n。

《药用植物学》教学大纲

药用植物学一、课程说明课程编号：240203Z10课程名称：药用植物学/ Pharmaceutical botany学时与学分：28/1.5先修课程要求：无要求。

适应专业：药学教材、教学参考书：《药用植物学》，张浩主编，人民卫生出版社，2013年第6版二、课程设置的目的和意义《药用植物学》是药学专业的一门专业基础课，它是利用植物形态、结构以及分类学知识和方法，来研究药用植物的一门科学，它的任务主要是系统的学习植物学知识，研究药用植物的分类鉴定，调查药用植物资源，整理中草药的种类，保证用药准确有效。

通过本课程的学习，为下一阶段学习《生药学》打下基础。

三、课程的基本要求《药用植物学》的基本内容分为植物形态解剖学和植物系统分类学两部分。

植物形态解剖学部分主要讲述植物的细胞、植物的组织及种子植物的器官等；植物的系统分类部分主要讲述植物分类的原理和方法、植物进化系统、各类群的特征及其主要药用植物等。

《药用植物学》的整个教学过程包括：课堂讲授、实验室实习和野外实习三部分。

该教学大纲专门针对药用植物学理论学习制定。

在教学方法上做到深入浅出，加强基础理论，发挥学生学习上的主动性和创造性，培养学生分析问题和解决问题的能力。

四、教学内容、重点难点及教学设计附具体教学内容：绪论药用植物学的概念、任务和目的；药用植物学的发展历史及其最新进展；药用植物学和其它学科的关系。

重点是明确药用植物学的目的和任务。

了解药用植物学的发展简史和学习药用植物学的方法。

第一章植物的细胞植物细胞的形态、结构和大小；植物细胞的显微结构和超微结构；细胞壁的特化类型及鉴别方法。

植物细胞的后含物：淀粉、菊糖、蛋白质、脂肪、晶体、酶、生长素等。

植物细胞的增殖：无丝分裂、有丝分裂、减数分裂。

重点要求：植物细胞的显微结构、细胞壁的特化和后含物的种类及其鉴别方法。

了解植物细胞超微构造及繁殖方式。

第二章植物的组织组织的概念，类型及特征：分生组织、保护组织、基本组织、机械组织、输导组织、分泌组织；存在部位；主要生理机能；维管束及其类型。

中医基础理论英文单词

每日单词1.学科【中医基础理论】2017-3-21中药Chinese materia medica [mə'tɪərɪr]中药学Chinese materia medica中医药traditional Chinese medicine and pharmacology [fɑrməˈkɑlədʒɪ]中西医结合integration of traditional and western medicine方剂学prescriptions of Chinesemateria medica中医皮肤科学 dermatology of TCM [,dɝmə'tɑlədʒi]中医肛肠科学 proctology of TCM [prɑk'tɑlədʒi]中医妇科学gynecology of TCM [,gaɪnə'kɑlədʒi]中医儿科学pediatrics of TCM[,pidi'ætrɪks]中医眼科学ophthalmology of TCM [,ɑfθæl'mɑlədʒi]中医耳鼻喉科学otorhinolaryngology of TCM [,oto,raɪno,lærɪŋ'ɡɑlədʒi]中医骨伤科学 osteology and traumatology of TCM [,ɑstɪ'ɑlədʒi] [,traʊmə'tɑlədʒi]中医急诊学science of emergentology of TCM针灸学science of acupuncture and moxibustion of TCM中医推拿学science of tuina of traditional Chinese medicine中医养生学science of preservation of traditional Chinese medicine中医康复学science of rehabilitation of traditional Chinese medicine中医护理学science of nursery of traditionalChinese medicine温病学science of epidemic febrile disease of TCM ['fibraɪl]药用植物学pharmaceutical botany [,fɑrmə'sutɪkl]【中医基础理论】2017-3-22中药化学chemistry of Chinese materia medica中药药理学pharmacology of Chinese materia medica中药鉴别学identification of Chinese materia medica中药炮制学science of processing Chinese materia medica中药药剂学pharmacy of Chinese materia medica中药制剂分析 analysising drug form of Chinese materia medica中国医学史Chinese medical history中医文献学Chinese medical literature中医各家学说 theories of schools of traditional Chinese medicine医案medical record国家中医药管理局State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine中华中医药学会China Association of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy世界针灸学会联合会The World Federation of Acupuncture-Moxibustion Societies中国针灸学会 China Association of Acupuncture and Moxibustion中国中西医结合学会Chinese Association of the Integration of Traditional and Western Medicine中国民族医药学会Chinese Association of Minority Medicine阳生阴长：yin growing while yang generating阳杀阴藏：yin concealing while yang declined阴静阳躁：static yin and dynamic yang阳化气，阴成形：yang transforming qi while yin constituting form【中医基础理论】2017-3-23阴阳平衡：yin-yang balance阴阳调和：yin-yang harmony阴阳交感：interaction of Yin and Yang阴阳自和：spontaneous harmonization of yin and yang阴阳对立：opposition of yin and yang阴阳互根：interdependence of Yin and Yang阴阳消长：mutual consuming of Yin and Yang阴阳转化：Inter-transformation of Yin and Yang阴阳互根：mutual rooting of Yin and Yang阴生于阳：Yin originating from yang阳生于阴：yang originating from Yin孤阳不生：solitary yang failing to grow独阴不长：solitary yin failing to develop阴偏盛：Preponderance (Excess) of Yin阳偏盛：Preponderance (Excess) of Yang[prɪ'pɑndərəns]阴偏衰：Weakness (Deficiency) of Yin阳偏衰：Weakness (Deficiency) of Yang重阴必阳：extreme yin turning into yang重阳必阴：extreme yang turning into yin阴平阳秘，精神乃治：when yin is at peace and yang is compact essence-spirit is normal 阴阳离决，精气乃绝：when yin and yang separate, essential qi expires【中医基础理论】2017-3-24阴阳偏盛：preponderance of yin or yang阴阳两虚：Dual deficiency of yin and yang阴虚阳亢：Yin deficiency with yang hyperactivity阴盛阳衰：Exuberance of yin with decline of yang [ɪg'zjʊbərəns]亡阴亡阳：yin collapse; yang exhaustion阳胜则阴病：when yang prevails, yin ails阴胜则阳病：when yin prevails, yang ails阴阳失调：yin-yang disharmony阳损及阴：yang impairment affects yin阴阳乖戾：yin-yang perversion阴阳胜复：Alternative preponderance of yin and yang阴竭阳脱：Yin exhaustion and yang collapse阴盛格阳：exuberant yin repelling yang阳胜则热：excess of yang causing heat; exuberance of yang leads to heat阴盛阳衰：exuberance of yin with decline of yang阴阳俱损：simultaneous consumption of yin and yang扶阳退阴：strengthening yang to reduce yin滋阴抑阳：enrich yin and repressing yang阳中求阴：seek yin from yang阳病治阴：Treating yang disease from yin【中医基础理论】2017-3-25阴阳平衡： balance of yin and yang; Yin-yang balance; balance between yin and yang阴平阳秘：Yin is even (steady) and yang is sound (firm).