系统功能语言学 人际纯理功能ppt课件
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The usual labels for these functions ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱre: statement; question; offer; and command
• three of these basic functions are closely associated with particular grammatical structures: statements ------ declarative clauses questions ------ interrogative clauses commands ------ imperative clauses
• The Finite is realised by the first of the verbal group t o e x p r e s s t e n s e a n d modality (The rest of the verbal group is the Predicator, which forms part of the Residue.)
.
Meanings of Subject and Finite
• The Subject is the entity that the speaker wants to make responsible for the validity of the proposition being advanced in the clause. That is, the claim that the speaker is making is valid for the entity.
other person to carry out the command. In offer it
concerns the degree of willingness of the speaker to fulfil
the offer.
.
type of modality
modalization(information)
• A clause thus consists of Mood+Residue.
.
Identifying Subject and Finite
• it is usually relatively easy to identify the Subject, but in cases of doubt we can establish exactly what the Subject and Finite of any clause are by adding a tag question
• The Finite makes it possible to argue about the validity of the proposition. Through Finite, the speaker signals three basic kinds of claims (tense, polarity and modality)about the validity of the proposition
b. Polarity may also be expressed through Mood
Adjuncts.
.
• modality
A simple definition : modality is the space between 'yes' and 'no'.
Types of modality
.
Mood in non-declarative clauses
• In yes/no interrogatives
• In WH-interrogatives(with known Subject)
.
• WH-interrogative with WH-element as Subject • In exclamative clauses
three other functions: to specify 'secondary tense'; to specify various other aspects of the process; to specift the voice
.
• Complements
the term includes both Objects and Complements in the more traditional sense. A Complement is an element in the Residue, typically realized by a nominal group, which could have been chosen as Subject,but was not.
.
Roles of addressers and audience
• The most fundamental purposes in any exchange are giving (and taking) or demanding (and being given) a commodity of some kind.
the modality relates to how confident the speaker can
apper to be in the eventual success of the exchange. In
commands, this concerns the degree of obligation on the
• There are three kinds of functional elements in the Residue: the Predicator, Complements, and Adjuncts
.
• Predicator
expressed by the rest of the verbal group apart from the Finite.(the Finite is not a part of the Predicator, the Predicator itself in non-finite) express the process - the action, happening, state, etc.
(1) commodaity ------ information
the modality relates to how valid the information is being presented as in therms of probability or usuality.
(2) commodaity ------ goods-and-services
.
Mood
• The Mood carries 1） the interpersonal functions of the clause 2） consists of Subject + Finite.
.
• The Subject is realised by a nominal group that the speaker gives responsibility to for the validity of the clause.
Any Finite is inherently positive or negative in polarity.
a. The negative forms have an identifiable added element ('n't' or 'not') in relation to the positive
modulation (goods-and-services)
probalility usuality obligation inclination
.
Appraisal
introduction
The Appraisal framework appeared a little more than 15 years ago and it is a result of the work which is carried out by a group of researchers led by James R. Martin, Professor of the University of Sydney. Its primary impetus for the development came from the research conducted in the 1980s and 1990s for the “Write It Right” project of the Disadvantaged Schools Program of the New South Wales Department of Schools Education. Under this project, researchers investigated the literacy requirements of the discourses of science, technology, the media, history, English literature studies, geography and the visual arts, and so on. The central issues of the project are concerned with the semantics of the interpersonal aspects.
.
• Mood in imperative clauses (unmarked)
.
The Residue
• The general term for part of the clause that is not the Mood is the Residue. In interoersonal term the Residue is merely what is 'left over' once the Mood has been established.
.
the most important sociological use of language is the interpersonal function, by which people establish and maintain their status in a society. In the framework of the function grammar, this function is concerned with interaction between the addresser and addressee in the discourse situation and the addressee's attitude toward what he speaks or writes about.
Interacting:
the interpersonal metafunction
.
Introduction
“The speaker uses specific language structures as the means of social communication to involve the speech event: the expressions of his comments, his attitudes, his evaluations, and also the relationship he sets up between himself and the listener, which are decided by different communication roles he adopts, like informing, questioning, persuading”. (Halliday, 2000:69)
• commodity: information goods-and-services
.
four basic speech roles
• giving information • demanding information • giving goods-and-services • demanding goods-and-services
• Adjuncts
circumstantial Adjunct Conjunctive Adjunct Modal Adjunct
(Comment Adjuncts & Mood Adjuncts)
.
Modality
• Modality and polarity
The Finite expresses not only tense but also polarity and modality. In terms of the interaction carried out by the clause, polarity is a basic part of the meaning.