阴阳失调：disharmony of yin and yang; imbalance of yin and yang阴阳调和：Harmony of yin and yang调和肝胃：Harmonizing the liver and stomach水曰润下：Water characterized by moistening and descending火曰炎上：Fire characterized by flaring up木曰曲直：Wood characterized by bending and straightening金曰从革：Metal characterized by changing土爰稼穑：Earth characterized by sowing and reaping木克土，土生金，金克木：Wood controls Earth, but Earth generates Metal, which controls Wood 母病及子：disease of the mother affects the child子病及母：disease of the child affects the mother子盗母气：child stealing the mother's qi【中医基础理论】2017-3-28虚则补其母：deficiency is treated by supplementing the mother实则泻其子：excess is treated by draining the child补母泻子：supplementing the mother and draining the child滋水涵木：replenishing water to nourish wood培土生金：reinforcing earth to generate metal益火补土：tonifying fire to supplement earth金水相生：mutual generation between metal and water抑强扶弱：restrain the powerful and help the weak抑木扶土：inhibiting wood and strengthening earth培土制水：cultivating earth to control water佐金平木：assisting metal and calming wood泻南补北：purging the south (fire) and nourishing the north (water)精：Essence【中医基础理论】2017-3-29三宝：three treasures先天之精：prenatal/innate essence [,pri'netl]后天之精：postnatal/acquired essence脏腑之精：essence of the bowels and viscera ['vɪsərə]生殖之精：reproductive essence水谷之精：essence of grain and water推动作用：Propelling温煦作用：Warming防御作用：Protecting固摄作用：Fixating ['fɪkset]气化作用：Qi-transforming气机：qi movement气化：qi transformation升：upward movement / ascending降：downward movement / descending出：Outward / going out入：inward / coming in【中医基础理论】2017-3-30元气：primary qi / genuine qi (most essential qi in the body)宗气：pectoral qi; ancestral qi (it accumulates in the chest) ['pɛktərəl] 营气：nutrient qi (forms blood to nourish body)卫气：defensive qi; protective真气：genuine qi正气：healthy qi; normal qi中气：middle qi藏象 viscera manifestation肾间动气：stirring qi of the kidney region心主血：the heart governs the blood肝藏血：the liver stores the blood脾统血：the spleen manages the blood津：thin fluid/fluid liquid液：thick fluid/liquid humor五液：five humors；visceral humor2017-3-31汗：sweat泪：tears涕：snivel美 ['snɪvl]涎：drool; thinner saliva[drul] [sə'laɪvə]唾：spittle; thicker saliva['spɪtl]气为血之帅：qi is the commander of the blood血为气之母：blood is the mother of qi精血同源：essence and blood are of the same source津血同源：liquid and blood are of the same source神：Mind魂：Ethereal Soul[ɪ'θɪrɪəl]魄：Corporeal Soul[kɔr'pɔrɪəl]意：Intellect志：Will-power五脏：five viscera六腑：six bowels奇恒之府：extraordinary organs【中医基础理论】2017-4-1心主血脉：It governs Blood & vessels心藏神：It houses the Mind其华在面：It manifests in the complexion开窍于舌：It opens into the tongue在志为喜：It is related to joy在液为汗：It controls sweat君主之官 monarch organ主血脉 governing blood and vessels主藏神 storing spirit主通明 governing smoothness and brightness肺为娇脏：delicate viscus主宣发与肃降：They control diffusing and descending of Qi and Body Fluids主气司呼吸：They govern Qi and respiration主通调水道：They regulate Water passages朝百脉，主治节：They control channels and blood vessels，and regulate all physiological activities 在体合皮：They control the skin其华在毛：They manifest in the body hair开窍为鼻：They open into the nose在液为涕：The control nasal mucus在神为魄：They house the Corporeal Soul在志为忧（悲）：They are affected by worry, grief and sadness【中医基础理论】2017-4-2脾气主升：It controls the ascending of Qi喜燥恶湿：likes dryness and is averse to dampness主运化：It governs transformation and transportation主统血：It controls the Blood在体合肉，主四肢：It controls the muscles and the four limbs在窍为口，其华在唇：It opens into the mouth and manifests in the lips在液为涎：It controls saliva脾舍意：It houses the Intellect在志为思：It is affected by pensiveness肝为刚脏：liver is the unyielding viscus肝主升发：liver governs upbearing and effusion主疏泄：It ensures the smooth flow of Qi主藏血：It stores Blood在体合筋：It controls the sinews其华在爪：It manifests in the nails在窍为目：It opens into the eyes在液为泪：It controls tears肝舍魂：It houses the Ethereal Soul在志为怒：It is affected by anger【中医基础理论】2017-4-3藏精，主生长发育与生殖：Store Essence and govern birth, growth, reproduction and development 主水：Govern Water主纳气：Control the reception of Qi在体合骨，生髓：Produce Marrow, fill up the brain and control bones在窍为耳及二阴：Open into the ears &the two lower orifices['ɔrəfɪsɪz]其华在发：Manifest in the hair在液为唾：Control spittle ['spɪtl]肾舍志：House the Will-power肾主命门：Control the Gate of Life (Minister Fire)The Gallbladder贮藏和排泄胆汁：It stores and excretes bile [ɪk'skrit] [baɪl]主决断：It controls decisiveness [dɪ'saɪsɪvnəs]The Stomach后天之气之根：Root of Post-Heaven Qi水谷之海：the Sea of water and grains主通降：Controls the descending of Qi/free downflow喜润恶燥：likes moisture and is averse to dryness ['mɔɪstʃɚ]主受纳：Controls receiving / intake主腐熟水谷：Controls the rotting and ripening of food['rɔtiŋ] ['raɪpən]太仓：Great Granary['grænəri]【中医基础理论】2017-4-4The Small Intestine主受盛化物：controls receiving and transforming主泌别清浊：separates the clear and turbid ['tɝbɪd]The Large Intestine主传化糟粕：Controls passage and conduction//governs the conveyance and transformation of waste 大肠主津：it governs fluids通行元气：It mobilizes the Original Qi运行水液：It controls the transportation and penetration of Qi [,pɛnɪ'treʃən]上焦如雾：The Upper Burner is like mist.中焦如沤：The Middle Burner is like foam (fermenter). [fom] [fɚ'mɛntɚ下焦如渎：The Lower Burner is compared to sluice (drainage ditch).[slus] 水闸脑：Brain髓：Marrow骨：Bones脉：Blood Vessels胆：Gall Bladder女子胞：Uterus['jutərəs]主持月经：it regulates menstruation孕育胎儿：it houses the fetus during pregnancy ['fitəs]心肾相交：heart-kidney interaction心肾不交：heart and kidney failing to interact水火既济：coordination between water and fire肝肾同源：liver and kidney are of the same source【中医基础理论】2017-4-5脾为生痰之源，肺为贮痰之器：spleen is the source of phlegm formation, lung is the receptacle that holds phlegm五体：five constituents筋：sinew; tendon ['sɪnju]脉：vessel肉：flesh皮：skin骨：bone皮毛：skin and hair腠理：striae and interstices['straii:]玄府：sweat pore（mysterious mansion） [pɔr]. 气孔['mænʃən] 大厦气门：sweat pore (qi gate)肌：muscle; flesh宗筋：convergence of tendon; penis (and testes)['pinɪs]面：face颈项：neck (and nape)[nep]胸胁：chest and hypochondrium[,haɪpə'kɑndrɪəm]脘腹：stomach duct and abdomen腰背：lumbus and back四肢：Four limbs前阴：external genitalia (anterior yin) [,dʒɛnə'teljə]后阴：anus (posterior yin)['enəs]五官：five sense【中医基础理论】2017-4-6七窍：seven orifices九窍：nine orifices清窍：clear orifice上窍：upper orifice下窍：lower orifice苗窍：signal orifice外因：external cause内因：internal cause不内外因：cause neither internal nor external / miscessaneous causes of disease 其他致病因素：other pathogens病理产物：pathological products六淫：six excesses疠气：pestilential qi [,pɛstɪ'lɛnʃl]风：wind寒：cold暑：summer-heat湿：dampness燥：dryness火：fire喜：joy怒：anger：忧：worry/anxiety思：pensiveness/thought悲：sadness/sorrow恐：fear 惊：shock/fright【中医基础理论】2017-4-7怒伤肝： anger affecting the Liver喜伤心： joy affecting the Heart思伤脾： pensiveness affecting the Spleen悲伤肺： sadness affecting the Lungs恐伤肾： fear affecting the Kidneys.饮食失宜：improper diet饮食不节：improper eating habit过饥（进食不足）：insufficient eating过饱：overeating饮食不洁：eating unclean food五味偏嗜：flavor predilection偏嗜肥甘：predilection for greasy food['grisi] [,prɛdl'ɛkʃən]过食生冷：overconsumption of raw or cold foods劳逸不当：overwork or lack of exercise过劳：overwork/overstrain劳力过度：excessive physical work劳神过度：excessive mental work房劳过度：excessive sexual activity过逸：lack of exercise体逸太过：lack of physical exercise神逸太过：lack of mental exercise邪气、病邪：evil/pathogen/pathogenic factor外邪：external evilFrom: 国医英语QQ群459509898【中医基础理论】2017-4-8内生五邪：five endogenous evil客邪：visiting evil/intruding pathogen时邪：seasonal evil合邪：combined evil浊邪：turbid evil毒：toxin热毒：heat toxin胎毒：fetal toxin蛊毒：parasitic toxin恶气：malign qi外感：external contraction内伤：internal damage劳倦：fatigue due to overstrain劳复：relapse due to overwork跌打损伤：injuries due to knocks and falls禀赋不足：constitutional insufficiency先天不足：inadequate natural endowment后天失调：lack of proper care after birth水土不服：failure to acclimatize to a new environment【中医基础理论】2017-4-9心藏神heart storing spirit肺藏魄 lung storing inferior spirit肝藏魂liver storing soul脾藏意 spleen storing idea肾藏志kidney storing will调节脏腑机能regulate viscera function主宰dominate/dictate/govern/decide疏泄catharsis [k ə'θɑrs ɪs]升降出入coming out and entering维系hold together精 jing （as the world origin in ancient philosophy ）气 qi （as the world origin in ancient philosophy ）精气学说 theory of jingqi生殖之精 essential substance for reproduction有形物质 tangible material感应 induction水地说 hypothesis of jing originating from water and earth [ha ɪ'p ɑθəs ɪs]运气说 hypothesis of qi originating from cloud and air元气 primordial qi [pra ɪ'm ɔrd ɪəl]From: 国医英语QQ 群459509898【中医基础理论】2017-4-10（元）气一元论 monism of qi阴阳：yin and yang the two opposing principles in nature变化：variation子午线：meridian (厥阴：jueyin meridian)太阴：lunar太阳：sunshine阴阳交感：interaction of yin anyang阴阳互藏：yinyang mutual hiding阴阳转化：mutual transformation between yin and yang阴阳消长：waxing and waning of yinyang阴阳相关：the relativity of yin and yang阴阳对立制约the opposition of yin and yang阴阳互根互用interdependence and interpromotion of yin and yang筋骨～阳中之阴skin and muscles~yang within yangtendon and bone~yin within yang阴阳失调imbalance of yin and yang ；五行学说doctrine of five elements春夏养阳reinforcing yang in summer to treat yang deficiency.