The usual labels for these functions ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱre: statement; question; offer; and command
• three of these basic functions are closely associated with particular grammatical structures: statements ------ declarative clauses questions ------ interrogative clauses commands ------ imperative clauses
• The Finite is realised by the first of the verbal group t o e x p r e s s t e n s e a n d modality (The rest of the verbal group is the Predicator, which forms part of the Residue.)
.
Meanings of Subject and Finite
• The Subject is the entity that the speaker wants to make responsible for the validity of the proposition being advanced in the clause. That is, the claim that the speaker is making is valid for the entity.
other person to carry out the command. In offer it
concerns the degree of willingness of the speaker to fulfil
the offer.
.
type of modality
modalization(information)
• A clause thus consists of Mood+Residue.
.
Identifying Subject and Finite
• it is usually relatively easy to identify the Subject, but in cases of doubt we can establish exactly what the Subject and Finite of any clause are by adding a tag question
• The Finite makes it possible to argue about the validity of the proposition. Through Finite, the speaker signals three basic kinds of claims (tense, polarity and modality)about the validity of the proposition
b. Polarity may also be expressed through Mood
Adjuncts.
.
• modality
A simple definition : modality is the space between 'yes' and 'no'.
Types of modality
.
Mood in non-declarative clauses
• In yes/no interrogatives
• In WH-interrogatives(with known Subject)
.
• WH-interrogative with WH-element as Subject • In exclamative clauses
three other functions: to specify 'secondary tense'; to specify various other aspects of the process; to specift the voice
.
• Complements
the term includes both Objects and Complements in the more traditional sense. A Complement is an element in the Residue, typically realized by a nominal group, which could have been chosen as Subject,but was not.
.
Roles of addressers and audience
• The most fundamental purposes in any exchange are giving (and taking) or demanding (and being given) a commodity of some kind.
the modality relates to how confident the speaker can
apper to be in the eventual success of the exchange. In
commands, this concerns the degree of obligation on the
• There are three kinds of functional elements in the Residue: the Predicator, Complements, and Adjuncts
.
• Predicator
expressed by the rest of the verbal group apart from the Finite.(the Finite is not a part of the Predicator, the Predicator itself in non-finite) express the process - the action, happening, state, etc.
(1) commodaity ------ information
the modality relates to how valid the information is being presented as in therms of probability or usuality.
(2) commodaity ------ goods-and-services
.
Mood
• The Mood carries 1） the interpersonal functions of the clause 2） consists of Subject + Finite.
.
• The Subject is realised by a nominal group that the speaker gives responsibility to for the validity of the clause.
Any Finite is inherently positive or negative in polarity.
a. The negative forms have an identifiable added element ('n't' or 'not') in relation to the positive
modulation (goods-and-services)
probalility usuality obligation inclination
.
Appraisal
introduction
The Appraisal framework appeared a little more than 15 years ago and it is a result of the work which is carried out by a group of researchers led by James R. Martin, Professor of the University of Sydney. Its primary impetus for the development came from the research conducted in the 1980s and 1990s for the “Write It Right” project of the Disadvantaged Schools Program of the New South Wales Department of Schools Education. Under this project, researchers investigated the literacy requirements of the discourses of science, technology, the media, history, English literature studies, geography and the visual arts, and so on. The central issues of the project are concerned with the semantics of the interpersonal aspects.
.
• Mood in imperative clauses (unmarked)
.
The Residue
• The general term for part of the clause that is not the Mood is the Residue. In interoersonal term the Residue is merely what is 'left over' once the Mood has been established.
.
the most important sociological use of language is the interpersonal function, by which people establish and maintain their status in a society. In the framework of the function grammar, this function is concerned with interaction between the addresser and addressee in the discourse situation and the addressee's attitude toward what he speaks or writes about.
Interacting:
the interpersonal metafunction
.
Introduction
“The speaker uses specific language structures as the means of social communication to involve the speech event: the expressions of his comments, his attitudes, his evaluations, and also the relationship he sets up between himself and the listener, which are decided by different communication roles he adopts, like informing, questioning, persuading”. (Halliday, 2000:69)
• commodity: information goods-and-services
.
four basic speech roles
• giving information • demanding information • giving goods-and-services • demanding goods-and-services
• Adjuncts
circumstantial Adjunct Conjunctive Adjunct Modal Adjunct
(Comment Adjuncts & Mood Adjuncts)
.
Modality
• Modality and polarity
The Finite expresses not only tense but also polarity and modality. In terms of the interaction carried out by the clause, polarity is a basic part of the meaning.