秋冬养阴nourishing yin in water to treat yin deficiency.夏病冬治treating summer disease from winter【中医基础理论】2017-4-11木曰曲直；wood can be flexed and extended火曰炎上fire flames up土爰稼穑 earth can grow props ；水曰润下water moistens and flows downward气机qi activity气化qi transformation五行相生inter-promotion of five elements五行相克inter-inhibition of five elements五行制化relationship of promotion and restriction of five elements五行相乘inter-invasion of five elements五行相侮reverse restriction in five elements五行胜复resistance of oppressed elements母病及子mother-organ disorder involving its child-organ子病及母child-organ disorder involving its mother-organ滋水涵木 replenishing water to nourish woodFrom: 国医英语QQ 群459509898From: 国医英语QQ 群459509898培土生金 reinforcing earth to generate metal益火补土 tonifying fire to supplement earth金水相生 mutual generation between metal and water抑木扶土 inhibiting wood and strengthening earth培土制水 cultivating earth to control water佐金平木 assisting metal and calming wood泻南补北 purging the south (fire) and nourishing the north(water)阴阳自和 reestablishment to yin-yang equilibrium阴阳平衡 both yin and yang in equilibrium满而不实：full of essence without foodstuff实而不满：full of foodstuff without essence【中医基础理论】2017-4-12心主神明：heart controlling metal activities肺为娇脏：lung being the delicate organ肝为刚脏：liver being the resolute zang-organ脾为孤脏：spleen being the solitary zang-organ泌别清浊: separating the clear from the turbid脑为髓海：brain being the marrow sea命门：vital gate罢极之本：source of endurance五脏之本 the source of vital essence of five ZANG-organs水谷之海 reservoir of water and grains腐熟水谷 digesting food以降为和 taking descent as the normal functional tendency of FU-organs小肠主液 the small intestine being concerned with the thick and turbid body fluid 大肠主津 the large intestine governing the body fluids州都之官 the viscus likened to a pond; the urinary bladder决渎之官 the organ in charge of water circulation上焦如雾 upper energizer acting as fog女子胞 uterus【中医基础理论】2017-4-13后天之本 source of acquired constitution先天之本 congenital foundation罢极之本 source of endurance上焦如雾 upper —jiao resembling mistFrom: 国医英语QQ 群459509898From: 国医英语QQ 群459509898中焦如沤 middle —jiao resembling fermenter下焦如渎 lower —jiao resembling drainage三焦 three warmers ，three burners ,tri-jiao奇恒之腑 extraordinary fu-organs肝开窍于目 the liver opens into the eyes惊恐伤肾 fear impairing kidney悲忧伤肺 melancholy impairing lung思虑伤脾 worry impairing spleen暴喜伤心 overwhelming joy impairing heart大怒伤肝 rage impairing liver精气为满 essence is characterized by fullness水谷为实 food is characterized by solidness魄 inferior spirit心为君主之官 the heart is the monarch organ心在窍为舌 the heart opens into the tongue在志为喜 associating with joy in emotions在液为汗 sweat in secretions其华在面 manifesting on the face主血脉 control the blood and vessel心藏神 the heart is to govern the mind【中医基础理论】2017-4-14心与小肠相表里 it meridian connects with the small intestine with which it is internally and externally related肺为华盖 the lung is compared to the “canopy ”肺与大肠相表里 it's meridian is internally and externally related to the large intestine 肾藏精 kidney storesessence在时为 the time supports spring在志为怒 with aspiration in fury五脏 five solid organs辩证论证 selection of treatment based on the differential diagnosi小肠 intestinum tenue膀胱 cystitis命门 vitaport;相火 prime-minister fire;怒伤肝 excessive rage impairs the liver天癸 sexual function of both sexes月经 menstruation心肾不交 disharmony between the heart and kidney生痰之源 source of phlegm纳运相得 inter-promotion between containing and digestion升降相因 interdependence between ascending and descending后天之本 source of acquired constitution冲脉 chong channel元气 vigour From: 国医英语QQ 群459509898【中医基础理论】2017-4-15藏泄互用 interdependence between storing and discharging精血同源 the essence and blood share the same orgin血液运行 blood circulation血虚 blood asthenia 血瘀 blood stasis血热 blood-heat 血寒 blood-cold血液生化不足 insufficiency of blood面色无华 pale complexion急慢性出血 acute and chronic hemorrhage血脉和利 harmony of blood and smoothness of the vessels气虚血瘀 qi asthenia and blood stasis气滞 qi stagnation气不摄血 failure of qi to control blood经脉meridian ；络脉collateral经络学说 theory of meridians and collaterals十二正经 twelve regular channels奇经八脉 eight extra channels十二经别 twelve divergent channels十五别络 fifteen large collaterals十二经筋 twelve meridian musculatures十二皮部 twelve cutaneous areas孙络 minute collateral浮络 superficial collaterals【中医基础理论】2017-4-16阴胜则阳病 an excess of yin leads to deficiency of yang（阳胜则热 predominance of yang generating heat ）木乘木虚 the wood over-restrains the earth虚寒证 deficiency-cold syndrome木火刑金 wood-fire impairs the metal金水相生 generation between the metal and water生克制化 interrelationship between generation and restriction相乘相侮 over-restriction and reverse restriction生中有制 restriction within generation相生相克 mutual generation and restrictionFrom: 国医英语QQ 群459509898From: 国医英语QQ 群459509898生我，我生 to be generated and to generate阴阳胜复 alternative predominance of yin and yang扶阳退阴 strengthening yang to reduce yin祛风散寒 expelling/eliminating wind to dispersing cold督脉 governor vessel任脉 conception vessel冲脉 thoroughfare vessel带脉 belt vessel阴蹻、阳蹻脉 Yinqiao vessel, Yangqiao vessel阴维、阳维脉 Yinwei vessel and Yangwei vessel.脾之大络 the large spleen collateral缺盆中痛 pain in the supraclavicular fossa肺经 the lung vessel【中医基础理论】2017-4-17阳脉之海sea of yang meridians(governor vessel)阴脉之海sea of yin meridians(conception vessel)任主胞胎conception vessel governing uterus and gestation十二经脉之海sea of the twelve meridians(thoroughfare vessel)血海blood sea手太阴肺经lung channel of hand taiyin手阳明大肠经large intestine channel of hang yangming足阳明胃经stomach channel of foot yangming足太阴脾经spleen channel of food taiyin手少阴心经heart channel of hand shaoyin手太阳小肠经 small intestine channel of hand taiyang足太阳膀胱经 bladder channel of foot taiyang足少阴肾经 kidney channel of foot shaoyin手厥阴心包经 pericardium channel of hand jueyin手少阳三焦经 tri-jiao(energizer) channel of hand shaoyang足少阳胆经 gallbladder channel of foot shaoyang足厥阴肝经 liver channel of foot jueyin虚里 heart apex人迎脉 man's prognosis pulse头为诸阳之会 the head is the junction of all yang meridians体质 physiqueFrom: 国医英语QQ 群459509898From: 国医英语QQ 群459509898【中医基础理论】2017-4-18禀赋 natural endowment稚阴稚阳 immature yin and yang劳则气耗 overexertion leading to qi consumption痰湿体质 the phlegm –dampness constitution个体差异性 individual variation相对稳定性 relay satellite群体趋同性 group convergence动态可变性 dynamic variability形神合一 harmonization between soma and spirit体格 physique体型 body type人格 personality气质 temperament性格 character素质 heredity理想体质 ideal body constitutions病势 disease tendency质化（从化） property transformation【中医基础理论】2017-4-19体质强弱 (body )constitutional state/ conditions of constitution平和质 mild constitution因人制宜 treatment in accordance with the patient's individuality生长发育水平 level of production营养状况 condition of nutrition体质的评价指标 the evaluation index of constitution先天禀赋 natural endowment体质强壮 robust constitution体质虚弱 weak constitution机体的抗病能力 body resistance外邪 exterior pernicious influences语声低微 whispering voice懒言 reluctance to speak自汗 spontaneous sweating盗汗 night sweats思虑太过 excessive mental activities形寒肢冷cold extremities淋雨涉水 being drenched by rain [drent ʃd]渴不欲饮 thirst without the desire to drink大渴 unquenchable thirst [ʌn'kwen(t)ʃəb(ə)l]From: 国医英语QQ 群459509898【中医基础理论】2017-4-20六淫 six evils行痹 wind arthralgia [ɑr'θræld ʒə]痛痹 arthritis着痹 localized pain disorder caused by moist heteropathy /,het ə'r ɔp əθi/ 反应性异常风邪 wind evil阳邪 yang pathogens内因 internal cause风疹 nettle rash病起过用 overuse causing disease三因学说 theory of three types of disease causes六淫 six excesses外风 external wind内风 internal wind内寒 internal cold内湿 internal dampness内燥 internal dryness内火 internal fire戾气 pestilent qi淤血 static blood血热 blood heat痰饮phlegm retention湿热damp heat【中医基础理论】2017-4-21风寒表证superficial cold syndrome里热证internal heat syndrome湿性重浊dampness is heavy and turbid眩晕耳鸣dizziness and vertigo气机失调disorder of qi movement大怒郁怒伤肝rage and depression impair liver七情内伤internal impairment due to seven emotions得温则减，遇寒加剧relieved by warming,aggravated by more cold正气 healthy qiFrom: 国医英语QQ 群459509898From: 国医英语QQ 群459509898邪气 pathogenic factors感邪即发 acute onset after affected徐发 chornic onset伏而后发 latent onset继发 secondary onset合病 simultaneous onset并病 following onset复病 recurrence【中医基础理论】2017-4-22重感致复 re-affectedness causing recurrence内伤七情 internal injury due to seven emotions怒则气上 excessive anger drives qi to flow upward喜则气缓 excessive joy makes qi sluggish悲则气消 excessive sorrow consumes qi恐则气下 excessive fear drives qi to flow downward惊则气乱 excessive fright disorders qi思则气结 excessive thought stagnates qi内生五邪 five internal excesses饮食劳倦 improper diet and over strain不内外因 causes neither internal nor external病机学说：pathology虚实错杂：mixture of asthenia and sthenia邪胜正衰：prosperous pathogen with asthenic healthy qi虚：asthenia 实： sthenia大实有羸状：excessive sthenia manifesting as excessive asthenia虚实真假：pseudo or ture manifestation of asthenia and sthenia正虚邪恋：asthenia healthy qi with pathogen lingering虚中夹实：asthenia with sthenia【中医基础理论】2017-4-23虚实转化：inter-transformation between asthenia and sthenia因虚致实：sthenic symptoms caused by asthenia风气内动:internal generation of windFrom: 国医英语QQ 群459509898From: 国医英语QQ 群459509898热极生风:extreme heat causing wind syndrome肝阳化风:hyperactive liver-YANG causing syndrome of liver-wind阴虚风动:wind formation from yin deficiency血虚生风:wind formation from blood deficiency血燥生风:wind formation from blood dryness痰瘀生风:phlegm stasis causing wind寒从中生: endogenous cold formation湿浊内生:dampness originating from interior津伤化燥:dryness caused by consumption of body fluid邪气盛则实 exuberance of pathogenic factors leads to sthenia精气夺则虚 loss of essence leads to asthenia邪正盛衰superabundance or decline between healthy qi and pathogenic factors阴阳失调 imbalance between yin and yang气血失常 disorder of qi and blood经络和脏腑功能紊乱 dysfunction of the viscera and meridians阴阳互损 mutual consumption of yin or yang阴阳的格拒 mutual rejection between yin and yang阴阳的亡失 loss of yin or yang【中医基础理论】2017-4-24内生五邪 five endogenous pathogenic factors气滞血瘀 blood stasis due to qi deficiency气不摄血 qi fails to consolidate blood气不行水 qi not moving water气津两虚 deficiency of both qi and fluids瘀血痰饮 stagnated blood and phlegm retention津液耗伤 consumption of body fluid热扰心神 pathogenic heat disturbing the mind风痰阻络 wind-phlegm obstructing the channels胸闷如窒 a suffocating sensation in the chest内生五邪 five endogenous evils饮食不洁：unhygienic diet五味偏嗜: be addicted to one of the five flavours疳积：infantile malnutrition痰饮证phlegm retention syndrome体质差异the discrepancy of physique发育障碍eccyliosis戾气：epidemic pathogenic factor综合症：syndrome诊断失误 the error of diagnosis烧烫伤pathogeny burn and scald [p ə'θɔd ʒini]发病 disease onsetFrom: 国医英语QQ 群459509898【中医基础理论】2017-4-25正气 healthy qi邪气 pathogenic qi卒发 acute onset徐发 chronic onset伏发 latent onset继发 secondary onset合病 simultaneous onset并病 following onset复发 recurrence治病求本 treatment aiming at its pathogenesis急则治标 symptomatic treatment in acute condition缓则治本 radical treatment in chronic case标本兼治 treating both manifestationand root couse of disease治未病 preventive treatment of disease同病异治 treating same disease with different methods异病同治 treating different diseases with same methods因时治宜 treating in accordance with seasonal condition因地制宜 treating in accordance with local condition因人制宜 treating in accordance with the patient's individuality望神 inspection of spirit【中医基础理论】2017-4-26眼神 expression in one's eyes气色 complexion神情 expression体态 posture望色 inspection of color常色 normal complexion病色 sickly complexion五色主病 diseases reflected by five colours;望色十法 ten-principle examination of the complexion四诊合参 comprehensive analysisof data gained by fourdiagnostic methods内证 interior syndrome外证 exterior syndrome平人 healthy personFrom: 国医英语QQ 群459509898From: 国医英语QQ 群459509898八纲辨证 eight principal syndrome differentiation六经辨证 syndrome-differentiation of the six meridians辨病 disease differentiation卫气营血辨证 wei-qi-camp-blood syndrome differentiation常规医学：Conventional Medicine主流医学：Mainstream health care对抗疗法：Allopathic Therapy顺势疗法：Homeopathic therapy【中医基础理论】2017-4-27中西医结合：Integration of traditional Chinese and western medicine有机整体：organic whole形神统一：unity of the body and spirit天人相应：correspondence between human and universe证：Syndrome/Pattern症：symptom征：sign辨证：Syndrome Differentiation/Pattern Identification辨证论治：①Treatment based on Pattern Identification②Pattern Identification and Treatment诊断与保健体系a system of diagnosis and health-care approachesA highly sophisticated set of practices designed to cure illness and to maintain health andwellbeing辅助医学：Complementary Medicine 替代医学：Alternative Medicine天气 celetial qi地气 earth qi气立 establishment of general qi【中医基础理论】2017-4-28天人相应 adaptation of human body to natural environment辨证论治 treatment based on syndrome differentiation理法方药 principle-method-recipe-medicines From: 国医英语QQ 群459509898From: 国医英语QQ 群459509898。

药用植物学的形成与发展

药用植物学概论全国普通高等医药院校药学类专业十三五规划教材第二轮规划教材第二节药用植物学的形成与发展目录一药用植物学的概念和内涵二药用植物学的研究对象三药用植物学的研究内容四药用植物学的发展简史五我国药用植物学的主要进展药用植物学的形成与发展一药用植物学的概念和内涵药用植物学pharmaceuticalbotany是是研究药用植物的鉴定与分类数量和质量的时空分布与变化规律探究其高效持续利用的科学
➢ 明确了药用植物资源基本现状，奠定了我国资源持续利用的基础。药用植物有1200种。
➢ 丰富和完善了药用植物鉴定方法。DNA条形码（DNA barcoding）技术，代谢特征分析技术成为鉴定的方法。
➢ 建立了药用植物区划和种质保存体系，支撑了现代中药农业的发展。建立药用植物园体系和基于GIS的区划。
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药用植物学的形成与发展
❖ 三、药用植物学的研究内容
1. 中药基源植物种类的调查与鉴定中药普遍存在“同物异名”、“同名异物”现象，直接危及用药安全和有效，是中药研究中的一个突出问题。
➢ 中药常具有异名，同物异名极易引起品种的混乱。 ➢ 500种常用中药中，300余种6具有同名异物现象。
运用药用植物学理论和知识，开展中药基源植物种类的调查和鉴定，解决中药名实混乱问题。
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药用植物学的形成与发展
❖ 三、药用植物学的研究内容
2.药用植物的调查、鉴定和编目 ➢ 开展区域性药用植物的调查和编目，掌握药用植物种类、
分布和资源现状，制定利用和保护方案是药用植物研究的一项长期工作。 ➢ 药用植物调查工作也是发掘了新药用资源的重要途径.如降
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压药利血平、“地奥心血康”、青蒿素（arteannuin）等的发现何利用。
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埃伯斯纸草书 15

药用植物学

• 鲜枸杞子每l00g含蛋白质4g，碳水化合物19.3g，脂肪0.8g，热量为100干卡。枸杞子含有18种氨基酸，其中8种氨基酸是人体必需氨基酸。矿物质除含有钙、磷、铁等外，还含有一定数量的有机锗。含维生素也较全面和丰富，包括维生素B1、B2、C、尼古酸和胡萝卜素等。
• 枸杞子在祖国的传统医学中具有重要的地位，其药用价值备受历代医家的推崇。最早见于《神农本草经》。《神农本草经》记载：“枸杞味苦寒，主五内邪气，热中、消渴，久服坚筋骨，轻身不老。”《本草纲目》记载：“枸杞，补肾生精，养肝，明目，坚精骨，去疲劳，易颜色，变白，明目安神，令人长寿。”
• 现代医学研究表明，枸杞具有下面的药理作用：
调节免疫功能调节神经系统功能提高视力提高造血功能提高生殖功能保护肝脏降低血糖退热、抗肿瘤、延缓衰老等等
清蒸枸杞鸽
• 枸杞子30g，鸽子1只，黄酒l匙。鸽子宰杀清洗干净，将枸杞子放入鸽腹内，淋上黄酒、冷水两匙，用线将鸽身合紧扎牢，鸽背朝下放入小盆内，上蒸锅以旺火隔水蒸2小时，蒸熟即可食用。喝汤吃肉，分两次吃完。 • 鸽子性平，味甘咸。民间习惯用白鸽肉入药。实际上其它颜色羽毛的鸽子也可以。 • 此膳功能补肾益精，养肝润肺，补血明目，有治本之效。患者病愈后，亦可常食以调养身体。
叶互生；头状花序具总苞，有舌状花或管状花，聚药雄蕊，子房下位，1室，具1 胚珠，连萼瘦果，屡有冠毛。
菊科头状花序中的两种类型：
头状花序同形小花——全为管状花或舌状花异形小花——中央为管状花
【属种与分布】
本科大约有 1000 属， 2.5 ～ 3 万种，占有花植物的1/10，全球分布，主产于温带地区，我国有227属，2323种，已知药用植物有155属，788种，约占我国菊科植物的1/3。

药用植物学全套精品PPT课件597

---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------1 / 3药用植物学全套精品PPT 课件597药用植物学药用植物学 Pharmaceutical Botany 绪论药用植物学药用植物学：研究一门具有医疗保健作用的植物形态、组织、生理功能、分类鉴定、细胞组织培养、资源开发和合理利用的科学。

薄荷人参药用植物学五味子党参药用植物学几个相关概念中药在中医药理论指导下, 用于防治疾病和医疗保健的药物。

中药材天然来源未经加工或仅经过简单加工的中药。

草药一般指民间应用的药物，也有部分是本草记载的药物。

中草药中药与草药的统称。

药用植物学为什么学习《药用植物学》 1 1 、植物与中药的关系古代及现代本草对中药的记载：药味植物药神农本草经( 汉新修本草( 唐)证类本草( 宋) 1518本草纲目( 明中华本草 8980 87.4% 药用植物学书籍总味数（种数）植物药数占% 神农本草经（公元二世纪） 365 味252 69 新修本草（唐 659 年） 844 味 600 71 证类本草（宋 1090 年） 1518 味 1122 74 本草纲目（明 1590 年）中药大辞典（1977 年） 1897 味 5767 味 1106 4773 58 82.8 （1978 年）中药学教材（1984 年）（1995 年） 500 味 407 味 484 味 395 333 404 （动 54、矿 26） 79 81.8 83 .5 中国中药资源志要（1994 年） 12772 11118 87 全国中草药名鉴（1996 年） 13268 11471 86 中华本草（1999 年） 8980 味 7815 味（矿 114、动 1051） 87.4 植物药所占比例药用植物学我国目前已知的中药资源种类我国目前已知的中药资源种类药用植物药用动物药用矿物共计种数 11 118 1 574 80 12 772 比例 87% 12% 1% 100% 〈全国中草药名鉴〉药用植物药用动物药用矿物共计种数 11 470 1 630 160 13 260 比例 86.5% 12.3% 1.2% 100% 药用植物学 2 2 、植物的复杂性种类多，等级多。

药用植物学重点

药用植物学重点药用植物：凡能治疗、预防疾病与对人体有保健功能的植物称为药用植物。

药用植物学(Pharmaceutical botany)：是一门以药用植物为对象，用植物学的知识与方法研究它们的形态、组织、生理功能、化学成分、分类鉴定、资源开发及合理利用的科学。

中药(traditional Chinese medicine/drug):在中医药理论指导下,用于防治疾病与医疗保健的药物，多在中医古籍有载，药房有售。

草药(medicinal herb):一般指民间应用的药物，药房多不备。

生药（crud drug)：指天然的、未经加工或只经简单加工的植物、动物与矿物类药材。

天然药物(natural medicine)：是指植物、动物、微生物及海洋来源的药物，非人为加工品。

根根是植物的营养器官之一特性：向地性、向湿性、背光性功能：吸收、疏导、固着、贮藏、繁殖、支持一、根的类型1.主根：植物最初生长出来的根，是由种子胚根直接发育而来，不断向下生长。

2.侧根：在其侧面生长出来的分支。

3.纤维根：在侧根上形成的小分支。

定根：有固定的生长部位，称定根。

(如主根、侧根、纤维根)如人参。

不定根：从植物的其他部位上产生的根，这些根没有固定位置，称不定根。

如玉米。

根系及其类型(直根系、须根系)二、根的变态1.贮藏根(包含肉质直根如萝卜与块根如红薯)2.支持根(玉米)3.攀援根(爬山虎)4.气生根(吊兰)5.水生根(浮萍)6.寄生根(菟丝子)三、根的显微构造：由下而上依次为根冠(由薄壁细胞组成，具有保护功能)、分生区(细胞分裂最旺盛的部分)、伸长区、成熟区(又称根毛区是根中吸收能力最强的部位)。

四、植物根的初生构造(初生构造：由初生组织组成的构造)1.表皮：有根毛，由原表皮发育而来。

2.皮层：分三层，①外皮层：排列整齐紧密起保护作用②皮层薄壁组织：类圆形③内皮层3.维管柱：包括①中柱鞘(由薄壁细胞组成，有潜在分生能力)、②初生木质部与初生韧皮部、(由原形成层直接分化形成，分化成熟方式为外始式)③单子叶还有髓部。

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